Field

This application relates to an actuator, particularly an actuator comprising eight SMA (shape memory alloy) wires that provide positional control of a movable element, and also to methods of fabricating such actuator assemblies.

Background

WO 2011/104518 Al describes an SMA actuator that uses SMA wires to move a movable element relative to a support structure, for example to provide autofocus and optical image stabilization. Eight SMA wires are arranged and inclined with respect to a notional primary axis, with a pair of SMA wires on each of four sides around the primary axis. The SMA wires are connected so that on contraction two groups of four SMA wires provide a force with a component in opposite directions along the primary axis, so that the groups are capable of providing movement along the primary axis. There are SMA wires opposing each other that are capable of providing lateral movement or tilting.

Such an actuator assembly may be used, for example, in a camera to move a lens assembly along an optical axis to provide automatic focussing (AF) and perpendicular to the optical axis to provide optical image stabilisation (OIS), or to rotate a camera module to provide OIS.

Summary

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an actuator including a first part, a second part and eight shape memory alloy, SMA, wires connected between the first part and the second part so as to enable the second part to be moved relative to the first part with at least two degrees of freedom. Two of the SMA wires are located on each of four sides. The four sides extend in a loop around a primary axis. On contraction, a first group of four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a first direction along the primary axis, and a second group of the other four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a second, opposite direction along the primary axis. Each of the eight SMA wires is configured such that a length perpendicular to the primary axis is foreshortened relative to a length of a corresponding one of the four sides.

The second part may alternatively be referred to as the 'moving' part. The first part may alternatively be referred to as the 'static part. The second part may be movable relative to the first part with at least three, at least four, at least five, or with six degrees of freedom. One or more degrees of freedom enabled by the configuration of the eight SMA wires may be restricted by one or more bearings and/or flexures coupling the first part to the second part.

The angle at which an SMA wire connects between the first part and the second part may be configured such that the length of that SMA wire perpendicular to the primary axis is foreshortened relative to the length of a corresponding one of the four sides.

Each of the eight SMA wires may be configured such that a resonant frequency for movement of the second part relative to the first part along the primary axis is increased relative to a reference configuration in which the length of each SMA wire perpendicular to the primary axis were substantially equal to a length of a corresponding side of the first to fourth sides.

Substantially equal may correspond to at least 80% at least 85% or at least 90% of a corresponding side length. An SMA wire may be configured to increase the resonant frequency by making, compared to the reference configuration, a smaller angle to a direction parallel to the primary axis.

The length of each side of the first to fourth sides may correspond to a respective side of a quadrilateral of maximum area bounded (or encompassed) by the projections of the SMA wires on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis.

Alternatively, the length of each side of the first to fourth sides may correspond to a dimension of the first part parallel to that side. Each of the first to fourth sides may correspond to an edge of the first part, so that the length of each side is equal to the length of the respective edge of the first part.

Alternatively, the length of each side of the first to fourth sides may correspond to a dimension of the actuator parallel to that side. Each of the first to fourth sides may correspond to an edge of the actuator, so that the length of each side is equal to the length of the respective edge of the actuator.

The component of each SMA wire perpendicular to the primary axis may be 85% or less than the length of a respective side.

The length of each side of the first to fourth sides may correspond to a respective side of the quadrilateral of maximum area bounded (or encompassed) by the projections of the SMA wires on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis. The component of each SMA wire perpendicular to the primary axis may be 85% or less, 80% or less, or 75% or less than a dimension of the respective side of the quadrilateral.

The component of each SMA wire perpendicular to the primary axis may be 75% or less, 73% or less, or 70% or less than a dimension of the first part parallel to the respective side. The component of each SMA wire perpendicular to the primary axis may be 90% or less, 85% or less, 83% or less, or 80% or less than a dimension of the second part parallel to the respective side. The length of each side may be greater than or equal to 14 mm, greater than or equal to 16 mm, greater than or equal to 18 mm, greater than or equal to 20 mm, greater than or equal to 25 mm, or greater than or equal to 30 mm.

Each SMA wire may make an acute angle of greater than or equal to 10 degrees to a plane perpendicular to the primary axis. Each SMA wire may make an acute of greater than or equal to 12 degrees, greater than or equal to 14 degrees, or greater than or equal to 16 degrees to the plane perpendicular to the primary axis.

The SMA wires may be connected to the first and second parts at connection points. The connection points corresponding to first and second sides may be offset towards a first corner joining the first and second sides. The connection points corresponding to third and fourth sides may be offset towards a third corner joining the third and fourth sides.

The connection points may be supported, or provided, by respective connection features. Each connection feature may support, or provide, one or more connection points.

The SMA wires may be connected to the first and second parts at connection points. The connection points corresponding to a first side may be offset towards a first corner joining the first side to a second side. The connection points corresponding to the second side may be offset towards a second corner joining the second side to a third side. The connection points corresponding to the third side may be offset towards a third corner joining the third side to a fourth side. The connection points corresponding to the fourth side may be offset towards a fourth corner joining the fourth side to the first side.

The SMA wires may be connected to the first and second parts at connection points. The connection points corresponding to first and second sides may be offset towards a first corner joining the first and second sides. The connection points corresponding to a third side may be offset towards a third corner joining the third side to a fourth side. The connection points corresponding to the fourth side may be offset towards a fourth corner joining the fourth side to the first side.

The offsetting of the connection points corresponding to at least one side may define a corresponding volume which is within a footprint of the first part. The footprint of the first part may be a projected area of the first part on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis.

The volume may at least partly receive a portion of the first part and/or one or more terminal connections for making electrical connection to the eight SMA wires.

The SMA wires may be connected to the first and second parts at connection points. For each side of the four sides, one set of connection points may be separated by a smaller distance along the primary axis than the other set of connection points on that side, so as to move the crossing point of the respective pair of SMA wires towards the centre of that side.

The crossing points of each pair of SMA wires may be moved towards the centre of each side in a plane perpendicular to the primary axis.

For each side of the four sides, projections of the two corresponding wires onto a plane parallel to that side may intersect at a crossing point. The eight SMA wires may be arranged such that, when the second part is at a neutral position relative to the first part, lines perpendicular to each side and passing through the respective crossing points may substantially intersect a line parallel to the primary axis and coinciding with an intersection of the diagonals of the four sides. The language "substantially intersect" may in this context correspond to a minimum distance between the lines passing through each crossing point being less than or equal to 15%, less than or equal to 10%, or less than or equal to 5% of a length of the respective side perpendicular to the primary axis.

A diagonal of the four sides may correspond to a line joining a pair of corners of the four sides which do not have a side in common. When projected onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis, the four sides may form a square, a rectangular, a parallelogram, or a kite. When projected onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis, the four sides may form an irregular quadrilateral.

For each side of the four sides, the set of connection points which is separated by a smaller distance along the primary axis may correspond to the connection points to the second part.

Each of the SMA wires may have a length parallel to the primary axis which is less than or equal to 5 mm. Each of the SMA wires may have a length parallel to the primary axis, which is less than or equal to 4.5 mm, less than or equal to 4 mm, or less than or equal to 3.5 mm.

Each of the SMA wires may have a length parallel to the primary axis which is less than or equal to 1.2 times a height of the first part parallel to the primary axis. Each of the SMA wires may have a length parallel to the primary axis which is less than or equal to 1.1 times or less than or equal to 1.0 times the height of the first part parallel to the primary axis. Each of the SMA wires may have a length parallel to the primary axis which is less than or equal to 1.2 times, less than or equal to 1.1 times, or less than or equal to 1.0 times the height of the second part parallel to the primary axis.

SMA wires may terminate at a point above (relative to the primary axis) a top surface of the first part and/or a top surface of the second part. No more than 30% of the length of each SMA wire parallel to the primary axis may extend above (relative to the primary axis) the top surface of the first part and/or the top surface of the second part.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided an actuator comprising a first part, a second part, and eight shape memory alloy, SMA, wires connected between the first part and the second part so as to enable the second part to be moved relative to the first part with at least two degrees of freedom. Two of the SMA wires are located on each of first, second third and fourth sides. The four sides extend in a loop around a primary axis. On contraction, a first group of four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a first direction along the primary axis, and a second group of the other four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a second, opposite direction along the primary axis. The SMA wires are connected to the first and second parts at connection points. One or more connection points corresponding to the first side are displaced relative to corresponding connection points of a reference actuator, so as to define an additional volume relative to the reference actuator. The connection points corresponding to at least one of the second, third and fourth sides coincide with the corresponding connection points of the reference actuator. In the reference actuator, the relative positioning of the connection points corresponding to the first and third sides substantially correspond, and the relative positioning of the connection points corresponding to the second and fourth sides substantially correspond.

The actuator according to the second aspect may include features corresponding to any features of the actuator according to the first aspect. Definitions applicable to the actuator according to the first aspect may be equally applicable to the actuator according to the second aspect.

A projected area of the additional volume on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis may be at least partly within a projected boundary of the loop on the same plane (or within the quadrilateral defined hereinbefore). A projected area of the additional volume on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis may be at least partly within a projected area of the first part on the same plane. A projected area of the additional volume on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis may be wholly within a projected area of the second part on the same plane.

The additional volume may be defined at least partly between the first part and the SMA wires in a direction parallel to the primary axis.

The SMA wires may be configured such that none of the SMA wires terminates substantially above any other SMA wire relative to the primary axis. The language "substantially above" may refer to no SMA wire terminating above another SMA wire by an amount more than 10% of the longest component parallel to the primary axis amongst the eight SMA wires.

The one or more connection points corresponding to the first side may be offset differently relative to the first side compared to the offsets of equivalent connection points corresponding to at least one of the other sides relative to that other side. Such different relative offset(s) of the one or more connection points corresponding to the first side may define the additional volume, such that a projected area of the volume on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis is at least partly within a projected boundary of the loop on that plane.

The one or more connection points corresponding to the first side may be displaced parallel to the primary axis relative to the reference actuator, such that the additional volume is defined at least partly above or below the two SMA wires corresponding to the first side. All of the connection points corresponding to the first side may be so displaced.

The one or more connection points corresponding to one of the second, third or fourth sides may be displaced parallel to the primary axis relative to the reference actuator, such that a second additional volume is defined at least partly above or below the two SMA wires corresponding to that side.

The one or more connection points corresponding to the first side may be displaced relative to the reference actuator such that the projected boundary of the loop corresponds to an irregular quadrilateral (e.g. the quadrilateral defined hereinbefore). The additional volume may be formed at least partly between the primary axis and one or both of the SMA wires corresponding to the first side.

The one or more connection points corresponding to the first side may be displaced relative to the reference actuator such that the SMA wires corresponding to the first side are not parallel when projected onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis. The additional volume may be formed at least partly between the primary axis and one of both of the SMA wires corresponding to the first side. In the reference actuator, the SMA wires corresponding to the first side may be parallel when projected onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis.

One or more terminals for electrical connection to the SMA wires may be received within the additional volume.

One or more connection points corresponding to the first side may be displaced perpendicular to a plane parallel to the primary axis relative to the reference actuator. This plane may correspond to the first side. In particular, this plane may correspond to a plane in which the connection points corresponding to the first side lie in the reference actuator (e.g. the support plane, described below) or to a side of the second part. For example, one or more connection points corresponding to the first side may be closer to or further from this plane relative to the reference actuator. Each of the connection points that are displaced relative to corresponding connection points of a reference actuator may be displaced perpendicular to this plane, either all in the same direction or in different (for example opposite) directions.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided an actuator comprising a first part, a second part, and eight shape memory alloy wires connected between the first part and the second part so as to enable the second part to be moved relative to the first part with at least two degrees of freedom. Two of the SMA wires are located on each of four sides, the four sides extending in a loop around a primary axis. The two SMA wires on each side include an inner SMA wire and an outer SMA wire. The outer SMA wire is, on average, further from the primary axis than the inner SMA wire. On contraction, a first group of four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a first direction along the primary axis, and a second group of the other four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a second, opposite direction along the primary axis. Moving clockwise about the loop and viewing each side along a radial direction perpendicular to the primary axis and that side, the corresponding two SMA wires adopt either: • a first wire configuration in which the inner SMA wire slopes upwards in a direction tangential to the loop whilst the outer SMA wire slopes downwards, or

• a second wire configuration in which the inner SMA wire slopes downwards in the direction tangential to the loop whilst the outer SMA wire slopes upwards.

In this context, the term 'upwards' denotes a component in the positive direction relative to the primary axis, and the term 'downwards' denotes a component in the negative direction relative to the primary axis. Each side has the same configuration of the first and second wire configurations as at least one adjacent side.

