CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This Patent Cooperation Treaty patent application claims priority to U.S.

Provisional Application No. 62/523,660, filed June 22, 2017, and titled "Adapters for Band- Pass Filters," the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Adapter embodiments herein are used to support and position band-pass filters in various fluids, including within tubing lines for flowing fluids and various oil and water related vessels or tanks.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Crude oil is a major fuel source, and is involved in the production of many synthetic materials, such as plastics. Crude oil is a liquid composed of a range of hydrocarbon and organic constituents, including paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, asphaltics, resins, metallics, and other like materials. Oil production is often performed under harsh subsurface and surface environmental conditions, including extreme heat, extreme cold, elevated pressures, conditions that favor mechanical failure, corrosion, and the like.

[0004] Crude oil production typically relies on pumping oil from deep underground reservoirs to the surface via various production equipment and pipeline. Once recovered, oil at the production facility is often treated in a vertical or horizontal separator used to remove free water and gases from the recovered oil. Various equipment has been developed to enhance the recovery of oil from oil wells and recovery facilities, and one of particular interest herein is termed a band-pass filter. Band-pass filters transmit spectral energy patterns from passive energy sources into oil or oil and water emulsions, in order to facilitate oil recovery. However, regardless of band-pass filter utility during oil production, the filters are subject to damage and product failure, particularly under the fluid-based environments required for oil recovery.

[0005] Tools and other materials, like band-pass filters, useful in the removal of oil from underground reservoirs are typically located within the well piping or recovery tanks. Locating and positioning these tools can be problematic based on the mechanical and environmental stress the filters are under. In addition, band-pass filters have recently been found to have utility in other contexts, for example, in vertical or horizontal separators used to remove free water and gases from the recovered oil (Free Water Knockout) and other water tank utilities. The composition and positioning of band-pass filters may necessitate adapters to improve the utility, durability and reliability of band-pass filters.

[0006] In light of this backdrop, the present disclosure has been developed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] Fig. 1 A is an illustrative schematic of a band-pass filter positioned downhole in an oil well.

[0008] Fig. 1 B is a cross-section along line 1 -1 ' of Fig. 1 A.

[0009] Fig. 2 is an illustrative energy landscape showing the local minima for two polymorphs of a nanoaggregate.

[0010] Fig. 3 is a flow diagram of one illustrative method for use of an adapter-bandpass filter at an oil production facility in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0011 ] Fig. 4 is an alternative flow diagram of an illustrative method for use of an adapter-band-pass filter at an oil production facility in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0012] Fig. 5 is an illustrative schematic of an adapter-band-pass filter placement in a vertical flowing well with standard packer completion in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0013] Fig. 6 is an illustrative schematic of an adapter-band-pass filter placement in a pumping well in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0014] Fig. 7 is an illustrative schematic of an adapter-band-pass filter placement in another pumping well in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0015] Fig. 8 is an illustrative schematic of an adapter-band-pass filter placement in a horizontal or deviated pumping well in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0016] Fig. 9 shows a schematic of an adapter in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0017] Fig. 10 shows a schematic of an adapter, with particular detail of a cage configuration, in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0018] Fig. 1 1 shows a schematic of an adapter-band-pass filter assembly in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0019] Figs. 12A, 12B, and 12C show schematics of an adapter for integrating a solid band-pass filter into a pipe in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0020] Fig. 13 is an illustrative method for integrating the adapter-band-pass filter of

Figs. 12A, 12B, and 12C into a thru nipple or pipe in accordance with embodiments herein. [0021] Fig. 14 is an adapter-band-pass filter for converting a standardized casing pup joint to a band-pass filter casing pup joint in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0022] Figs. 15A and 15B show a schematic of a blind flange modified adapter-bandpass filter in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0023] Fig. 16 shows a schematic of an eyelet adapter-band-pass filter in

accordance with embodiments herein.

[0024] Fig. 17 shows a schematic of a band-pass filter tank tool in accordance with embodiments herein.

[0025] Figs. 18A and 18B show an illustrative adapter-band-pass filter with dimensions for use with a tubing pump.

[0026] Fig. 19 is a schematic of an alternative eyelet adapter-band-pass filter in accordance with embodiments herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0027] Embodiments in accordance with the disclosure include adapters for placing band-pass filters in tubing of various well holes, i.e., vertical, pumping, plunger lift, horizontal, and the like. Adapters provide the strength and capacity to allow various band-pass filters to be positioned in wells for enhanced utility. In one embodiment, a top adapter and a bottom adapter bracket a band-pass filter and allow the band-pass filter to be positioned within the flow of fluid during recovery. For purposes of this disclosure, the term "well" or "wells" refers to oil wells, water wells, or any other well that necessitates the use of a band-pass filter.

[0028] Embodiments in accordance with the disclosure include one or more adapters useful in positioning and/or integrating a band-pass filter in tubing of a well hole. More particularly, embodiments herein can include a top adapter and a bottom adapter useful in positioning and/or integrating a band-pass filter in a well hole. The top and bottom adapters are composed of highly durable and adequately strong materials that allow the less durable band-pass filter to withstand the movement, pressure, and temperature of recovered fluids. The adapters are connected to the band-pass filter such that the forces acting on the bandpass filter are distributed through the adapters. The force distribution lowers the potential for band-pass filter failure while positioned in the well hole, and allows for more precise and consistent positioning of the band-pass filter within a well hole. Adapters also limit corrosion and are therefore less likely to form weaknesses as related to a band-pass filter.

[0029] One embodiment herein is an adapter-integrated band-pass filter having an adapter with a first end and a second end, and a band-pass filter with a first end and a second end. The second end of the adapter is configured to engage and form a seal with the first end of the band-pass filter. The first end of the adapter is available for capturing a tubing component of the well.

[0030] In certain aspects of the adapter-integrated band-pass filter, the adapter above is a first adapter, and a second adapter is present having a first end and a second end. The first end of the second adapter is configured to engage and form a seal with the second end of the band-pass filter, while the second end of the second adapter is available for capturing a tubing component of the well.

[0031] In one embodiment, a band-pass filter itself in accordance with the disclosure herein is composed of aluminum, at least one transition metal, at least one element selected from Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra or a combination thereof, and at least one non-metal. In some aspects, the non-metal is present at about 7 weight percent of the total weight of the alloy. In another embodiment, the band-pass filter is composed of an alloy formed of 80 - 95% aluminum by weight, and 5 - 20% of a combination of one or more of Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ti, Pb, and Sn (by weight). The band-pass filter is operatively attached to a top adapter and a bottom adapter for integration into a well. Operative connections can be through threaded engagements, frictional seals, and other means that allow for seals between each adapter and a top and bottom end of the band-pass filter.

[0032] In another embodiment, a spectral energy pattern is created by filtering electromagnetic radiation through one or more adapter positioned band-pass filters and into oil within a pipeline. In typical aspects, the one or more adapter-connected band-pass filters is placed at one or more positions within a pipeline of a well.

