The invention relates to manufacturing processes for 3- dimensionally shaped microporous, waterproof and breath able polymer membranes; to intermediates suitable to obtain such membranes; to polymer membranes as described herein; their seamless application on different substrates, more particularly on textile products; to textiles containing such membranes and to the use of such membranes, textiles and intermediates.

Membranes are known per se, they separate compartments. In clothing, rain and weather is kept outside while sweat should move through the membrane to the outside.

Current porous membrane systems in clothing are produced in a 2-dimensional (2D) way, by means of stretching e.g. Gore-Tex ®, eVent ®, Xpore ®) or phase inversion (Porelle ®). This way, no solutions were found to manufacture a truly 100% seamless microporous membrane. Instead, con structing a "3-dimensional (3D)" object, such as a textile product, out of membrane requires the use of stitching, gluing, welding, bonding and/or pressing. Those boundaries are the first source of failures in a textile product and usually requires additional steps to provide full perfor mance and a certain stability, i.e. seam taping in the case of stitching. Accordingly, the present invention addresses this drawback.

Additionally, the manufacturing of textile products using known 2D technology results in significant waste. In em bodiments, the present invention addresses this drawback.

Still further, choice of polymer in the manufacturing pro cess of such 3D microporous membranes will also define its environmental impact. There is a need for materials that can be disposed of after use by non-hazardous incineration. The present inventors identified a particular need for ma terials useful in partially or fully biodegradable clothing or that can be easily recycled at the usual high protection performance. For example, Fluorine containing hydrocarbons are extremely persistent and therewith considered a threat to nature.

WO2017/097778 (and family members EP3368598, EP3178873) discloses waterproof and breathable, porous membranes and its manufacturing. The manufacturing method disclosed in that document relates to 2D microporous membranes only.

EP1212953 discloses a waterproof, water vapour permeable shoe comprising an upper, a functional layer in the shape of a sock, a lining, and a sole. The manufacturing thereof still requires the use of sewing to secure the functional layer on the top opening. The sole may also be secured to the bottom of the shoe by bonding or sewing, and the seam re-sealed by a further application of waterproof water va pour permeable polymer or, to avoid further sealing, the sole may be injection moulded. The process is therefore complexified. Also, to adapt the size of the shoe, the functional layer may be adapted by making a cut in the bottom of the layer and bonding the edges together. These shoes disclosed in that document are therefore not fully seamless.

WO2017031432 discloses waterproof, breathable garments and its methods of production. The garments may include a lam inate of a seamless ePTFE membrane and at least one tex tile. The seamless membrane may shrink or be stretched to fit multiple sizes of garments. To bond the textile to the membrane, there is the need to use a continuous breathable adhesive or a discontinuous adhesive.

WO2017027826 discloses waterproof, breathable socks, boo ties, shoe inserts, and footwear assemblies containing the shoe inserts. The booties and shoe inserts may include a laminate comprising a seamless extensible film, such as a polyurethane film, and at least one textile. Again, to bond the textile to the membrane, there is the need to use a continuous breathable adhesive or a discontinuous adhe sive.

WO2014167288 discloses a method of manufacturing a breath able waterproof garment. The method comprises: forming a first garment layer in a stretched configuration over an oversized three-dimensional garment former; covering the first garment layer with an intermediate garment layer re sistant to penetration by liquid water but permeable to water vapour; covering the intermediate garment layer with a second garment layer. The non-porous functional layer is adhering to the first and second garment layers at a plu rality of discrete securement locations.

W02010046118 discloses a method for producing a preformed membrane for a piece of clothing. According to this docu ment, a 3D substrate is (a) immersed in a liquid, (b) the obtained intermediate material is polymerized and (c) non reactive material is removed. The non-reactive material used in this document is dissolved in the remaining compo nents, i.e. non-particulate. The pores obtained according to this protocol cover a very broad range. A precise con trol of pore size and pore size distribution is hardly possible and depends on process parameters and materials used.

Therefore, there is a need to provide additional / improved manufacturing processes for seamless three-dimensional po rous polymer membranes which can be applied to a wide va riety of applications, including designs but also materials used (wide variety of polymers including durable solutions) and/or support materials. There is also a need for new three-dimensional polymer membranes to have beneficial properties especially in terms of water vapor permeability. Another point to improve is the use of adhesives in between the fabric and the 3D-shaped functional membrane e.g. socks, glove etc.) in terms of construction and performance but also more specifically the glue and its environmental impact in downstream processes such as recycling or (bio)degradation. The invention will be described in further detail below, referring to the following specific aspects thereof:

1st aspect: Manufacturing 3D microporous membrane 2nd aspect: Intermediates suitable for 1st aspect 3rd aspect: 3D seamless membrane 4th aspect: Special application for textile

Unless otherwise stated, the following definitions shall apply in this specification:

Polymer: The term "polymer" is known in the field. The term refers to a material of repeating structural units ("mon ^¬ omers"), particularly to synthetic polymers (comprising synthetic monomers). The term thus includes homo-polymers, co-polymers and blends thereof. Polymers may be cross- linked.

Particle/Template/filler : The term "particle" is known in the field and includes crystalline or amorphous materials. The term includes uncoated particles and coated particles as well as treated particles and untreated particles Fur ^¬ ther, in the context of this invention, particles are also referred to as "filler", thereby indicating its purpose. In this work, "particles" can also be referred to as "tem ^¬ plate" as it is removed to obtain the final product.

It is known that particles may agglomerate. In the context of the present invention, suitable particles have a diam ^¬ eter in the submicron size range, whereby particle sizes are preferably between 5 - 15 ^' 000 nm, such as 2000 - 8'000 nm.

Suitable particles may be obtained from a range of prepa ^¬ ration methods, including high temperature-gas phase pro ^¬ cesses (such as flame synthesis, laser processes and plasma processes), and liquid phase chemical methods (such as precipitation and sol-gel processes), and milling of par ^¬ ticles. Particles particularly suitable in the context of the present invention may be obtained by a precipitation process or by milling of naturally occurring materials. Salt: The term "salt" is known in the field. A salt is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation re action of acids and bases. Salts are ionic compounds com posed of cations and anions so that the product is elec trically neutral. Examples of salt classes are halogenides (chlorides, fluorides, bromides, iodides), sulphates, phosphates, carbonates, nitrates, particularly phosphates, carbonates and halogenides. In inorganic salts, the cation is a metal ion and the anion is a non-metal ion; specific examples of inorganic salts include calciumphosphate, cal- ciumcarbonate, magnesiumsulfate, sodiumchloride, ammonium chloride and ammonium carbonate. In the context of the present invention, metal oxides (i.e. a product formed by oxidation of a metal) are not considered salts. In organic salts, the cation or the anion is an organic ion; examples of organic salts may be selected from the group consisting of alkyl-ammonium salts, and metal carboxylates.

