ABRASIVE SCRUBBER

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates, in general, to articles and methods regarding scrubbing articles with antimicrobial properties and improved performance. The abrasive articles comprise a first fiber element comprising a woven or non-woven material; and a second fiber element comprising metal, wherein the second fiber element comprises at least one interlocking arrangement. The scrubbing articles possess physical and performance properties that beneficially exceed the state of the art.

Scrubbing articles are used in various applications to condition and clean the surface of a workpiece to a desired condition. Various types of scrubbing articles are used for cleaning a variety of workpieces, such as cooking and eating utensils and the like by abrasively removing food particles, sticky oily residues, and associated unhygienic contaminants to restore the workpieces to good and acceptable conditions before every use.

Scrubbing articles have been made from a variety of materials, however such scrubbers suffer various disadvantages, such as disintegrating relatively quickly, are difficult to keep clean, can scratch work piece surfaces, are not able to quickly remove stubborn food deposits, and are unpleasant to the touch.

There continues to be a need for improved abrasive products, including improved scrubbing products.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a scrubbing article according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2a is an illustration of a first layer of a scrubbing article according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2b is an image of a first layer of a scrubbing article according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is an image of a first layer of a scrubbing article according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4a is an illustration of a metal ribbon of a scrubbing article according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4b is an image of a metal ribbon of a scrubbing article according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5a is an image of an exemplary heat flow vs. temperature curve of a binder of a scrubbing article according to a non-limiting embodiment. FIG. 5b is an image of an exemplary heat flow vs. temperature curve of a binder of a scrubbing article according to a non-limiting embodiment.

FIG. 5c is an image of an exemplary heat flow vs. temperature curve of a binder of a scrubbing article according to a non-limiting embodiment.

FIG. 6 includes images of embodiments and comparative samples after various stages of use.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

An embodiment of a scrubbing article 100 is illustrated in FIG. 1. The scrubbing article 100 can include a first layer 110 and a substrate layer 120. As seen in FIGs.2 and 3, the first layer 110 can include first fiber element 111 and a second fiber element 115. The first 101 fiber element can include a woven or non-woven material. In an embodiment, the second fiber element can consist of a single fiber element. In an embodiment, the second fiber element can comprise a plurality of fibers. The second fiber element 115 can include metal. More specifically, the second fiber element 115 can include a metal ribbon. The metal ribbon can be a stainless steel ribbon. The second fiber element can extend along a tortuous pathway throughout the first layer where the second fiber element extends into and out of the first fiber element. The second fiber element 115 can include at least one turn 116 that extends from the surface of the first layer. In some instances, the turn 116 extending from the surface of the first layer 110 can include a twist. In other instances, the turn 116 extending from the surface of the first layer 110 not include a twist. The metal ribbon can have a substantially planar top surface defined by the length, L, and the width, W. The metal ribbon can have a substantially planar side surface defined by the length, L, and thickness, T. The metal ribbon can also have a substantially planar bottom surface opposite the top surface and extending parallel to the top surface. The metal ribbon can have a substantially linear edge between the top surface and side surface, wherein the linear edge is defined by a first internal angle of at least 20 degrees and not greater than 160 degrees.

In an embodiment, the second fiber element 115 can have a length L, a width W, and a thickness T, where L>W>T. The second fiber element 115 may have a particular aspect ratio W: T that may facilitate improved performance and/or manufacturing of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment, the aspect ratio W:T, can be at least 1.2 or at least 1.4 or at least 1.6 or at least 1.8 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.2 or at least 2.6 or at least 2.8 or at least 3.0 or at least or at least 3.5 or at least 4 or at least 4.5 or at least 5 or at least 5.5 or at least 6 or at least 6.5 or at least 7 or at least 7.5 or at least 8 or at least 8.5 or at least 9. In another embodiment the aspect ratio can be no greater than 100 or no greater than 95 or no greater than 90 or no greater than 85 or no greater than 80 or no greater than 75 or no greater than 70 or no greater than 65 or no greater than 60 or no greater than 55 or no greater than 50 or no greater than 45 or no greater than 40 or no greater than 35 or no greater than 30 or no greater than 25 or no greater than 20. It will be appreciated that the aspect ratio W:T may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example but not limited to, at least 1.2 and not greater than 70, at least 3.0 and not greater than 95, or at least 5 and not greater than 30.

The second fiber element 115 may have a particular width, W, which may facilitate improved performance and/or manufacturing of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment, the width, W, can be at least 150 microns or at least 160 microns or at least 170 microns or at least 180 microns or at least 190 microns or at least 200 microns or at least 210 microns or at least 215 microns or at least 220 microns or at least 230 microns or at least 240 microns or at least 250 microns. In another embodiment W can be no greater 500 microns or no greater than 480 microns or no greater than 460 microns or no greater than 440 microns or no greater than 420 microns or no greater than 400 microns or no greater than 380 microns or no greater than 360 microns or no greater than 340 microns or no greater than 320 microns or no greater than 300 microns. It will be appreciated that the width may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example but not limited to, at least 150 microns and not greater than 500 microns, at least 190 microns and not greater than 440 microns, or at least 210 microns and not greater than 300 microns.

The second fiber element 115 may have a particular thickness, T, which may facilitate improved performance and/or manufacturing of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment, the thickness, T, can at least 10 microns or at least 11 microns or at least 12 microns or at least 13 microns or at least 14 microns or at least 15 microns or at least 16 microns or at least 17 microns or at least 18 microns or at least 19 microns or at least 20 microns. In another embodiment T can be not greater than 50 microns or not greater than 48 microns or not greater than 46 microns or not greater than 44 microns or not greater than 42 microns or not greater than 40 microns or not greater than 38 microns or not greater than 36 microns or not greater than 34 microns or not greater than 32 microns or not greater than 30 microns. It will be appreciated that the thickness may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example but not limited to, at least 10 microns and not greater than 50 microns, at least 12 microns and not greater than 32 microns, or at least 15 microns and not greater than 40 microns. The first layer 110 can include a binder 118 overlying the first layer. More specifically, the binder 118 can overly the second fiber element 115. The binder can include an antimicrobial agent. In an embodiment, the binder can comprise a self-crosslinkable resin, a non-self-crosslinkable resin, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the binder can include an acrylic resin, a styrene resin, or a combination thereof. A self-cross linkable resin is a resin with polymer chains that can crosslink with each other without the need of any additional compound. In an embodiment, the binder may include a styrene acrylic binder. In an embodiment, the binder may include a styrene acrylic binder. In an embodiment, the binder may include a-Methylstyrene, N-butylmethacrylate, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the binder may include an acrylic emulsion in water. In an embodiment, the binder may include methyl methacrylate.

The binder may include a particular antimicrobial agent that that may facilitate improved performance and/or manufacturing of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment, the antimicrobial agent can include silver or zinc or a combination thereof. In a particular embodiment the antimicrobial agent can include zinc. In a more particular embodiment, the antimicrobial agent can include zinc pyrithione (hereinafter “ZPT”). In an embodiment the antimicrobial agent can consist of ZPT. In an embodiment, the antimicrobial may comprise powdered ZPT. In an embodiment, the antimicrobial may comprise a ZPT emulsion.

