[0001] The present invention generally relates to electric vehicles and more specifically relates to adaptive charging station optimization for electric vehicles.

BACKGROUND

[0002] An incredible amount of infrastructure is relied upon to transport electricity from power stations, where the majority of electricity is currently generated, to where it is consumed by individuals. Power stations can generate electricity in a number of ways including using fossil fuels or using renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric sources. Substations typically do not generate electricity, but can change the voltage level of the electricity as well as provide protection to other grid infrastructure during faults and outages. From here, the electricity travels over distribution lines to bring electricity to locations where it is consumed such as homes, businesses, and schools. The term ^" smart grid" describes a new approach to power distribution which leverages advanced technology to track and manage the distribution of electricity. A smart grid applies upgrades to existing power grid infrastructure including the addition of more renewable energy sources, advanced smart meters that digitally record power usage in real time, and bidirectional energy flow that enables the generation and storage of energy in additional places along the electric grid.

[0003] Electric vehicles (EVs), which include plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), can use an electric motor for propulsion. EV adoption has been spurred by federal, state, and local government policies providing various incentives (e.g. rebates, fast lanes, parking, etc.). Continued EV adoption is likely to have a significant impact on the future smart grid due to the additional stress load that EVs add to the grid (an EV's power demand can be many times that of an average residential house).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Adaptive charging networks in accordance with embodiments of the invention enable the optimization of electric design of charging networks for electric vehicles. One embodiment includes an electrical supply; a plurality of adaptive charging stations; wherein at least one adaptive charging station distributes power to at least one other adaptive charging station; wherein at least one adaptive charging station is configured to communicate capacity information to a controller; and wherein the controller is configured to control the distribution of power to the plurality of adaptive charging stations based upon the capacity information received from at least one adaptive charging station.

[0005] In further embodiment, the at least one adaptive charging station that distributes power to at least one other adaptive charging station: receives a high voltage supply and includes a transformer that steps down the high voltage supply; and distributes the stepped down high voltage supply to at least one other adaptive charging station.

[0006] In a still further embodiment, the at least one adaptive charging station is configured to communicate capacity information in accordance with an energy discovery protocol process performed by the plurality of adaptive charging stations.

[0007] In another embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations is configured to communicate capacity information via power line communications.

[0008] In a still another embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations is configured to communicate capacity information via wireless communication.

[0009] In a yet further embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations comprises a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space, when the vehicle is not charging.

[0010] In a further embodiment again, the at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations that comprises a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space is further configured to communicate parking space occupancy information to a web gateway from which the parking space occupancy information can be retrieved via an application programming interface.

[0011] In a further additional embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations comprises a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle. [0012] In another additional embodiment, the controller is configured to control the distribution of power to the plurality of adaptive charging stations based upon the capacity information received from at least one adaptive charging station using linear programming.

[0013] In a still yet further embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations comprises a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle including information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time; and the controller solves the linear program based upon the capacities of the plurality of adaptive charging stations, and at least one power requirement and an associated charging time.

[0014] In still another embodiment again, further comprising a plurality of power sources.

[0015] Still another further embodiment includes: the plurality of power sources comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: an electric panel; a photovoltaic array; and a battery.

[0016] An adaptive charging station in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, comprising: an input configured to receive a high voltage power supply; a transformer configured to step down a high voltage power supply to a create a stepped down power supply; at least one output configured to distribute the stepped down power supply; a network interface; a processor a memory containing: an energy distribution application; wherein the processor is configured by the energy distribution application to: generate a stepped down voltage from a high voltage power supply received via the input using the transformer; and distribute the stepped down voltage to a downstream adaptive charging station in the network.

[0017] In yet another embodiment, the energy distribution application further configures the processor to transmit capacity information via the network interface.

[0018] In a further embodiment again, the energy distribution application further configures the processor to receive capacity information via the network interface.

[0019] In another embodiment again, the energy distribution application further configures the processor to generate a stepped down voltage based upon capacity information received via the network interface. [0020] In a still yet further embodiment, a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space, when the vehicle is not charging.

[0021] In still yet another embodiment, the energy distribution application configures the processor to communicate parking space occupancy information to a web gateway from which the parking space occupancy information can be retrieved via an application programming interface.

[0022] In a still further embodiment again, a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle.

[0023] In still another embodiment again, the charging requirements include information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time.

[0024] An adaptive charging station in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, comprising: an input configured to receive a power supply; an output for providing power to an electric vehicle; a network interface; a processor; a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle, where the charging requirements include information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time; a memory containing: an energy distribution application; wherein the processor is configured by the energy distribution application to: transmit charging requirement information including a power requirement and an associated charging time via the network interface; receive charging information via the network interface; and controlling power delivered via the output to control charging of an electric vehicle in accordance with the received charging information.