Viscosity: The "viscosity" of a fluid is the measurement of resistance of mixing at a given stirring speed. The more viscous the fluid, the harder to move through. In more details, this measurement describes the internal friction of a moving fluid and determines the energy required to make it flow.

The viscosity is measured with a HAAKE ViscoTester iQ. A rotating cylinder is immersed in the fluid (18.5 g) and the resistance of the fluid is measured. Several parameters influence this result such as the temperature of the fluid or the shear velocity of the cylinder. In order to have an idea of a fluid's behaviour, the norm is often to have a plot of the viscosity as a function of the shear velocity for a given temperature.

Porosity: The "porosity" of a material as described herein is the volumetric percentage of pores of the total mate rial. Porosity can be determined by porosimetry, by meas uring the apparent material density, BET analysis or by microscope images.

Pore size: The "pore size" of a material as described herein is the middle size of the pore size distribution throughout the membranes. A particularly suitable method in the context of this invention is the optical analysis of the membranes ^' surface thereby providing information on pore mouth size.

Permeability: The "permeability" of a material as described herein is defined as the flux of a fluid (i.e. a liquid medium or a gaseous medium) through interconnected pores of the material. Permeability can be determined by measur ing the liquid or gas volume which passes a defined mem brane area in a defined time at an applied pressure. i) For gaseous medium, the Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) is a suitable parameter to determine permeability also referred to as "breathability" in this work. WVTR is measured according to the ASTM Standard E96 B in gram per square meter and day (g / (m ² d)). This method, also known as upright cup method with water, consisted of a cup with water that is covered by the test specimen. The prepared sample was weighed before it was placed in an oven, which controlled temperature (23°C), relative humidity (50% RH) and ventilation (1 m/s). Alternative measures are covered in standards ASTM E96 BW for the inverted cup, or ISO 11092 for the sweating hot plate method. The Desiccant method of the upright cup test is also described in the ASTM E96 standard . ii) For liquid medium, the waterproofing is a relevant parameter. In determining water proofing, the relevant driving force is pressure. The water column (WC) in meter (m) is determined in compliance with ISO 811. Briefly, water was pressed onto the sample at constant pressure increase (600 mmWC per minute) over time. The dry side of the sample is observed optically and the third penetrating water droplet is defined as the breakthrough of the sample and the pressure represents the water column (WC). iii) Windproofing: The air flow throughout a structure is characterized by the volume of air moving through a defined area of the structure at a certain applied pressure over time (cm3/cm2/min, or cm3/feet/min, abbreviated "cfm"). A suitable measurement is described in Standards ISO 9237 or ASTM D737. If a material or substrate shows no apparent movement of air throughout the structure the specimen is regarded as windproof.

Seamless: A "seamless" membrane is defined as a 3D shaped (x,y,z coordinates) uninterrupted membrane, i.e. without visible seams and/or cut as well as attachment or connec tion (gluing, pressing and similar artefacts) of two or multiple initially separated pieces or sides of membranes. As there is no seam, there is also no seam-tape on the final object containing such membrane. The seamless phase must be continuous throughout the object apart from the "practical" opening, that provides access to the enclosed void, for example the hole for the insertion of a foot in a sock or a hand in a glove. Optionally, the extremities of the "practical" opening is free of seam-tape as this is where the membrane phase stops and can be attached to the final object, i.e. a shoe construction by gluing, pressing and similar artefact.

3-Dimensional and 2-Dimensional: These geometric settings are known and used in the usual context as spatial struc ture and flat structure respectively. Accordingly, a 3D structure is described herein as a non-flat structure, thus excluding flat structures (2D structures). For the avoid ance of doubt, a 2D structure that is bent, e.g. to a cylinder, is still considered 2D. 3D objects comprise three (3) distinctive coordinates e.g. y, z and x. More specif ically, 3D membranes may adapt to the form of an object that can be flexible or rigid. In the context of this invention, a 3D substrate can take the shape of the human body or parts of, such as hand, feet etc., or be a tailored finished textile product. A 3D membrane is therefore a membrane that was created with a continuous phase onto those 3D substrates. It can be removed or stay on the substrate depending on the final application.

Body-mapping: A body-mapping is described herein as a fea ture where different performance levels and/or colors of a membrane can be deliberately placed at specific areas on the human body to maximise the use of the membrane. For example, a jacket, which shows more waterproofness and less breathability on the shoulders but more breathability and less waterproofness on the back or armpits. It can also be adapted at the wish of the individual intending to use this jacket.

In general terms, the present invention relates in a first aspect to a method of manufacturing a 3D, seamless, porous polymer membrane (4) having a pore size of 5 nm - 10 ^' 000 nm, such as 500 - 2 ^' 000 nm. Said method comprising the following subsequent process steps (a) to (g): step (a): manufacture of a liquid membrane dispersion (1) by a milling process uniting polymer matrix (5), coated or uncoated particles (6), solvent (7) and optionally one or more additives (8) dissolved therein and optionally one or more dyes (9). step (b): 3D application, e.g. spraying, dip-coating, painting, printing, 3D printing on a substrate, of the liquid membrane dispersion (1) directly on a substrate

(2.2). Optionally, the substrate (2.2) can be chemically, physically or thermally pre-treated or, electrically charged, to facilitate the homogeneous application of the liquid membrane dispersion (1). Optionally, in the case the substrate (2.2) is a finished textile product, a spe cific attachment structure, such as a mannequin, a shape changing mannequin or an inflatable mannequin, can be used to control the shape, condition and positioning of the substrate. step (c): drying step of the wet layer and the substrate resulting in a non-porous multiphase (polymer, template and potentially coating) dried film (2.1) on a substrate

(2.2), thus forming one single object (2). optional repetition of step b and c: Optionally multiple repetitions of the steps b and c can be applied in subse quent order. When following such protocol, a multi-layered membrane is obtainable. Such repeating is referred to as step (d) step (e): optionally adding a polymerization or a cross- linking step. step (f): removing said particles (6) from said film (2.1) by contacting the single object (2) containing the non- porous polymer film (2.1) and the substrate (2.2) with an aqueous composition (10) to thereby obtain the porous pol ymer membrane (3.1) together with the substrate after wash ing step (3.1). The final product (3) after step (d) is therefore the 3D microporous membrane (3.1) and the sub strate (3.2). step (g): optionally, the 3D microporous membrane (3.1) can be removed from the support (3.2), thus resulting in a so-called "free-standing membrane" or "self-supporting structure" (4).