The actuator according to the third aspect may include features corresponding to any features of the actuators according to the first and/or second aspects. Definitions applicable to the actuators according to the first and/or second aspects may be equally applicable to the actuator according to the third aspect.

The first and second wire configurations may be defined relative to a cylindrical coordinate system having a radius, p, away from the primary axis, a height z along the primary axis and an angle, 6, about the primary axis. Let 6 = 6i correspond to a radial line substantially perpendicular to a first side of the four sides. The language "substantially perpendicular" may mean perpendicular to a line corresponding to an averaged position of the two SMA wires corresponding to the first side when projected onto a p-6 plane. Second, third and fourth angles 62 < 63 < 64 (with 9i < 02 < 63 < 64) may correspond to radial lines substantially perpendicular to the respective second, third and fourth sides of the four sides. For each side, the first wire configuration may correspond to the inner SMA wire sloping upwards in a direction parallel to a tangent along the positive angular 6 direction whilst the outer SMA wire slopes downwards, with 'upwards' and 'downwards' being relative to the height z parallel to the primary axis z. For each side, the second wire configuration may correspond to the inner SMA wire sloping downwards in a direction parallel to a tangent along the positive angular 6 direction whilst the outer SMA wire slopes upwards, with upwards and downwards being relative to the height z parallel to the primary axis z.

All of the sides may correspond to the first wire configuration. Alternatively, all of the sides correspond to the second wire configuration.

Moving about the loop, first and second sides of the four sides may correspond to the first wire configuration and third and fourth side of the four sides may correspond to the second wire configuration.

Each SMA wires may be attached at either end to respective connection features. At least one connection feature may be common to a pair of SMA wires which correspond to adjacent sides of the four sides, and the connection feature may be folded about a corner between the adjacent sides.

One, some, or all of the connection features may be formed from metal, for example steel. A connection feature which is common to a pair of SMA wires may be connected to system ground or common mode, whilst the other ends of the pair of SMA wires are connected to independent current or voltage controlled sources. In this way, the currents along each of the pair of SMA wires connected to a common connection feature may be independently controlled even when the connection feature is conductive.

SMA wires may be attached to connection features by crimping, welding, or in any other suitable way. In addition to mechanical attachment, the attachment mechanism may also provide electrical connection to the SMA wires.

A camera may include an actuator according any one of the first, second or third aspects. The camera may also include an image sensor. The camera may also include a lens attached to the second part.

The image sensor may be attached to the first part, directly or indirectly. For example, the image sensor and the first part may both be attached to a common base. A screening can (or 'box' or 'case') may be provided to surround the actuator and the image sensor. The lens(es) used to form an image on the image sensor may protrude at least partly above the screening can (relative to the positive direction along the primary axis).

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided use of an actuator according to any one of the first, second or third aspects to provide an autofocus function and/or an optical image stabilisation function.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of fabricating an actuator. The method includes providing a frame supporting a plurality of first and second connection features arranged in a pattern along a first line, and a plurality of third and fourth connection features arranged in a pattern along a second line parallel to the first line. The method also includes attaching a first length of shape memory alloy, SMA, wire to each of the first and fourth connection features, such that the first and fourth connection features alternate along the first length of SMA wire. The method also includes attaching a second length of SMA wire to each of the second and third connection features such that the third and second connection features alternate along the second length of SMA wire. The method also includes cutting the frame to form a plurality of coupons. Each coupon supports at least one each of the first to fourth connection features. The method also includes assembling the actuator by connecting each of the connection features corresponding to two or more of the coupons to a first part or a second part, such that the actuator assembly comprises eight SMA wires. The two or more coupons were sequential within the frame. Each SMA wire is connected between the first part and the second part, so as to enable the second part to be moved relative to the first part with at least two degrees of freedom. Four of the eight SMA wires are formed from the first length of SMA wire, and the remaining four of the eight SMA wires are formed from the second length of SMA wire. Two of the SMA wires are located on each of four sides, the four sides extending in a loop around a primary axis. On contraction, a first group of four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a first direction along the primary axis, and a second group of the other four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a second, opposite direction along the primary axis. The method of fabrication and/or the resulting actuator may include features corresponding to any features of the actuators according to the first, second and/or third aspects. Definitions applicable to the actuators according to the first, second and/or third aspects may be equally applicable to the method of fabrication /or the resulting actuator.

The first length of SMA wire may be attached to the first and fourth connection features by crimping, welding, or in any other suitable way. The first length of SMA wire may be severed at one or more points to form the corresponding four of the eight SMA wires. The second length of SMA wire may be attached to the second and third connection features by crimping, welding, or in any other suitable way. The second length of SMA wire may be severed at one or more points to form the corresponding four of the eight SMA wires.

Each connection feature may include a pair of first and second sub-features. A coupon may include a first sub-feature from one connection feature and a second sub-feature from a different connection feature, in order to include a complete connection feature overall.

Each coupon may include a support portion and at least one each of the first to fourth connection features. Assembling the actuator may include detaching the support portion after connecting each of the crimp features to the first part or the second part.

The first length of SMA wire may be attached to the first and fourth connection features before the second length of SMA wire is attached to the second and third connection features. The first length of SMA wire may be attached to the first and fourth connection features concurrently with attaching the second length of SMA wire to the second and third connection features. For example, the first length of SMA wire may be crimped to a first crimp feature, following by crimping the second length of SMA wire to a second feature, followed by crimping the first length of SMA wire to a fourth crimp feature, followed by crimping the second length of SMA wire to a third crimp features, and so forth. Assembling the actuator may include connecting each of the connection features corresponding to first and second coupons to the first part or the second part. The first coupon may be folded to conform to first and second sides of the four sides before connection of the supported connection features to the first and second parts. The second coupon may be folded to conform to third and fourth sides of the four sides before connection of the supported connection features to the first and second parts.

At least one of the first to fourth connection features may be configured to be foldable after attachment to the first or second length of SMA wire.

Assembling the actuator may include connecting each of the connection features corresponding to first to fourth coupons to the first part or the second part. Each of the first to fourth coupons may corresponds to one of the four sides.

The frame may be cut to form the plurality of coupons and one or more unused portions which are not used for assembling an actuator.

According to a sixth aspect of the invention, there is provided an actuator fabricated using the method of fabricating an actuator according to the fifth aspect.

According to a seventh aspect of the invention, there is provide an actuator including a first part, a second part, and eight shape memory alloy, SMA, wires connected between the first part and the second part so as to enable the second part to be moved relative to the first part with at least two degrees of freedom. Each SMA wire is attached at either end to connection features. Two of the SMA wires are located on each of four sides, the four sides extending in a loop around a primary axis, on contraction, a first group of four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a first direction along the primary axis, and a second group of the other four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a second, opposite direction along the primary axis. At least one connection feature is common to a pair of SMA wires which correspond to adjacent sides of the four sides, and that connection feature is folded about a corner between the adjacent sides. According to an eighth aspect of the invention there is provided an actuator comprising a first part, a second part and eight shape memory alloy, SMA, wires connected between the first part and the second part so as to enable the second part to be moved relative to the first part with at least two degrees of freedom. Each SMA wire is attached at either end to connection features. Two of the SMA wires are located on each of four sides, the four sides extending in a loop around a primary axis. On contraction, a first group of four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a first direction along the primary axis, and a second group of the other four of the SMA wires each provide a force on the second part with a component in a second, opposite direction along the primary axis. The SMA wires are connected to the first and second parts at connection points. One or more connection points corresponding to the first side are displaced relative to corresponding connection points of a reference actuator such that an angle between a first SMA wire on the first side and a plane perpendicular to the primary axis is different from an angle between a second SMA wire on the first side and the plane perpendicular to the primary axis. The connection points corresponding to at least one of the second, third and fourth sides coincide with the corresponding connection points of the reference actuator. In the reference actuator, the relative positioning of the connection points corresponding to the first and third sides substantially correspond, and the relative positioning of the connection points corresponding to the second and fourth sides substantially correspond.

The actuator according to the seventh or eighth aspect may include features corresponding to any features of the actuators according to the first, second, third and/or sixth aspects, or the method according to the fifth aspect.

Definitions applicable to the actuators according to the first, second, third and/or sixth aspects, or the method according to the fifth aspect, may be equally applicable to the actuator according to the seventh aspect. Brief Description of the Drawings

Certain embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figures 1A to IE schematically illustrate a known actuator;

Figure 2 schematically illustrates a camera module incorporating the known actuator;

Figures 3A to 3E schematically illustrate a first modified actuator;

Figure 4A to 4C schematically illustrate a preferred definition of the side lengths of an actuator;

Figures 5A to 5E schematically illustrate a second modified actuator;

Figures 6A and 6B schematically illustrate wire-crossing points of the first modified actuator shown in Figures 3A to 3EI

Figures 7A and 7B schematically illustrate wire-crossing points of a third modified actuator;

Figures 8A to 8E schematically illustrate a fourth modified actuator;

Figures 9A to 9E schematically illustrate a fifth modified actuator;

Figures 10A to 10C schematically illustrate a sixth modified actuator;

Figures 11A to 11C schematically illustrate a seventh modified actuator;

Figures 12A and 12B schematically illustrate an improved method for forming coupons supporting connection features, for use in assembling actuators;

Figures 13A to 13E schematically illustrate an eighth modified actuator;

Figures 14A and 14B schematically illustrate an improved method for forming coupons supporting connection features, for use in assembling a ninth modified actuator shown in Figure 15;

Figures 15A to 15E schematically illustrate the ninth modified actuator; and Figure 16 schematically shows a further possible wire configuration.

Detailed Description

In the following, like parts are denoted by like reference numerals.

Known SMA actuator

Referring to Figures 1A to IE, a known SMA actuator 1 (also referred to simply as the known actuator) will now be described. Figure 1A is a plan view, and a set of right-handed orthogonal Cartesian axes is drawn in Figure 1A for reference purposes. Figures IB through IE represent views which would be observed when observing the known actuator 1 from above (along the negative z direction) via a mirror oriented at an angle of 45 degrees to the primary axis x (thus the axes become left-handed in Figures IB through IE). For example, Figure IB shows known actuator 1 of Figure 1A, reflected through a mirror plane parallel to the y-axis and angled at 45 degrees to the x-axis and primary axis z, the mirror plane positioned to the left of Figure 1A. This style of projection is selected, and Figures IB through IE are scaled and positioned relative to Figure 1A to permit convenient mapping of features between Figure 1A and each of Figures IB through IE. In the interests of visual clarity, only features from the "nearer" half of the actuator 1 (to the mirror plane) are shown in Figures IB through IE.

The known actuator 1 includes a moving part 2 (also referred to as a 'moveable element' or 'second part') supported on a static part 3 (also referred to as a 'support structure' or 'first part') by eight SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ .

The moving part 2 may in general be any type of element. As viewed along a primary axis z, the moving part 2 has the shape of a square with two diagonally- opposite corners that are rounded. However, more generally, the moving part 2 could have any shape. The static part 3 has a square base 5 with two parts 6 _a , 6 _b (also referred to as support posts) that extend from this base 5 into the space left by the rounded corners of the moving part 2. However, in general, the static part 3 could be any type of element suitable for supporting the moving part 2. The static part 3 supports the moving part 2 in a manner allowing movement of the moving part 2 relative to the static part 3. In this example, the moving part 2 is supported on the static part 3 solely by the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , but the known actuator 1 may comprise a suspension system (for example including one or more bearings and/or flexures) additionally supporting the moving part 2 on the static part 3.

Each SMA wire 4 comprises a piece of SMA wire connected at each end via a connection feature 7 to a respective one of the moving part 2 and the static part 3. Herein, a connection feature 7 _na connects the n ^th of 1 < n < 8 SMA wires 4i, 4 ₈ to the static part 3, a connection feature 7 _n b connects the n ^th SMA wire 4 _n to the moving part 2, and a connection feature in general (or the connection features collectively) shall be referred to as connection feature(s) 7.

As will be described in more detail below, the connection features 7 in the illustrated examples are crimp portions (and will be generally referred to as such). However, more generally, any suitable means that provides mechanical connection may be used to provide connection features 7. In addition, electrical connections are made to the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , for example via the crimp portions 7, so that a current in each of the eight SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ may be controlled independently of each other SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ .

Each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ extends along a corresponding side Si, S2, S3, S4 of the known actuator 1. In the example illustrated in Figure 1A, moving clockwise about the primary axis z, the first and second SMA wires 4i, 42 extend along the first side Si, the third and fourth SMA wires 4 ₈ , 44 extend along the second side S2, the fifth and sixth SMA wires 4s, 4& extend along the third side S3, and the seventh and eighth SMA wires 4?, 4 ₈ extend along the fourth side S4. Each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ is held in tension, thereby applying a component of force in a direction along the primary axis z and a component of force in a lateral direction perpendicular to the primary axis z.