In an embodiment, the binder can have a particular concentration of antimicrobial agent that may facilitate improved performance and/or manufacturing of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment, the concentration of antimicrobial agent in the binder can be at least 1 wt% for at total weight of the binder, or at least 1.2 wt% or at least 1.4 wt% or at least 1.6 wt% or at least 1.8 wt% or at least 2.0 wt% or at least 2.2 wt% or at least 2.4 wt% or at least 2.6 wt% or at least 2.8 wt% or at least 3.0 wt% or at least 3.2 wt% or at least 3.4 wt% or at least 3.6 wt% or at least 3.8 wt%. In another embodiment, the concentration of antimicrobial agent in the binder can be no greater than 10 wt% for at total weight of the binder, or no greater than 9.6 wt% or no greater 9.2 wt% or no greater than 8.8 wt% or no greater than 8.4 wt% or no greater than 8.0 wt% or no greater than 7.6 wt% or no greater than 7.2 wt% or no greater than 6.8 wt% or no greater than 6.4 wt% or no greater than 6.0 wt% or no greater than 5.6 wt% or no greater than 5.2 wt% or no greater than 4.8 wt% or no greater than 4.4 wt%. It will be appreciated that the concentration of antimicrobial agent may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example, but not limited to, at least 1 wt% and not greater than 10 wt%, at least 2.0 wt% and not greater than 5.6 wt%, or at least 1.8wt% and not greater than 4.4wt% or no greater than 4.2 wt% or no greater than 4.0 wt% or no greater than 3.8 wt% or no greater than 3.2 wt% or no greater than 3.0 wt% or no greater than 2.8 wt% or no greater than 2.6 wt% or no greater than 2.4 wt% or no greater than 2.2 wt% or no greater than 2.0 wt%.

In an embodiment, the abrasive article may have a particular antimicrobial effectiveness that may facilitate improved performance and/or manufacturing of the abrasive article. Antimicrobial effectiveness can be measured as detailed in the examples according to ASTM 2149-13a.

In an embodiment, the abrasive article may have a bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% or at least 99.5%. In an embodiment, the abrasive article may have a bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus of no greater than 99.999%. It will be appreciated that the bacterial reduction may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.

In an embodiment, the abrasive article may have a bacterial reduction against Escherichia coli of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% or at least 99.5%. In an embodiment, the abrasive article may have a bacterial reduction against Escherichia coli of no greater than 99.999%. It will be appreciated that the bacterial reduction may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.

In an embodiment, the abrasive article may have a bacterial reduction against Klebsiella pneumonia of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% or at least 99.5%. In an embodiment, the abrasive article may have a bacterial reduction against Klebsiella pneumonia of no greater than 99.999%. It will be appreciated that the bacterial reduction may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.

In an embodiment, the binder can have a first glass transition temperature Tgl and a second glass transition temperature Tg2, where Tg2 > Tgl. Tg may be measured using differential scanning calorimetry. An exemplary heat flow vs. temperature curve for a nonlimiting example binder can be found in FIG. 5.

In an embodiment, the binder can have a particular Tgl that may facilitate improved manufacturing and/or performance of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment Tgl can be at least 200 K or at least 205 K or at least 210 K or at least 215 K or at least 220 K or at least 225 K or at least 230 K or at least 235 K or at least 240 K. In another embodiment Tgl can be no greater than 300 K or no greater than 295 K or no greater than 290 K or no greater than 285 K or no greater than 280 K or no greater than 275 K or no greater than 270 K or no greater than 265 K or no greater than 260 K or no greater than 255 K or no greater than 250 K. It will be appreciated that Tgl may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example but not limited to, at least 200 K and no greater than 300 K or at least 210 K and no greater than 260 K or at least 240 L and no greater than 265 K.

In an embodiment, the binder can have a particular Tg2 that may facilitate improved manufacturing and/or performance of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment Tg2 can be at least 250 K or at least 255 K or at least 260 K or at least 265 K or at least 270 K or at least 275 K or at least 280 K or at least 285 K or at least 290 K or at least 295 K. In another embodiment Tg2 can be no greater than 350 K or no greater than 345 K or no greater than 340 K or no greater than 335 K or no greater than 330 K or no greater than 325 K or no greater than 320 K or no greater than 315 K or no greater than 310 K or no greater than 305 K or no greater than 300 K. It will be appreciated that Tg2 may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example but not limited to, at least 250 K and no greater than 350 K or at least 260 K and no greater than 300 K or at least 290 L and no greater than 335 K.

In an embodiment, the binder can have a particular Tg ratio Tg2/Tgl that may facilitate improved manufacturing and/or performance of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment Tg2/Tgl can be at least 1.01 or at least 1.02 or at least 1.03 or at least 1.04 or at least 1.05 or at least 1.06 or at least 1.07 or at least 1.08 or at least 1.09 or at least 1.10 or at least 1.11 or at least 1.12 or at least 1.13 or at least 1.14 or at least 1.15 or at least 1.16 or at least 1.17 or at least 1.18 or at least 1.19 or at least 1.20 or at least 1.21. In another embodiment Tg2/Tgl can be no greater than 1.50 or no greater than 1.49 no greater than 1.48 no greater than 1.47 no greater than 1.46 no greater than 1.45 no greater than 1.44 no greater than 1.43 no greater than 1.42 no greater than 1.41 no greater than 1.40 no greater than 1.39 no greater than 1.38 no greater than 1.37 no greater than 1.36 no greater than 1.35 no greater than 1.34 no greater than 1.33 no greater than 1.32 no greater than 1.31 no greater than 1.30 no greater than 1.29 no greater than 1.28 no greater than 1.27 no greater than 1.23 no greater than 1.25. It will be appreciated that Tg2/Tgl may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example but not limited to, at least 1.02 and no greater than 1.50, or at least 1.14 and no greater than 1.39 or at least 1.20 and no greater than 1.25.

In an embodiment, the binder can have a particular Tg difference, Tg2 - Tgl that may facilitate improved manufacturing and/or performance of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment Tg2 - Tgl can be at least at least 1 K or at least 2 K or at least 3 K or at least 4 K or at least 5 K or at least 6 K or at least 7 K or at least 8 K or at least 9 K or at least 10 K or at least 11 K or at least 12 K or at least 13 K or at least 14 K or at least 15 K or at least 16 K or at least 17 K or at least 18 K or at least 19 K or at least 20 K or at least 21 K or at least 22 K or at least 23 K or at least 24 K or at least 25 K or at least 26 K or at least 27 K or at least 28 K or at least 29 K or at least 30 K or at least 31 K or at least 32 K or at least 33 K or at least 34 K or at least 35 K or at least 36 K or at least 37 K or at least 38 K or at least 39 K or at least 40 K or at least 41 K or at least 42 K or at least 43 K or at least 44 K or at least 45 K or at least 46 K or at least 47 or at least 48 K or at least 49 K or at least 50 K. In another embodiment Tg2 - Tgl can be no greater than 100 K or no greater than 95 K or no greater than 90 K or no greater than 85 K or no greater than 80 K or no greater than 75 K or no greater than 70 K or no greater than 65 K or no greater than 60 K or no greater than 55 K or no greater than 50 K. It will be appreciated that Tg2 - Tgl may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example but not limited to, at least 1 K and not greater than 100K or at least 25 K and not greater than 75 K or at least 26 K and not greater than 95 K.