This process is illustrated in fig. 1 and explained in further detail below. As will become apparent when consid ering this specification, this invention provides for a number of benefits:

First, a 3D application of a protective polymer layer is useful for any already shaped objects, as there is no need of changing the initial process of manufacture, simply by adding the membrane by spraying, dipping, coating or paint ing the polymer dispersion. By creation of the porous sys tem after shaping the membranes the herein described pro cess gives access to beneficial performance in multiple aspects. Adding the performance of a membrane to this pol ymer layer brings added values, for example regarding weather protection and regulating humidity. Finally, mi croporosity brings an even more advantage regarding breath- ability features, thanks to the open and porous structure. None of the existing 3D applications solutions can bring that level of performance while staying seamless, thus permitting a new freedom of design for functional 3D shaped articles.

Second, a 3D application of present microporous membrane brings a significant improvement regarding waste material and avoids loss of performance. An example of this is its use on a finished textile product; normally, the membrane would have been present on the initial laminate prior to construction/tailoring of the object. Thus, all the cuts necessary during production are membrane waste. This is avoided according to the present invention. Moreover, stitching the laminate creates holes in the membrane, which subsequently need to be covered by seam taping in order to provide the required waterproofing. This process is fa mously tedious, time-consuming, expensive and blocks breathability (tapes are not functional / breathable). With this invention, the seam is directly covered with a 3D microporous membrane and preserves the breathability in the presence of seams.

Third, the present invention enables manufacturing of hal ogen-free, 3D microporous membranes. This is considered particularly an advantage over known membranes for cloth ing.

Fourth, 3D microporous membrane's performances can be fur ther enhanced by several parameters involving the initial chemical recipe of such membrane dispersion published in W02017097778A1 . The following parameters can play a role in the final design and performance of the object: thick ness (single to multiple layers possible), hierarchical pore structure (amount and size of pores), mapping with different localized performance (bodymapping of an outdoor jacket for example) along with optical representation in coloring or shaping etc. said area to make it distinguish able etc.

In one embodiment, the membrane is 3-dimensional (3D) and seamless and attached to a substrate. In a further embod iment, the membrane is 3-dimensional (3D) and seamless and free-standing (4).

The pore size of the membrane may vary over a broad range. Suitable is a pore size of 5-10'000 nm, preferably 100 - 5000, most preferably 300-1000 nm. In embodiments, the pore size is of 400 - 4000 nm. In preferred embodiments, the pore size is of 500 - 2000 nm. It is considered advanta geously that the pore size of the membrane may be fine- tuned by selecting the appropriate particle (6). Prefera bly, the pore-size distribution is unimodal. Pore size may be influenced by the choice of particle size. Thus, com pared to known methods for forming 3D membranes, such as discussed in W02010/046118, the pore size is mainly influ enced by selection of starting material and not by selec tion of process - parameters. This is considered a major advantage, as manufacturing is more robust and scale-up is simplified.

In one embodiment, suitable dispersions for step (a) comply with one or more of the following parameters:

(i) composition: a. from 40 to 99 wt.-% diluents; b. from 1 to 20 wt.-% polymers; c. from 0.5 to 40 wt.-% coated or uncoated particles; d. from 0-6 wt.-%, preferably 2-4 wt.-% coating material; e. from 0 to 5 wt.-% additives; f. from 0 to 5 wt.-% dyes: ii) Particle sizes: 5-15'OOOnm, preferably 2 ^' 000-8 ^' OOOnm. iii) Polymer/particle - weight ratio: 10/90-90/10, prefer ably 50/50 - 20/80. iv) Viscosity: 50 - 2000 mPas, preferably 100-800 mPas, @ 25°C and 200 rpm.

In one further embodiment, suitable dispersions for step (a) comply with one or more of the following parameters: (i) composition: a. from 40 to 99 wt.-% diluents; b. from 1 to 20 wt.-% polymers; c. from 0.5 to 40 wt.-% coated or uncoated particles; d. from 0-6 wt.-%, preferably 2-4 wt.-% coating material; e. from 0 to 5 wt.-% additives; f. from 0 to 5 wt.-% dyes; ii) Particle sizes: 5-15'OOOnm, preferably 2 ^' 000-8 ^' OOOnm. iii) Polymer/particle - weight ratio: 10/90-90/10, prefer ably 50/50 - 20/80. iv) Viscosity: 50 - 2000 mPas, preferably 400-1500 mPas, @ 25°C and 200 rpm.

In a further embodiment, the inventive 3D membranes (3), (4) comply with one or more of the following parameters: i) Pore size: 5-10'000 nm, preferable 100 - 5000, most preferably 300-1000 nm. ii) Porosity: 30-80%, preferably 55-65%. iii) Thickness: 0.01 - 1000 microns, preferably 1 - 120 microns, most preferably 15-50 microns. iv) Waterproofness (ISO 811): > 4.8 m. v) Contact angle: > 50°. vi) Breathability (ASTM E96 B): > 500 g/m2/day. vii) Amount of layers: 1-20, preferably 1-4.

Additional details on the process:

Step (a) may be divided in to sub-steps, namely preparing coated particles (al) and preparing the solution prior to milling (a2): step (al): In one embodiment, suitable manufacturing meth ods for coated particles (6) are known per se, and include mixing, ball milling or pug milling of the respective starting materials (uncoated particles and coating materi als), optionally in the presence of an inert diluent. In a further embodiment, non-coated particles are not pre-man- ufactured but are chosen to fit the same size requirements, i.e. in the range of 5 - 15'000 nm, preferably 2000-8000 nm. step (a2): In an embodiment, suitable manufacturing methods for dispersions (1) are known per se, and include preparing a solution of one or more polymers , one or more solvent, optionally additives (8) and dyes (9) and combining this solution with the one or more coated particles of step (al) and/or non-coated particles (6). A strong stirring/milling step creates the final membrane dispersion (1). The solvent (7) is selected to ensure dissolution of the polymer (5) without dissolving the particles (6).Alternatively, a pol ymer/solvent mixture can be bought readily from suppliers. In a further embodiment, the following section describes suitable candidates for each of the raw materials:

Suitable solvents (7) may be selected from a broad range of known solvents and combinations thereof. Preferred are solvents with a b.p. below 200°C. Examples of solvents include water or organic solvents selected from the group consisting of alcoholes, ethers, ketones, esters, halogen- alkanes, alkanes, cycloalkanes, sulfoxides, amides, pyr- rolidones, lactames.