[0025] In yet another embodiment, a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space, when the vehicle is not charging.

[0026] In another embodiment again, the energy distribution application configures the processor to communicate parking space occupancy information to a web gateway from which the parking space occupancy information can be retrieved via an application programming interface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0027] FIG. 1 is a diagram conceptually illustrating a power distribution network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0028] FIG. 2 is a diagram conceptually illustrating adaptive charging stations connected in an adaptive charging network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an adaptive charging station controller in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0030] FIG. 4A is a diagram conceptually illustrating a hub and spoke adaptive charging station topology in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0031] FIG. 4B is a diagram conceptually illustrating a distributed hub and spoke adaptive charging station topology in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0032] FIG. 4C is a diagram conceptually illustrating a variety of adaptive charging station topologies in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0033] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a hub and spoke electrical vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) network configuration connected to a 480V transformer.

[0034] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a network including an adaptive charging station with an integrated mini transformer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0035] FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a process to distribute excess capacity between neighboring adaptive charging stations in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0036] FIG. 8 is a diagram conceptually illustrating an adaptive charging station with an integrated transformer in an adaptive charging network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0037] FIG. 9A is an image illustrating sensor data for three parking spots in a parking garage using parking detection sensors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0038] FIG. 9B is an image illustrating sensor placement for parking detection sensors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Turning now to the drawings, systems and methods for optimizing the electrical design for networks of electric vehicle supply equipment in accordance with embodiments of the invention are illustrated. An adaptive charging station (ACS) is a smart version of electrical vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) having dynamic adjustment features. EVSE generally can be any device which brings power to and/or fills an EVs battery, and are an intermediate between an EV and a power source. EVSE can utilize a variety of parameters including (but not limited to) voltages, amperages, current type, charging speeds, and/or plug types. Level 1 charging (LI) is generally the slowest form or charging and can connect an EV to a standard 110V or 120V outlet. Level 2 charging (L2) can provide additional voltage (generally up to 240V) and as such can provide a faster charge compared to LI. Level 3 charging (L3) generally uses up to 480V and can provide even faster charging than LI or L2. In several embodiments of the invention, the SAE J1772 standard can be used to define AC charging levels. It should be readily apparent that other standardized systems for EVSEs can be utilized as appropriate including (but not limited to) CHAdeMO, SAE Combined Charging Solutions, and/or Tesla charging format and that EVSEs can include both alternating current (AC) and/or direct current (DC). Furthermore, the development of additional charging standards involving a variety of AC and/or DC charging profiles is contemplated.

[0040] ACS can be grouped together into an adaptive charging network (ACN). ACNs can be specifically designed for large scale fleet deployments such as (but not limited to) college campuses, corporate offices, airports, movie theaters, and/or malls. In comparison, deploying traditional EVSEs in such environments can be cost prohibitive and often times physically impossible. The transformers and/or available breaker spaces can frequently be limiting factors on how many traditional EVSEs can be installed in a single location such as in an existing parking garage.

[0041] Traditionally, groups of EVSEs are arranged in a hub and spoke arrangement so that the charging capacity can be guaranteed for each EVSE. The charging capacity in an ACS can, however, be dynamically controlled to fit various topologies. In many embodiments of the invention, ACNs can utilize a variety of topologies including (but not limited to) hub and spoke, bus, tree, daisy chaining, point-to-point, star, ring, mesh, and/or hybrid. When arranging groups of ACS within an existing parking structure, factors including (but not limited to) the geometry of the parking spaces and/or existing electrical wiring in the structure can significantly impact the available topologies that can be selected for the ACN.

[0042] In many embodiments, energy discovery protocol (EDP) processes can be utilized to distribute available capacity between upstream and/or downstream ACS within the ACN. In many embodiments, the ability to use EDP processes to allocate capacity to ACSs within an ACN enables the deployment of network topologies beyond the traditional hub and spoke topology used in most conventional EVSE arrays. While much of the discussion that follows describes the use of EDP processes in the context of EV charging, EDP processes are not limited to applications involving EVSE. Other devices with power requirements can be part of an EDP process implemented in accordance with various embodiments of the invention including (but not limited to) heating systems, cooling systems, lighting systems, and/or other applications.

[0043] In several embodiments, an ACN incorporating an L3 charger with an integrated transformer that provides a power bus for L2 chargers can be utilized to give further flexibility in implementing ACNs in existing infrastructures. In many embodiments of the invention, L2 chargers can connect to this integrated L3 charger via a shared bus (compared to for example, the more traditional L2 chargers connecting to a transformer in a star topology). As readily can be appreciated, combining components of the power distribution infrastructure with EVSE can greatly reduce installation cost of an ACN. In addition, use of power busses can further reduce cabling and installation costs.