[0033] In another embodiment, a method for positioning a band-pass filter in a well is provided. An adapter is connected to a band-pass filter to form an adapter-integrated bandpass filter and the adapter-integrated band-pass filter is operatively connected to a tubing component of the well.

[0034] In still another embodiment, a kit for liquid recovery from a well is described.

The kit can include one or more band-pass filter adapters, a band-pass filter, and

instructions on how to connect the band-pass filter to the one or more adapters, and how to connect the adapter-connected band-pass filter to piping within the well hole. In some cases, the well is for oil recovery, and in other cases, the well is for water recovery.

[0035] In yet still other embodiments, an adapter for positioning a band-pass filter in a pipe is described. An upstream adapter secures the band-pass filter within the pipe, while a downstream adapter positions the band-pass filter away from the pipe surface such that the band-pass filter is operatively positioned inside the pipe and between the upstream and downstream adapters. The upstream adapter has at least two extensions to contact an inner surface or diameter of the pipe. Two or more extensions from an inside surface of the pipe contact the downstream adapter to ensure that the entire band-pass filter is maintained in the lumen of the pipe. Fluid is able to flow through the pipe and around the upstream adapter, band-pass filter, and downstream adapter. In some aspects, the at least two extensions off of the upstream adapter and inside surface of the pipe are plates configured to keep the band-pass filter roughly centered within the lumen of the pipe. However, any shape extension having the capacity to avoid failure in the flowing fluid and allowing the fluid to flow over the band-pass filter can be used.

[0036] Other embodiments herein include an adapter for positioning a band-pass filter in a tank or vessel. The adapter can include a blind flange, a coupler, and a connector, such that the connector links the band-pass filter to the coupler and blind flange. One or more, two or more, or three or more adapters can be adhered to a blind flange. Other adapters are described herein for use with eyelet attachments and for direct integration into well casings as well.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] Embodiments herein generally relate to adapters for positioning band-pass filter tool embodiments within fluids, for example, within tubing down an oil well hole, in a Free Water Knockout tank, in a water tank, within a surface water or oil line, and the like. Adapters herein are configured such that the band-pass filter can be positioned in standard piping or tanks, and be durable enough to withstand the environmental conditions of the location, for example, while positioned down a well hole. Adapters are integrated with the band-pass filter so as to facilitate positioning within a pipe, for example, for reducing the likelihood of the band-pass filter failing once positioned, due to fluid load and wear on the aluminum-based materials that compose embodiments of the band-pass filters. Adapters also allow for convenient replacement of wear damaged band-pass filters, using

standardized materials. In addition, adapters can be used to integrate band-pass filters in the tubing and, in some cases, to allow fluid to flow through the adapters and band-pass filters to appropriate well tubing.

[0038] Band-pass filter tools are composed on aluminum alloys and may be required to remain in activity for many years. Durability of these tools requires durable adapters for limiting damage to the band-pass filter during use, while also allowing the filters to be positioned and integrated within the targeted use. Adapters allow for both integration of the band-pass filter into the proper position of a pipe or tank, as well as protection of the bandpass filter from failing under the fluid load, and stress and strain of use over an extended period of time. In some aspects, the adapters resist corrosion and are therefore able to withstand longer periods of time under a load as compared to a similarly positioned bandpass filter.

[0039] With regard to utility, adapters can be used to position a band-pass filter embodiment within a vertical flowing well with standard packer completion, a pumping well with or without a plunger and plunger lift, a pumping well with a Poor Boy Gas Separator, a horizontal or deviated pumping well, and other like designs. Designs are configured to allow the band-pass filter to position centrally in the tubing, and to be exchanged or removed from the well in a quick and efficient manner. Adapters are also configured with an eyelet design to allow installation of the band-pass filter into water or oil tanks, heater treaters, and the like. In some instances, adapters are configured to replace a blind flange with a blind flange configured adapter having one or more band-pass filters operatively attached for extension into a vessel. Finally, adapters can be integrated with a casing, such that the adapter-bandpass filter can be made to replace standard casing or casing pup joints.

[0040] Adapters herein are composed of steel, durable steel alloys, or other highly durable and corrosion resistant materials. In some embodiments, the adapters can be further coated with nickel to further reduce or limit corrosion. Although the following adapter designs are described in relation to band-pass filters, the adapters can be used to position, and make more durable, any tool or materials that require positioning within a tube or tank having flowing or static liquid. In order to fully appreciate the embodiments herein, a discussion on band-pass filters follows. Further description of band-pass filters can be obtained with a review of PCT/US2017/041944, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Band-Pass Filters

[0041] Band-pass filters are typically composed of aluminum-based alloys. Typical filters are composed of about 80-95% Al (by weight) and about 5-20% of a combination of one or more of Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ti, Pb, and Sn (by weight). More typically, band-pass filters can also be about 90 - 95% Al, by weight, and about 5-10% of one or more of Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ti, Pb, and Sn (by weight), and in alternative

embodiments, about 90-95% Al, by weight, and about 5-10% of one or more of Si, Cu, Mn, and Mg, by weight. In one aspect, a band-pass filter is composed of the compositions as shown in Table 1. Table 1 : Illustrative Band-Pass Filter Compositions

[0042] In an alternative embodiment, a band-pass filter comprises an alloy having the following formula (in weight percent): Al _d (M _a X _b Z _c ), where M is at least one transition metal; X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, or a combination thereof, and Z is at least one non-metal, and where a, b and c are from 5 to 20 weight % combined, and where d = 100- a-b-c.

[0043] Elements that constitute the band-pass filter alloy are combined by the weight percent above and heated to a temperature of between about 1320° and about 1450°K. In more detail, the aluminum is added to a cold furnace with other required elements, and allowed to heat to the appropriate temperature over a 2.5 to 3 hour period. Each additional heating (making another band-pass filter in the same furnace), once the furnace has been heated, takes approximately 1 .5-2 hours. A melting furnace can be a 2 million BTU burner that can use natural gas and air combination flame. Other melting furnaces can also be used, as long as they are capable of reaching the appropriate temperature in the appropriate amount of time.

[0044] Heated alloy is poured into a band-pass filter mold and allowed to cool at room temperature. Typical cooling takes between 20-45 minutes. Once a band-pass filter part is solidified in a mold, it is removed or shaken out. Molded band-pass filters can be solid or formed with a central passage, such as in the shape of a pipe. Band-pass filters are typically cylindrical in overall shape, although other shapes may be used for a particular utility. In some embodiments, band-pass filters are formed from band-pass composition (as described above) particulates which are encased in the same shapes and sizes as described herein. Particulates can be sand like in nature or of a larger diameter.

[0045] Typical band-pass filters can have different sizes and shapes to facilitate transmission of the target spectral energy pattern. For example, band-pass filters can be from 2 3/8" diameter to 3 1/2" diameter, and 40 - 50 inches in length, and more typically 45 inches in length. Band-pass filters also tend to weigh between 31 - 65 lbs. Several illustrative embodiments are described below, although any size and dimension is envisioned as long as the band-pass filter is capable of transmitting the appropriate spectral energy pattern from an external energy source:

Alternative embodiments include different sized band-pass filters as shown below.