Suitable polymers (5) may be selected from a broad range of known polymers and combinations thereof and also in cludes polymers that may be cross-linked. The invention also includes the use of co-polymers, such as rubbers, and mixtures of polymers ("blends"). Further, the polymers are selected from the group of soluble polymers. In the context of the present invention, a polymer is considered a soluble polymer in case 1 g of polymer - preferably 10 g of polymer - dissolves in one litre of organic solvent or one litre of water and where the thus obtained solution follows the standard behaviour of polymer solutions (such as viscosity as a function of concentration and temperature; change in the solvent ^' s vapour pressure, transparency of the solu tion). Typically, such soluble polymers show little or no cross-linking. Such polymers are known to the skilled per son and may be readily identified. Soluble polymers may be selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes (in cluding thermoplastic Polyurethanes, TPU), ethyl-vi nylacetates, polycarbonates, artificial rubbers, polyes ters, polyether, polyaryletherketones, polyamides, poly acrylates, polyarylates, polystyrenes, cyclo-olefin-copol ymers and polyolefins.

In embodiments, the polymers are selected from the group of pre-polymers, which are cross-linked in a subsequent step. Cross-linked polymers are typically not soluble, while the corresponding starting materials are. Again, such polymers are known to the skilled person and may be readily identified. Cross-linked polymers may be selected from the group consisting of natural and artificial rubbers, pol- ysiloxanes, epoxide resins and specially modified, cross linkable forms of the polymers mentioned above.

In embodiments, the polymers are selected from the group of pre-polymers, which are polymerized in a subsequent step. Such polymers may or may not be soluble, depending on the molecular structure. Suitable pre-polymers that are polymerized may be selected from the group of polyesters and polyamides where the corresponding starting materials are lactones and lactames respectively and from polyure thanes, where diisocyanates and dioles or/and amines are the respective starting materials.

Particularly preferred polymers according to this inven tion are selected from the group of polysulfones, polyeth- ersulfones, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylates, poly-ysiloxanes, polyarylates, polyurethanes (including thermoplastic Polyurethanes, TPU), ethyl-vinylacetates, artificial and natural rubbers, polyesters, polyether, polyaryletherketones, polyamides, cyclo-olefin-copolymers and polyolefins.

Very particularly preferred polymers according to this in vention are selected from the group of polyurethanes (in cluding thermoplastic Polyurethanes, TPU), polyesters, polyamides, and polyolefins.

Suitable coated or non-coated particles (6) may have a particle size of 5 - 15000 nm, preferably 2000 - 8000 nm. Suitable materials for said particles may be selected from a broad range of known template materials, including inor ganic pore templates selected from the group of crystalline organic compounds, metal salts, and metal oxides, as well as organic pore templates selected from the group of or ganic salts, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the metal salt particles are selected from the group consisting of Carbonates (including Hydrogencarbonates), Sulphates, Halogenides, Nitrates and Phosphates, preferably Car bonates. Examples of metal salts include MgC03, CaC03, SrC03, BaC03, Na2C03, K2CO3, NaCl. Examples of metal oxides include ZnO and MgO. Preferably the crystalline organic compounds are selected from the group consisting of sac ^¬ charide such as glucose and fructose or a combination of both. Preferably, the organic salt particles are selected from the group consisting of solid alkyl-ammonium compounds and alkali-metal carboxylates. Examples of organic salts include tetramethylammonium chloride and sodium citrate. The pore templates may be obtained from known synthetic processes, such as a wet process or a dry process, or may be obtained from naturally occurring sources.

Suitable coating materials for said particles may be se ^¬ lected from surface functionalizing reagents known to the skilled person.

Suitable coating materials for said particles may be se ^¬ lected from anhydride acids, such as poly maleic anhydride acids (PMAH), its homopolymer but also co-polymer contain ing PMAH) and mixture of PMAH, or carboxylic acids, such as Ce- ₃₄ carboxylic acids, and mixtures of carboxylic acids. In the context of this invention, PMAH may be linear or branched. Further, the co-polymer containing PMAH also con tains other functional groups such as alkane, alkene func ^¬ tional groups. In the context of this invention, carboxylic acids may be linear or branched. Further, carbocyclic acids may contain one or more double bonds. The term carboxylic acid further includes mono-carboxylic acids and di-carbox- ylic acids. Suitable carboxylic acids are selected from the group of naturally occurring fatty acids, such as stea ^¬ ric acid, and naturally occurring dicarboxylic acids, such as pimelic acid sebacic acid.

They may further be selected from the group of alkyl-aryl- alkoxy-silanes, aryl-alkoxy-silanes, alkyl-alkoxy- silanes, and mixtures of such silanes. In the context of this invention, these silanes may be selected from the group of trialkoxy-silane derivatives, dialkoxy-silane de ^¬ rivatives and monoalkoxy-silane derivatives. Further, these silane derivatives may be cyclic or linear. Suitable silanes are selected from the group of ((C _2-16 )alkyl)Si (OMe)3, ((C2-16)alkyl)Si(OEt)3, ((C _2-i e)alkyl) ₂ -Si(OMe)2, ((C2-16)alkyl)2S1(OEt)2 and corresponding, optionally sub ^¬ stituted phenyl group containing derivatives, such as (C2- 16)alkyl)-Ph-Si(OMe)2.For aryl-silanes, one or more of the above alkyl group is replaced by at least one phenyl or substituted phenyl group.

Suitable additives may be selected from a broad range of known additives and mixtures thereof and are known in the field. The term additives includes thickener-, curing-, leveling-, film flow-, film uniformity-, anti-foaming-, anti-orange peel- and wetting- agents. Such additives are commercially available, e.g. from Byk Additives and In ^¬ struments, Evonik Industries, CRODA International.

Suitable dyes may be selected from a broad range of known dyes in the field. Preferably, sustainable dyes from nat ^¬ ural sources such as plants, invertebrates or minerals.

Suitable dispersions may be prepared from the above start ^¬ ing materials using known techniques. It was found suitable to combine the starting materials by vigorously stirring the components and/or subjecting the components to ultra ^¬ sonic treatment and/or subjecting the mixture to a ball milling step. The dispersion may be kept at elevated tem ^¬ perature, e.g. 40-100°C. Such temperatures increase poly ^¬ mer solubility, reduce viscosity and facilitate the method described herein. In the case where a more viscous disper ^¬ sion is preferred, i.e. for spraying, the temperature will be kept at room temperature (18-28°C).

Suitable ranges for viscosity may be determined by routine experiments and depend, inter alia, on the coating method. Generally speaking, 50 - 2000 mPas are a suitable range. In embodiments, the viscosity is in the range of 50 - 1000 mPas, preferably 200 - 600 mPas. This range is typically used for painting.

In embodiments, the viscosity is in the range of 500 - 2000 mPas, preferably 400 - 1500 mPas. This range is typically used for spraying.