[0044] Due to the importance of charging to EV operation and particularly information concerning the availability of EVSE at a given location, many EV operators rely upon web services that provide information concerning the availability of EVSE. When non-EVs park in EV designated parking spots, resources indicating whether a charging station is in use will fail to correctly indicate that the parking spot is occupied. In many embodiments of the invention, an ACS can utilize a sensor to indicate when the parking spot is blocked, even when the charging station is not in use. Sensors can be in various locations on the ACS including (but not limited to) above the parking spot, on the ground below the parking spot, and/or horizontally next to the parking spot (such as mounted on a wall). [0045] Charging stations and processes utilized to perform energy discovery protocol processes in accordance with embodiments of the invention are discussed further below.

Electric Vehicle Power Distribution Networks

[0046] A power distribution network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. Electricity is generated at power generator 102. Power transmission lines 104 can transmit electricity between the power generator and power substation 106. Power substation 106 additionally can connect to one or more large storage batteries 108, which temporarily store electricity, as well as power distribution lines 110. The power distribution lines 110 can transmit electricity from the power substation to an adaptive charging network (ACN) 112. ACNs 112 can include a battery 114, solar panels 116, and adaptive charging stations (ACSs) 120. Electric vehicles 118 can connect to the ACN (and therefore to the power distribution network) at the ACSs. Some charging networks can only charge a small number of electric vehicles, while others can have the necessary infrastructure to charge dozens or even hundreds of electric vehicles simultaneously.

[0047] The power generator 102 can represent a power source including (but not limited to) those using fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, wind, or hydroelectric power. Substation 106 changes the voltage of the electricity for more efficient power distribution. Solar panels 116 are distributed power generation sources, and can generate power to supply electric charging stations as well as generate additional power for the power grid.

[0048] Although many different systems are described above with reference to FIG. 1, any of a variety of power distribution networks including adaptive charging station controllers may be utilized to perform energy discovery protocol processes as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Adaptive charging stations connected to an adaptive charging network in accordance with various embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

Adaptive Charging Station Controllers [0049] ACSs connected to an ACN in accordance with an embodiment of the invention are shown in FIG. 2. EV nodes 202 can connect to ACSs 204 using a wired and/or wireless charging connection. ACSs can connect to the ACN 208 using wired and/or wireless connections 210. ACSs can communicate with each other over this wired and/or wireless connection. In some embodiments, ACSs can communicate via data flowing directly on the power line. The adaptive charging network may also be connected to one or more centralized computers 212 to monitor calculations made by or to send instructions to multiple EV nodes. Additionally, in many embodiments, a database management system 214 can be connected to the network to track EV node data which, for example, may be used to historically track power usage at various locations or at various times of day over time. In many embodiments, adaptive charging stations can use adaptive charging station controllers, where linked adaptive charging stations can distribute available charging capacity between upstream and downstream ACSs in the ACN. In several embodiments of the invention, ACSs can be connected in various topologies including (but not limited to) hub and spoke, bus, tree, daisy chaining, point-to-point, star, ring, mesh, and/or hybrid topologies.

[0050] Although many systems are described above with reference to FIG. 2, any of a variety of systems can be utilized to implement a network of adaptive charging stations connected in an adaptive charging network in a variety of topologies as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. Adaptive charging station controllers in accordance with several embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

[0051] An adaptive charging station controller (ACS controller) in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3. In various embodiments, the ACS controller 300 can perform calculations to distribute charging capacity between linked ACSs upstream and downstream within an ACN. In many embodiments, an ACS controller can make requests for available capacity from upstream nodes and/or transmit available capacity to downstream nodes.

[0052] In the illustrated embodiment, the ACS controller includes at least one processor 302, an I/O interface 304, and memory 306. In many embodiments, the memory includes software including EV charging application 308 as well as EV parameters 310, adaptive charging parameters 312, and energy discovery protocol parameters 314. An ACS can calculate charging optimal charging parameters by using a combination of its own electric vehicle parameters, adaptive charging parameters, and/or energy discovery protocol parameters received through the I/O interface. Adaptive charging parameters can include specific charging process parameters and/or optimization constraint parameters. Additionally, adaptive charging parameters can include parameters specific to adaptive charging stations and/or adaptive charging networks. Energy discovery protocol parameters can include (but is not limited to) parameters specific to available capacity, requested capacity from upstream ACSs, and/or transmitted capacity to downstream ACSs. Energy discovery protocol processes are discussed below. In a number of embodiments, the ACS controller and/or the ACS includes a touch screen display that enables the operator of an EV to provide information concerning the EV connected to an ACS and/or information concerning desired charging requirements (e.g. information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time such as (but not limited to) departure time and/or desired additional miles to add to range of EV). As is discussed further below, the ACS controller and/or ACS can also be connected to one or more sensors that can detect a vehicle occupying a specific parking space associated with the ACS when the vehicle is not drawing current from the ACS. In this way, the sensors enable the ACS controller to provide reliable information concerning the availability of the ACS to controllers within the CAN and/or operators of EVs more generally via web services.