In an embodiment, the binder can have a particular coating density that may facilitate improved manufacturing and/or performance of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment the coating density can be at least at least at least 5 GSM or at least 10 GSM or at least 15 GSM or at least 20 GSM or at least 25 GSM or at least 30 GSM or at least 35 GSM or at least 40 GSM or at least 45 GSM or at least 50 GSM or at least 55 GSM or at least 60 GSM or at least 65 GSM or at least 70 GSM or at least 75 GSM or at least 80 GSM or at least 85 GSM or at least 90 GSM. In another embodiment the coating density can be no greater than 150 GSM or no greater than 145 GSM or no greater than 140 GSM or no greater than 135 GSM or no greater than 130 GSM or no greater than 125 GSM or no greater than 120 GSM or no greater than 115 GSM or no greater than 110 GSM or no greater than 105 GSM. It will be appreciated that the coating density may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example but not limited to, at least 15 GSM and not greater than 140GSM or at least 25 GSM and not greater than 150 GSM or at least 20 GSM and not greater than 145 GSM.

In an embodiment the scrubbing article may have a particular stiffness that may facilitate improved manufacturing and/or performance of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment the stiffness of the scrubbing article can be at least 1500 mg or at least 1600 mg or at least 1700 mg or at least 1800 mg or at least 1900 mg or at least 2000 mg or at least 2100 mg or at least 2200 mg or at least 2300 mg or at least 2400 mg or at least 2500 mg. In an embodiment, the stiffness of the scrubbing article may be no greater than 4000 mg or no greater than 3900 mg or no greater than 3800 mg or no greater than 3700 mg or no greater than 3600 mg or no greater than 3500 mg or no greater than 3400 mg or no greater than 3300 mg or no greater than 3200 mg or no greater than 3100 mg or no greater than 300 mg or no greater than 2900 mg or no greater than 2800 mg or no greater than 2700 mg or no greater than 2600 mg or no greater than 2500 mg. It will be appreciated that the stiffness may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example, but not limited to, at least 1500 mg and no greater than 4000 mg, at least 2200 mg and no greater than 2500 mg, or at least 1700 mg and no greater than 3200 mg. Stiffness may be measured using a Gurley bending stiffness tester as described in more detail below in the examples section.

In certain embodiments, the second fiber element can be in a self-interlocking arrangement as shown in FIG.4. A self-interlocking arrangement is an arrangement where a fiber element is wound on itself to limit unintended extraction of the fiber element from a layer or article. In some embodiments, the second fiber element can be in an interlocking arrangement with the first fiber element. In some embodiments the second fiber element can be in a self-interlocking arrangement and an interlocking arrangement with the first fiber element. As seen in FIG.4, the second fiber element may include loops.

The second fiber element’s loops have a particular spacing that may facilitate improved performance and/or manufacturing of the scrubbing article. In an embodiment, the average distance between the loops can be at least 200 microns or at least 250 microns or at least 300 microns or at least 350 microns or at least 400 microns or at least 450 microns or at least 500 microns or at least 550 microns or at least 600 microns or at least 650 microns or at least 700 microns or at least 750 microns or at least 800 microns or at least 850 microns or at least 900 microns or at least 950 microns or at least 1000 microns. In another embodiment, the average distance between the loops can be no greater than 1500 microns or no greater than 1400 microns or no greater than 1300 microns or no greater than 1200 microns or no greater than 1100 microns or no greater than 1000 microns or no greater than 900 microns or no greater than 800 microns or no greater than 700 microns or no greater than 600 microns. It will be appreciated that the average distance between the loops may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, including for example but not limited to, at least 200 microns and not greater than 1500 microns, at least 1000 microns and not greater than 1300 microns, or at least 400 microns and not greater than 600 microns. In an embodiment, the substrate layer 120 can comprise foam. In an embodiment, the substrate layer 120 can comprise polyurethane foam. In an embodiment, the substrate layer 120 can comprise a nonwoven layer. In an embodiment the substrate layer 120 can be adhered to the first layer 110 via an adhesive layer. The adhesive layer can include a spray adhesive, a hot melt, or a thermal bonding glue. In an embodiment, the adhesive layer can include a water based polyurethane glue. In an embodiment, the adhesive layer can include a solvent based polyurethane glue. In an embodiment, the substrate layer 120 can include abrasive particles in a binder.

In an embodiment, the adhesive layer may have a particular glue concentration that may facilitate improved performance and/or manufacturing of the abrasive article. In an embodiment, the glue concentration can be at least 40 GSM or at least 45 GSM or at least 50 GSM or at least 55 GSM or at least 60 GSM or at least 65 GSM or at least 70 GSM or at least 75 GSM or at least 80 GSM or at least 85 GSM or at least 90 GSM or at least 95 GSM or at least 100 GSM or at least 105 GSM or at least 110 GSM or at least 115 GSM or at least 120 GSM or at least 125 GSM or at least 130 GSM or at least 135 GSM or at least 140 GSM. . In an embodiment, the glue concentration can be not greater than 200 GSM or not greater than 190 GSM or not greater than 180 GSM or not greater than 170 GSM or not greater than 160 GSM or not greater than 150 GSM or not greater than 140 GSM or not greater than 130 GSM or not greater than 120 GSM or not greater than 110 GSM or not greater than 100 GSM or not greater than 90 GSM or not greater than 80 GSM. It will be appreciated that the glue concentration may be between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.

Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of those aspects and embodiments are described herein. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that those aspects and embodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments as listed below.

EMBODIMENTS

Embodiment 1. A scrubbing article comprising: a first layer comprising: a first fiber element comprising a woven or non-woven material; and a second fiber element comprising metal, wherein the second fiber element comprises at least one self-interlocking arrangement; and a binder overlying at least a portion of the first layer, wherein the binder comprises an antimicrobial agent. Embodiment 2. A scrubbing article comprising: a first layer comprising: a first fiber element comprising a woven or a non-woven material; and a second fiber element comprising a metal ribbon having a length L, a width W, and a thickness T, where L>W>T, and wherein the aspect ratio, W:T, is at least 1.2; and a binder overlying at least a portion of the first layer, wherein the binder comprises an antimicrobial agent.

Embodiment 3. A scrubbing article comprising: a first layer comprising: a first fiber element comprising a woven or non-woven material; and a second fiber element comprising a metal ribbon, the second fiber element extending along a tortuous pathway within the first layer, and a binder overlying at least a portion of the first layer, wherein the first layer comprises a stiffness of at least 1800 mg and not greater than 4000 mg.

Embodiment 4. A scrubbing article comprising: a first layer comprising: a first fiber element comprising a woven or non-woven material; and a second fiber element comprising a metal ribbon; and a binder overlying at least a portion of the first layer, wherein the binder comprises a first glass transition temperature Tgl and a second glass transition temperature Tg2, wherein Tg2 > Tgl, and the ratio Tg2/Tgl is at least 1.01.

Embodiment 5. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the metal comprises a metal ribbon with a length L, a width W, and a thickness T, where L>W>T, and wherein the aspect ratio, W:T, is at least 1.2 or at least 1.4 or at least 1.6 or at least 1.8 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.2 or at least 2.6 or at least 2.8 or at least 3.0 or at least or at least 3.5 or at least 4 or at least 4.5 or at least 5 or at least 5.5 or at least 6 or at least 6.5 or at least 7 or at least 7.5 or at least 8 or at least 8.5 or at least 9.

Embodiment 6. The abrasive article of Embodiment 5, wherein the aspect ratio W:T is no greater than 100 or no greater than 95 or no greater than 90 or no greater than 85 or no greater than 80 or no greater than 75 or no greater than 70 or no greater than 65 or no greater than 60 or no greater than 55 or no greater than 50 or no greater than 45 or no greater than 40 or no greater than 35 or no greater than 30 or no greater than 25 or no greater than 20.