[0046] In one embodiment, band-pass filters as described herein achieve optimum results when attached to adapters for positioning down a well hole, for example. Passive energy (as described below) is input through the band-pass filter and transmitted and focused into the oil constrained, and moving through, around, or over the band-pass filter.

[0047] As shown in Fig 1 A and Fig. 1 B, band-pass filters can be positioned around a pipe, and not require adapter embodiments, as described herein. However, this

embodiment limits the positioning and replacement of the band-pass filter to tubing that can be accessed.

[0048] As such, Fig. 1 A shows a band-pass filter 100 placed around a production pipe 102 used to recover oil 104 from an oil field 106. In this illustrative embodiment, the band-pass filter 100 is placed downhole from the surface 108. The band-pass filter 100 is fitted around the pipe 102 and within a casing (optional) 1 10. Passive energy, arrows 1 12, supplied by underground heat, for example, is transmitted through the casing 1 10 to the band-pass filter 100, where a resultant spectral energy pattern from the band-pass filter 100 passes through the pipe 102 and into the oil 104. An adapter is not required for positioning or durability of the band-pass filter 100, as the band-pass filter 100 uses friction or other mechanical means to hold it in place around the piping.

[0049] Fig. 1 B is a cross-sectional view along line 1 -1 ' of Fig. 1 A. The cross- sectional view shows passive energy, arrow 1 12, moving through the casing 1 10, band-pass filter 100, and pipeline 102 to reach the oil 104. The passive energy 1 12 is transmitted through the band-pass filter 100 to have a different energy pattern 1 14 useful in converting unstable crystal polymorphs in the oil 104 to stable crystal polymorphs, and decreasing the interfacial tension in the oil 104, particularly, the interfacial tension between oil and water, as is discussed further below.

[0050] However, a number of band-pass filter embodiments require placement and positioning within, or to constrain, the flow of fluid in a pipe used for transporting a liquid of interest. The liquid of interest is typically traveling with significant velocity and under pressure, and can be at elevated temperatures. These forces can have a significant effect on the durability, and therefore usefulness, of a band-pass filter. In addition, band-pass filters have also been found to have utility in separators for removing water and gasses from oil, as well as utility in water tanks and other fluid containing vessels.

Passive Energy Sources

[0051] Band-pass filters require an external, passive energy source. External energy sources herein include all forms of passive electromagnetic radiation, including: radiant or light energy, thermal energy, electric energy, nuclear energy, and the like. In typical embodiments, the energy source provides electromagnetic energy to the band-pass filter, where the electromagnetic energy is modified by molecular oscillations within the band-pass filter to a target spectral energy pattern. The transmitted spectral energy pattern converts one crystal form to another, typically more stable, crystal form. Note that multiple crystalline structures are obtainable in similar solvent systems. This aspect of converting one crystalline form to another crystalline form (but having the same chemical structure) is known herein as polymorphisms.

[0052] A transmitted spectral energy pattern refers to the totality of energy that transmits from the band-pass filter. Band-pass filters are formed such that the material in the band-pass filter interacts with the passive external energy to oscillate and, once oscillating, transmit a different, more useful, spectral energy pattern. In some embodiments, the transmitting pattern is in resonance with the different types of molecular oscillation found in oil. The transmitted pattern is also in resonance with emulsion break-down, causing the oil and water, for example, to separate. Transmitted energy patterns can include various low frequency energy, including near-infrared, mid-infrared, and far-infrared. Positioning of a band-pass filter within a liquid of interest, therefore, can have a significant effect on how the energy interacts with the liquid, i.e., oil, water, oil and water emulsions, and the like.

Crystal Polymorphism

[0053] Band-pass filters are typically positioned to transmit energy to oil, where the transmitted energy pattern resonates with crystal structures therein to modify the crystal structures for a particular use. In one aspect, the crystal polymorphism for paraffin is driven to crystal forms that are stable and remain in oil rather than precipitate out of the oil. In another aspect, the crystal polymorphism for asphaltene is driven to crystal forms that are stable and remain in oil rather than precipitate out of the oil. In other aspects, multiple types of crystals in the oil are modified simultaneously, for example, both paraffin and asphaltene are driven to crystal forms that are more stable and remain in the oil, rather than precipitating out of the oil. In addition, oil that is subject to band-pass filter energy transmission tends to have a decreased viscosity due to the conversion of undesirable crystal polymorphs to desirable crystal polymorphs, for example, band-pass filter treated crude oil flows more like light sweet oil. In one aspect, viscosity changes in the oil are a result of various bonding arrangements within the treated oil, and can have a significant improvement compared to the flow characteristics of the untreated oil.

[0054] In another aspect, two or more band-pass filters can be combined along the same oil pipe to provide more than one spectral energy pattern, such that two different types of resonance with different molecular oscillations pertinent to an oil of interest are treated. For example, a first band-pass filter can be tuned to form a more stable paraffin crystal aggregate, and a second band-pass filter, treating the same oil, is tuned to form a more stable asphaltene crystal aggregate. Band-pass filters can be positioned adjacent one another within a pipe or pipeline, or can be separated by 1 or more feet, 10 or more feet, 50 or more feet, 100 or more feet, 500 or more feet, and/or 1 ,000 or more feet of pipeline. A band-pass filter can transmit the same spectral energy pattern as other band-pass filters, or different energy patterns from other band-pass filters. Band-pass filters can be tuned to transmit different spectral energy patterns by modifications in the composition, thickness, length, etc.

[0055] Crystal forms or polymorphism herein refers to a chemical composition or arrangement of molecules and/or macromolecules, which are capable of at least two different crystalline structures or arrangements. For example, one crystal polymorph may have one crystal arrangement more stable than another crystal arrangement in a particular solvent. In this use, stability refers to thermodynamic stability, or a crystal arrangement that is more thermodynamically stable than another crystal arrangement. As such,

thermodynamic stability herein generally refers to the molecular solubility of a crystal in a liquid, for example, an unstable crystal will tend to precipitate and deposit, whereas a stable crystal will tend to remain soluble and not precipitate, or precipitate to a significantly lower amount than its unstable polymorph. Crystals can refer to and include nanoaggregates and nanocrystallites.

[0056] An energy landscape herein refers to a N-dimentional map; for example a 3- dimensional surface showing potential on the Y-axis, and coordinates \A and V ₂ on the X- and Z-axis, respectively. As shown in Figure 2, an energy landscape 202 of

nanoaggregates and nanocrystallites 204 show local minima 206, each with its own characteristic. Design of the spectral energy pattern to accomplish the conversion of a less stable nanoaggregate or nanocrystal to a more stable nanoaggregate or nanocrystal requires conversion between local minima. The spectral energy pattern that results from the energy landscape 202 can be used to design an appropriate band-pass filter.