[0053] Although a number of different ACS controller implementations are described above with reference to FIG. 3, any of a variety of computing systems can be utilized to control an ACS within an ACN as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. Various configurations of ACSs within an ACN in accordance with many embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

Adaptive Charging Network Topologies

[0054] Adaptive charging stations can be configured in a variety of ways within an ACN. In many embodiments, the topology of an ACN installed in a preexisting structure can be determined from (but not limited to) the shape, path, wires, and/or parking spots preexisting in the location. ACSs are generally flexible to adapt and form an ACN in any preexisting building structure.

[0055] Traditional EVSEs are generally placed in a hub and spoke configuration so that capacity for each EVSE can be guaranteed. FIG. 4A illustrates this traditional hub and spoke configuration. An electric panel is generally found at the hub and EVSEs can be found at the spokes. The term electric panel is utilized to describe a component within a power supply system in which a supply of power is distributed across a number of circuits. An electric panel often involves safety circuitry such as (but not limited to) circuit breakers that are designed to protect the electronic devices connected to the power supply from aberrations in the power supply and/or to detect potential malfunctions of devices connected to the power supply circuits. When ACSs are utilized in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, capacity can be dynamically controlled by the ACSs to fit the desired topology. FIG. 4B illustrates a distributed hub-spoke topology, and FIG. 4C illustrates a variety of topologies including point-to-point, bus, star, daisy chain, ring, mesh, hybrid, and tree. In many embodiments, ACSs within these types of topologies can utilize an EDP process to distribute available capacity to other linked ACS within the ACN. EDP processes involve determining the actual capacity of individual ACSs and communicating this information throughout the ACN to allocate capacity between ACSs in a manner that enables them to meet their load requirements (where possible). As is discussed further below, EDP processes can involve performing network discovery to determine the topology of an CAN and/or communicating available capacity via power line communication and/or use of separate networking infrastructure including (but not limited to) providing mesh networking capabilities within ACSs.

Extending High Voltage Distribution Within an ACN

[0056] Many traditional EV charging networks utilize a 480V step down transformer which can feed a branch panel. This branch panel can then feed a 208V supply line to one or more EVSEs. In some configurations, the branch panel can be the hub and the EVSEs can be the spokes in the hub and spoke topology discussed above. FIG. 5 illustrates this more traditional EVSE charging network where 480V power is distributed from an electric panel to a step down transformer. As described above, the transformer then passes 208V to a branch panel, which supplies 208V to several EVSEs.

[0057] A large portion of resources including (but not limited to) time and/or money associated with the installation of an EV charging network can be spent on planning and installing an EV charging network similar to the EV charging network described in FIG. 5 (in addition to the costs of the individual components of the EV charging network). In many embodiments, elements can be miniaturized and distributed towards the edges of the ACN. Additionally, in several embodiments, extending the high voltage (e.g. 480V supply) into the network as far as possible can reduce installation costs (e.g. reducing wire thicknesses relative to lower voltage wiring by up to 50% - a potentially large amount of copper and/or other materials).

[0058] FIG. 6 illustrates an illustrative ACN with a miniaturized 480V distribution panel supplying 480V to three ACS including an ACS with an integrated mini transformer. The ACN has both daisy chain and tree portions giving the ACN illustrated in FIG. 6 a hybrid topology. It should readily apparent that the ACN in FIG. 6 is merely illustrative and any number of combinations of fully sized and/or miniaturized pieces of equipment can be used with any network topology as appropriate to specific requirements. Processes to transmit available capacity within an ACN to linked ACSs are discussed below.

Energy Discovery Protocol Processes

[0059] An Energy Discovery Protocol (EDP) process that can be used to distribute available capacity within an ACN is illustrated in FIG. 7. ACSs within the ACN generally need to be linked to share capacity. An ACS can be linked by upstream and downstream ACSs. Upstream ACSs are located between the current ACS and the power supply within the ACN. The current ACS is located between downstream ACSs and the power supply within the ACN. In some embodiments, the addition of renewable energy sources such as (but not limited to) solar panels and/or batteries, can change which ACSs are upstream and/or downstream over time as different power sources become available within the ACN.