Embodiment 7. The abrasive article of Embodiments 2, 3, or 4 wherein the second fiber element comprises at least one self-interlocking arrangement. Embodiment 8. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4 wherein the second fiber element consists of a single fiber element.

Embodiment 9. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4 wherein the second fiber element comprises a plurality of fiber elements.

Embodiment 10. The abrasive article of Embodiment 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the second fiber element and the first fiber element are in an interlocking arrangement.

Embodiment 11. The abrasive article of Embodiments 2 or 5, where the width of the metal fibers, W, is at least 150 microns or at least 160 microns or at least 170 microns or at least 180 microns or at least 190 microns or at least 200 microns or at least 210 microns or at least 215 microns or at least 220 microns or at least 230 microns or at least 240 microns or at least 250 microns.

Embodiment 12. The abrasive article of Embodiments 2 or 5, where the width of the metal fibers, W, is not greater than 500 microns or no greater than 480 microns or no greater than 460 microns or no greater than 440 microns or no greater than 420 microns or no greater than 400 microns or no greater than 380 microns or no greater than 360 microns or no greater than 340 microns or no greater than 320 microns or no greater than 300 microns.

Embodiment 13. The abrasive article of Embodiments 2 or 5, wherein the thickness of the metal fibers, T, is at least 10 microns or at least 11 microns or at least 12 microns or at least 13 microns or at least 14 microns or at least 15 microns or at least 16 microns or at least 17 microns or at least 18 microns or at least 19 microns or at least 20 microns.

Embodiment 14. The abrasive article of Embodiments 2 or 5, wherein the thickness of the metal fibers, T, is not greater than 50 microns or not greater than 48 microns or not greater than 46 microns or not greater than 44 microns or not greater than 42 microns or not greater than 40 microns or not greater than 38 microns or not greater than 36 microns or not greater than 34 microns or not greater than 32 microns or not greater than 30 microns.

Embodiment 15. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein second fiber element comprises loops, and the average distance between the loops is at least 200 microns or at least 250 microns or at least 300 microns or at least 350 microns or at least 400 microns or at least 450 microns or at least 500 microns or at least 550 microns or at least 600 microns or at least 650 microns or at least 700 microns or at least 750 microns or at least 800 microns or at least 850 microns or at least 900 microns or at least 950 microns or at least

1000 microns.

Embodiment 16. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein second fiber element comprises loops, and the average distance between the loops is no greater than 1500 microns or no greater than 1400 microns or no greater than 1300 microns or no greater than 1200 microns or no greater than 1100 microns or no greater than 1000 microns or no greater than 900 microns or no greater than 800 microns or no greater than 700 microns or no greater than 600 microns.

Embodiment 17. The abrasive article of Embodiments 3, or 4, wherein the binder comprises an antimicrobial agent.

Embodiment 18. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, or 17, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises at least one of an antibacterial agent, an antiviral agent, an antifungal agent, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 19. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, or 17, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises silver or zinc.

Embodiment 20. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, or 17, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises zinc.

Embodiment 21. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, or 17, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises ZPT.

Embodiment 22. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, or 17, wherein the antimicrobial agent consists of ZPT.

Embodiment 23. The abrasive article of Embodiment 21, wherein the antimicrobial comprises powdered ZPT.

Embodiment 24. The abrasive article of Embodiment 21, wherein the antimicrobial comprises a ZPT emulsion.

Embodiment 25. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the stiffness of the abrasive article is at least 1500 mg or at least 1600 mg or at least 1700 mg or at least 1800 mg or at least 1900 mg or at least 2000 mg or at least 2100 mg or at least 2200 mg or at least 2300 mg or at least 2400 mg or at least 2500 mg.

Embodiment 26. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the stiffness of the abrasive article is no greater than 4000 mg or no greater than 3900 mg or no greater than 3800 mg or no greater than 3700 mg or no greater than 3600 mg or no greater than 3500 mg or no greater than 3400 mg or no greater than 3300 mg or no greater than 3200 mg or no greater than 3100 mg or no greater than 300 mg or no greater than 2900 mg or no greater than 2800 mg or no greater than 2700 mg or no greater than 2600 mg or no greater than 2500 mg. Embodiment 27. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder comprises a first glass transition temperature Tgl and a second glass transition temperature Tg2, wherein Tg2 > Tgl.

Embodiment 28. The abrasive article of Embodiment 27, wherein Tgl is at least 200 K or at least 205 K or at least 210 K or at least 215 K or at least 220 K or at least 225 K or at least 230 K or at least 235 K or at least 240 K.

Embodiment 29. The abrasive article of Embodiment 27, wherein Tgl is no greater than 300 K or no greater than 295 K or no greater than 290 K or no greater than 285 K or no greater than 280 K or no greater than 275 K or no greater than 270 K or no greater than 265 K or no greater than 260 K or no greater than 255 K or no greater than 250 K.

Embodiment 30. The abrasive article of Embodiment 27, wherein Tg2 is at least 250 K or at least 255 K or at least 260 K or at least 265 K or at least 270 K or at least 275 K or at least 280 K or at least 285 K or at least 290 K or at least 295 K.

Embodiment 31. The abrasive article of Embodiment 27, wherein Tg2 is no greater than 350 K or no greater than 345 K or no greater than 340 K or no greater than 335 K or no greater than 330 K or no greater than 325 K or no greater than 320 K or no greater than 315 K or no greater than 310 K or no greater than 305 K or no greater than 300 K.

Embodiment 32. The abrasive article of Embodiment 27, wherein the ratio Tg2/Tgl is at least 1.01 or at least 1.02 or at least 1.03 or at least 1.04 or at least 1.05 or at least 1.06 or at least 1.07 or at least 1.08 or at least 1.09 or at least 1.10 or at least 1.11 or at least 1.12 or at least 1.13 or at least 1.14 or at least 1.15 or at least 1.16 or at least 1.17 or at least 1.18 or at least 1.19 or at least 1.20 or at least 1.21.

Embodiment 33. The abrasive article of Embodiment 27, wherein the ratio Tg2/Tgl is no greater than 1.50 or no greater than 1.49 no greater than 1.48 no greater than 1.47 no greater than 1.46 no greater than 1.45 no greater than 1.44 no greater than 1.43 no greater than 1.42 no greater than 1.41 no greater than 1.40 no greater than 1.39 no greater than 1.38 no greater than 1.37 no greater than 1.36 no greater than 1.35 no greater than 1.34 no greater than 1.33 no greater than 1.32 no greater than 1.31 no greater than 1.30 no greater than 1.29 no greater than 1.28 no greater than 1.27 no greater than 1.25 no greater than 1.23.

Embodiment 34. The abrasive article of Embodiment 27, wherein the difference between Tg2 and Tgl (Tg2 - Tgl) is at least 1 K or at least 2 K or at least 3 K or at least 4 K or at least 5 K or at least 6 K or at least 7 K or at least 8 K or at least 9 K or at least 10 K or at least 11 K or at least 12 K or at least 13 K or at least 14 K or at least 15 K or at least 16 K or at least 17 K or at least 18 K or at least 19 K or at least 20 K or at least 21 K or at least 22 K or at least 23 K or at least 24 K or at least 25 K or at least 26 K or at least 27 K or at least 28 K or at least 29 K or at least 30 K or at least 31 K or at least 32 K or at least 33 K or at least 34 K or at least 35 K or at least 36 K or at least 37 K or at least 38 K or at least 39 K or at least 40 K or at least 41 K or at least 42 K or at least 43 K or at least 44 K or at least 45 K or at least 46 K or at least 47 or at least 48 K or at least 49 K or at least 50 K.