SMA material has the property that on heating it undergoes a solid-state phase change which causes the SMA material to contract. At low temperatures, the SMA material enters the Martensite phase. At high temperatures the SMA enters the Austenite phase which induces a deformation causing the SMA material to contract. The phase change occurs over a range of temperature due to the statistical spread of transition temperature in the SMA crystal structure. Thus heating of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ causes them to decrease in length. The SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ may be made of any suitable SMA material, for example Nitinol or another titanium-alloy SMA material. Advantageously, the material composition and pre-treatment of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ is chosen to provide phase change over a range of temperature that is above the expected ambient temperature during normal operation and as wide as possible to maximise the degree of positional control. On heating of one of the SMA wires 4i, 4s, the stress therein increases and it contracts. This causes movement of the moving part 2 (second part). A range of movement occurs as the temperature of the SMA increases over the range of temperature in which there occurs the transition of the SMA material from the Martensite phase to the Austenite phase. Conversely, on cooling of one of the SMA wires 4i, 4s so that the stress therein decreases, and it expands under the force from opposing ones of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ . This allows the moving part 2 to move in the opposite direction.

The position of the moving part 2 relative to the static part along the primary axis z is controlled by varying the temperature of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ . This is achieved by passing through each of SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ a drive current that provides resistive heating. Heating is provided directly by the drive current. Cooling is provided by reducing or ceasing the drive current to allow the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ and/or the moving part 2 to cool by conduction to the surroundings.

Two of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ are arranged on each of the four sides Si, S2, S3, S4 around the primary axis z. The two of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ on each side Si, ..., S4, for example SMA wires 4 ₅ and 4 ₆ on the third side S3, are inclined in opposite senses with respect to each other, as viewed perpendicular from the primary axis z, and cross each other (clearly seen Figure ID, and similar wire crossings may be observed in Figures IB, 1C and IE). The four sides Si, S2, S3, S4 on which the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ are arranged extend in a loop around the primary axis z. In this example, the sides Si, S2, S3, S4 are perpendicular and so form a square as viewed along the primary axis z, but alternatively the sides Si, s ₂ , s ₃ , s ₄ could take a different e.g. quadrilateral shape. In this example, the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ are parallel to the outer faces of the square envelope of the moving part 2 which conveniently packages the known actuator 1, but this is not essential.

One of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4s on each side Si, ..., S4 provides a force on the moving part 2 in the same direction along the primary axis z. In particular, the SMA wires 4i, 4 ₈ , 4s, 4? form a 'first' group (drawn with solid lines in Figure 1) that provide a force in one direction ('upwards') and the other SMA wires 4 ₂ , 4 ₄ , 4e, 4s form a 'second' group (drawn with chained lines in Figure 1) that provide a force in the opposite direction ('downwards'). Herein, 'up' and 'down' generally refer to opposite directions along the primary axis z, wherein movement of the moving part 2 away from the base 5 of the static part 3 is 'up'.

The SMA wires 4i, ..., 4s have an arrangement in which lengths and inclination angles are the same. The configuration of the first and second SMA wires 4i, 4 ₂ relative to the first side Si is equivalent to the configuration of the fifth and sixth SMA wires 4 ₅ , 4 ₆ relative to the third side S3. Similarly, the configuration of the third and fourth SMA wires 4 ₈ , 4 ₄ relative to the second side s ₂ is equivalent to the configuration of the seventh and eights SMA wires 4 ₇ , 4 ₈ relative to the fourth side s ₄ .

As a result of this arrangement of SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , different combinations of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , when selectively actuated are capable of driving movement of the moving part 2 (second part) with multiple degrees of freedom relative to the static part 3 (first part), as follows.

The first group of SMA wires 4i, 4 ₈ , 4s, 4? and the second group of SMA wires 4 ₂ , 4 ₄ , 4 ₆ , 4 ₈ when commonly actuated drive movement in different directions along the primary axis z.

Within each group, adjacent pairs of the SMA wires (for example on one hand SMA wires 4i, 4? and on the other hand SMA wires 4 ₈ , 4s) when differentially actuated drive tilting about a lateral axis perpendicular to the primary axis z. Tilting in any arbitrary direction may be achieved as a linear combination of tilts about the two lateral axes.

Sets of four SMA wires, including two SMA wires from each group, (for example on one hand SMA wires 4i, 4 ₂ , 4 ₈ , 4 ₄ and on the other hand SMA wires 4s, 4&, 4 ₇ , 4 ₈ ) when commonly actuated drive movement along a lateral axis (e.g. the line y=-x) perpendicular to the primary axis z. Movement in any arbitrary direction perpendicular to the primary axis z may be achieved as a linear combination of movements along the two lateral axes (e.g. y=x and y=-x). A control circuit can be electrically connected to the SMA wires 4i, 4s for supplying drive currents thereto to drive these movements, e.g. as described in WO 2011/104518 Al (which is incorporated by reference to the maximum extent permissible by law).

Use in a camera module

Although the known actuator 1 may be used to provide positional control of a wide range of types of movable elements (moving parts 2), a non-limitative example in which the known actuator 1 is used in a miniaturised camera.

Referring also to Figure 2, a camera module 8 incorporating the known actuator 1 is shown.

In this example, the known actuator 1 is used in a camera module 8 arranged to perform autofocus (AF) and optical image stabilisation (OIS). The camera module 8 is to be incorporated in a portable electronic device such as a mobile telephone. Thus, miniaturisation is an important design criterion.

The static part 3 (first part) takes the form of a camera support supporting an image sensor 9 on the base 5. The reverse side of the base 5 (to the image sensor 9) supports an IC (integrated circuit) chip 10 in which a control circuit for the actuator 1 is implemented. The moving part 2 (second part) takes the form of a lens carriage supporting one or more camera lens elements 11 arranged to focus an image onto the image sensor 9. The image sensor 9 captures the image and may be of any suitable type for example a CCD (charge-coupled device) or a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) device. The camera module 8 is a miniature (or 'compact') camera module in which the camera lens element 11 has one or more lenses with a diameter of e.g. at most 12 mm. The static part 3 of the camera module 8 also includes an upstanding wall 12 ("up" relative to the primary axis z) extending around the perimeter of the base 5. The upper end of the wall 12 connects to a top plate 13 which is parallel to the base 5, and which includes an aperture 14 for image forming by the camera lens element(s) 11. In the example shown, the moving part 2 protrudes through the aperture 14 to a point above the top plate 13 (relative to the primary axis z), although in other examples the moving part 2 may only extend above the static part 3 for a portion of a range of motion of the known actuator 1, or not at all.

In this example, OIS is provided by moving the camera lens element 11 laterally relative to the primary axis z, which is parallel to the optical axis of the camera lens element 11 (and may be collinear with the optical axis when the camera lens element 11 is in a central position). In addition, the camera lens element 11 may be moved along the primary axis z to provide AF. Thus, the AF and OIS functions are combined in the known actuator 1.

The control circuit implemented using the IC chip 10 may be configured as described in WO 2011/104518 Al in order to provide this functionality.

Referring again to Figures 1A to IE, the arrangement of SMA wires 4i, ..., 4s and the configuration of the connection features 7 in the known actuator 1 will now be described further.

On each side s (e.g. the first side Si illustrated in Fig. IB), there are two SMA wires 4 (e.g. wires 4i, 4z) that cross e.g. when viewed along a direction to normal to that side s.

The pair of SMA wires 4 on each side s are connected to the moving part 2 via respective connection features 7i _b , ..., 7 _8b (also referred to as moving connection features) and are connected to one of the support posts 6a, 6b via a respective connection feature 7i _a , ..., 7 _8a (also referred to as a static connection features). In this example, each connection feature 7 takes the form of a crimp feature, to which an end of a SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ is crimped. For example, the connection features 7 may be formed from sheet metal, and each may include a portion (for example an end) bent back on itself to form a space for receiving an SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ prior to securement by crimping.

Each connection (crimp) feature 7 includes a wire connection point 15 (or simply "connection point") which is connected to a support portion 16 by an intermediate portion 17. Although only explicitly labelled for the connection features 7 _2a and 7 _4a , all of the connection features 7 include a connection point

15 connected to a support portion 16 by an intermediate portion 17. The support portion of each connection (crimp) feature 7 is attached (in any suitable way) to the moving part 2 or to a support post 6 _a , 6b of the static part 3. In this example, the connection points 15 of each connection feature 7 take the form of crimp connections.

Although illustrated as separate, it is possible for the support portions 16 of the static connection features 7 _na to be interconnected, or for the support portions

16 of the moving connection features 7 _n b to be interconnected (although not both at once). For example, on the first side Si, the support portions 16 of connection features 7 _ib and 7 _2b may be interconnected (or integrally formed). Drive currents for the first and second SMA wires 4i, 4 ₂ may still be independently varied by using the interconnected connection features 7 _ib and 7 _2b as a common return. In this way, the number of electrical connections required to be made to the moving part 2 may be reduced.

On each side Si, ...s ₄ , the support portions 16 are each generally planar and lie in the same plane Si, S ₂ , S ₃ , S ₄ , referred to as the "support plane" for the respective side Si, ..., s ₄ . Each support plane Si, ..., S ₄ is parallel to the primary axis z. The same applies to the regions of the moving part 2 and the support posts 6 _a , 6b of the static part 3 to which the support portions 16 of the connection features 7 are attached.

The connection points 15, intermediate portions 17 and support portions 16 are integrally formed, e.g. from sheet metal. In this example, the connection points 15 in the form of crimp connections are formed by folding the sheet metal back over itself, followed by crimping when the respective SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ is between the folded portions.

The pair of SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ on each side Si, ..., s ₄ include an 'inner' SMA wire 4i, 43, 4s, 4? and an 'outer' wire 4 ₂ , 4 ₄ , 4 ₈ , 4 ₈ that is, on average, further from the primary axis z than the inner wires 4i, 4 ₈ , 4s, 4?. The inner wires 4i, 4 ₈ , 4s, 4 ₇ are located on first planes that correspond to, or are parallel to, the support planes Si, ..., S ₄ of the respective sides Si, ..., s ₄ , and the outer wires 4 ₂ , 4 ₄ , 4 ₆ , 4 ₈ are located on second planes that are parallel to the respective first planes and are further from the primary axis z than the first planes.

In the illustrated example, the inner wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4s, 4? are the same as the first group of SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4s, 4? which when commonly actuated move the moving part 2 away from the base 5 along the primary axis z. Similarly, the outer wires 4 ₂ , 44, 4&, 4 ₈ are the same as the second group of SMA wires 4 ₂ , 44, 4 ₆ , 4 ₈ when which when commonly actuated move the moving part 2 towards the base 5 along the primary axis z. In an alternative configuration of the known actuator 1, the first group of SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ , 4 ₇ may be configured as the outer wires whilst the second group of SMA wires 4 ₂ , 44, 4&, 4 ₈ are configured as the inner wires.

Accordingly, on each side Si, ..., S4, the connection points 15 for the outer wires 4 ₂ , 4 , 4 ₆ , 4 ₈ are offset from the respective support planes Si, ..., S4 in a direction away from the primary axis z. This may be achieved by angling the relevant intermediate portions 17, e.g. with a fold between the support portion 16 and the intermediate portion 17 and an opposite fold between the intermediate portion 17 and the connection point 15, so that the connection point 15 is substantially parallel to the support portion 16. For example, see the side views of connections points 7 _4a and 7 _8b in Figure IB, connection points 7 _2a and 7eb in Figure 1C, connection points 74 _b and 7 _8a in Figure ID and connection points 76a and 7 _2b in Figure IE.

The connection points 15 for the inner wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ , 4 ₇ may be similarly offset from the support portions 16, albeit to a lesser degree, or they may lie in substantially the same plane as the support portions 16.

All of the connection features 7 for a side Si, ..., S4 may be provided as a single component or coupon (see discussion of Figures 12 to 15 hereinafter) for attachment to that side Si, ..., S4. For example, the connection features 7i _a , 7i _b , 7 _2a , 7 _2b for the first side Si may be formed by etching a metal sheet, leaving each of the connection features 7 _ia , 7i _b , 7 _2a , 7 _2b connected to a support structure (for example support 35 in Figure 12) by one or more sprues/connection members (for example sprues 39 in Figure 12). The connection features 7 _2a , 7 _2b which will provide offsetting of the outer SMA wire 4 ₂ from the support plane Si are bent/folded to shape prior to attachment of the coupon to the static and moving parts 3, 2. Preferably the SMA wires 4i, 4 ₂ are connected between the connection features 7i _a , 7i _b , 7 _2a , 7 _2b (for example by crimping) whilst these are still connected to the support structure (for example support 35 in Figure 12). The coupon is connected to the side Si by attaching the support portions 16 of the static connection features 7i _a , 7 _2b to the post 6 _a of the static part 3, and attaching the support portions 16 of the moving connection features 7i _b , 7 _2b to the moving part 2. The connection features 7i _a , 7i _b , 7 _2a , 7 _2b may then be detached from the support structure (for example support 35 in Figure 12).