[0060] Traditional EVSE configurations generally assume the availability of full power one hundred percent of the time. For example, a device using a NEMA 14 - 50 receptacle assumes 50A of capacity is available at all times. ACSs can utilize EDP processes to communicate with neighboring ACSs and receive information concerning the actual energy capacity of neighboring ACSs. In many embodiments, ACSs can request (702) available capacity from upstream ACSs. If this capacity required for a given load at a specific ACS is available based upon information received from other ACSs concerning available capacity, the specific ACS can provide the required power to the given load.

[0061] ACSs can receive requests for capacity from downstream ACSs. In many embodiments, when capacity is available, an ACS can provide available capacity to downstream ACSs. It should readily be apparent that some ACN topologies may have sections with different capacity demands (for example but not limited to a hybrid topology involving both L3 and L2 chargers) and an ACS can transmit a received request for capacity from a downstream ACS further upstream to an additional ACS when the transmitting ACS lacks the available capacity itself to meet the capacity demands of the downstream ACS. In many embodiments, a central service can store the capacities of all ACSs to assist with allocation of capacity using either a centralized distribution process and/or a distributed process for determining the capacity requirements of Individual ACSs (see for example the processes described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/295,887 entitled "Adaptive Charging Algorithms for a Network of Electric Vehicles" to Z. Low et al., filed October 17, 2016, the relevant disclosure from which including the disclosure related to capacity allocation is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0062] Although many different EDP processes are described above with reference to FIG. 7, any of a variety of processes may be utilized to distribute available capacity within an ACN to upstream and downstream ACSs as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with many embodiments of the invention.

ACNs Incorporating an ACS with an Integrated Transformer

[0063] In many embodiments of the invention, ACSs can have integrated transformers. FIG. 8 illustrates an ACN incorporating an ACS with an integrated transformer. High voltage power (e.g. 480V power) is supplied to the network 802 from a source via a high voltage line 804, which can include (but is not limited to) an electric panel. As noted above, a high voltage line can often have a narrower cross section than lower voltage lines that carry higher currents. ACS 806 includes an integrated transformer which steps down the supplied high voltage to a lower step down voltage (e.g. 208V) that is passed to the rest of the ACN along wires 810. It should be readily apparent that 480V and/or 208V are merely illustrative and other input and step down voltages can be utilized as appropriate to the requirements of specific embodiments. ACSs 810, each receiving 208V, connect to ACS 806 by a shared bus 810. In addition, ACSs 810 can be connected in any of the topologies discussed above including (but not limited to) point- to-point, bus, star, daisy chain, ring, mesh, hybrid, and/or tree. As can readily be appreciated, the ability to run a single line from an electrical panel to an ACS incorporating an integrated transformer and then to connect additional ACSs to the ACS incorporating the transformer can greatly reduce installation labor and material costs. These savings can decrease the time for a facility to recover the cost of installing the ACN and/or enable the installation of additional ACSs. Further savings can be achieved by incorporating junction boxes within individual ACSs 810 so that wiring can simply be run between ACSs. In a number of embodiments, tamper resistant plugs and sockets (e.g. plugs and connectors that are contained within the housing and from which the connector is difficult to remove when the housing of the ACS is secured) can be utilized to further simplify the installation of a series of ACSs.

[0064] Although a variety of ACNs incorporating ACSs with integrated transformers are described above with reference to FIG. 8, any of a variety of power distribution networks which can integrate a transformer with an EVSE may be utilized as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Charging Processes

[0065] In many embodiments of the invention, ACS can use adaptive charging processes to adapt the charging rates of all EVs dynamically based on the current state of the system without precise knowledge of future conditions. Adaptive charging processes can include (but are not limited to) online linear programming processes, least laxity fist processes, and/or linear programs with congestion management processes. Examples of appropriate processes include (but are not limited) to the processes described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/295,887 entitled "Adaptive Charging Algorithms for a Network of Electric Vehicles" to Z. Low et al., filed October 17, 2016, incorporated by reference above. In many embodiments, the ACS receives charging information that enables the ACS to control the charging of an EV in a manner that is coordinated with the other ACSs within the ACN to achieve an overall objective with respect to the allocation of capacity amongst ACSs. In several embodiments, the charging information can include information indicative of a power level and/or current level that is utilized to control power delivered to a charging EV. In many embodiments, the charging information may direct the ACS to deliver no power to an EV and instead to supply power to other downstream ACSs. As can readily be appreciated, the specific charging information is largely dependent upon the requirements of a given application and the specific power requirements of any EVs that may be utilizing the ACN at a given time.

