To provide an electromechanical conversion element having a stable ink discharging property by which a fatigue property is suppressed, and to provide a method of manufacturing the element, a droplet discharging head having the element, and a droplet discharging apparatus having the head.

A manufacturing method at least includes the following steps of: forming a first electrode 203 composed of an oxide on a substrate 201 or a foundation film 202; forming an electromechanical conversion film 204 on the first electrode; forming a second electrode 205 composed of an oxide on the electromechanical conversion film; and conductively forming a third electrode composed of a metal to the first electrode as a common electrode. The manufacturing method arbitrarily includes the following steps of: forming an insulating protection film 206 having a contact hole for connecting a metal electrode and/or a contact hole for contacting with an exterior connector on an element construct surface; and conductively forming a fourth electrode composed of a metal to the second electrode as an individual electrode. By manufacturing an electromechanical conversion element by the manufacturing method, a liquid discharging head and a liquid discharging apparatus are constituted.