Interfacial Tension

[0057] Band-pass filters also decrease interfacial tension in oil. Decreased interfacial tension allows for decreased viscosity and increased flow, and therefore recovery, of oil from an oil well or an oil field. In this light, oil in oil fields typically includes some amount of comingled water. The amount of water that comingles with the oil varies, but is usually in amounts of from less than 1 % to as high as 80% by volume, and more typically from less than 1 % to about 60% by volume, of the total oil and water combination.

[0058] In general, comingled water and oil form emulsions, where the oil can be the continuous phase and the water the dispersed phase (or vice versa). In such situations, the oil and water emulsion shows a viscosity and flow dependent on the percent of water, the temperature, the amount of precipitate, and the like. Interfacial tension between the oil and water can lead to the two phases coalescing, thereby allowing for settling of particulates and precipitates.

[0059] Currently, emulsifying agents are typically used to limit precipitate settling out of oil emulsions. In one embodiment herein, selective transmission of spectral energy to oil lowers the interfacial tension between the oil and water thereby facilitating the breakdown of the oil and water emulsion. In one aspect, one or more band pass filters are used to selectively transmit spectral energy from an input passive energy source. The transmitted spectral energy lowers the interfacial surface tension between the oil and water, which in turn breaks down the oil and water emulsion. The decrease in interfacial tension leads to decreased oil viscosity, and increased oil flow, and also limits precipitate settling. [0060] Limiting interfacial tension and demulsifying oil and water also limits the work required to remove water from the oil once recovered. Oil that has been produced from a well must be separated from comingled water prior to sale to meet oil specifications. In addition, water that remains in oil can lead to oxidation, foaming, formation of insoluble oxides, wax development, as well as rust and corrosion of pipeline and equipment.

Separation of water from oil is costly, and requires any number of different removal strategies, including: gravity separation, centrifugation, use of absorption medias, vacuum dehydration, air stripping and/or heating. In embodiments herein, lowering of interfacial tension by transmitted spectral energy minimizes the cost and time required to separate water from recovered oil. These embodiments include inclusion of the band-pass filter in oil well tubing and oil and water treatment tanks, for example, Free Water Knockout tanks.

[0061] In some embodiments, introduction of transmitted spectral energy lowers the interfacial surface tension in the oil by from about 1 % to about 15%, and more typically from about 5% to about 10%. This reduction in the interfacial tension results in a significant destruction of emulsified oil back to non-emulsified oil. In some embodiments, one or more band-pass filters in accordance with embodiments herein is positioned within tubing or tanks to transmit the spectral energy into the oil, or oil and water emulsion.

Crystal Polymorphism and Interfacial Tension

[0062] In some embodiments, the oil includes both crystal polymorphs in need of thermodynamic stability, and oil comingled with water or oil recovery agents (like water or C0 ₂ flooding), in need of a reduction in interfacial tension. The combined effects of inputting spectral energy, for example by use of passive energy through a band-pass filter, is to both limit crystal or nanoaggregate precipitation, and to break down the oil and water emulsion, such that the oil becomes less viscous with stable crystal polymorphs. In these

circumstances, the oil flow and recovery benefit by both limiting unstable crystal polymorphs and interfacial tension. In general, the viscosity of oil can be decreased by twofold or more. Embodiments herein can be used to position band-pass filters down hole for subsurface oil recovery, or on surface pipeline or tanks, where both situations benefit. Embodiments also result in separation of water from oil and result in lower cost water removal steps once the oil has been recovered and is ready for transport or sale.

Methods of Band-Pass Filter Use

[0063] Embodiments herein include methods for using a band-pass filter, in accordance with embodiments herein, to convert one crystal polymorph to another, more stable, crystal polymorph. Embodiments also include methods that convert more than one crystal polymorph in a liquid to more than one stable crystal polymorph in the same liquid. For example, methods include converting a crystal x, crystal y, and crystal z to more stable polymorphs of crystal x, crystal y and crystal z, all in the same liquid. Where more than one transmitted spectral energy pattern is required to convert more than one crystal polymorph, additional band-pass filters can be added having the required transmitted energy pattern. Band-pass filters can be used to convert 2 or more types of crystals, 3 or more types of crystals, 4 or more types of crystals, 5 or more types of crystals, and the like, into their more stable polymorph in the same liquid.

[0064] Fig. 3 illustrates one method for using a band-pass filter in accordance with embodiments herein 300. Initially, an oil production facility in need of embodiments herein is identified 302. In some cases, the oil production facility has been in use for an extended period of time. Typically, oil production facilities in use and in need of one or more bandpass filters, include facilities that have shown a drop in oil production over the course of one or more months, and more typically, over the course of three or more months. In some oil production facilities, the facilities have some amount of paraffin deposition, asphaltene deposition, or both paraffin and asphaltene deposition, on pipes or equipment useful in the recovery of the oil. In some cases, the oil production facility is a crude oil production facility. It is also envisioned that oil production facilities may no longer be operational due to existing hydrocarbon depositions in the pipeline or equipment, or, alternatively, be oil production facilities that have not begun recovery, but would be considered at risk of hydrocarbon deposition due to the type of oil being recovered, crude oil with a high paraffin content, for example. Where the production facility has existing paraffin or hydrocarbon deposition problems, band-pass filters of the present invention increase productivity by both limiting deposition, but also by causing some break-down and removal of deposited materials, i.e., although deposited, the crystal aggregates can be converted to more stable and soluble crystals, thereby allowing for the deposits to be broken up as well.

[0065] Once the target oil production facility has been identified, an appropriate band-pass filter, having a useful transmitted spectral energy pattern for the particular oil at the oil production facility, is obtained 304. In one embodiment, the band-pass filter has the composition, size, and weight to transmit a spectral energy pattern useful in increasing paraffin thermodynamic stability and solubility, or useful in increasing asphaltene thermodynamic stability and solubility, or both paraffin and asphaltene thermodynamic stability and solubility. Band-pass filter composition, length, and thickness can all be tweaked to obtain the proper filter with the proper transmission patterns. For embodiments herein, the band-pass filter will be integrated within the pipe or tank for direct interaction with the fluids.

[0066] A properly tuned band-pass filter is then positioned and installed within the oil recovery production pipeline 306, as is described in greater detail below. Typically, the site of band-pass filter installation requires an adapter and a passive external energy, for example, installation at a depth underground that ensures enough natural heat to drive transmission of a spectral energy pattern useful in, for example, conversion of paraffin to a more stable and soluble paraffin polymorphism. Alternatively, the band-pass filter may transmit energy generated by the frictional movement of the fluids themselves. Typical passive external energy requirements are minimal, as the transmitted energy from the bandpass filter is typically in the near-infrared frequency, mid-infrared frequency, resonant frequency, far-infrared frequency, or combinations thereof. These tend to be the spectral energy patterns that resonate with crystals in the crude oil, for example 308.