Embodiment 35. The abrasive article of Embodiment 27, wherein the difference between Tg2 and Tgl (Tg2 - Tgl) is no greater than 100 K or no greater than 95 K or no greater than 90 K or no greater than 85 K or no greater than 80 K or no greater than 75 K or no greater than 70 K or no greater than 65 K or no greater than 60 K or no greater than 55 K or no greater than 50 K.

Embodiment 36. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder comprises a self-crosslinkable resin.

Embodiment 37. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder comprises a non-self-crosslinkable resin.

Embodiment 38. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder comprises a self-crosslinkable resin and a non-self-crosslinkable resin.

Embodiment 39. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder comprises a styrene acrylic binder.

Embodiment 40. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder comprises a a-Methylstyrene, N-butylmethacrylate, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 41. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder comprises an acrylic emulsion in water.

Embodiment 42. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder comprises methyl methacrylate.

Embodiment 43. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, or 17, wherein the concentration of antimicrobial agent in the binder is at least 1 wt% for at total weight of the binder, or at least 1.2 wt% or at least 1.4 wt% or at least 1.6 wt% or at least 1.8 wt% or at least 2.0 wt% or at least 2.2 wt% or at least 2.4 wt% or at least 2.6 wt% or at least 2.8 wt% or at least 3.0 wt% or at least 3.2 wt% or at least 3.4 wt% or at least 3.6 wt% or at least 3.8 wt%.

Embodiment 44. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, or 17, wherein the concentration of antimicrobial agent in the binder no greater than 10 wt% for at total weight of the binder, or no greater than 9.6 wt% or no greater 9.2 wt% or no greater than 8.8 wt% or no greater than 8.4 wt% or no greater than 8.0 wt% or no greater than 7.6 wt% or no greater than 7.2 wt% or no greater than 6.8 wt% or no greater than 6.4 wt% or no greater than 6.0 wt% or no greater than 5.6 wt% or no greater than 5.2 wt% or no greater than 4.8 wt% or no greater than 4.4 wt% or no greater than 4.2 wt% or no greater than 4.0 wt% or no greater than 3.8 wt% or no greater than 3.2 wt% or no greater than 3.0 wt% or no greater than 2.8 wt% or no greater than 2.6 wt% or no greater than 2.4 wt% or no greater than 2.2 wt% or no greater than 2.0 wt% .

Embodiment 45. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, further comprising a substrate layer.

Embodiment 46. The abrasive article of Embodiment 45, wherein the substrate layer comprises a foam.

Embodiment 47. The abrasive article of Embodiment 45, wherein the substrate layer comprises a polyurethane foam.

Embodiment 48. The abrasive article of Embodiment 45, wherein the substrate layer comprises a nonwoven fiber.

Embodiment 49. The abrasive article of Embodiments 46 or 48, wherein the substrate layer further comprises abrasive particles.

Embodiment 50. The abrasive article of Embodiment 45, wherein the substrate layer is adhered to the first layer via an adhesive layer comprising spray adhesive, a hot melt, or a thermal bonding glue.

Embodiment 51. The abrasive article of Embodiment 50, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a water based polyurethane glue.

Embodiment 52. The abrasive article of Embodiment 50, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a solvent based polyurethane glue.

Embodiment 53. The abrasive article of Embodiment 50, wherein the glue concentration is at least 40 GSM or at least 45 GSM or at least 50 GSM or at least 55 GSM or at least 60 GSM or at least 65 GSM or at least 70 GSM or at least 75 GSM or at least 80 GSM or at least 85 GSM or at least 90 GSM or at least 95 GSM or at least 100 GSM or at least 105 GSM or at least 110 GSM or at least 115 GSM or at least 120 GSM or at least 125 GSM or at least 130 GSM or at least 135 GSM or at least 140 GSM.

Embodiment 54. The abrasive article of Embodiment 50, wherein the glue concentration is not greater than 200 GSM or not greater than 190 GSM or not greater than 180 GSM or not greater than 170 GSM or not greater than 160 GSM or not greater than 150 GSM or not greater than 140 GSM or not greater than 130 GSM or not greater than 120 GSM or not greater than 110 GSM or not greater than 100 GSM or not greater than 90 GSM or not greater than 80 GSM. Embodiment 55. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder is overlying the second fiber element.

Embodiment 56. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder has a coating density of at least 5 GSM or at least 10 GSM or at least 15 GSM or at least 20 GSM or at least 25 GSM or at least 30 GSM or at least 35 GSM or at least 40 GSM or at least 45 GSM or at least 50 GSM or at least 55 GSM or at least 60 GSM or at least 65 GSM or at least 70 GSM or at least 75 GSM or at least 80 GSM or at least 85 GSM or at least 90 GSM.

Embodiment 57. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the binder has a coating density of no greater than 150 GSM or no greater than 145 GSM or no greater than 140 GSM or no greater than 135 GSM or no greater than 130 GSM or no greater than 125 GSM or no greater than 120 GSM or no greater than 115 GSM or no greater than 110 GSM or no greater than 105 GSM.

Embodiment 58. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1 or 5, wherein the metal ribbon comprises at least one turn that extends out from the surface of the first layer.

Embodiment 59. The abrasive article of Embodiment 58, wherein the turn comprises a twist.

Embodiment 60. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1 or 5, wherein the metal ribbon comprises a substantially planar top surface defined by the length, L, and the width, W.

Embodiment 61. The abrasive article of Embodiment 60, wherein the metal ribbon comprises a substantially planar side surface defined by the length, L, and thickness, T.

Embodiment 62. The abrasive article of Embodiment 60, wherein the metal ribbon comprises a substantially planar bottom surface opposite the top surface and extending parallel to the top surface.

Embodiment 63. The abrasive article of Embodiment 61, wherein the metal ribbon comprises a substantially linear edge between the top surface and side surface, wherein the linear edge is defined by a first internal angle of at least 20 degrees and not greater than 160 degrees.

Embodiment 64. The abrasive article of Embodiment 45, wherein the abrasive article comprises a peel strength of at least 0.86 kg or at least 0.88 kg or at least 0.9 kg or at least 0.92 kg or at least 0.94 kg or at least 0.96 kg or at least 0.98 kg or at least 1.0 kg or at least

1.02 kg or at least 1.04 kg or at least 1.06 kg or at least 1.08 kg or at least 1.1 kg or at least

1.12 kg or at least 1.14 kg or at least 1.16 kg or at least 1.18 kg or at least 1.2 kg. Embodiment 65. The abrasive article of Embodiment 45, wherein the abrasive article comprises a peel strength of not greater than 5 kg or not greater than 4 kg or not greater than 3 kg.

Embodiment 66. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% or at least 99.5%.

Embodiment 67. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of no greater than 99.999%.

Embodiment 68. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Escherichia coli of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% or at least 99.5%.

Embodiment 69. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Escherichia coli of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of no greater than 99.999%.

Embodiment 70. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Klebsiella pneumonia of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% or at least 99.5%.

Embodiment 71. The abrasive article of Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Klebsiella pneumonia of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of no greater than 99.999%.