It was found that suitable adaption of viscosity improves membrane properties, such as pore size. Step (b): In one embodiment, this step is the application of the liquid membrane dispersion (1) of step (a) on a three-dimensional substrate. This substrate can either be a rigid or a flexible object. The method of application can vary from spraying, dip-coating, printing or painting. The substrate, if not standing, is placed on a standing support to facilitate the 3D application. Additionally, the substrate is usually pre-heated before the liquid mem brane dispersion (1) is applied.

Step (c): in an embodiment, for faster solvent evaporation, the shaped wet coated substrate is subjected to a heat treatment (e.g. drying). The temperatures and treatment times may vary, depending on the starting materials (par ticularly the solvent (7)) and are typically between 25- 200°C and preferably below the melting point of the polymer of the membrane and the support. This heat treatment can occur from the outside of the film (e.g. oven with or without ventilation, heat gun, etc.) or from the inside (e.g. heated inflatable structure). The typical drying time is between 10 seconds and 2 hours, preferably between 30 seconds and 10 minutes, most preferably between 1 depending on the final desired results of membrane (i.e. thickness, performance, etc.).

Step (d): step (b) and (c) can be repeated as many times as necessary (usually below 4 times) depending on the final desired results of the membrane (i.e. thickness, perfor mance, etc.).

Step (e) In a further embodiment, the obtained material is optionally subjected to a polymerisation or a cross-linking step.

Step (f): In an embodiment, the removal of template parti cles occurs for the non-porous 3D film (2.1) but this wash ing is made with the said film attached to the substrate (2.2). Optionally, the non-porous 3D film (2.1) can be removed/peeled off from the substrate (2.2) prior to the washing step (step (f)), especially for "simple" structure. The material to wash (10) is selected to ensure dissolution of the coated particles without dissolving the polymer. Suitable materials (10) for this washing step are partic ularly aqueous solvents, such as water or acidic aqueous solutions (e.g. formic acid, acetic acid or hydrochloric acid). The choice of solvent particularly depends on the type of template material (metal salt / metal oxide) used. After complete removal of the template, the object (3) is then washed again with water to remove any residual washing materials, i.e. acids, and finally dried at room tempera ture or using a drying/heating device to accelerate the process .

Suitable washing materials (10) may be prepared from water, acidic aqueous solution, described by a pH below 7 con taining for example formic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, basic aqueous solution containing, de scribed by a pH above 7, containing for example sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide.

Step (g) : In a further embodiment, the 3D microporous mem brane (3.1) can optionally be removed from the 3D support (3.2) after the washing step (f) while keeping the 3D shape of the support. The membrane at this step is soft and elastic enough such that a smooth removal is possible. The obtained membrane (4) is seamless, has no holes and thus results in a so-called "free-standing membrane" or "self- supporting structure". It can afterwards be attached to an already finished product from a similar shape, most prob ably, but not limited to, between two layers of a finished textile product for example. No seam tapes would be neces sary.

In a further embodiment, the manufacturing of the inventive membrane does not include a "closing" step, such as bond ing, sewing, welding, gluing, knitting, stitching, that is detectable in the end product.

In a further embodiment, the production of the inventive membrane does not involve a phase separation. In a further embodiment, the porosity of the inventive membrane is only introduced after the application of the liquid membrane precursor (1) onto the substrate, hence after the assembly into a 3D shaped product. This dissolu tion step (f) is performed in 90 minutes or less.

In a further embodiment, the coating step (b) is selected from the group consisting of spraying, painting, printing (including 3D printing), and dip-coating;

In general terms, the present invention relates in a second aspect to the use and nature of a substrate (2.1) to obtain the 3D microporous membrane (3) or (4), thus obtaining a so-called "seamless membrane". i. Types of Substrate: material, shape Suitable substrates (2.1) in terms of materials may be selected from a broad range of known substrates. The sub strate may be any support compatible with the manufacturing process; particularly, it needs to be inert towards the solvents, especially for step (g) to be possible. For specific cases, it is further beneficial, if the coating adheres to the substrate during manufacturing and can be removed after manufacturing. In specific cases, where the final product involves membrane and substrate (i.e. no step (g)), the bond between the membrane and the substrate is strong and difficult to remove.

In one embodiment, suitable materials for a substrate in clude polymer materials, leather, silicones, glasses, met als (such as aluminium), ceramics, concrete, cement, wood, and paper (in each case coated or uncoated).

In the case of textile manufacturing it can be advantageous to directly coat the here described dispersions (1) onto a tightly woven, knitted or non-woven fabric. In this embod iment, it is advantageous if the membrane polymer adheres well to the type of polymer or biopolymer used in the textile substrate. Potential additives (8) in the disper sion but also in or on the substrates surface can improve the required adhesion. For outdoor clothing, suitable substrates are tightly woven polyamides or polyesters or polypropylenes. This invention is particularly advantageous if the dispersion is directly applied onto a finished textile product to cover the seam with the membrane. The membrane can be placed on the inside or the outside of the textile product. The membrane can further be covered by additional layers of membranes with different characteristics or with a layer of fabric. In one embodiment, the substrate or textile product may be kept at elevated temperature, e.g. 40-100°C. Such temper atures help to evaporate the solvent faster and facilitate the method described herein. In another embodiment, the textile product should be placed on a mannequin, e.g. in flatable, to facilitate the method described herein.

Suitable substrates (2.1) in terms of shapes may be se lected in one embodiment from a broad range of known shaped substrates, such as hand (glove), feet (sock), torso (pull over), leg (stockings), head (cap) or any types of clothing in general. Additionally, any type of shaped leather and textile objects can be coated with the liquid membrane dispersion (1). Additionally, this technology enables the production of complex 3D geometries (design, style); the application of the liquid membrane precursor (1) adapts to the shape of the substrate, i.e. special pattern will be covered by the membrane thus creating complex geometries with waterproofing and breathable properties. ii. Direct-to substrate: no removal step

The final product is achieved after step (f). The final membrane is positioned on the substrate with a certain adhesion to provide a protective layer, which is breathable and waterproof. This membrane is broadly applicable. For examples, it is suitable in all application where it re places 2-D membranes, such as, but not limited to, textile products. iii. Self-supporting structure: use of mannequin with removal step step (e): If required, the porous film (3.1) can be removed from the substrate (2.2), e.g. by peeling off or by trans fer to another substrate as a multilayer material. This removal step takes place after, or optionally prior to, the washing step (f). Step (g) may be performed using pro cesses known per se. The removal step (g), aims to remove substrate (2.2) to obtain an unsupported, seamless, porous polymer membrane (4) e.g. in the shape of gloves or socks. This free-standing and 3-dimensional shaped membrane is then transferred to another shaped support material to achieve a finished textile product, e.g. gloves or socks equipped with the inventive membrane. Again, this membrane (4) is suitable in all application where it replaces 2-D membranes, such as, but not limited to, textile products. iv. manufacturing

The manufacturing process described provides porous mate rials limited in size by the substrate. Single piece man ufacturing process can be achieved by in line assembling using spraying robots or printing on surfaces or 3D print ing on surface or free standing or in line mannequin begin dip coated in the dispersion like for the production of laboratory gloves.