[0066] In several embodiments, charging processes can be customized to optimize different performance criteria such as (but not limited to) minimizing electricity costs, minimizing weighted average or maximum charging time, maximizing robustness, maximizing asset utilization, maximizing welfare, and/or a combination of criteria. In many other embodiments, the topology and/or the type of chargers utilized can effect charging processes. For example, when daisy chaining L3 ACS you can have a variety of capacities. These parameters are linear and can be captured in a linear programming process for charging.

[0067] Constraints may be automatically detected by the ACN. In other embodiments, a description of the ACN (such as but not limited to a configuration file describing the system) can be utilized to specify which ACS will share resources. Charging Processes

[0065] In many embodiments of the invention, ACS can use adaptive charging processes to adapt the charging rates of all EVs dynamically based on the current state of the system without precise knowledge of future conditions. Adaptive charging processes can include (but are not limited to) online linear programming processes, least laxity fist processes, and/or linear programs with congestion management processes. Examples of appropriate processes include (but are not limited) to the processes described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 15/295,887 entitled "Adaptive Charging Algorithms for a Network of Electric Vehicles" to Z. Low et al., filed October 17, 2016, incorporated by reference above. In many embodiments, the ACS receives charging information that enables the ACS to control the charging of an EV in a manner that is coordinated with the other ACSs within the ACN to achieve an overall objective with respect to the allocation of capacity amongst ACSs. In several embodiments, the charging information can include information indicative of a power level and/or current level that is utilized to control power delivered to a charging EV. In many embodiments, the charging information may direct the ACS to deliver no power to an EV and instead to supply power to other downstream ACSs. As can readily be appreciated, the specific charging information is largely dependent upon the requirements of a given application and the specific power requirements of any EVs that may be utilizing the ACN at a given time.

[0066] In several embodiments, charging processes can be customized to optimize different performance criteria such as (but not limited to) minimizing electricity costs, minimizing weighted average or maximum charging time, maximizing robustness, maximizing asset utilization, maximizing welfare, and/or a combination of criteria. In many other embodiments, the topology and/or the type of chargers utilized can effect charging processes. For example, when daisy chaining L3 ACS you can have a variety of capacities. These parameters are linear and can be captured in a linear programming process for charging.

[0067] Constraints may be automatically detected by the ACN. In other embodiments, a description of the ACN (such as but not limited to a configuration file describing the system) can be utilized to specify which ACS will share resources.

-1 5- Parked Vehicle Detection Processes

[0068] Traditional EVSE can often be blocked by vehicles which are not charging which can prevent EVs from reaching the charging station. In many instances, traditional charging networks will incorrectly report EVSE availability (for example online) when in fact the EVSE is obstructed by the blocked parking spot. In many embodiments, ACSs can include a sensor to detect obstructions to parking spaces. FIG. 9A illustrates an image of a parking garage with sensor data for three parking spots, two blocked by vehicles and one unblocked. A variety of sensors can be utilized including (but not limited to) ultrasonic, proximity, cameras, and/or pressure. FIG. 9B illustrates parked vehicle detection using an overhead sensor. Sensors integrated with ACS can be places in a variety of positions including (but not limited) above a vehicle, below a vehicle, and/or horizontal to a vehicle (such as mounted on a wall of a parking garage). Combining sensor data with other station activity information can detect many states including (but not limited to) parked and idle connected, parked and active charging, parked and finished charging, and/or parked and not connected (i.e. blocking). Data concerning station activity can be aggregated in servers that publish the data via web services, which enable software such as (but not limited to) software applications on mobile devices and/or web browser applications to display reliable information concerning the availability of EV chargers at a given location.

[0069] Although many different parking detection processes are described above with reference to FIGS. 9A and 9B, any of a variety of processes may be utilized to detect parking and charging states of vehicles at ACS as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

[0070] Although the present invention has been described in certain specific aspects, many additional modifications and variations would be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore to be understood that the present invention can be practiced otherwise than specifically described without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should be considered in all respects as illustrative

-16- and not restrictive. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their equivalents.

-17- Adaptive Charging Network using Adaptive Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention generally relates to electric vehicles and more specifically relates to adaptive charging station optimization for electric vehicles.

BACKGROUND

[0002] An incredible amount of infrastructure is relied upon to transport electricity from power stations, where the majority of electricity is currently generated, to where it is consumed by individuals. Power stations can generate electricity in a number of ways including using fossil fuels or using renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric sources. Substations typically do not generate electricity, but can change the voltage level of the electricity as well as provide protection to other grid infrastructure during faults and outages. From here, the electricity travels over distribution lines to bring electricity to locations where it is consumed such as homes, businesses, and schools. The term ^" smart grid" describes a new approach to power distribution which leverages advanced technology to track and manage the distribution of electricity. A smart grid applies upgrades to existing power grid infrastructure including the addition of more renewable energy sources, advanced smart meters that digitally record power usage in real time, and bidirectional energy flow that enables the generation and storage of energy in additional places along the electric grid.