Embodiment 72. A method of preparing a scrubbing article, wherein the abrasive article comprises: a first layer comprising: a first fiber element comprising a woven or non-woven material; and a second fiber element comprising metal, wherein the second fiber element comprises at least one self-interlocking arrangement; and a binder overlying at least a portion of the first layer, wherein the binder comprises an antimicrobial agent.

Embodiment 73. A method of preparing a scrubbing article, wherein the abrasive article comprises: a first layer comprising: a first fiber element comprising a woven or a non-woven material; and a second fiber element comprising a metal ribbon having a length L, a width W, and a thickness T, where L>W>T, and wherein the aspect ratio, W:T, is at least 1.2; and a binder overlying at least a portion of the first layer, wherein the binder comprises an antimicrobial agent.

Embodiment 74. A method of preparing a scrubbing article, wherein the abrasive article comprises: a first layer comprising: a first fiber element comprising a woven or non-woven material; and a second fiber element comprising metal, the second fiber element having a tortuous pathway within the first layer; and a binder overlying at least a portion of the first layer, wherein the first layer comprises a stiffness of at least 1800 mg and not greater than 4000 mg.

Embodiment 75. A method of preparing a scrubbing article, wherein the abrasive article comprises: a first layer comprising: a first fiber element comprising a woven or non-woven material; and a second fiber element comprising metal; and a binder overlying at least a portion of the first layer, wherein the binder comprises a first glass transition temperature Tgl and a second glass transition temperature Tg2, wherein Tg2 > Tgl, and the ratio Tg2/Tgl is at least 1.01.

Embodiment 76. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the metal comprises a metal ribbon with a length L, a width W, and a thickness T, where L>W>T, and wherein the aspect ratio, W:T, is at least 1.2 or at least 1.4 or at least 1.6 or at least 1.8 or at least 2.0 or at least 2.2 or at least 2.6 or at least 2.8 or at least 3.0 or at least or at least 3.5 or at least 4 or at least 4.5 or at least 5 or at least 5.5 or at least 6 or at least 6.5 or at least 7 or at least 7.5 or at least 8 or at least 8.5 or at least 9.

Embodiment 77. The method of Embodiment 76, wherein the aspect ratio W:T is no greater than 100 or no greater than 95 or no greater than 90 or no greater than 85 or no greater than 80 or no greater than 75 or no greater than 70 or no greater than 65 or no greater than 60 or no greater than 55 or no greater than 50 or no greater than 45 or no greater than 40 or no greater than 35 or no greater than 30 or no greater than 25 or no greater than 20. Embodiment 78. The method of Embodiments 73, 74, or 75, wherein the second fiber element comprises at least one self-interlocking arrangement.

Embodiment 79. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the second fiber element consists of a single fiber element.

Embodiment 80. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the second fiber element comprises a plurality of fiber elements.

Embodiment 81. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the second fiber element and the first fiber element are in an interlocking arrangement.

Embodiment 82. The method of Embodiments 72 or 76, where the width of the metal fibers, W, is at least 150 microns or at least 160 microns or at least 170 microns or at least 180 microns or at least 190 microns or at least 200 microns or at least 210 microns or at least 215 microns or at least 220 microns or at least 230 microns or at least 240 microns or at least 250 microns.

Embodiment 83. The method of Embodiments 73 or 76, where the width of the metal fibers, W, is not greater than 500 microns or no greater than 480 microns or no greater than 460 microns or no greater than 440 microns or no greater than 420 microns or no greater than

400 microns or no greater than 380 microns or no greater than 360 microns or no greater than

340 microns or no greater than 320 microns or no greater than 300 microns.

Embodiment 84. The method of Embodiments 73 or 76, wherein the thickness of the metal fibers, T, is at least 10 microns or at least 11 microns or at least 12 microns or at least 13 microns or at least 14 microns or at least 15 microns or at least 16 microns or at least 17 microns or at least 18 microns or at least 19 microns or at least 20 microns.

Embodiment 85. The method of Embodiments 73 or 76, wherein the thickness of the metal fibers, T, is not greater than 50 microns or not greater than 48 microns or not greater than 46 microns or not greater than 44 microns or not greater than 42 microns or not greater than 40 microns or not greater than 38 microns or not greater than 36 microns or not greater than 34 microns or not greater than 32 microns or not greater than 30 microns.

Embodiment 86. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein second fiber element comprises loops, and the average distance between the loops is at least 200 microns or at least 250 microns or at least 300 microns or at least 350 microns or at least 400 microns or at least 450 microns or at least 500 microns or at least 550 microns or at least 600 microns or at least 650 microns or at least 700 microns or at least 750 microns or at least 800 microns or at least 850 microns or at least 900 microns or at least 950 microns or at least 1000 microns. Embodiment 87. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein second fiber element comprises loops, and the average distance between the loops is no greater than 1500 microns or no greater than 1400 microns or no greater than 1300 microns or no greater than 1200 microns or no greater than 1100 microns or no greater than 1000 microns or no greater than 900 microns or no greater than 800 microns or no greater than 700 microns or no greater than 600 microns.

Embodiment 88. The method of Embodiments 74, or 75, wherein the binder comprises an antimicrobial agent.

Embodiment 89. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, or 88, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises at least one of an antibacterial agent, an antiviral agent, an antifungal agent, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 90. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, or 88, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises silver or zinc.

Embodiment 91. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, or 88, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises zinc.

Embodiment 92. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, or 88, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises ZPT.

Embodiment 93. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, or 88, wherein the antimicrobial agent consists of ZPT.

Embodiment 94. The method of Embodiment 92, wherein the antimicrobial comprises powdered ZPT.

Embodiment 95. The method of Embodiment 92, wherein the antimicrobial comprises a ZPT emulsion.

Embodiment 96. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the stiffness of the abrasive article is at least 1500 mg or at least 1600 mg or at least 1700 mg or at least 1800 mg or at least 1900 mg or at least 2000 mg or at least 2100 mg or at least 2200 mg or at least 2300 mg or at least 2400 mg or at least 2500 mg.

Embodiment 97. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the stiffness of the abrasive article is no greater than 4000 mg or no greater than 3900 mg or no greater than 3800 mg or no greater than 3700 mg or no greater than 3600 mg or no greater than 3500 mg or no greater than 3400 mg or no greater than 3300 mg or no greater than 3200 mg or no greater than 3100 mg or no greater than 300 mg or no greater than 2900 mg or no greater than 2800 mg or no greater than 2700 mg or no greater than 2600 mg or no greater than 2500 mg. Embodiment 98. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder comprises a first glass transition temperature Tgl and a second glass transition temperature Tg2, wherein Tg2 > Tgl.

Embodiment 99. The method of Embodiment 98, wherein Tgl is at least 200 K or at least 205 K or at least 210 K or at least 215 K or at least 220 K or at least 225 K or at least 230 K or at least 235 K or at least 240 K.

Embodiment 100. The method of Embodiment 98, wherein Tgl is no greater than 300 K or no greater than 295 K or no greater than 290 K or no greater than 285 K or no greater than 280 K or no greater than 275 K or no greater than 270 K or no greater than 265 K or no greater than 260 K or no greater than 255 K or no greater than 250 K.

Embodiment 101. The method of Embodiment 98, wherein Tg2 is at least 250 K or at least 255 K or at least 260 K or at least 265 K or at least 270 K or at least 275 K or at least 280 K or at least 285 K or at least 290 K or at least 295 K.