The configuration of the connection features 7 _ia , 7i _b , 7 _2a , 7 _2b relative to the first side Si is equivalent to the configuration of the connection features 7 _5a , 7 _5b , 7 _6a , 7 _6b relative to the third side S3. Consequently, identical coupons may be connected to the first and third sides Si, S3 to provide the corresponding connection features 7.

Similarly, the configuration of the connection features 7 _3a , 7 _3b , 7 _4a , 7 _5b relative to the second side s ₂ is equivalent to the configuration of the connection features 7 _7a , 7 _7b , 7 _8a , 7 _8b relative to the fourth side s ₄ . However, whilst identical coupons may be connected to the second and fourth sides s ₂ , s ₄ to provide the corresponding connection features 7, they cannot be identical to those for the first and third sides Si, S3, since the two configurations of connection features 7 are mirror images of each other and hence cannot be brought into coincidence with one another by rotations or translations.

The present specification concerns improvements in the design of SMA actuators 1, and similar actuators such as, for example, actuator configurations described in WO 2011/104518 Al. See in particular Figures 1 to 5, 11 to 20 of WO 2011/104518 Al, and the corresponding passages of description.

Reduced z-height actuators

One or more miniature cameras are typically included in devices such as smart phones, tablet computers, smart watches, laptop computers and the like. There is a desire to make such devices as thin as possible, both in order to make them lighter and easier to hold for a user and also as a result of aesthetic considerations. This leads to a corresponding requirement to reduce the thickness of miniature camera modules 8, including components such as SMA actuators 1 which provide AF and/or OIS functions to such camera modules 8.

However, it is not so simple as merely reducing the distance between connection points 15 of connection features 7 features parallel to the primary axis z (for example the distance between connection features 7i _a and 7 _2a parallel to the primary axis z). Such simple adjustments will permit reducing the thickness of an actuator along the primary axis z, but at the cost of reducing the angle made between the SMA wires 4i, 4 ₈ and a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z. A reduction in SMA wire 4i, 4 ₈ angle decreases the resonant frequency for motions of the moving part 2 (second part) along the primary axis, adversely affecting the controllability of the moving part 2 for motions along the primary axis z.

In general, design rules for SMA actuators hold that the length of SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ should be as long as the space allows, since the longer the natural length of the SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , the larger the potential length change from phase transitions. Consequently, in known actuators 1 the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ extend substantially along the length of the corresponding sides Si, ..., s ₄ . Combined with the hereinbefore outlined considerations of resonant frequency for movements along the primary axis z, the minimum height/thickness of an actuator 1 along the primary axis z is conventionally determined by the desired side si, ..., s ₄ length (e.g. by the diameter of an objective lens 11).

However, the inventors of the present specification have realised that this conventional restriction may be broken without compromising performance of an SMA actuator. In particular, the height/thickness along the primary axis z may be reduced whilst maintaining the SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ angles by reducing the SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ lengths so that the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ do not extend along the whole length of each side Si, ..., s ₄ . In other words the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ are foreshortened relative to the sides Si, ..., s ₄ (and the known actuator 1). Referring also to Figures 3A to 3E, a first modified actuator 18 (hereinafter "first actuator") is shown.

Figures 3B to 3E have the same geometric relationships to Figure 3A as Figures IB to IE to Figure 1A.

The first actuator 18 is the same as the known actuator 1 (in the alternative configuration with the first group of SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ , 4 ₇ configured as the outer wires), except that each of the eight SMA wires 4i, 4s has an overall length and is angled such that a length of each SMA wire 4i, 4 ₈ perpendicular to the primary axis z is foreshortened relative to a length of a corresponding side Si, s ₄ of the first to fourth sides Si, s ₄ . In other words, a length of each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ perpendicular to the primary axis z is foreshortened relative to a length of the corresponding SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ of the known actuator 1.

Referring also to Figure 4A, a preferred definition of side Si, S2, S3, s ₄ lengths is illustrated.

Figure 4A shows a projection of the onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z (i.e. an x-y plane). Denoting the length of the first side Si as h, the length of the second side S2 as l ₂ , and so forth, the length h, ..., I ₄ of each side Si, ..., s ₄ may correspond to a respective side length of a quadrilateral of maximum area and bounded (or 'encompassed') by the projections of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ on the plane. The quadrilateral is of maximum area in the sense of being the largest quadrilateral which does not extend at any point beyond the projection of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ onto the x-y plane. The quadrilateral may equally be regarded as formed by extending lines parallel to the projections of the inner SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ , 4 ₇ until those lines intersect the lines extended from adjacent sides s. The lengths h, ...l ₄ correspond to an 'at rest' or 'neutral' configuration in which all of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ are unpowered.

Although Figure 4A corresponds to the configuration of the known actuator 1, such that the quadrilateral takes the form of a square, depending on the specific configuration of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , the quadrilateral may be a kite, a parallelogram, or even an irregular quadrilateral. For example, referring also to Figure 4B, the projection of the SMA wires 4i, 4 ₈ onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z is shown for a case when the quadrilateral so formed is irregular. Again, the lengths h, ..., I4 of each side Si, ..., S4 may be conveniently defined as the lengths the sides of the quadrilateral.

In both of Figures 4A and 4B, the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ extend for distances perpendicular to the primary axis z which substantially span the respective side Si, ..., S4 lengths h, ..., /s (minus small shortfalls due to practicalities of connections, the sizes of which have been exaggerated in Figures 4A and 4B for visual clarity).

However, referring also to Figure 4C, the equivalent projection of the first actuator 18 is shown.

Whilst the orientation of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ keeps the quadrilateral the same shape as for the known actuator 1, the projected lengths of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ perpendicular to the primary axis z are significantly foreshortened.

Unless stated otherwise, any reference hereinafter to the lengths h, ..., I4 of the first to fourth sides Si, ..., s ₄ should be understood as referring to the lengths of the sides of the quadrilateral of maximum area and bounded by the projections of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ on the plane perpendicular to the primary axis z.

Alternative definitions of the side lengths are possible, even if not preferred herein. For example, the length of the first side Si as illustrated in Figure 3 could alternatively be considered to be the dimension of the base 5 of the static part 3 parallel to the y-axis as drawn. Similarly, each of the first to fourth sides Si, ..., S4 could be considered to correspond to a physical edge of the static part 3, so that the length of each side Si, ..., s ₄ would be equal to the length of the respective edge of the static part.

Alternatively, the length of each side Si, ..., S4 could be considered to correspond to a dimension of the first actuator 18 parallel to that side, Si, ..., S4 (for example in implementations in which the static part 3 does not define an outer perimeter of the actuator 18). In such cases, each length may correspond to a respective edge/side of the first actuator 18.

In other implementations it may be more convenient to define the length of each side Si, s ₄ as corresponding to a respective side length of a quadrilateral which bounds a projection of the moving part 2 onto the plane perpendicular to the primary axis z.

Given that the lengths of the SMA wires 4i, 4s change in use whereas the side lengths h, I ₄ do not (the quadrilateral is defined relative to an unpowered 'neutral' condition), it should be noted that any comparisons made herein between the lengths of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ (or components thereof) and dimensions such as the lengths h, ..., I ₄ of the sides Si, ..., s ₄ , also refer to the same unpowered (or 'neutral', or 'central'), configuration in which the moving part 2 is in the middle of its range of motion relative to the static part 3.

Preferably, each of the eight SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ of the first actuator 18 should be angled, and the respective lengths of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ perpendicular to the primary axis z foreshortened, such that a resonant frequency for movement of the moving part 2 relative to the static part 3 along the primary axis z is increased relative to a configuration in which the length of each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ perpendicular to the primary axis z is substantially equal to the length h, ..., / ₄ of a corresponding side Si, ..., s ₄ of the first to fourth sides Si, ..., s ₄ . In this context, substantially equal may correspond to more than 80% of a corresponding side length h, ..., I ₄ .

In other words, compared to the known actuator 1, the first actuator 18 may have an advantageously increased resonant frequency for movements along the primary axis z whilst retaining the same overall height along the primary axis z, or the first actuator 18 may maintain the same resonant frequency for movements along the primary axis z whilst reducing the overall height along the primary axis z.

The comparison relative to the known actuator 1 is helpful for understanding how the lengths of each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ perpendicular to the primary axis z are foreshortened relative to the lengths h, ..., / ₄ of a corresponding side Si, ..., s ₄ . For example, the component of each SMA wire 4i, 4 ₈ perpendicular to the primary axis z may preferably be 80% or less, 75% or less, 75% or less, or 70% or less than the length h, ...l ₄ of the respective side Si, ..., s ₄ (i.e. the dimension of the respective side of the quadrilateral defined hereinbefore).

Alternatively, if the side Si, ..., s ₄ lengths are defined relative to dimensions of the static part 3 (or the first actuator 18), as described hereinbefore, the component of each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ perpendicular to the primary axis z may preferably be 80% or less, 75% or less, 75% or less, or 70% or less than the length of the respective side si, ..., s ₄ .

In another alternative, if the side Si, ..., s ₄ lengths were defined relative to dimensions of the moving part 2, as described hereinbefore, the component of each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ perpendicular to the primary axis z may preferably be 90% or less, 85% or less, 83% or less, or 80% or less than the length of the respective side.

Still further definitions internal to the first actuator 18 are possible, based on the angles of inclination of each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ . For example, each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ should make an acute angle of greater than or equal to 14 degrees to a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z, for example greater than or equal to 15 degrees, greater than or equal to 16 degrees, or greater than or equal to 17 degrees.

Although the inclination angles of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ may always be increased by increasing the length of each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ parallel to the primary axis z, there are practical limits imposed by the height of the first actuator 18 along the primary axis z, which in many applications (for example miniature cameras) should be kept to a minimum. Preferably, each of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ has a length parallel to the primary axis z which is less than or equal to 1.2 times a maximum dimension of the static part 3 parallel to the primary axis z. For example, less than or equal to 1.1 times, or less than equal to 1.0 times the maximum dimension of the static part 3 parallel to the primary axis z. Similar considerations and bounds apply if the lengths of the SMA wires 4i, 4 ₈ parallel to the primary axis z are instead considered by reference to the dimensions of the moving part 2. Preferably, no more than 30% of the length of each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ parallel to the primary axis z should extend above (relative to the primary axis) a top surface of the static part 3 and/or a top surface of the moving part 2.

It should be noted that the ranges of relative lengths, angles and so forth described herein have been selected because these ranges (or bounds) are particularly suited to SMA actuators for use in miniature cameras, taking into account typical sizes of objective lenses, maximum heights along the primary axis z, and the need to obtain suitable response frequencies for providing AF and/or OIS functions in such miniature cameras when a device incorporating the camera is held in a hand.

In the first actuator 18, the foreshortening of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ relative to the side Si, ..., S4 lengths h, ..., I4 provides additional freedom for the relative positioning of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ on the sides Si, ..., S4. In a simple case, the connection features 7 (defining the connection points 15) may be disposed so that each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ is located centrally on the respective side Si, ..., S ₄ .

Alternatively, and as illustrated in Figure 3, the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the first and second sides Si, S2 are offset towards a first corner joining the first and second sides Si, S2, whilst the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the third and fourth sides S3, S4 are offset towards a third corner joining the third and fourth sides S3, S4. In other words, the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) are offset towards the posts 6 _a , 6 _b on each side Si, ..., S4- This configuration may be advantageous over the simple solution of centrally locating the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , since it makes space available at the diagonally opposite corners of the moving part 2. For example, the regions 19a, 19b of the moving part 2 indicated in Figure 3A may be omitted/truncated, generating additional free volume for positioning components of the first actuator 18 and/or a device incorporating the first actuator 18 (for example a camera). In this way, the first actuator 18 may have reduced height (along the primary axis z) and also reduced lateral size (perpendicular to the primary axis z) compared to the known actuator 1.

In an alternative configuration (not illustrated) of the first actuator, instead of being offset towards the first and third ('static') corners, the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) may instead be offset on the second and third sides s ₂ , S3 towards a second ('moving') corner joining those sides, whilst the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) on the first and fourth sides Si, S4 are offset towards a fourth ('moving') corner joining those side.