[0003] Electric vehicles (EVs), which include plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), can use an electric motor for propulsion. EV adoption has been spurred by federal, state, and local government policies providing various incentives (e.g. rebates, fast lanes, parking, etc.). Continued EV adoption is likely to have a significant impact on the future smart grid due to the additional stress load that EVs add to the grid (an EV's power demand can be many times that of an average residential house).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Adaptive charging networks in accordance with embodiments of the invention enable the optimization of electric design of charging networks for electric vehicles. One embodiment includes an electrical supply; a plurality of adaptive charging stations; wherein at

-1 - least one adaptive charging station distributes power to at least one other adaptive charging station; wherein at least one adaptive charging station is configured to communicate capacity information to a controller; and wherein the controller is configured to control the distribution of power to the plurality of adaptive charging stations based upon the capacity information received from at least one adaptive charging station.

[0005] In further embodiment, the at least one adaptive charging station that distributes power to at least one other adaptive charging station: receives a high voltage supply and includes a transformer that steps down the high voltage supply; and distributes the stepped down high voltage supply to at least one other adaptive charging station.

[0006] In a still further embodiment, the at least one adaptive charging station is configured to communicate capacity information in accordance with an energy discovery protocol process performed by the plurality of adaptive charging stations.

[0007] In another embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations is configured to communicate capacity information via power line communications.

[0008] In a still another embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations is configured to communicate capacity information via wireless communication.

[0009] In a yet further embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations comprises a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space, when the vehicle is not charging.

[0010] In a further embodiment again, the at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations that comprises a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space is further configured to communicate parking space occupancy information to a web gateway from which the parking space occupancy information can be retrieved via an application programming interface.

[0011] In a further additional embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations comprises a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle.

-2- [0012] In another additional embodiment, the controller is configured to control the distribution of power to the plurality of adaptive charging stations based upon the capacity information received from at least one adaptive charging station using linear programming.

[0013] In a still yet further embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations comprises a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle including information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time; and the controller solves the linear program based upon the capacities of the plurality of adaptive charging stations, and at least one power requirement and an associated charging time.

[0014] In still another embodiment again, further comprising a plurality of power sources.

[0015] Still another further embodiment includes: the plurality of power sources comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: an electric panel; a photovoltaic array; and a battery.

[0016] An adaptive charging station in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, comprising: an input configured to receive a high voltage power supply; a transformer configured to step down a high voltage power supply to a create a stepped down power supply; at least one output configured to distribute the stepped down power supply; a network interface; a processor a memory containing: an energy distribution application; wherein the processor is configured by the energy distribution application to: generate a stepped down voltage from a high voltage power supply received via the input using the transformer; and distribute the stepped down voltage to a downstream adaptive charging station in the network.

[0017] In yet another embodiment, the energy distribution application further configures the processor to transmit capacity information via the network interface.

[0018] In a further embodiment again, the energy distribution application further configures the processor to receive capacity information via the network interface.

[0019] In another embodiment again, the energy distribution application further configures the processor to generate a stepped down voltage based upon capacity information received via the network interface.

-3- [0020] In a still yet further embodiment, a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space, when the vehicle is not charging.

[0021] In still yet another embodiment, the energy distribution application configures the processor to communicate parking space occupancy information to a web gateway from which the parking space occupancy information can be retrieved via an application programming interface.

[0022] In a still further embodiment again, a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle.

[0023] In still another embodiment again, the charging requirements include information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time.

[0024] An adaptive charging station in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, comprising: an input configured to receive a power supply; an output for providing power to an electric vehicle; a network interface; a processor; a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle, where the charging requirements include information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time; a memory containing: an energy distribution application; wherein the processor is configured by the energy distribution application to: transmit charging requirement information including a power requirement and an associated charging time via the network interface; receive charging information via the network interface; and controlling power delivered via the output to control charging of an electric vehicle in accordance with the received charging information.

[0025] In yet another embodiment, a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space, when the vehicle is not charging.