Embodiment 102. The method of Embodiment 98, wherein Tg2 is no greater than 350 K or no greater than 345 K or no greater than 340 K or no greater than 335 K or no greater than 330 K or no greater than 325 K or no greater than 320 K or no greater than 315 K or no greater than 310 K or no greater than 305 K or no greater than 300 K.

Embodiment 103. The method of Embodiment 98, wherein the ratio Tg2/Tgl is at least 1.01 or at least 1.02 or at least 1.03 or at least 1.04 or at least 1.05 or at least 1.06 or at least 1.07 or at least 1.08 or at least 1.09 or at least 1.10 or at least 1.11 or at least 1.12 or at least 1.13 or at least 1.14 or at least 1.15 or at least 1.16 or at least 1.17 or at least 1.18 or at least 1.19 or at least 1.20 or at least 1.21.

Embodiment 104. The method of Embodiment 98, wherein the ratio Tg2/Tgl is no greater than 1.50 or no greater than 1.49 no greater than 1.48 no greater than 1.47 no greater than 1.46 no greater than 1.45 no greater than 1.44 no greater than 1.43 no greater than 1.42 no greater than 1.41 no greater than 1.40 no greater than 1.39 no greater than 1.38 no greater than 1.37 no greater than 1.36 no greater than 1.35 no greater than 1.34 no greater than 1.33 no greater than 1.32 no greater than 1.31 no greater than 1.30 no greater than 1.29 no greater than 1.28 no greater than 1.27 no greater than 1.23 no greater than 1.25.

Embodiment 105. The method of Embodiment 98, wherein the difference between Tg2 and Tgl (Tg2 - Tgl) is at least 1 K or at least 2 K or at least 3 K or at least 4 K or at least 5 K or at least 6 K or at least 7 K or at least 8 K or at least 9 K or at least 10 K or at least 11 K or at least 12 K or at least 13 K or at least 14 K or at least 15 K or at least 16 K or at least 17 K or at least 18 K or at least 19 K or at least 20 K or at least 21 K or at least 22 K or at least 23 K or at least 24 K or at least 25 K or at least 26 K or at least 27 K or at least 28 K or at least 29 K or at least 30 K or at least 31 K or at least 32 K or at least 33 K or at least 34 K or at least 35 K or at least 36 K or at least 37 K or at least 38 K or at least 39 K or at least 40 K or at least 41 K or at least 42 K or at least 43 K or at least 44 K or at least 45 K or at least 46 K or at least 47 or at least 48 K or at least 49 K or at least 50 K.

Embodiment 106. The method of Embodiment 98, wherein the difference between Tg2 and Tgl (Tg2 - Tgl) is no greater than 100 K or no greater than 95 K or no greater than 90 K or no greater than 85 K or no greater than 80 K or no greater than 75 K or no greater than 70 K or no greater than 65 K or no greater than 60 K or no greater than 55 K or no greater than 50 K.

Embodiment 107. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder comprises a self-crosslinkable resin.

Embodiment 108. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder comprises a non-self-crosslinkable resin.

Embodiment 109. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder comprises a self-crosslinkable resin and a non-self-crosslinkable resin.

Embodiment 110. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder comprises a styrene acrylic binder.

Embodiment 111. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder comprises a a-Methylstyrene, N-butylmethacrylate, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 112. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder comprises an acrylic emulsion in water.

Embodiment 113. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder comprises methyl methacrylate.

Embodiment 114. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, or 88, wherein the concentration of antimicrobial agent in the binder is at least 1 wt% for at total weight of the binder, or at least 1.2 wt% or at least 1.4 wt% or at least 1.6 wt% or at least 1.8 wt% or at least 2.0 wt% or at least 2.2 wt% or at least 2.4 wt% or at least 2.6 wt% or at least 2.8 wt% or at least 3.0 wt% or at least 3.2 wt% or at least 3.4 wt% or at least 3.6 wt% or at least 3.8 wt%.

Embodiment 115. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, or 88, wherein the concentration of antimicrobial agent in the binder no greater than 10 wt% for at total weight of the binder, or no greater than 9.6 wt% or no greater 9.2 wt% or no greater than 8.8 wt% or no greater than 8.4 wt% or no greater than 8.0 wt% or no greater than 7.6 wt% or no greater than 7.2 wt% or no greater than 6.8 wt% or no greater than 6.4 wt% or no greater than 6.0 wt% or no greater than 5.6 wt% or no greater than 5.2 wt% or no greater than 4.8 wt% or no greater than 4.4 wt%.

Embodiment 116. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, further comprising a substrate layer.

Embodiment 117. The method of Embodiment 116, wherein the substrate layer comprises a foam.

Embodiment 118. The method of Embodiment 116, wherein the substrate layer comprises a polyurethan foam.

Embodiment 119. The method of Embodiment 116, wherein the substrate layer comprises a nonwoven fiber.

Embodiment 120. The method of Embodiments 117 or 119, wherein the substrate layer further comprises abrasive particles

Embodiment 121. The method of Embodiments Embodiment 116, wherein the substrate layer is adhered to the first layer via an adhesive layer comprising a spray adhesive, a hot melt, or a thermal bonding glue.

Embodiment 122. The method of Embodiment 121, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a water based polyurethane glue.

Embodiment 123. The method of Embodiment 121, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a solvent based polyurethane glue.

Embodiment 124. The method of Embodiment 121, wherein the glue concentration is at least 40 GSM or at least 45 GSM or at least 50 GSM or at least 55 GSM or at least 60

GSM or at least 65 GSM or at least 70 GSM or at least 75 GSM or at least 80 GSM or at least

85 GSM or at least 90 GSM or at least 95 GSM or at least 100 GSM or at least 105 GSM or at least 110 GSM or at least 115 GSM or at least 120 GSM or at least 125 GSM or at least 130 GSM or at least 135 GSM or at least 140 GSM.

Embodiment 125. The method of Embodiment 121, wherein the glue concentration is not greater than 200 GSM or not greater than 190 GSM or not greater than 180 GSM or not greater than 170 GSM or not greater than 160 GSM or not greater than 150 GSM or not greater than 140 GSM or not greater than 130 GSM or not greater than 120 GSM or not greater than 110 GSM or not greater than 100 GSM or not greater than 90 GSM or not greater than 80 GSM.

Embodiment 126. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder is overlying the second fiber element. Embodiment 127. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder has a coating density of at least 5 GSM or at least 10 GSM or at least 15 GSM or at least 20 GSM or at least 25 GSM or at least 30 GSM or at least 35 GSM or at least 40 GSM or at least 45 GSM or at least 50 GSM or at least 55 GSM or at least 60 GSM or at least 65 GSM or at least 70 GSM or at least 75 GSM or at least 80 GSM or at least 85 GSM or at least 90 GSM.

Embodiment 128. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the binder has a coating density of no greater than 150 GSM or no greater than 145 GSM or no greater than 140 GSM or no greater than 135 GSM or no greater than 130 GSM or no greater than 125 GSM or no greater than 120 GSM or no greater than 115 GSM or no greater than 110 GSM or no greater than 105 GSM.

Embodiment 129. The method of Embodiments 72 or 76, wherein the metal ribbon comprises at least one that extends out from the surface of the first layer.

Embodiment 130. The method of Embodiment 129, wherein the turn comprises a twist.

Embodiment 131. The method of Embodiments 72 or 76, wherein the metal ribbon comprises a substantially planar top surface defined by the length, L, and the width, W.