[0067] Fig. 4 illustrates another method for using a band-pass filter in accordance with embodiments herein 400. Initially, as in Fig. 3, an oil production facility in need of embodiments herein is identified 402. Once the target oil production facility has been identified, an appropriate band-pass filter, having a useful transmitted spectral energy pattern is obtained. In one embodiment, the band-pass filter has the composition, size, and weight to transmit a spectral energy pattern useful in decreasing the interfacial tension of the oil 404. A properly tuned band-pass filter is then positioned and installed within the oil recovery production pipeline 406, using adapters as described below. Treated oil has a decreased interfacial tension and a decreased viscosity, and requires less time and money for water separation 408.

[0068] Figs. 5 to 8 illustrate several band-pass filter installation configurations in oil wells in need thereof. Fig. 5 shows one embodiment for a vertical flowing well 500 with a standard packer completion and band-pass filter. A production pipe 502 is passed vertically down the well hole and includes a profile nipple 504, packer assembly 506, production casing 508, and adapter and band-pass filter of the invention 510. Description of the adapter-band-pass filter assembly follows below in more detail.

[0069] In Fig. 6, an embodiment is shown for a pumping well 600 including the tubing string 602, sucker rod string 604, production tubing 606, rod pump 608, tubing anchor catcher 610 and adapter-band-pass filter assembly 612.

[0070] In Fig. 7, a pumping well 700 is illustrated with a downhole Poor Boy Gas

Separator and band-pass filter. The illustrations show a tubing string 702, sucker rod string 704, rod pump 706, seating nipple 708, tubing anchor catcher 710, slotted seating nipple 712, perforated sub 714, adapter-band-pass filter 716, dip tube gas anchor 718, Poor Boy Separator Tubing Sub 720, and bull plug 722.

[0071] Finally, in Fig. 8, a horizontal or deviated pumping well 800 with an adapter- band-pass filter is shown. The illustration shows a sucker rod string 802, tubing string 804, production tubing 806, tubing anchor catcher 808, perforated sub 810, adapter-band-pass filter 812, and cased horizontal wellbore with staged tracking interval 814. Note that this is only for illustrative purposes, bottom hole assemblies configurations can vary widely and be scaled differently.

[0072] Note that in each of these oil well configurations, adapters are used to position the band-pass filter such that the band-pass filter is in a correct location for facilitated utility and is more durable and corrosion resistant than a band-pass filter in the absence of an adaptor, or in a configuration that surrounds the pipe.

[0073] Band pass-filters can also be used in methods for transporting oil from an oil recovery site to a refinery, or to other like oil processing facilities or alternative transportation areas. A band-pass filter in accordance with embodiments herein is placed within a surface pipeline used to transport oil. Additional band-pass filters can also be positioned alone or within the transport pipeline. The transported oil is affected much the same as the oil from underground wells. A passive energy source, typically sunlight or heat, contacts the bandpass filter and is transmitted through the band-pass filter and into the oil. Stabilization of crystal polymorphs in the water and lowering of interfacial tension allow for lower viscosity and higher oil flow, as well as oil that will less likely deposit or occlude the surface pipeline. Band-pass filters can be placed near or around areas of concern, for example, where a surface pipe narrows for inlets or outlets. Band-pass filters can also be positioned in oil tanks, oil and water tanks, and water tanks, in order to take advantage of the transmitted energy patterns. In each of these aspects, an adapter can be used to integrate the bandpass filter within the pipe or vessel for enhanced utility and durability.

[0074] In one embodiment, with regard to the band-pass filter transmitted energy for oil production or recovery uses, the thermal energy provided to the band-pass filter is transmitted out of the band-pass filter as low energy, long wavelength electromagnetic field(s), including near-infrared frequency, mid-infrared frequency, resonant frequency, far- infrared frequency, or combinations thereof. The low energy, long wavelength

electromagnetic field is the spectral energy pattern for the band-pass filter, and the transmitted energy resonates with very low frequency librational motions of the oil. The result is that paraffin, and other target hydrocarbons, convert from a first crystal polymorphic structure to a second, more thermodynamically stable, crystal polymorphic structure. Bandpass filter placement within an oil production facility is determined where, as mentioned above, there is a sufficient energy source, but also where converted crystal polymorphs, once converted by the filter, will generally maintain proper structure to be recovered from the oil reservoir. As such, proper placement of a band-pass filter can be sufficiently close to the reservoir that pipelines can be protected from hydrocarbon deposition. Hydrocarbons, soluble in the reservoir, can become problematic with temperature and pressure changes, so band-pass filter placement close to the same depth as the reservoir, along the pipeline, can provide excellent protection, although filters can be placed anywhere along the pipeline and still provide some beneficial aspects to the oil recovery. The transmitted energy also resonates with phase boundaries to lower interfacial tension in the oil. Placement of bandpass filters where viscosity or flow are of concern is also considered herein.

[0075] Properly installed band-pass filters can improve oil production, at oil production facilities, by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, etc. Oil production is determined by increased flow over the course of each day, each week, and/or each month. Increased oil production can be a result of decreased hydrocarbon precipitation, removal of hydrocarbon precipitation on pipeline or equipment, and/or decreases in the oil viscosity. One benefit of the properly installed band-pass filter is the avoidance of pipeline and equipment maintenance, including keeping oil recovery facilities on-line for extended periods of time, as compared to similar facilities that do not have an installed band-pass filter.

[0076] Embodiments herein also include methods of using a band-pass filter, in accordance with embodiments herein, to lower interfacial tension in comingled oil and water emulsions. Here, the transmitted energy lowers the interfacial tension in the comingled oil, thereby breaking up the phases of the oil. Embodiments herein are particularly useful where the volume of water is present in at least 1 % by volume and up to about 80% in volume, and more typically, in at least 1 % by volume and up to about 60% by volume, and even more typically present between about 5% by volume and about 40% by volume. Where no water is present, the benefit of the band-pass filter is dependent on guiding higher stability forms of crystal polymorphs, as discussed above, or at modifying the interfacial tension between oil and other solvents/solutes in the system.

[0077] In an alternative embodiment, transmitted spectral energy from a band-pass filter can be used for enhanced oil recovery from a depleted oil field or well. Typically, oil fields in need of enhanced recovery have various enhanced oil recovery agents added to the oil in hopes of lowering the oils interfacial tension and allowing for recovery of additional oil from the field. In embodiments herein, the band-pass filter can be used alone or in combination with enhanced oil recovery agents to reduce the interfacial tension of the oil. Enhanced oil recovery agents can include water, steam, C0 ₂ , surfactants, combinations thereof, and the like. As noted above, the spectral energy patterns herein can be used to pre-treat the water or steam prior to or during injection into the oil field. In some

embodiments, inclusion of one or more band-pass filters also allows for use of smaller amounts or concentrations of the enhanced oil recovery agent. For example, combining the use of a band-pass filter with surfactants may allow for a 5% or more, 10% or more, or 20% or more reduction in the amount of surfactant necessary to achieve the same recovery in the absence of band-pass filters.