The present invention relates in a third aspect to novel 3 dimensional polymer membranes. This aspect, particularly advantageous polymers, characteristics of the inventive membranes and examples are outlined below.

Membrane: In one embodiment, the invention relates to a seamless polymer membrane, said membrane has a thickness and / or a porosity; and / or a pore size; and / or tensile properties and / or a water column; and / or a water vapour transmission rate; and / or a water contact angle; and / or air permeability and / or a 3 dimensional shape enclos ing a structure without seams, cuts, bondings or similar assembly artefacts as described above, first aspect of the invention. Due to the unique manufacturing process, as outlined herein, the present invention provides porous mem branes (or even nanoporous membranes) combining specific properties in the 3 dimensional shapes of polymer mem branes. It is considered advantageous that such shaped membranes are free of seams, cuts, bondings or similar assembly artefacts but consisting from one piece with the required functionalities.

3D Shape: In one embodiment, the inventive material is characterized by its 3 dimensional shape; thereby distin guishing from 2 dimensional ("flat", "sheet like") materi als. The inventive material is essentially free of assembly artefacts, such as seams, cuts, bonding or similar.

In one embodiment the final shape of the membrane is con gruent with the final product independently of the initial shape of the product, be it 2 dimensional or 3 dimensional. This embodiment is advantageous for jackets and outdoor clothing, house wraps in construction (to manage water and steam in buildings), packaging materials (e.g. for food, consumer goods and pharmaceuticals), and sensors.

In one further embodiment the coverage of herein described membrane is not on all parts of the garment but on specific areas of the garment to provide localized function. As described above this also requires no seams, cuts, bondings or similar assembly artefacts. This is advantageous for assembly, performance and also optics. Covered parts can be modified without an increase in special cutting and assembly as currently required for localized performance.

Polymers: As outlined above, a wide variety of polymers may be used for the inventive membranes. In one embodiment, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of pol ymers soluble in organic solvents and cross-linked polymers thereof. This is considered advantageous, as the presently known polymer membranes are limited in view of the materi als suitable and / or the characteristics of their pores. Suitable polymers may be selected from the group of poly mers soluble in organic solvents. Further, suitable poly mers may be selected from the group of polymers soluble in organic solvents and include polyurethanes, ethyl-vinyl- acetates, polycarbonates, artificial rubbers, polyesters, polyethers, polyaryletherketones, polyamides, polyacry lates, polyarylates, polystyrenes, cyclo-olefin-copoly mers, polyolefins and crosslinkable polymers such as nat ural and artificial rubbers, polysiloxanes and epoxide res ins. Particular preferably, polymers are selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters and polyolefines.

Advantageously, such polymers are free of halogens, par ticularly free of fluorine. This is considered advanta geous, as the membranes are environmentally benign. Advantageously, such polymers are circular in nature by flowing back into a recycling stream or being biodegradable in nature.

Advantageously, soft polymers are the basis for membranes that provide the haptic, optical and mechanical properties needed for membranes to be used in clothing. It is also possible to increase the number of layers even with dif ferent types of polymers to combine the properties of each layer.

In a further embodiment, the seamless membrane has the following characteristics:

Pores: As outlined above, the inventive material is porous. The inventive material is characterized by its 3 dimen sional shape free of seams, cuts, bonding or similar as sembly artefacts and by the size, type and amount of pores present. The size and type and amount of pores may be influenced by the type of coating, the amount of coating material, starting materials, the ratio of particles: pol ymer, the manufacturing process, the type of coating mate rial.

Size: The size of the pores of the inventive membranes (defined by the diameter of the coated particles; 5 -

15'000 nm, preferably 2000-8000 nm). The size of the pores may be determined by microscopy. Further, the pore size distribution may be precisely adjusted, due to the starting materials used. Amount: The porosity, i.e. the volume of pores in relation to the volume of the membrane in total, may be varied in a broad range. Inventive materials show porosity in the range of 30-80 vol-%, preferably 55 -65 vol-%. The porosity may be determined by micrograph analysis.

Type : The pores of the material may be arranged in a way that the material is permeable, partly permeable or imper meable. If essentially all pores of the material have dead ends, the material is impermeable. On the contrary, if essentially all pores of the material have open ends, the material is considered permeable. Consequently, if a frac tion of the pores has dead ends, the material is considered partly permeable. In an advantageous embodiment, the pre sent invention provides polymer membranes, wherein at least 50 %, preferably at least 80 % of said pores are intercon nected .

Thickness: The thickness of the inventive membranes may be varied over a broad range, such as from 0.01 - 1000 mpi. In case the inventive membrane is present in the form of a mono-layer, a suitable thickness is in the range of 0.01- 500 mpi; preferably 1-120 mpimost preferably 15 - 50 mpi. In case the inventive membrane is present in the form of a multi-layer structure, a suitable thickness is in the range of 1-1000 mpi; preferably 30-250 mpi. Such membranes may also be termed "sheet material" or "porous foils"; these terms indicate that the material has a length and width which is at least one magnitude larger (preferably at least two magnitudes larger) than the thickness of the material.

Waterproofing (measured as WC and contact angle) and breathability (measured as WVTR) of the inventive membranes is discussed above, first aspect of the invention.

Mechanical properties of the inventive membranes, like ten sile strength, flexibility are suitable for many applica tions, such as in textile applications.

The possible production of silicon free membranes are fur ther of considerable interest in OEM manufacturing lines, as silicon is considered a risk in all industries that rely on painting and gluing and where a final coating is applied on the goods (e.g. automotive body paint shop; silicone causes defects in the outer paint finish).

Layers: In one embodiment, the inventive membrane consists of one single layer. This embodiment is advantageous for jackets and outdoor clothing, house wraps in construction (to manage water and steam in buildings), packaging mate rials (e.g. for food, consumer goods and pharmaceuticals) and sensors.

In one further embodiment, the inventive membrane consists of two or more layers, such as 2 or 3 or up to 20 layers. This embodiment is advantageous for outdoor clothing (thereby providing enhanced comfort due to better sweat management, particularly by transporting sweat inside the jacket layer from ill-accessible to more accessible area of the clothing), cooling textiles (i.e. materials that provide a cooling effect to the user through evaporation of water from the multi-layer material), packaging of liv ing organisms, packaging of food, pharmaceuticals and sen sitive consumer goods, cooling curtains (allowing passive cooling in and around buildings and public transport), hu midification of air in air acclimatization units. Further applications are in flexible gas absorbers, air cleaning devices, personal hygiene and personal protection equip ment.