Embodiment 132. The method of Embodiment 131, wherein the metal ribbon comprises a substantially planar side surface defined by the length, L, and thickness, T.

Embodiment 133. The method of Embodiment 131, wherein the metal ribbon comprises a substantially planar bottom surface opposite the top surface and extending parallel to the top surface.

Embodiment 134. The method of Embodiment 132, wherein the metal ribbon comprises a substantially linear edge between the top surface and side surface, wherein the linear edge is defined by a first internal angle of at least 20 degrees and not greater than 160 degrees.

Embodiment 135. The method of Embodiment 116, wherein the abrasive article comprises a peel strength of at least 0.86 kg or at least 0.88 kg or at least 0.9 kg or at least 0.92 kg or at least 0.94 kg or at least 0.96 kg or at least 0.98 kg or at least 1.0 kg or at least

1.02 kg or at least 1.04 kg or at least 1.06 kg or at least 1.08 kg or at least 1.1 kg or at least

1.12 kg or at least 1.14 kg or at least 1.16 kg or at least 1.18 kg or at least 1.2 kg.

Embodiment 136. The method of Embodiment 116, wherein the abrasive article comprises a peel strength of not greater than 5 kg or not greater than 4 kg or not greater than 3 kg. Embodiment 137. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% or at least 99.5%.

Embodiment 138. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of no greater than 99.999%.

Embodiment 139. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Escherichia coli of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% or at least 99.5%.

Embodiment 140. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Escherichia coli of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of no greater than 99.999%

Embodiment 141. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Klebsiella pneumonia of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of at least 96% or at least 97% or at least 98% or at least 99% or at least 99.5%.

Embodiment 142. The method of Embodiments 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the abrasive article comprises a bacterial reduction against Klebsiella pneumonia of at least 95% according to ASTM 2149-13a of no greater than 99.999%.

Examples

Samples S1-S4 were prepared according to the following method. Woven cloths having a stainless steel fiber interlocked with the cloth fibers as shown in FIGs. 2-4 were cut into square meters. The woven stainless steel cloths were sprayed with an antimicrobial binder formulation having the composition and concentration outlined in table 1. Primal™ NW-1845K Binder is a non-crosslinkable styrene acrylic binder including a-Methylstyrene and N-butylmethacrylate. RHOPLEX™ TR-407 Emulsion is a crosslinkable acrylic emulsion in water including Methyl methacrylate. The ZPT used was Kopthione - dry powder from Kumar organic products limited. TABLE 1- Scrubber composition

The sprayed steel cloths were then cured at 110 °C for 15 minutes. Polyurethane foam sponges with a density of 20-25 kg/m3 were cut into rectangles having the same dimensions as the stainless steel cloths. The cloth and foam rectangles were clipped together and then adhered to each other using water based polyurethane glue PL101 and pressed through two roll coaters to produce foam cloth scrubbers. The scrubbers were then allowed to rest at room temperature for 24 hours, producing samples S 1-S4. A comparative sample, CS1, having no antimicrobial binder was produced.

Stiffness testing

Samples S1-S4 and CS1 had their stiffness measured using a Gurley Bending resistance tester model No. 4171. Each sample was cut into 5 scrubbers measuring 1.5 inches by 4.5 inches. Stiffness measurements were taken with the Gurley Bending resistance tester using a dead weight of 200 gms and the dead weight in position 4 and the average stiffness of the 5 scrubbers of each sample was calculated. The resulting stiffness measurements can be found in table 2 below. TABLE 2 - Stiffness

As can be seen, stiffness increases with binder concentration up to 150 GSM. However, the scrubbers with concentrations above 100 had sharp edges resulting in an uncomfortable hand feel. Sample CS4 had too soft a hand feel while sample CS5 was too hard.

Scrubbing Effectiveness and Longevity

Sample S1-S4, an EXO steel scrubber (sample CS2), and a scotchbrite nonwoven scrubber (sample CS3) had their scrubbing effectiveness and longevity tested according to the following method. Stainless steel plates were buffed with a nonwoven plate. A mixture was prepared according to the composition detailed below in table 3.

TABLE 3- Food Composition

25 g of the mixture was added to the stainless steel plate and spread into a 7-8” diameter. The stainless steel plate with the food mixture was placed on a 200° hot plate and the food was charred for 2 minutes. The charred food was then allowed to cool at room temperature. An exo dish wash soap bar was grated, and the grated soap was mixed with water in a 1:1 wt ratio. 5 ml of the soap solution was dispensed onto the charred food plate. The plate was scrubbed using a sample scrubber 6 times in the clockwise direction and 6 times in the counterclockwise direction. The time spent scrubbing was recorded. After scrubbing 6 times in each direction, the timer was stopped, and the plate was rinsed with flowing water. The scrubbing, timing, and rinsing steps were repeated until the charred food was completely removed. The process was repeated multiple times daily with the total scrubbing time being recorded. Specifically, for sample S2, the process was done 30 times per day for 8 days, for a total of 240 plates. For sample CS2, the process was repeated 27 times per day for 5 days for a total of 135 plates. For sample CS3, the process was repeated 28 times per day for 5days for a total of 140 plates. For Samples SI and S3, the process was repeated 25 times per day for 4 days and a total of 100 plates. For sample S4, the process was repeated 25 times for one day only. Average daily scrubbing times can be seen below in Table 4. Further, FIG. 7 includes images of samples S1-S3, CS2, and CS3 after each day of use.

TABLE 4 - Scrubbing results

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

Additional samples S5 and CS6-7 were prepared according to the table 5 below. The ZPT used was Kopthione Zn 50’ from Kumar organic products limited. TABLE 5 - Scrubber Composition

The samples were tested for antimicrobial activity according to ASTM 2149-13a (1 g sample; 4 hrs.). The samples were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538); Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 4352). Results can be found below.

TABLE 6 - Antimicrobial effectiveness

Peel Strength Testing,

Samples PS 1-9 and PW1-5 were prepared according to the table below with the same process described above for other samples with the following differences. Samples were cut into rectangles of 38mm* 190mm. The woven steel was only adhered to the polyurethane foam along half of its length (95mm out of 190mm). The other half of the steel and foam were not laminated for peel strength testing. The ZPT used was Kopthione - dry powder from Kumar organic products limited. For samples PS 1-9, a solvent based polyurethane glue was used (PL101).

TABLE 7 - Scrubber Composition

The samples underwent peel strength testing according to the following process. The not laminated end of the woven steel and foam backing were clamped to the jaws of a peel strength testing machine from international equipment (year 2008; SR. No. 340). The bottom jaw of the machine was clamped to the foam backing. The bottom jaw pulls down at a constant rate of extension and the force is recorded as the peel strength. Peel strength testing was repeated 5 times for each type of sample. Peel strength measurements were taken in the cross direction and not machine direction.

Samples also went soap delamination testing. 50g of EXO dishwash soap bar was mixed with 4 L of water. Samples were fully submerged for 24 hours. After 24 hrs., samples were removed and delaminated by hand. Samples that delaminated at the interface instead of tearing the backing were noted as delamination failure. Results for peel strength and soap delamination testing can be found below.

TABLE 8 - Peel testing

Samples PW1, PW2, and PSI delaminated at the sponge/woven interface during peel strength testing. Other samples tore within the sponge layer. Sample PW7 had undesirably high peel strength due to the large amount of glue. Additional testing is being performed on peel strength at various ZPT concentrations for various types of ZPT according to the table below.