In an further alternative configuration (not illustrated) of the first actuator, the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the first side Si may be offset towards the first ('static') corner joining the first side si to the second side S2, the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the second side s ₂ may be offset towards the second ('moving') corner joining the second side s ₂ to the third side S3, the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the third side s ₃ may be offset towards the third ('static') corner joining the third side S3 to the fourth side S4, and the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the fourth side s ₄ may be offset towards the fourth ('moving') corner joining the fourth side S4 to the first side Si.

Referring also to Figures 5A to 5E, a second modified actuator 20 (hereinafter "second actuator") is shown.

Figures 5B to 5E have the same geometric relationships to Figure 5A as Figures IB to IE to Figure 1A.

The second actuator 20 is the same as the first actuator 18, except that the connection features 7 (and corresponding connection points 15) are offset differently relative to the sides Si, ..., S4. In the second actuator 20, the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the third and fourth sides S3, S4 are offset towards the third ('static') corner joining the third and fourth sides S3, S4, in the same way as the first actuator 18. Also in the same way as the first actuator 18, the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the first side Si are offset towards the first ('static') corner joining the first and second sides Si, s ₂ . However, in contrast to the first actuator 18, the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the second side s ₂ are offset towards a second ('moving') corner joining the second and third sides s ₂ , s ₂ .

The offsetting of the connection features 7 (and associated connection points 15) corresponding to the second side s ₂ defines a corresponding volume 21 which is within a footprint of the static part 3. In this example, the volume 21 is over the base 5 of the static part 3, whilst being outside the loop formed by the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ so that even in use the moving part 2 will not intersect the volume 21. In general, the footprint of the static part 3 represents a projected area of the static part 3 on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z.

The additional volume 21 may be utilised for positioning components of the second actuator 20 and/or of a device incorporating the second actuator 20 (for example a camera) (such components are also referred to as 'additional components'). For example, the volume may at least partly receive a portion of the static part 3 and/or one or more terminal connections which are used for making electrical connections to the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , in particular when the volume 21 is adjacent or proximate to elements of the static part 3 such as the posts 6 _a , 6b or similar structure.

In this way, the second actuator 20 may have reduced height (along the primary axis z) and also reduced lateral size (perpendicular to the primary axis z) compared to the known actuator 1.

Alternative configurations (not shown) are possible, corresponding to cyclic permutations of the offsets illustrated for the second actuator 20.

Balancing tilt movements for foreshortened SMA wires

When SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ foreshortened to allow increased inclination angles are disposed centrally on the corresponding sides Si, ..., S4, the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ remain balanced for tilts about the y=x and y=-x axes. However, for the first and second actuators 18, 20, the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ are not central on the sides Si, ..., s ₄ of the actuator 18, 20, and the crossing points of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ are offset from the centre of the actuator 18, 20 in the x/y direction.

Referring also to Figures 6A and 6B, the first actuator 18 is illustrated to highlight the offset of wire crossing points. Figure 6A is a side view of the first actuator 18 along the y-axis as shown, and Figure 6B is a plan view. For visual clarity, the axes are shown displaced from the centre of the first actuator 18 in Figure 6B.

For each side Si, ..., s ₄ , projections of the two corresponding wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ onto a plane (for example the support plane Si, ..., S<?) parallel to that side Si, ..., s ₄ intersect at a crossing point Ci, ..., C ₄ . Figure 6A illustrates a side view showing the fourth side s4, and the crossing point C ₄ is offset by a distance d ₄ from an intersection 22 of the diagonals of a shape formed by sides Si, ..., s ₄ . Respective offsets di, d2, ds may be similarly defined for the first, second and third sides Si, s ₂ , s ₃ .

A line 23i, ..., 234 may be drawn perpendicular to each side Si, ..., s ₄ and passing through the respective crossing point Ci, ..., C ₄ . Referring in particular to Figure 6B, the offsets di, ..., d ₄ of the lines 23i, ..., 234 corresponding to the crossing points Ci, ..., C ₄ from the intersection 22 of the diagonals may be observed.

A consequence of the offsets di, ..., d ₄ is that the tilt to wire length gain about the diagonal containing the second and fourth ('moving') corners will be higher than the tilt to wire length gain about the first and third ('static') corners. The term "tilt to wire length gain" refers to the ratio between tilt angle about a particular axis and the corresponding length change of SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ needed to provide that tilt angle.

Although illustrated in Figures 6A and 6B for the first actuator 18, similar considerations of offsets di, ..., d ₄ apply to the second actuator 20, or indeed any actuator utilising SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ which are foreshortened relative to the sides Si, ..., s ₄ without being centrally positioned on the sides Si, ..., s ₄ . Disparities in tilt to wire length gains about different tilting axes may be reduced, or even eliminated, by shifting each crossing point Ci, ..., C4 towards alignment with the projection of the intersection 22 of the diagonals onto the respective side si, ..., S4.

For example, referring also to Figures 7A and 7B, a third modified actuator 24 (hereinafter third actuator) is shown. Figure 7A is a side view of the third actuator 24 along the y-axis, and Figure 7B is a plan view. For visual clarity, the axes are shown displaced from the centre of the third actuator 24 in Figure 7B.

The third actuator 24 is the same as the first actuator 18, except that the connection points 15 for attaching the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4s to the moving part 2 are shifted towards the centre of the moving part 2 along the primary axis z.

This also shifts the crossing points Ci, ..., C4 towards alignment with the intersection 22. Preferably, the connection points 15 for attaching the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ to the static part 3 are not moved further apart, to avoid increasing the height of the third actuator 24 along the primary axis z. This may slightly reduce the inclination angles of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , although this may be compensated by further shortening of the overall lengths of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ if needed.

In general, the connection points 15 may be arranged in order to minimise the offsets di, ..., d4 of the lines 23i, ..., 234 passing through the respective crossing points Ci, ..., C4 from the intersection 22 of the diagonals. Ideally, the lines 23i, ..., 234 will substantially intersect the intersection 22 of the diagonals, as illustrated in Figures 7A and 7B, although perfect coincidence may not always be possible given the need to avoid excessively reducing the SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ inclination angles. The language "substantially intersect" may correspond to there being a minimum distance, i.e. the offsets di, ..., d4 between a line 23i, ..., 234 and the intersection 22 being less than or equal to 15% of a length of the respective side Si, ..., S4. For example, less than or equal to 10%, or less than or equal to 5%. In this way, foreshortened and offset SMA wire 4i, 4 ₈ configurations may be obtained which retain similar or identical sensitivity, i.e. tilt to wire length gains, around the different tilt axes in the x-y plane.

Whilst it may be possible to simply shift the connection points 15 to the moving part 2 by simply translating the corresponding connection features 7i _b , ..., 7 _8b closer towards the centre of the moving part 2 along the primary axis, it may be simpler to integrate the pairs of (moving) connection features 7 on each side Si, ..., S4- For example, in the third actuator 24, the first and second SMA wires 4i, 4 ₂ are connected to the moving part 2 via a first integrated connection feature 25i, the third and fourth SMA wires 4 ₈ , 44 are connected to the moving part 2 via a second integrated connection feature 25 ₂ , the fifth and sixth SMA wires 4 ₅ , 4 ₆ are connected to the moving part 2 via a third integrated connection feature 25s, and the seventh and eighth SMA wires 4?, 4 ₈ are connected to the moving part 2 via a fourth integrated connection feature 254. Each integrated connection feature 25i, ..., 254 includes an inner portion 26, an intermediate portion 27 and an outer portion 28. Each inner portion 26 is attached to the moving part 2 substantially in the respective support plane Si, ..., S4, and also provides a connection point 15 for the respective inner SMA wire 4 ₂ , 4 ₄ , 4 ₆ , 4 ₈ . Each intermediate portion 27 is angled/folded to provide an offset of the connected outer portion 28 from the respective support plane Si, ..., S ₄ in a direction away from the primary axis z. Each outer portion 28 provides a connection point for the respective outer SMA wire 4i, 4 ₈ , 4s, 4?.

The integrated connection features 25 may be formed of the same materials and using the same methods as the connection feature 7. If the integrated connection features 25 are made of metal or other conductive materials, then the integrated connection features 25 may be used as a common return for currents in the pair of connected SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , as described hereinbefore.

Although the third actuator 24 has been described as a modification of the first actuator 18, the same principles are applicable to the second actuator 20, or any other SMA actuator utilising SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ which are foreshortened relative to the sides Si, ..., S4 without being centrally positioned on the sides Si, ..., S4. The examples of the first and third actuators 18, 24 have sides Si, ..., S4 forming a square shape, however, similar principle are applicable to sides Si, ..., S4 which, projected onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis form any other regular or irregular quadrilateral such as, for example, a rectangle, a parallelogram, a kite, and so forth. In the general case, a diagonal of the four sides Si, ..., S4 corresponds to a line joining a pair of corners of the four sides which do not have a side in common. In other words, a diagonal connects the first and third corners and another diagonal connected the second and fourth corners (corners as defined hereinbefore), and the crossing points Ci, ..., C4 may be adjusted to align with the intersection 22 of these diagonals.

Offseting connection points to generate additional free volumes Foreshortening the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4s relative to the side Si, ..., S4 lengths h, ..., I4 is not the only approach to generating additional, usable, free volume within the footprint of an SMA actuator.

In general, one or more connection points 15 (for example provided by connection features 7) corresponding to at least one (but not all) of the sides Si, ..., s ₄ may be displaced relative to corresponding connection points 15 of a reference actuator, so as to define an additional volume 29 (Figure 8) relative to that reference actuator.

The known actuator 1 is an example of a suitable reference actuator. In general the reference actuator is the same as the known actuator 1, except that the specific configurations of connection points 15 for the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ may vary from the known actuator 1 whilst providing for the same degrees of freedom of movement of the moving part 2 relative to the static part 3. Additionally, in a suitable reference actuator, the relative positioning of the connection points 15 on the first and third sides Si, S3 substantially correspond, and the relative positioning of the connection points 15 on the second and fourth sides S2, S4 also substantially correspond.

In other words, without specifying displacements relative to a reference actuator, the one or more connection points 15 on one side, for example the first side Si may be offset differently relative to the first side Si (or the corresponding support plane S compared to the offsets of equivalent connection points 15 corresponding to at least one of the other sides S2, S3, S4 relative to that other side S2, S3, S4. Such different relative offset(s) of the one or more connection points on the first side Si may define the additional volume 29 (Figure 8).

A projected area of the additional volume 29 (Figure 8) on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z may be at least partly (and more preferably wholly) within a projected area of the static part 3 on the same plane. In other words, the additional volume 29 (Figure 8) is within lateral footprint/area of the actuator. In other examples, the projected area of the additional volume 29 on a plane perpendicular to the primary axis may be wholly or partly within a projected boundary, on the same plane, of the loop formed by the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ .

For example, referring also to Figures 8A to 8E, a fourth modified actuator 30 (hereinafter the "fourth actuator") is shown.

Figures 8B to 8E have the same geometric relationships to Figure 8A as Figures IB to IE to Figure 1A.

The fourth actuator 30 is the same as the known actuator 1 (in the alternative configuration with the first group of SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ , 4 ₇ configured as the outer wires), except that the connection features 7 _3a , 7 _3b , 7 _4a , 7 _4b on the second side s ₂ and the connection features 7 _7a , 7 _7b , 7 _8a , 7 _8b on the fourth side s ₄ have all been displaced parallel to the primary axis z by an amount <5z. In this way, a first additional volume 29 _a is defined on the second side S2, adjacent to the first post 6 _a and below (relative to the primary axis z) the displaced connection feature 7 _4a . Similarly, a second additional volume 29 _b is defined on the fourth side s ₄ , adjacent to the second post 6 _b and below the displaced connection feature 7 _8a .

The additional volumes 29 _a , 29 _b are free volumes in the sense that the moving part 2 will not intersect them in use, so that the additional volumes 29 _a , 29 _b may be utilised for positioning additional components. The locations of the additional volumes 29 _a , 29 _b next to the posts 6 _a , 6 _b of the static part 3 may be particularly well suited for receiving one or more terminals coupled to the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , and used for making electrical connection to the fourth actuator 30. In this way, the fourth actuator 30 may have reduced lateral size (perpendicular to the primary axis z) compared to the known actuator 1, by fitting more components within the existing area of the static part 3 (in this example over the base 5).