[0078] The various equipment and instructions necessary to carry out the uses described herein may be embodied as kits. For example, a kit for enhanced oil recovery can include one or more enhanced oil recovery agents, one or more band-pass filters, and instructions on how to place and install the band-pass filter(s) using the adapters described herein.

[0079] In each of the band-pass filter embodiments and uses discussed above, the band-pass filter is subject to durability and wear concerns. As described above, band-pass filters are typically composed of materials having upward of 80% aluminum and are subject to durability and corrosion concerns. In the absence of adapters, the band-pass filter must resist the load of the flowing or moving fluids, while being directly attached within a tube of a tank. Over time, the load and corrosive effects of the oil, water, and/or oil/water on typical band-pass filter embodiments has been shown to require replacement, particularly given the average lifetime of an oil well, separator tank, storage vessels or other like structure.

Band-Pass Filter Adapters

[0080] Band-pass filter embodiments herein often require adapters for proper positioning and durability within both flowing fluids, as well as static fluids. Adapters herein fall into one of four categories: 1 ) adapters to fit a band-pass filter into a rod string; 2) adapters for inclusion of a band-pass filter into casings; 3) adapters for use off of a blind flange in a vessel; and 4) eyelet adapters for positioning band-pass filters within a vessel (oil, water or other).

Adapters for Use in a Rod String or Integrated into a Flow Thru Nipple

[0081] In one embodiment, a top adapter for a band-pass filter has a fish neck design, and a bottom adapter for the band-pass filter has a cage design. In this

embodiment, a band-pass filter embodiment herein is bracketed by the top (or first) adapter and the bottom (or second) adapter to place the band-pass filter in an appropriate position within a well hole.

[0082] The top or first adapter is a fish neck adapter and typically seals and connects the top of a band-pass filter to well tubing (for example, 2 3/8"), while the bottom or second adapter is a flow-through cage hold down adapter and connects the bottom of the band-pass filter to a bottom hold down tubing (also typically 2 3/8"). The top and bottom adapters thereby integrate the band-pass filter directly into the well tubing (see Figs. 5-8 for illustrative positioning). [0083] The top and bottom adapters herein are typically composed of steel or durable steel alloys. It is known that steel and steel alloys are more durable than aluminum or aluminum alloys, thereby providing greater durability with regard to fluid load resistance. It is also known that steel and steel alloys resist corrosion, thereby avoiding weaknesses that can be established over time in a band-pass filter. In some aspects, the adapters can be further coated with nickel or other non-corrosive material. Appropriate adapters spread the load from the band-pass filter to the adapter-band-pass filter assembly, and place the adapters in the more fluid load prone positioning.

[0084] A top or fish neck adapter 900 is shown in Fig. 9 and has a roughly open ended conical shape. A first end 902 of the adapter is configured to capture 2 3/8" tubing, and the second end 904 is configured to capture the first end of a band-pass filter via a threaded post 908. Illustrative surface angles are provided in Fig. 9, the diameter of the first end 902 being smaller than the diameter of the second end 904. The first end can be configured to exhibit an extended diameter engagement surface 906 for attachment with the tubing. One manner of engagement between the second end and the band-pass filter is via a threaded protrusion 908, although other attachment means are contemplated. Overall, the fish neck adapter is portable and easily attached to both the first end of the band-pass filter and the well tubing.

[0085] Fig. 10 shows a bottom or second adapter 1000 with a flow cage design or a flow-through cage hold design. A plurality of slots 1002 are defined within the housing 1004, and can be located every 120°, for example. Relief in the cage starts at 0° and goes back towards 7/8 slot at 5° every 120°. A first end 1006 of the second adapter is configured to capture and seal bottom hole down 2 3/8" tubing, while the second end 1008 captures and seals to the second end of the band-pass filter. As with the first adapter, the second adapter can use a threaded extension 1010 to interact with the band-pass filter. A collar 101 1 separates the threaded post 1010 from the slots 1002. The seal bottom hole down 2 3/8" tubing is shown inserted into the first end of the second adapter (see dashed lines 1013).

[0086] Fig. 1 1 shows the first 900 and second adapter 1000 integrated as an adapter-band-pass filter 1 100. Note the first adapter 900 and second adapter 1000 capture and bracket a band-pass filter 1 102. The combined adapter and band-pass filter allows oil to flow up through the bottom adapter, the band-pass filter, and out the top adapter into the 2 3/8" tubing. The integrated adapter-band-pass filter is able to more effectively resist fluid load given that the first and second adapters are composed of steel or steel alloy. An extensive engagement between the band-pass filter and adapters is accomplished, in this embodiment, via threaded engagement. Overall the exterior surface of the band pass-filter and adapters in this embodiment are circular, but could be of other shapes (oval for example) as long as the dimensions fit the use. In some aspects, the overall exterior surfaces of the top adapter and band-pass filter match the 2 3/8" tubing. Note that removal of the adapter-band-pass filter from service can result in convenient replacement of the band-pass filter with a new filter by simply unthreading the parts.

[0087] Figs. 12A, 12B, and 12C illustrate another adapter embodiment for positioning a band-pass filter within a thru nipple or pipe. In this embodiment, the band-pass filter is a solid tool for positioning within a pipe such that oil or oil and water flows around and over the adapter-band-pass filter assembly.

[0088] In Fig. 12A, a cross-sectional side view of a positioned adapter-band-pass filter 1200 is shown. A first adapter end 1202 includes a distal first nose cone 1204, first coupling section 1206, and a first connector 1208. A solid band-pass filter 1210 (solid including band-pass filters having an encased particulate core) engages the first adapter end 1202 via the first connector 1208 via a first end 1 212. The interaction can be a threaded or smooth interaction. If the interaction is smooth, friction would be used to connect the two sections although adhesives or cements could also be used (first connector to first end of the band-documentation filter). A second adapter end 1 213 includes a distal second nose cone 1214. The solid band-pass filter 1210 engages the second adapter end 1213 at a second connector 1216 or directly via the second nose cone 1214 using a threaded connection, or as above, via friction, adhesives, or cements. The integrated first adapter end 1202, solid band-pass filter 1210, and second adapter end 1213 are configured to sit within the lumen 1218 of the thru nipple or piping 1220, allowing fluids to flow over and around the configuration (as shown by arrow 1222).

[0089] The exterior surface 1224 of the first coupling section 1206 acts as a platform for two or more, and typically, three or more, extensions 1226 that fixedly position that adapter-band-pass filter in the lumen 1218 of the thru nipple or piping 1220. In one embodiment, the extensions 1226 are outwardly extending plates that traverse along the length of the first coupling section 1206 and contact the inner diameter surface 1228 of the thru nipple or piping 1220. The two or more plates provide a fixed location where the adapter and hence band-pass filter are stabilized within the lumen. Note that the inner diameter surface of the thru nipple or piping can be roughened up to enhance the interaction. In some aspects herein, the extensions are welded to the inner diameter surface of the pipe. The extensions 1226 have a first edge 1230 and a second edge 1232 (see Fig. 12B), separated by a consistent thickness of material, typically made of steel or a steel alloy. The two or more extensions 1226 are typically of an equal width and length, and exhibit substantially flat surfaces. Where two extensions are used to secure the adapter-band pass- filter in the lumen, they are positioned on opposite sides of the coupler, where three extensions are used to secure the adapter-band-pass filter in the lumen, they may extend from equally spaced locations around the circumference of the coupler, for example in a Y- configuration. As shown in Fig. 12B, a roughly Y shape engagement is provided, with located at the 2 o'clock, 6 o'clock and 10 o'clock locations with respect to a clock face.