In general terms, the present invention relates in a fourth aspect to the specific use of the 3D microporous membrane in textile applications and to textile products comprising the inventive 3D polymer membrane, thus providing perfor mance to clothing products.

In general, the inventive textile products retain the ben eficial properties of the 3D polymer membranes, particu larly being waterproof and being breathable, and are thus suitable for all uses that are applicable to such mem branes; this particularly includes the uses as disclosed herein, e.g. in a textile material. i. Direct application on 2D-textile In a further embodiment, simple 2D textile can be directly coated with a functional membrane without the use of glue/lamination . Those textiles can be selected from the group of woven, non-woven or knitted fabrics, e.g. with a specific pattern which is typically difficult for lamina tion. ii. Direct application on 3D-textile (finished tex tile product)

In a further embodiment, the functional garment containing a seamless membrane is particularly selected from the group of clothing (such as coats, jackets, trousers, underwear), containers (such as bags, backpacks) and others (such as gloves, hats and shoes). Those garments are made out of textiles that can be selected from the group of woven, non- woven or knitted fabrics. The 3D membrane is sprayed, dip- coated or painted directly on the finished textile product, covering also the seams.

Those substrates are considered "flexible" substrates and more details on 3D application on a flexible substrate can be found below:

1. direct application on a flexible finished textile product

The finished textile product (for example a jacket) is placed on a heating inflatable support. Using spraying, dipping, or painting, the substrate is covered with the most homogeneous layer possible before proceeding to step (c). It is also possible to apply an additional layer of dispersion on strategic areas of the substrate to enhance performances and/or stability and resistance of the re sulting membrane. 2. free-standing membrane transferred on flexible fin ished textile product

Another technique to coat a flexible substrate is to first apply the dispersion of step (a) on a rigid object follow ing the previous procedure described in step (g) resulting in a free standing membrane (4), then cover the same ob ject/mannequin with the flexible substrate and soak this substrate with the solvent (7) of the dispersion. The soak ing of the substrate can be made by spraying the solvent on the substrate and makes the inner side of the flexible substrate stick to the shaped dispersion without the use of adhesive.

In specific embodiments the method of direct or/and trans ferred application of the membrane on the finished textile product can be applied to a sport garment; e.g. a jacket and/or trousers, a shoe and/or sock, a glove. iii. Seamless self-supporting membrane In a further embodiment, the 3D membrane is self-supporting and connected with said textile membrane by gluing, weld ing. These structures work for 3D shapes in general but especially for: a. glove

In a further embodiment, the functional garment containing a 3D-shaped, seamless, self-supporting structured membrane is a glove. The 3D shaped membrane is attached in the middle of an outer (oversized) and inner (undersized) tai lored textile in the form of a glove, for example but not limited to, by specific points of glue applied 3-dimen- sionally . b. sock

In a further embodiment, the functional garment contain ing a 3D-shaped, seamless, self-supporting structured mem brane is a sock. The 3D shaped membrane is attached in the middle of an outer (oversized) and inner (undersized) tai lored textile in the form of a sock, for example but not limited to, by specific points of glue applied 3-dimen- sionally . iv. Body-mapping

In a further embodiment, the 3D membrane can be applied on pre-determined positions; e.g. by body-mapping for perfor mance control. Optionally, color (dyes) can be added to the design and fit the different performance areas. Addi tionally, the membrane can cover all of the surface of the garment or only selected parts of it.

Further, the present invention will be better understood by reference to fig 1. This figure outlines the invention as described herein, specifically process steps of the manufacturing process of 3D waterproof and breathable mem brane, here illustrated as a sock. Steps (a) to (g) and Materials (1) to (10) are described in the specification and claims. The invention is further illustrated by the following, non-limiting Examples

I. Synthesis

Polymer mixture of commercially available polymer(s) was obtained by dissolving it/them in a solvent using an ex ternal stirrer (IKA®RW 20 digital). The coated or non- coated particles were added to the mixture and the result ing dissolution was run through a ball mill once (WAB Dyno®-Mill Multi Lab at 10 rpm pumping rate and 3800 U/min milling rotation with 1 mm ZrCk milling beads) to receive the final polymer solution.

1.1 Example 1: Ether-based Polyurethane & CaC03:

600 kg of dispersion (1) were synthetized by dissolving 2 different ether-based polyurethanes in N,N-dimethylacetam- ide. Specially coated-CaC03 particles were added to the mixture and the dispersion was milled until the required particle size was achieved. The final dispersion is to be degassed in vacuum.

1.2 Example 2: Ether-based Polyurethane & NaCl:

2 kg of dispersion (1) were synthetized by dissolving 2 different ether-based polyurethanes in N,N-dimethylacetam- ide. NaCl particles were added to the mixture and the dis persion was milled until the required particle size was achieved. The final dispersion is to be degassed in vacuum.

1.3 Example 3: Water-based Polyurethane & CaC03:

0.5 kg of dispersion (1) were synthetized by using commer cially available water-based PU (as liquid dispersion). Specially coated CaC03 particles were added to the mixture and the dispersion was milled until the required particle size was achieved. The final dispersion is to be degassed in vacuum.

1.4 Example 4: Poly lactic acid (PLA):

2 kg of dispersion (1) were synthesized by dissolving PLA in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Specially coated-CaC03 particles were added to the mixture and the dispersion was milled until the required particle size was achieved. The final dispersion is to be degassed in vacuum.

II. Application

After the synthesis of the dispersion (1) described in I, the liquid membrane is then sprayed, dip-coated or painted onto a substrate (described above).

II.1 Spraying

General procedure: The substrate (2.2) was placed on a support and the area of spray delimited using paper tape. It was then preheated in a 110°C oven for more than 5 minutes. Few tens of milliliters of room temperature liquid membrane dispersion (1) were added in a spray gun tank. The spray gun was connected to an air flow whose pressure can be controlled. The pressure was set to 2.5 bars when the gun trigger was fully engaged. The hot substrate (2.2) has then been removed from the oven and the liquid membrane dispersion (1) sprayed onto it to fully cover the desired area. The distance from the gun nozzle with the substrate (2.2) can vary from 5 to 25 cm and the speed of advancement of the gun from 5 to 500 mm/s. After a first monolayer of sprayed liquid membrane (2.1) was applied, the coated sup port (2) was placed again in the 110°C oven in order for the solvent to be completely evaporated. Then the dried coated support (3) was removed from the oven and a second layer was applied using the same procedure. This step can be repeated several times until the desired membrane thick ness is reached. The dried membrane on the substrate (3), was then placed in a bath to wash out the template particles (6), in the case the dried non-porous film (3.1) is not easily removed from the substrate (3.2). This bath can be acidic depending on the particles (6) used.