Although illustrated with the connection points 15 (provided by connection features 7) of the second and fourth sides s ₂ , S4 displaced by <5z along the primary axis z relative to the known actuator 1, in alternative configurations (not illustrated), the connection points 15 of any pair of the first to fourth sides Si, ..., S4 may be displaced by <5z along the primary axis z relative to the known actuator 1.

Referring also to Figures 9A to 9E, a fifth modified actuator 31 (hereinafter the "fifth actuator") is shown.

Figures 9B to 9E have the same geometric relationships to Figure 9A as Figures IB to IE to Figure 1A.

The fifth actuator 31 is the same as the fourth actuator 30, except that only the connection features 7 _3a , 7 _3b , 7 _4a , 7 _4b on the second side s ₂ are displaced parallel to the primary axis z by an amount <5z, so that only the first additional volume 29 _a is defined.

Although illustrated with the connection points 15 (provided by connection features 7) of the second side s ₂ displaced by <5z along the primary axis z relative to the known actuator 1, in alternative configurations (not illustrated), the connection points 15 of any one of the first to fourth sides Si, ..., s ₄ may be displaced by <5z along the primary axis z relative to the known actuator 1.

Although the fourth and fifth actuators 30, 31 have been illustrated with the displacements <5z in a positive sense along the primary axis z, in other implementations (not illustrated) the displacements <5z may be made in a negative sense along the primary axis z, so as to define additional volumes 29 _a , 29 _b above the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ . Such additional volumes 29 _a , 29b may be useful for positioning additional components, in the same way as additional volumes 29 _a , 29b defined below the SMA wires 4i, 4s.

Displacements of one or more connection points to define additional volumes 29a, 29b are not limited to offsets along the primary axis z.

Referring also to Figures 10A to 10E, a sixth modified actuator 32 (hereinafter the "sixth actuator") is shown.

Figures 10B to 10E have the same geometric relationships to Figure 10A as Figures IB to IE to Figure 1A.

The sixth actuator 32 is the same as the known actuator 1 (in the alternative configuration with the first group of SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4s, 4? configured as the outer wires), except that the connection points 15 at which the third and fourth wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ are attached to the static part 3 (via the first post 6 _a ) have been displaced perpendicularly away (relative to the primary axis z) from the respective support plane S2 by an amount 6y, in this case parallel to the y-axis as illustrated. In the example shown in Figure 10, this is accomplished by angling/folding the intermediate portions 17 of the connection features 7 _3a , 7 _4a to increase the offset between the respective support portions 16 and connection points 15 by 6y. Alternatively, the shape of the post 6 _a could be modified, or a protrusion (not shown) extending along the y-axis could be added to the post 6 _a .

The connection points 15 at which the third and fourth wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ are attached to the moving part 2 are the same as in the known actuator 1, causing the third and fourth SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ to be inclined relative to the support plane S2. The shape of the loop formed by the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , when viewed from above or otherwise projected onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z, is an irregular quadrilateral.

In this way, a first additional volume 29 _a is defined on the second side S2, between the third and fourth SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ and the first post 6 _a (equivalently, between the third and fourth SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ and the primary axis z). The additional volume 29 _a may be utilised for positioning additional components of the sixth actuator 32 and/or of a device incorporating the sixth actuator 32 (for example a camera). The locations of the additional volume 29 _a next to the post 6 _a of the static part 3 may be particularly well suited for accommodating one or more terminals coupled to the SMA wires 4i, 4s, and used for making electrical connection to the sixth actuator 32. In this way, the sixth actuator 32 may have reduced lateral size (perpendicular to the primary axis z) compared to the known actuator 1, by fitting more components within the existing area of the static part 3 (in this example over the base 5).

The size of the first additional volume 29 _a in the sixth actuator 32 may be further increased by switching the third SMA wire 4 ₃ to be the inner wire and the fourth SMA wire 4 ₄ to be the outer wire in the second side S2-

Although illustrated with one end of each of the SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ of the second side S2 away from the support plane S2 the connection points 15 of any one of the first to fourth sides Si, ..., s ₄ may be displaced analogously. In further configurations (not illustrated), the connection points 15 of any pair of the first to fourth sides Si, ..., s ₄ may be displaced analogously. In some configurations, both ends of each of the SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ may be displaced in a direction perpendicular to the primary axis z (i.e. along the y axis as illustrated in Figure 10A) relative to the reference actuator. In such configurations, each of the SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ are parallel to the x axis.

In the reference actuator, the pair of SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ on each side Si, ..., s ₄ are substantially parallel (e.g. within ± 5 degrees) to each other when projected onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z (i.e. when viewed from above/below). The known actuator 1 satisfies this condition. In the fourth, fifth and sixth actuators 30, 31, 32, the displacements <5z, 5y of the connection points 15 on at least one side Si, ..., s ₄ , relative to the known actuator, have preserved this relationship, such that the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ on each side remain parallel when projected onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z. However, displacements of connection points 15 relative to the reference actuator do not need to maintain this relationship. For example, referring also to Figures 11A to HE, a seventh modified actuator 33 (hereinafter the "seventh actuator") is shown.

Figures 11B to 11E have the same geometric relationships to Figure 11A as Figures IB to IE to Figure 1A.

The seventh actuator 33 is the same as the known actuator 1 (in the alternative configuration with the first group of SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ , 4 ₇ configured as the outer wires), except that the connection features 7 _3a , 74a and 7 _4b on the second side are displaced. In the reference actuator in the form of the alternative configuration of the known actuator 1, the first group of SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4s, 4? provide the outer wires, and the corresponding connection points 15 are offset by a distance perpendicular from the respective support planes Si, ..., S ₄ . The distance A is shown in Figure 11C for connection feature 7i _a , which is providing a connection point 15 not displaced relative to the reference actuator. In the same reference actuator, the second group of SMA wires 4 ₂ , 4 ₄ , 4 ₆ , 4 ₈ provide the outer wires, and the corresponding connection points 15 are disposed substantially on the respective support planes Si, ..., S4.

In the seventh actuator 33, the connection point 15 of the third SMA wire 4 ₃ to the moving part 2, provided by the connection feature 7 _3b , is displaced perpendicularly away from the support plane S2 by an amount 5y=2A , whilst the connection point of the third SMA wire 4 ₃ to the first part 3 (first post 6 _a ), provided by the connection feature 7 _3a , is substantially on the support plane S ₂ . The connection point 15 of the fourth SMA wire 4 ₄ to the moving part 2, provided by the connection feature 7 _4b , is displaced perpendicularly away from the support plane S ₂ by an amount 5y=A, whilst the connection point of the fourth SMA wire 4 ₄ to the static part 3 (first post 6 _a ), provided by the connection feature 7 _4a , is displaced perpendicularly away from the support plane S ₂ by an amount 5y=2A.

In this way, the third and fourth SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ are not parallel when projected onto a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z, and the third and fourth SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ lie close to a plane (also referred to as the 'wire plane') that is angled relative to the primary axis z (and the support plane S ₂ ). In this example, the wire plane is further from the support plane S2 towards the lower end of the actuator (i.e. towards the first part 3). Accordingly, a first additional volume 29 _a is defined between the wire plane and the moving part 2. Put another way, from the top of the actuator 33, the third and fourth SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ are angled away from the primary axis z.

The additional volume 29 _a may be utilised for positioning additional components. The location of the additional volume 29 _a next to the static part 3 may be particularly well suited for receiving, at least partly, one or more terminals coupled to the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ , and used for making electrical connection to the seventh actuator 33. In this way, the seventh actuator 33 may have reduced lateral size (perpendicular to the primary axis z) compared to the known actuator 1, by fitting more components within the existing area of the static part 3 (in this example over the base 5).

Although illustrated with displacements of the SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₄ of the second side S2 compared to the known actuator 1, in alternative configurations (not illustrated), the connection points 15 of any one of the first to fourth sides Si, ..., s ₄ may be displaced analogously. In still further configurations (not illustrated), the connection points 15 of any pair of the first to fourth sides Si, ..., s ₄ may be displaced analogously.

Although illustrated with the displacements 5y having magnitudes equal to an offset A of the outer wires in the known actuator 1, or multiples thereof, this is not essential, and the displacements <5y may have arbitrary magnitude (within practical limits imposed by the overall size of the seventh actuator 33.

The fourth to seventh actuators 30, 31, 32, 33 are examples of SMA actuators in which one or more connection points 15 (for example provided by connection features 7) corresponding to at least one of the sides Si, ..., s ₄ may be displaced relative to corresponding connection points 15 of a reference actuator, so as to define an additional volume 29 relative to that reference actuator. In general, the one or more connection points 15 corresponding to at least one of the sides Si, ..., s ₄ may be displaced by vectors (<5x, 6y, 5z). In other words, combinations of the types of displacement illustrated by the fourth to seventh actuators 30, 31, 32, 33 are possible. The connection points 15 on up to three of the sides Si, ..., S4 may be displaced relative to the reference actuator, in order to define a first volume 29 _a , optionally a second volume 29b and, in further examples (not illustrated), a third additional volume and so forth.

Improved fabrication methods for SMA actuators

As described hereinbefore, the connection features 7 of the known actuator 1 are generally provided by at least two types of coupons - a first type for the first and third sides Si, S3, and a second type for the second and fourth sides S2, S4. This is because the two configurations of connection features 7 are mirror images of each other and hence cannot be brought into coincidence with one another by rotations or translations.

Using two distinct types of coupons adds to the manufacturing complexity of producing the known actuator 1. Additionally, working with two types of coupons may make it harder to minimise variations in SMA wire diameters and/or compositions within an actuator. SMA wires may be drawn or otherwise produced, however, nearly all wire drawing/extrusion techniques result in a degree of variability along the length of the wire. Variances could lead to imbalances in SMA movements. Variability may be reduced if an SMA actuator could be assembled using lengths of SMA wire which were contiguous in an original spool to form the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4s.

Referring also to Figures 12A and 12B, an improved method for forming coupons supporting connection features 7 and SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ is described which may provide reduced variability in SMA wire properties within an SMA actuator. In some implementations, the method may also facilitate using identical coupons to assemble an actuator.

Referring in particular to Figure 12A, a plan view of a first etched sheet 34 is shown.

The first etched sheet 34 is formed by etching a sheet of metal, for example, a steel sheet. The first etched sheet 34 includes a support 35 extending along a length of the first etched sheet 34 (parallel to the y-axis as shown). A number of first sets 36 of planar features and second sets 37 of planar features extend from, and are supported by, the support 35. The first and second sets 36, 37 alternate along the length of the support 35.

The first set 36 of planar features includes first and second support portions 38i, 382. The first and second support portions 38i, 382 are connected to the support 35 by pairs of sprues 39. The first support portion 38i is closer to the support 35 (along the x-axis as illustrated). A pair of first extensions 40i, 4O2 extend from the first support portion 38i back towards the support 35 (in the positive x- direction as illustrated), and are separated by a waist portion 41 formed in the first support portion 38i by a notch 42. The support 35 includes a corresponding notch 42 (at a corresponding position along the y-axis as illustrated). A pair of second extensions 43i, 432 extend from the second support portion 382 away from the support 35 (opposite to the first extensions 40i, 4O2, in the negative x- direction as illustrated), and are separated by a waist portion 41 formed in the second support portion 382 by a notch 42. The waist portions 41 of the first and second support portions 38i, 382 are aligned (along the y-axis as illustrated). The first extensions 40i, 402 are longer than the second extensions 43i, 432.

The second set 37 of planar features is the same as the first set, except that the respective first extensions 40i, 40 ₂ extend from the second support portion 38 ₂ in a direction away from the support 35, whilst the second extensions 43i, 432 extend from the first support portion 38i back towards the support 35. In other words, between the first and second sets 36, 37, the positions of first and second extensions 40, 43 are mirrored about a point midway between the support portions 38i, 382.

Referring in particular to Figure 12B, a plan view of a first frame 44 is shown.

The first frame 44 is formed by bending the first etched sheet 34 as follows. The first etched sheet 34 is planar in a support plane S (corresponding to the plane of Figure 12). Each first extension 40i, 402 is bent along three lines (dashed in Figure 12A) which separate, in order, the respective support portion 38i or 382, an intermediate portion 45, a connection portion 46 and a fold-over portion 47. Each first extension 40i, 402 is folded as the first fold (dashed) line so that the respective intermediate portion 45 is inclined above the support plane S at an angle 6. At the other end of the intermediate portion 45, at the second fold line, the first extension 40i, 402 is folded back by an angle -6, such that the respective connection portion 46 is parallel to the support plane S, but offset above it (in the positive z-direction as illustrated). Finally, the fold-over portion 37 is bent back in a U-shape to lie over the respective connection portion 46. A gap for receiving an SMA wire 4 is left between the connection portion 46 and the fold-over portion 37.