However, any relatively Y-shaped configuration can be used.

[0090] With regard to the second adapter end 1213, the extensions 1226 typically match the number and positioning as for the configuration of extensions 1226 at the first adapter end. However, the extensions are attached/adhered only to the inner diameter surface 1228 of the thru nipple or piping 1220, so as to provide a holder for the second end 1234 of the band-pass filter, allowing the band-pass filter to slide into the first connector of the first adapter, while only be positioned between the two or more, and more typically, three or more extensions, at the second end of the band-pass filter (see Fig. 12C). The extensions 1232 at the second end of the band-pass filter provide movement stability for the band-pass filter, but are not used to fixedly attach the second end of the band-pass filter to the inner diameter of the thru nipple or piping (allowing for easy removal and replacement of the band-pass filter).

[0091 ] In general, the solid band-pass filter 1210 can be positioned within the thru nipple 1220 by connecting the first-end 1212 of the band pass-filter to the first connector 1208. The second end 1234 of the band pass-filter sits within and between the second end extensions 1232, but is not adhered to the extensions. As with the previous embodiment, the first end and second end of the adapter-band-pass filter have nose cones for limiting fluid turbulence over and across the adapter-band-pass filter assembly.

[0092] Embodiments include methods for placing a solid band-pass filter into a thru nipple 1300. In operation 1302, the first adapter is adhered to the inner diameter of the thru nipple via the first extensions. In typical embodiments, the adherence is by welding. In operation 1304, a solid band-pass filter is engaged to the first connector via threaded engagement or other means (adhesives, cements, etc.). In operation 1306, a second extension from the inner diameter of the thru nipple or pipe is used to hold or position the second end of the band-pass filter within the lumen of the thru nipple or pipe. Nose cones are connected to the first coupler and to the second end of the band-pass filter. The adapter-band-pass filter can be centered within the lumen or offset, dependent on the use 1308. The adapter integrated band-pass filter containing thru nipple or pipe can then be positioned within a well/well tubing at any location that typically requires a thru nipple or pipe.

Casing Adapters

[0093] Band-pass filter adapters can also be used to integrate a band-pass filter into a casing tool pup joint. In these embodiments, band-pass filters are designed to be as close to the casing perforations as possible. A standardized casing sub or pup joint is used as a scaffold for addition of band-pass filter material. Band-pass filters can be integrated directly or can be added independently to the casing sub, for example, as shown in Fig. 1 A and 1 B. Once integrated/attached onto the casing pup joint, the band-pass filter modified pup joint can be used wherever a casing pup joint is needed in a well. Note that in typical embodiments, the modified pup joint is positioned in or above the casing perforations. In some embodiments, a thin metal jacket and end caps can be added to the joint to further protect the adapter-band-pass filter. As in previous embodiments, multiple casing tools can be added to the casing string to increase the band-pass filter capacity.

[0094] An illustrative embodiment of this type of adapter is shown in Fig. 14. Here, a standard casing pup joint 1400 is used to integrate a band-pass filter (shown as dashed line 1402) into a casing string. A thin metal jacket or pipe 1404 can be added to enclose the band-pass filter material that has been added to the pup. As with standardized casing pup joints, a casing collar 1406 and casing threads 1408 can be used for integration into the casing string. The diameter and size of the band-pass filter casing can be modified to fit the particular casing of interest. Band-pass filter 1402 can be molded to any useful depth around the outside of the pup joint.

Blind-Flange Adapters

[0095] Band-pass filter adapters can also be used to position band-pass filters within any tank that includes a blind flange. Blind flanges are manufactured without a bore and are typically used to provide access covers to vessels, typically vessels having some amount of pressure. In most aspects a blind flange is removable from the vessel, and includes a number of removable bolts for sealing the blind flange on the access opening.

[0096] Fig. 15A shows an embodiment herein that includes a blind flange 1500 having an interior surface 1502 that contacts the interior 1504 of a vessel 1506 (see Fig. 15B). Typical vessels 1506 include Free Water Knockout vessels and heater treater vessels that can use the capabilities of one or more band-pass filters therein. In addition, vessels may include vessels having water and other chemicals in need of a band-pass filter.

[0097] The interior surface of the blind flange 1502 is smooth and provides a platform for adherence of one or more adapters 1508. Adapters 1508 for this embodiment can include the blind flange 1500. However, adapters 1508 may also be considered as only the coupler 1510 and band-pass filter connector 1512. A coupler 1510 (for example, a 5/8" suckerod coupling) is adhered to the interior surface 1502 of the blind flange through a first end 1512. Couplers 1510 can be welded or attached via cement or adhesives 1514. In some aspects, the coupler 1510 could be machined to engage within a slot or threads sufficient to keep the coupler connected to the blind flange for uses herein (not shown). A second end of the coupler 1516 is configured to interact with a first end 1518 of a connector 1512. The interaction of the coupler and connector can be via a male-female connection, with the connector typically defining a male threaded post for engagement with a threaded female end of the coupler (or vice-versa). A band-pass filter 1520 is attached to the second end 1522 of the connector 1512, and as above can be configured using any male-female connection. A blind flange platform or inner surface can have upwards of one or more, two or more, or three or more such adapter-band-pass filter assemblies. In addition, depending on the size of the vessel, one or more blind flange-adapter-band-pass filter assemblies can be included in the vessel. Typical combinations of coupler, connector and band-pass filters are cylindrical in shape, although other shapes can be used.

[0098] As in previous embodiments, the adapter coupler 1510 and connector 1512 are made from steel or steel alloy, while the blind flange 1500 is made of a material to match the pressure and material specification of the other blind flanges on the vessel 1506. So for example, where the blind flange on the vessel is composed of 3 1/2 inch thick stainless steel, the blind flange for use as a platform for band-pass filters should also be composed of 3 1/2 inch thick stainless steel.

[0099] Fig. 15B shows a top cross-sectional view along 15-15' of Fig. 15 showing the vessel 1506 having a blind flange 1500 with two adapter-band-pass filter assemblies 1524 extending into the interior 1504 of the vessel.

Eyelet Adapters

[0100] A final configuration for adapter-band-pass filter embodiments is adapters configured to hang a band-pass filter by gravity into a vessel. As shown in Fig. 16, a secured cable 1600 is extended into a vessel of interest having a hook or capture element at its free end 1602. The opposite end of the cable can be attached to the vessel using any number of means (not shown), as long as it has the strength to fix the rope at a proper length into the vessel for use herein.