Depending on the final application of the product, the 3D membrane is then removed from the substrate (step e)) after the washing step d), as described in more details below:

On a mannequin (free-standing membrane): Tests were made with shoe and glove mannequins. The spraying parameters of distance to the sample and speed were rather close (from 5 to 15 cm) and fast (from 250 to 500 mm/s). The spray pattern made by hand looked homogeneous with an even thickness of the membrane on the whole sample including 3D corners (+/- 5 microns). The resulting samples after following the rest of the general procedure were gently removed from the man nequin, giving a free-standing shaped membrane in one piece.

On 2D textile: The tests on textile were performed with different types of fabric, e.g. polyester, cotton, polyam ide, polypropylene. The procedure was adapted to the be havior of the fabric regarding its thickness, weaving or liquid membrane absorption for instance. The textile was fixed onto a 2D support plate and pre-heated before the spraying process. During this phase, the support was main tained vertically. The distance and speed parameters were rather far (around 15 to 20 cm) and slow (around 5 to 10 mm/s). The spraying pattern was more vertical and horizon tal lines to cover all of the surface. The rest of the general procedure was followed. on a finished textile product (incl. seam): Two techniques were experimented to achieve a membrane cover of a finished textile product including seams: i) Using the same technique as a 2D spraying on fabric by heating up in advance the sample. For bigger samples that do not fit inside the oven, a heating blow up support structure was used, allowing to spray and dry at the same time. ii) Spray first on a mannequin as described in the previous part and thread the sample over the membrane still on its support. Then, spraying some solvent above the fabric sam ple to soak it with an air flow pressure around 1 bar and replace the sample in a 110°C oven to dry the solvent out. The rest of the general procedure was followed. This was used, for example, as a transfer possibility of the seam less membrane on a finished textile-based sock.

I1.2 Dipping

General procedure: The substrate (2.2) was placed on a support and the area of dipping delimited using paper tape. The dipping tests were carried out without pre-heating (note that pre-heating the substrate would also work). The liquid membrane dispersion (1) is kept at room temperature. The substrate (2.2) was immersed in the liquid membrane and then dried out at 110°C in an oven. This step can be repeated several times until the desired membrane thickness is reached. The dried coated object (3) was placed in a bath to wash out the template particles (6), in the case the dried non-porous film (3.1) is not easily removed from the substrate (3.2). This bath can be acidic depending on the particles (6) used.

Depending on the final application of the product, the 3D membrane is then removed from the substrate (step (g)) after the washing step (f), as described in more details below: on a mannequin (free-standing membrane): The hand and shoe mannequins were soaked in a bucket of liquid membrane dis persion (1) then taken out and stayed above the bucket for a while so that the excess flowed back into the bucket before placing it in the oven at 110 ° C. The thickness of the sample was not constant on all of the shape as the liquid membrane accumulates in the lower parts due to grav ity. This can be avoided by moving the sample while it is dried. The rest of the general procedure was followed. on a finished textile product (incl. seam): The finished textile product was placed in a container and liquid mem brane dispersion (1) was poured over all the desired parts. Then the coated object (2) was taken out and stayed above the container for a while so that the excess of membrane flowed back into the container before placing it in the oven at 110 ° C. For example, around 200 mL of liquid membrane was required for a complete man-size sock. The rest of the general procedure was followed.

II.3 Painting

General procedure: The substrate (2.2) was placed on a support and the area of paint delimited using paper tape. The painting tests were carried out without pre-heating (note that pre-heating the substrate would also work). A paint brush was soaked in a liquid membrane dispersion (1) tank and a layer was applied on the sample by brushing it. After this layer of paint liquid membrane, the coated ob ject (2) was placed in the 110°C oven. Then the sample was removed from the oven and a second layer was applied using the same procedure. This step can be repeated several times until the desired membrane thickness is reached. The dried coated object (3) was placed in a bath to wash out the template particles (6), in the case the dried non-porous film (3.1) is not easily removed from the substrate (3.2). This bath can be acidic depending on the particles (6) used.

Depending on the final application of the product, the 3D membrane is then removed from the substrate (step (g)) after the washing step (f), as described in more details below: on 2D textile: The liquid membrane was applied following a direction with the brush for one layer to avoid traces of brush as much as possible. Visual traces are still notice able after passing through the oven. A second layer was applied following the perpendicular direction and the coated sample (2) was placed again in the oven at 110°C. The rest of the general procedure was followed. on a finished textile product (incl. seam): A similar pro cedure was applied as for 2D textile. The seams of a jacket, for example, were painted with the liquid membrane disper sion (1) following the direction of the seam but also per pendicular to it for a homogeneous coverage. A second layer was applied following using the same directions and the coated object (2) was placed again in the oven at 110°C. The rest of the general procedure was followed.

III. Analytics: The obtained products described above were destroyed to enable the measurements of the following analytics.

Table 1: Performance of the different methods based on Exl.

* not determined. The results of the free-standing membrane by dipping are assumed to be similar for the sprayed techniques

Table 2: Performance of the spraying methods based on Ex 2, 3 and 4 IV. Viscosity

In two sets of experiments, 3D membranes were prepared according to this invention by spray coating using the dispersion as described herein and compared to a 3D mem brane prepared by spray coating using known dispersions.

Set 1: A dispersion with 3 different viscosities (high, medium, low) was sprayed on a polyester fabric.

The visual grade of the sprayed membrane was analysed vis ually and was rated from 1 to 6, with 6 being represented as no defect, no inhomogeneity and no trespassing of the membrane on the reverse, non-sprayed, side of the fabric. The experiment was repeated 3 times per viscosity and std. deviation was determined.

The success of the sprayed membrane was analysed by their pore size and whether the measurement was possible of not. The results are summarized in table 3 below.

Table 3: Performance results of the spraying methods based on different viscosities

* on a range of 1 - 6, 6 being perfect; ** 40°C @ 250 rpm

Conclusion: The results clearly show the influence of starting material ^' s viscosity on the membrane performance. While dispersions with high viscosity provide excellent results, dispersions with low viscosity fail in spray coat ing of a polyester fabric, as the membrane layer shows inhomogeneity and uncontrolled large holes. Therefore, the required pore sizes to achieve the target performances are not measurable.

Set 2: Inventive and known dispersions were sprayed on a 3D object, the results are compared in table 4.

Table 4:

Conclusion: It was found that adjusting viscosity allows reliable manufacturing of 3D membranes with suitable pore size and unimodal size distribution. Previously known dis persions failed under similar conditions.