Each second extension 43i, 432 is bent along a single fold (dashed) line separating a connection portion 48 from a fold-over portion 49. The fold-over portion 49 is bent back in a U-shape to lie over the respective connection portion 48 of each second extension 44s, 432. A gap for receiving an SMA wire 4 is left between the connection portion 48 and the fold-over portion 49.

In this way, the first frame 44 supports a number of first 50 and second 51 connection features arranged (when projected onto the x-y plane) in a pattern along a first line 52, and a number of third 53 and fourth 54 connection features arranged (when projected onto the x-y plane) in a pattern along a second line 55 parallel to the first line 52. Each first connection feature 50 includes first and second sub-features 56i, 562 formed from corresponding first extensions 40i, 4O2 of one of the first sets 36. Each second connection feature 51 includes first and second sub-features 57i, 572 formed from corresponding second extensions 43i, 432 of one of the second sets 37.

Similarly, each third connection feature 53 includes first and second sub-features 58i, 582 formed from corresponding second extensions 43i, 432 of one of the first sets 36, and each fourth connection feature 54 includes first and second sub-features 59i, 592 formed from corresponding first extensions 40i, 402 of one of the second sets 37.

In this way, the first and fourth connection features 50, 54 are offset above the support plane S, whilst the second and third connection features 51, 53 remain substantially within the support plane S (the fold-over portions 47, 49 being slightly above the support plane S). A first length of shape memory alloy, SMA, wire 60 is attached to each of the first and fourth connection features 50, 54, such that the first and fourth connection features 50, 54 alternate along the first length of SMA wire 60. Similarly, a second length of SMA wire 61 is attached to each of the second and third connection features 51, 53 such that the third and second connection features 51, 53 alternate along the second length of SMA wire 61.

When projected onto the x-y plane, the first and second lengths of SMA wire 60, 61 will cross at crossing points C spaced along a mid-line 62 equidistant between the first and second lines 52, 55.

In this example, the first and fourth connection features 50, 54 are offset above the support plane S relative to the second and third connection features 51, 53, so in practice it is easier to connect the second length of SMA wire 61 first. The second length of SMA wire 60 is received between the connection portions 48 and fold-over portions 49 of the second and third connection features 51, 53, followed by crimping to press respective connection portions 48 and fold-over portions 49 together to secure the second length of SMA wire 61. Subsequently, the first length of SMA wire 60 is received between the connection portions 46 and fold-over portions 47 of the first and fourth connection features 50, 54, followed by crimping to press respective connection portions 46 and fold-over portions 47 together to secure the first length of SMA wire 60.

The frame 44 is then cut to form a number of coupons, each coupon supporting (or equivalently including) at least part of each of the first to fourth connection features 50, 51, 53, 54. Coupons which were adjacent in the frame 44 may be used to assemble SMA actuators, minimising any variability in diameter, composition and so forth between sections of the lengths of SMA wire 60, 61 which form the wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ in an actuator.

The frame 44 may be cut to form coupons at some, or all, of the cut/fold lines 63i, ..., 63 ₈ illustrated in Figure 12B. Each cut/fold line 63 coincides with the notches 42 and waists of the support portions 38i, 382 (and also notches 42 in the support 35), which facilitates cutting the frame 44, or in some examples, folding the frame 44, at the cut/fold lines 63. When cutting along cut/fold lines 63, the lengths of SMA wire 60, 61 are also cut (e.g. before cutting the frame 44). When folding along cut/fold lines 63, the lengths of SMA wire 60, 61 may be cut (e.g. before folding the frame 44), but this is not essential.

Referring again to Figure 1, coupons for fabricating the known actuator 1 may be obtained by cutting a first coupon between lines 632 and 63s corresponding to the first side Si, a second coupon between lines 63 ₃ and 63 ₄ corresponding to the second side S2, a third coupon between lines 63 ₄ and 63s corresponding to the third side s ₃ , and a fourth coupon between lines 63 ₅ and 63 ₆ corresponding to the fourth side s ₄ . The first to fourth coupons defined in this way are then attached to the static 3 and moving 2 parts, with the supports 35 orientated at the bottom (relative to the primary axis z).

For example, in the first coupon cut between lines 632 and 63 ₃ , the sub-feature 5ei provides the connection feature 7 _2a , the sub-feature 592 provides the connection feature 72b and the connected section of second length of SMA wire 60 provides the second wire 4 ₂ . Similarly, the sub-feature 58i provides the connection feature 7 _ia , the sub-feature 57 ₂ provides the connection feature 7 _ib and the connected section of the second length of SMA wire 61 provides the first wire 4i. Similar mappings exist between the second to fourth coupons and the second to fourth sides S2, s ₃ , S4 of the known actuator 1.

Once all of the connection features 7 are secured to the static 3 or moving 2 part as required, the sprues 39 are severed to detach the sections of the support 35 included in each of the coupons. The sprues 39 may be severed close to the support 35, leaving sections of the sprues 39 extending down towards the bottom of the known actuator 1, which may be utilised for making electrical connections to the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4s.

In this way, fabrication of the known actuator 1 may be simplified, by allowing forming of the connection features 7 and attachment (in this example by crimping) of the SMA wires in a single process prior to assembly. As mentioned hereinbefore, using sequential coupons may also help to reduce variability in the properties of the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ . However, even if sequential coupons are not used, the process of producing the two types of coupons needed for the known actuator may nonetheless be simplified using this method.

The alternative configuration of the known actuator 1, in which the first group of SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4s, 4? are configured as the outer wires, can also be fabricated using the method. In this case, by cutting a first coupon between lines 63i and

63 ₂ corresponding to the first side Si, a second coupon between lines 63 ₂ and

63 ₃ corresponding to the second side s ₂ , a third coupon between lines 63 ₃ and

634 corresponding to the third side s ₃ , and a fourth coupon between lines 634 and 63 ₅ corresponding to the fourth side s ₄ . In effect, by shifting along by one cut/fold line 63 (in either direction along the support 35) relative to the coupons for the known actuator 1 as illustrated in Figure 1.

In a modification of the method and the known actuator 1, a pair of identical coupons can be produced by cutting a first coupon between lines 63 ₂ and 634 corresponding to the first and fourth sides Si, s ₄ , and cutting a second coupon between lines 634 and 63e corresponding to the third and second sides s ₃ , s ₂ . The first coupon defined this way is folded through 90 degrees about the cut/fold line 63 ₃ , and then attached to the static 3 and moving 2 parts on the first and fourth sides Si, s ₄ with the supports 35 orientated at the bottom (relative to the primary axis z). This direction of wrapping is needed because the first and fourth connection features 50, 54 of the frame 44 are offset in the positive z direction above the support plane S - if the offset were instead in the negative direction below the support plane S, then the first coupon could instead be wrapped from the first side Si round to the second side s ₂ . The notches 42 and waists 41 assist in folding the coupon in the correct location. Similarly, the second coupon defined this way is folded through 90 degrees about the cut/fold line 63s, and then attached to the static 3 and moving 2 parts on the third and second sides s ₃ , s ₂ with the supports 35 orientated at the bottom (relative to the primary axis z).

For example, in the first coupon cut between lines 63 ₂ and 634, the sub-feature 58i provides the connection feature 7i _a , the sub-feature 58 ₂ provides the connection feature 7 _7a , and the second length of SMA wire 61 provides the first and seventh SMA wires 4i, 4 ₇ . The connection features 7ib and 7 ₇ b are replaced by the second connection feature 51, with the second sub-feature 57 ₂ in place of the connection feature 7i _b and the first sub-feature 57i replacing the connection feature 7 _7b . The waist portion 41 of the second connection feature 51 is folded around the fourth corner between the fourth and first sides S4, Si (connection features folded around a corner are illustration in Figure 13). Due to the waist portion, the first and seventh wires 4i, 4? are generally (e.g. unless somehow insulated from the second connection feature 51) electrically connected to one another, so the shared connection feature 51 can be used as a common return path to allow independent control of drive currents in the first and seventh wires 4i, 4 ₇ (as described hereinbefore). This is advantageous as the number of electrical connections which need to be made to the moving part 3 can be reduced.

Similarly, in the first coupon cut between lines 63 ₂ and 634, the sub-feature 56i provides the connection feature 7 _2a , the sub-feature 56 ₂ provides the connection feature 7 _8a , and the first length of SMA wire 60 provides the second and eighth SMA wires 4 ₂ , 4 ₈ . The connection features 7 _2b and 7 _8b are replaced by the fourth connection feature 54, with the second sub-feature 59 ₂ in place of the connection feature 7 _2b and the first sub-feature 59i replacing the connection feature 7 _8b . The waist portion 41 of the fourth connection feature 54 is folded around the fourth corner between the fourth and first sides S4, Si (connection features folded around a corner are illustration in Figure 13).

Similar mappings exist between the second coupon cut between the lines 634 and 63e and the third and second sides Sj, s ₂ of the known actuator 1.

Once all of the connection features 7 are secured to the static 3 or moving 2 part as required, the sprues 39 are severed to detach the sections of the support 35 included in both of the coupons. The sprues 39 may be severed close to the support 35, leaving sections of the sprues 39 extending down towards the bottom of the known actuator 1, which may be utilised for making electrical connections to the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ . Only one section of sprue need be maintained for the connection features 51, 54 folded about the corners. In this way, an SMA actuator may be fabricated which is identical to the known actuator 1, except that a pair of identical coupons may be used and that the connection features are folded around the posts right-angled corners of the moving part 2. In this way, manufacturing complexity may be reduced.

In both the method of making the known actuator 1 using four coupons cut from the frame 44, and the modified method using two coupons which fold around an adjacent sides Si, ..., s ₄ , the SMA wires 4 ₂ , 4 ₄ , 4 ₆ , 4 ₈ of the second group (pulling the moving part 2 in the negative z-direction) correspond to the first length of SMA wire 60, whilst SMA wires 4i, 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ , 4 ₇ of the first group (pulling the moving part 2 in the positive z-direction) correspond to the second length of SMA wire 61. This may reduce the effects of any variability within these groups, however, variability between the first and second lengths of SMA wire 60, 61 may cause an imbalance in the motions of the moving part 2 along the primary axis z. This possibility may be mitigated by cutting out coupons such that half the wires in each of the first and second groups are provided by the first length of SMA wire 60, whilst the other half are provided by the second length of SMA wire 61.

For example, referring also to Figures 13A to 13E, an eighth modified actuator 64 (hereinafter the "eighth actuator") is shown.

Figures 13B to 13E have the same geometric relationships to Figure 13A as Figures IB to IE to Figure 1A.

The eighth actuator 64 is formed using the improved method, using a first coupon cut between lines 63i and 63 ₃ corresponding to the first and fourth sides Si, s ₄ , and cutting a second coupon between lines 63 ₄ and 63 ₆ corresponding to the third and second sides s ₃ , s ₂ . In other words, the section of frame between cut/fold lines 63 ₃ and 63 ₄ is omitted or discarded.

The first coupon defined this way is folded through 90 degrees about the cut/fold line 63 ₂ , and then attached to the static 3 and moving 2 parts on the first and fourth sides Si, s ₄ with the supports 35 orientated at the bottom (relative to the primary axis z). This direction of wrapping is needed because the first and fourth connection features 50, 54 of the frame 44 are offset in the positive z direction above the support plane S - if the offset were instead in the negative direction below the support plane S, then the first coupon could instead be wrapped from the first side Si round to the second side s ₂ . The notches 42 and waists 41 assist in folding the coupon in the correct location. Similarly, the second coupon defined this way is folded through 90 degrees about the cut/fold line 63s, and then attached to the static 3 and moving 2 parts on the third and second sides s ₃ , s ₂ with the supports 35 orientated at the bottom (relative to the primary axis z).

For example, in the first coupon cut between lines 63i and 63s, the sub-features 59i, 56 ₂ , 56i and 59 ₂ respectively provide the connection features 7i _a , 7i _b , 7 _7b and 77a, and the first length of SMA wire 60 provides the first and seventh SMA wires 4i, 4 ₇ . Sub-features 56i and 56 ₂ remain connected by the corresponding first support portion 38i, which is folded around the fourth corner between the fourth and first sides S4, Si. Similarly, in the first coupon cut between lines 63i and 633, the sub-features 57i, 58 ₂ , 58i and 57 ₂ respectively provide the connection features 7 _2a , 7 _2b , 7 _8b and 7 _8a , and the second length of SMA wire 61 provides the second and eighth SMA wires 4 ₂ , 4 ₈ . Sub-features 58i and 58 ₂ remain connected by the corresponding first support portion 38 ₂ , which is folded around the fourth corner between the fourth and first sides S4, Si.