[0101] An adapter 1604 having an eyelet shaped coupler 1606 is threaded with a connector 1608 for attachment to a band-pass filter 1610. The coupler 1606 may also include a spacer rod 1607 to provide some space between the attachment and the bandpass filter. In some aspects, the spacer rod can be 5/8" in diameter. The band-pass filter in this embodiment is solid and can be of any useful length, including 16", 28", 36", 48", 60" or 72" any length thereof. The distal end 1612 of the band-pass filter can include a second connector 1614 and nose cone 1616 to protect the band-pass filter 1610 from corrosion and wear, dependent on the use. As can be imagined, a second band-pass filter could be attached to the first band-pass filter through the second connector, and so on, providing a string of band-pass filters handing into the vessel. Alternatively, multiple adapter-band-pass filters can be hung off of the same cable into the vessel dependent on need.

[0102] A second embodiment for use with an eyelet coupler is shown in Fig. 17. In this illustration, band-pass filters 1700 are aligned on and between a stainless steel band 1702 and a base plate 1704. The base plate can be flat and act as a platform for support of the band-pass filters. In the present illustration, four band pass-filters 1700 are captured in this configuration, all of which can be hung from a cable via an eyelet 1706 into a vessel of need.

[0103] Connections between the eyelet shaped coupler and connector can be threaded or can be through use of adhesives or cements, as discussed above.

Adapter Embodiments

[0104] Embodiments herein also relate to band-pass filters integrated with a top, or a top and bottom, adapter. Adapter constructed band-pass filters and adapter-integrated band-pass filters are constructed to include the capabilities of band-pass filters with a positioning efficiency that allows for positioning within a well. Adapter-integrated band-pass filters can be used or sold as one piece, two piece or three piece units (top adapter, bottom adapter, band-pass filter). In addition, where other components are required to be attached to the top or bottom adapter, the attached component, tubing, cable, blind flange, etc, can be used or sold.

[0105] Embodiments herein also relate to methods for connecting a top, or top and bottom, adapter to a band-pass filter, and further to taking the adapter connected band-pass filter and positioning it within a target well or vessel.

[0106] Further embodiments include methods of using adapter-integrated band-pass filters for guiding useful crystal polymorphisms in oil; for example, guiding less stable hydrocarbon materials in crude oil to more stable polymorphs in crude oil. Methods include use of an adapter-band-pass filter in oil production wells that have, or potentially could have, hydrocarbon deposits that limit oil flow within recovery pipes or pipeline equipment.

[0107] Embodiments herein also include adapter-integrated band-pass filters that selectively transmit spectral energy patterns used to decrease interfacial tension in the oil within the system. By doing so, adapter-integrated band-pass filters remove the need to include other interfacial tension decreasing materials or techniques for oil recovery; for example, surfactants. Oil having a decreased interfacial tension has decreased viscosity, and therefore increased flow.

[0108] Embodiments herein also include adapter-integrated band-pass filters that selectively transmit spectral energy patterns into water, steam or C0 ₂ , for example, useful in enhanced oil recovery from oil fields or wells, particularly where depleted. With respect to water and steam, the water and/or steam can be passed through the band-pass filter prior to, or during, injection into the depleted well or field, or can be comingled with the oil in the well and then passed through one or more band-pass filters. In some aspects, the water and steam can be passed through the band-pass filter prior to injection, and the comingled water and oil in the depleted well passed through one or more band-pass filters while being recovered from the depleted oil well.

[0109] Alternatively, where the enhanced oil recovery agent is a chemical dispersant,

C0 ₂ , or other known recovery agent, one or more adapter-integrated band-pass filters can be placed into the depleted oil well or field to reduce oil interfacial tension and increase the depleted oil well recovery. In general, decreased interfacial tension results in decreased viscosity within the oil, as will be discussed in greater detail throughout.

[0110] In aspects herein, adapter-integrated band-pass filters are characterized such that when exposed to a passive external energy source, the band-pass filter oscillates, tuning the filter to be in resonance with the different types of molecular oscillations pertinent to fluids of interest, oil in this case. Although not bound by any one theory, the input passive energy source and the output spectral energy pattern are tied to the frequency of the energy. A factor in how the resultant spectral energy resonates with the crystals in the oil, or phases of the oil, is based on the frequency of the energy. If the frequency of the band-pass filter spectral energy pattern does not match the oscillations of the crystals in the oil, or the emulsion in need of de-emulsification, the energy may be reflected or simply pass through the oil. Where a band-pass filter spectral energy pattern can be matched to a target crystal, or emulsion, and the energy resonates, the energy is capable of interacting and converting the crystal structure and emulsion phases.

[0111] In another embodiment, an adapter is used to position a band-pass filter within a pipe, such that the filter maintains its positioning relative to the pipe while allowing fluid to flow over and around the filter. Adapters can also be designed to extend off of a blind flange for placement in a tank, for example, a free water knockout, or other like, treatment tank, or freely hang within a water or other like tank.

[0112] An Embodiment herein will be further described with reference to the following Example: Example

[0113] An adapter-band-pass filter assembly is described for use with 2 3/8" tubing with a 1 3/4" tubing pump. As shown in Figs.18A and 18B, an adapter 1800 is used to install a band-pass filter 1802 directly above a tubing pump 1804 in a rod string. As shown in Figs. 18A and B, a standard rod sub 1808 has been used and band-pass filter material cast around its outside 1802. Multiple rod sub tools can be added to the rod string to increase the capacity. Illustrative dimensions for each aspect are shown, where the band-pass filter material has an OD of 1 5/8" to 1 1 1/16" with a length of 4 feet. Referring to Fig. 18B, a 1 3/4" plunger 1808 and tubing pump 1804 interacts with the cage adapter 1812 with ball 1814. A standard 3/4" rod coupling 1816 with 1 5/8 OD sits within a barrel collar coupling 1818 and is operatively connected to the rod band-pass filter covered rod sub 1820.

[0114] Another adapter-band-pass filter assembly is shown in Fig. 19. An adapter

1900 having an circular shaped coupler attachment 1902 and a threaded post 1906 is threaded with a connector 1908 for attachment to a band-pass filter. The connector 1908 has matching threads for receiving the post 1906. The connector 1908 may make a similar threaded connection with the band-pass filter 1910. A collar 1904 and spacer rod 1903 provide strength and space between the coupler attachment 1902 and the band-pass filter 1910. The spacer rod 1903 may be of any length to help support proper positioning of the band-pass filter 1910 in a liquid of need. In some aspects, the spacer rod can be 5/8" in diameter. The band-pass filter in this embodiment is solid (or packed with particles) and can be of any useful length, including 16", 28", 36", 48", 60" or 72" any length thereof. The distal end 191 1 of the band-pass filter can include a second connector 1912 (threaded or otherwise) and nose cone 1914 to protect the band-pass filter 1910 from corrosion and wear, dependent on the use.