To provide air blow cleaning dust collecting method and air blow dust collecting system of a railway vehicle for efficiently collecting dust in a region required for air blow cleaning work in a maintenance shop building to reduce power consumption.

In this method and system, a plurality of fixed dust collecting devices 11 and 12 are arrayed in the building into which the vehicle is introduced, mobile dust collecting devices 31 to 34 are equipped along the vehicle, and the mobile dust collecting devices 31 to 34 are moved along the vehicle to air-blow and collect dust adhered to the vehicle. In the method and system, working objects of the fixed dust collecting devices 11 and 12 are switched and controlled according to moving of the mobile dust collecting devices 31 to 34, and the fixed dust collecting devices 11 and 12 within a work area of the mobile dust collecting devices 31 to 34 are worked.