In the second coupon cut between lines 634 and 63e, the sub-features 58i, 57 ₂ , 55i and 58 ₂ respectively provide the connection features 7 _5a , 7 _5b , 7 _3b and 7 _3a , and the second length of SMA wire 61 provides the third and fifth SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ . Sub-features 57i and 57 ₂ remain connected by the corresponding first support portion 38i, which is folded around the second corner between the third and second sides s ₃ , s ₂ . Similarly, in the second coupon cut between lines 63 ₄ and 63e, the sub-features 56i, 59 ₂ , 59i and 59 ₂ respectively provide the connection features 7 _6a , 7 _6b , 7 _4b and 7 _4a , and the first length of SMA wire 60 provides the fourth and sixth SMA wires 4 ₄ , 4&. Sub-features 58i and 58 ₂ remain connected by the corresponding first support portion 38 ₂ , which is folded around the fourth corner between the fourth and first sides s ₄ , Si. SMA wires 4i and 4 ₇ are electrically connected by the support portion 38i around the fourth corner, and the shared connection feature can be used as a common return path to allow independent control of drive currents in the first and seventh SMA wires 4i, 4? (as described hereinbefore). This is advantageous as the number of electrical connections which need to be made to the moving part 3 can be reduced. Similar connections can be used for the pairings of second and eight SMA wires 4 ₂ , 4s, third and fifth SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4s, and fourth and sixth SMA wires 4 ₄ , 4 ₆ .

Once all of the connection features 7 are secured to the static 3 or moving 2 part as required, the sprues 39 are severed to detach the sections of the support 35 included in both of the coupons. The sprues 39 may be severed close to the support 35, leaving sections of the sprues 39 extending down towards the bottom of the known actuator 1, which may be utilised for making electrical connections to the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4s. Only one section of sprue need be maintained for the connection features folded about the corners.

In the eighth actuator 64, the first group of SMA wires includes two SMA wires 4i, 4 ₇ corresponding to the first length of SMA wire 60, and two SMA wires 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ corresponding to the second length of SMA wire 61. Similarly, the second group of SMA wires includes two SMA wires 4 ₂ , 4 ₈ corresponding to the second length of SMA wire 61 and two SMA wires 4 ₄ , 4& corresponding to the first length of SMA wire 60.

In this way, it may be possible to reduce the impact on vertical (along the primary axis z) movements of the moving part 2 resulting from any variability between the first length of SMA wire 60 and the second length of SMA wire 61.

Although the illustrated frame 44 includes four each of the first, second, third and fourth connection features 50, 51, 53, 54, in general the frame 44 may be of any length it is practical to fabricate, and hence may be longer or shorter and may correspondingly include more or fewer cut/fold lines 63.

Although in these examples the first length of SMA wire 60 is crimped to the first and fourth connection features 50, 54 and the second length of SMA wire 61 is crimped to the second and third connection features 51, 53, in other examples the fold-over portions 47, 49 may be omitted, and the lengths of SMA wire 60, 61 may be connected to the connection features 50, 51, 53, 54 by welding, adhesives, or in any other suitable way.

The specific shapes of the connection features 50, 51, 53, 54 may vary from those shown in Figures 12A and 12B. However, if a coupon is to be folded, then connection features of that coupon are preferably configured to facilitate folding, for example by including notches 42 and waists 41, or equivalent features providing a line of relative weakness against folding deformations.

Although the specific shapes of the connection features 50, 51, 53, 54 may vary from those shown in Figures 12A and 12B, there are features of the geometry which are common to any possible alternative to the frame 44.

In particular, in SMA actuators as described herein, each side Si, ..., s ₄ has an inner SMA wire substantially on or close to the respective support plane Si, ..., S ₄ , for example in the eighth actuator 64 the inner wires are (moving clockwise about the primary axis z) 4 ₂ , 4 ₃ , 4 ₅ , and 4 ₈ . Similarly, each side Si, s ₄ has an outer SMA wire which is offset from the respective support plane Si, ..., S ₄ in a direction away from the primary axis z of the actuator, for example in the eighth actuator 64 the outer wires are (moving clockwise about the primary axis z) 4i, 4 ₄ , 4 ₆ , and 4 ₇ .

Additionally, when moving clockwise about the primary axis z, and viewing each side Si, ..., s ₄ along a radial direction perpendicular to the primary axis z and that side Si, ..., s ₄ , the corresponding pair of SMA wires adopt either:

1. A first wire configuration, herein "WA", in which the inner SMA wire slopes upwards in a direction tangential to the loop (clockwise about the primary axis z) whilst the outer SMA wire slopes downwards; or

2. A second wire configuration, herein "WB", in which the inner SMA wire slopes downwards in the direction tangential to the loop whilst the outer SMA wire slopes upwards. For example, the first side Si of the known actuator 1 has wire configuration WB, the second side S2 has wire configuration WA, the third side S3 has wire configuration WB, and the fourth side S4 has wire configuration WA. In other words, in the known actuator 1, each side Si, ..., S4 has a different wire configuration to both adjacent sides Si, ..., S4.

When coupons for making SMA actuators are formed using the method described herein, namely by cutting the coupons out from frames in which first 50 and second 51 connection features are arranged (when projected onto the x-y plane) in a pattern along a first line 52, and third 53 and fourth 54 connection features are arranged (when projected onto the x-y plane) in a pattern along a second line 55 parallel to the first line 52, it is apparent that the wire configurations alternate between WA and WB along the length.

Thus, an SMA actuator formed according to the method described herein will have an SMA wire 4i, ..., 4s configuration substantially corresponding to the known actuator 1 if the coupons are cut out in the pattern WA-WB-WA-WB (or equivalent cyclic patterns starting at a different corner).

However, if coupons are cut out such that each side Si, ..., s ₄ has the same configuration of the first and second wire configurations WA, WB as at least one adjacent side Si, ..., S4, the resulting configuration of SMA wires 4i, ..., 4 ₈ does not map to the known actuator 1 (or its alternative configuration). The eighth actuator 64 is an example of one such configuration, having the pattern WA-WB- WB-WA (or equivalent cyclic patterns starting at a different corner).

There is a further pattern possible in which all of the sides Si, ..., S4 have the same wire configuration, all WA or all WB.

For example, referring also Figures 14A to 15E, a ninth modified actuator 65 (hereinafter the "ninth actuator") is illustrated in which all of the sides Si, ..., S4 have the first wire configuration WA. Referring in particular to Figure 14A, a plan view of a second etched sheet 66 is shown.

The second etched sheet 66 is the same as the first etched sheet 44, except that only one extension 40, 43 extends from each support portion 38i, 382, and the support portions 381, 382 and support 35 include no notches 42. Additionally, the first and second sets 36, 37 of planar features are not evenly spaced along the length of the support 35. Moving along the support 35 parallel to the positive y-axis as illustrated, each first set 36 is separated from the next second set 37 by a relatively short distance, whereas each second set 37 is separated from the next first set 36 by a relatively short distance.

Referring in particular to Figure 14B, a plan view of a second frame 67 is shown.

The second frame 67 is formed from the second etched sheet 66 by bending each extension 40, 43 in the same way described for forming the first frame 44 from the first etched sheet 34. Similarly to the first frame 44, the first and fourth connection features 50, 54 are offset above the support plane S, whilst the second and third connection features 51, 53 remain substantially within the support plane S (the fold-over portions 47, 49 being slightly above the support plane S).

In this way, the second frame 67 supports a number of first 50 and second 51 connection features arranged (when projected onto the x-y plane) in a pattern along the first line 52, and a number of third 53 and fourth 54 connection features arranged (when projected onto the x-y plane) in a pattern along the second line 55 parallel to the first line 52.

In the same way as for the first frame 44, a first length of shape memory alloy, SMA, wire 60 is attached to each of the first and fourth connection features 50, 54, such that the first and fourth connection features 50, 54 alternate along the first length of SMA wire 60. Similarly, a second length of SMA wire 61 is attached to each of the second and third connection features 51, 53 such that the third and second connection features 51, 53 alternate along the second length of SMA wire 61. When projected onto the x-y plane, the first and second lengths of SMA wire 60, 61 will cross at crossing points C spaced along a mid-line 62 equidistant between the first and second lines 52, 55. This is not essential, and in other examples the connection features 50, 51, 53, 54 may be configured such that crossing points C are offset from the mid-line 62.

The second frame 67 is then cut to form a number of identical coupons, by cutting along each of the indicated cut lines 60. As hereinbefore, each coupon supports (or equivalently includes) at least one each of the first to fourth connection features 50, 51, 53, 54. Coupons which were adjacent in the second frame 67 may be used to assemble the ninth SMA actuator 65, minimising any variability in diameter, composition and so forth between sections of the lengths of SMA wire 60, 61 which form the wires 4i, ..., 4s in the ninth SMA actuator 65.

Four identical coupons defined in this way (preferably sequential along the support 35) are then attached to the static 3 and moving 2 parts, with the supports 35 orientated at the bottom (relative to the primary axis z). Once all of the connection features 7 are secured to the static 3 or moving 2 part as required, the sprues 39 are severed to detach the sections of the support 35 included in each of the coupons. The sprues 39 may be severed close to the support 35, leaving sections of the sprues 39 extending down towards the bottom of the known actuator 1, which may be utilised for making electrical connections to the SMA wires 4i, ..., 4s.

Referring in particular to Figures 15A to 15E, the resulting ninth actuator 65 is shown. Figures 15B to 15E have the same geometric relationships to Figure 15A as Figures IB to IE to Figure 1A.

In some embodiments, each of two SMA wires on a first side of the primary axis may be angled differently to each other. With reference to Figure 16, an angle between a first SMA wire 4i and a plane 100 perpendicular to the primary axis (i.e. the x-y plane) is different to an angle between a second SMA wire 42 and the plane 100. In this way, an asymmetry in e.g. the gearing (the ratio of the distance moved by the moving part 2 in a certain direction to the change in length of the SMA wire 4) can be introduced, which may be advantageous in certain applications. This configuration may also be applied to any of the embodiments disclosed herein.

It will be appreciated that there may be many other variations of the abovedescribed embodiments.

Any of the first to ninth actuators 18, 20, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 64, 65 may be incorporated into a camera module 8, in the same way as the known actuator 1. Any of the first to ninth actuators 18, 20, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 64, 65 may be used to implement an autofocus function and/or an optical image stabilisation function. Any of the first to ninth actuators 18, 20, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 64, 65 may be incorporated into any type of assembly that comprises a moving ('second') part which is movable with respect to a static ('first') part.

The above-described SMA actuator assemblies comprise an SMA wire. The term 'shape memory alloy (SMA) wire' may refer to any element comprising SMA. The SMA wire may have any shape that is suitable for the purposes described herein. The SMA wire may be elongate and may have a round cross section or any other shape cross section. The cross section may vary along the length of the SMA wire. It is also possible that the length of the SMA wire (however defined) may be similar to one or more of its other dimensions. The SMA wire may be pliant or, in other words, flexible. In some examples, when connected in a straight line between two elements, the SMA wire can apply only a tensile force which urges the two elements together. In other examples, the SMA wire may be bent around an element and can apply a force to the element as the SMA wire tends to straighten under tension. The SMA wire may be beam-like or rigid and may be able to apply different (e.g. non-tensile) forces to elements. The SMA wire may or may not include material(s) and/or component(s) that are not SMA. For example, the SMA wire may comprise a core of SMA and a coating of non-SMA material. Unless the context requires otherwise, the term 'SMA wire' may refer to any configuration of SMA wire acting as a single actuating element which, for example, can be individually controlled to produce a force on an element. For example, the SMA wire may comprise two or more portions of SMA wire that are arranged mechanically in parallel and/or in series. In some arrangements, the SMA wire may be part of a larger piece of SMA wire. Such a larger piece of SMA wire might comprise two or more parts that are individually controllable, thereby forming two or more SMA wires.

Specific example of an actuator

Understanding of the example described hereinbefore may be improved by a non-limiting example of some specific dimensions and angles for an actuator.

In particular, an implementation of the first actuator may be configured such that:

• Each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4s makes an angle of 14 degrees to a plane perpendicular to the primary axis z (i.e. to the x-y plane);

• The side Si, ..., S4 form a substantially square shape, with side lengths h = I2 = I3 = I4 = 15 mm.

• The distance perpendicular to the primary axis z for each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ is 12 mm. In this way, the component of each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ extending perpendicular to the primary axis z is 80%.

• The distance parallel to the primary axis z for each SMA wire 4i, ..., 4 ₈ is 3 mm.