[0026] In another embodiment again, the energy distribution application configures the processor to communicate parking space occupancy information to a web gateway from which the parking space occupancy information can be retrieved via an application programming interface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

-4- [0027] FIG. 1 is a diagram conceptually illustrating a power distribution network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0028] FIG. 2 is a diagram conceptually illustrating adaptive charging stations connected in an adaptive charging network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an adaptive charging station controller in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0030] FIG. 4A is a diagram conceptually illustrating a hub and spoke adaptive charging station topology in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0031] FIG. 4B is a diagram conceptually illustrating a distributed hub and spoke adaptive charging station topology in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0032] FIG. 4C is a diagram conceptually illustrating a variety of adaptive charging station topologies in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0033] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a hub and spoke electrical vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) network configuration connected to a 480V transformer.

[0034] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a network including an adaptive charging station with an integrated mini transformer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0035] FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a process to distribute excess capacity between neighboring adaptive charging stations in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0036] FIG. 8 is a diagram conceptually illustrating an adaptive charging station with an integrated transformer in an adaptive charging network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0037] FIG. 9A is an image illustrating sensor data for three parking spots in a parking garage using parking detection sensors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0038] FIG. 9B is an image illustrating sensor placement for parking detection sensors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Turning now to the drawings, systems and methods for optimizing the electrical design for networks of electric vehicle supply equipment in accordance with embodiments of

-5- the invention are illustrated. An adaptive charging station (ACS) is a smart version of electrical vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) having dynamic adjustment features. EVSE generally can be any device which brings power to and/or fills an EVs battery, and are an intermediate between an EV and a power source. EVSE can utilize a variety of parameters including (but not limited to) voltages, amperages, current type, charging speeds, and/or plug types. Level 1 charging (LI) is generally the slowest form or charging and can connect an EV to a standard 110V or 120V outlet. Level 2 charging (L2) can provide additional voltage (generally up to 240V) and as such can provide a faster charge compared to LI. Level 3 charging (L3) generally uses up to 480V and can provide even faster charging than LI or L2. In several embodiments of the invention, the SAE J1772 standard can be used to define AC charging levels. It should be readily apparent that other standardized systems for EVSEs can be utilized as appropriate including (but not limited to) CHAdeMO, SAE Combined Charging Solutions, and/or Tesla charging format and that EVSEs can include both alternating current (AC) and/or direct current (DC). Furthermore, the development of additional charging standards involving a variety of AC and/or DC charging profiles is contemplated.

[0040] ACS can be grouped together into an adaptive charging network (ACN). ACNs can be specifically designed for large scale fleet deployments such as (but not limited to) college campuses, corporate offices, airports, movie theaters, and/or malls. In comparison, deploying traditional EVSEs in such environments can be cost prohibitive and often times physically impossible. The transformers and/or available breaker spaces can frequently be limiting factors on how many traditional EVSEs can be installed in a single location such as in an existing parking garage.

[0041] Traditionally, groups of EVSEs are arranged in a hub and spoke arrangement so that the charging capacity can be guaranteed for each EVSE. The charging capacity in an ACS can, however, be dynamically controlled to fit various topologies. In many embodiments of the invention, ACNs can utilize a variety of topologies including (but not limited to) hub and spoke, bus, tree, daisy chaining, point-to-point, star, ring, mesh, and/or hybrid. When arranging groups of ACS within an existing parking structure, factors including (but not limited to) the

-6- geometry of the parking spaces and/or existing electrical wiring in the structure can significantly impact the available topologies that can be selected for the ACN.

[0042] In many embodiments, energy discovery protocol (EDP) processes can be utilized to distribute available capacity between upstream and/or downstream ACS within the ACN. In many embodiments, the ability to use EDP processes to allocate capacity to ACSs within an ACN enables the deployment of network topologies beyond the traditional hub and spoke topology used in most conventional EVSE arrays. While much of the discussion that follows describes the use of EDP processes in the context of EV charging, EDP processes are not limited to applications involving EVSE. Other devices with power requirements can be part of an EDP process implemented in accordance with various embodiments of the invention including (but not limited to) heating systems, cooling systems, lighting systems, and/or other applications.

[0043] In several embodiments, an ACN incorporating an L3 charger with an integrated transformer that provides a power bus for L2 chargers can be utilized to give further flexibility in implementing ACNs in existing infrastructures. In many embodiments of the invention, L2 chargers can connect to this integrated L3 charger via a shared bus (compared to for example, the more traditional L2 chargers connecting to a transformer in a star topology). As readily can be appreciated, combining components of the power distribution infrastructure with EVSE can greatly reduce installation cost of an ACN. In addition, use of power busses can further reduce cabling and installation costs.

[0044] Due to the importance of charging to EV operation and particularly information concerning the availability of EVSE at a given location, many EV operators rely upon web services that provide information concerning the availability of EVSE. When non-EVs park in EV designated parking spots, resources indicating whether a charging station is in use will fail to correctly indicate that the parking spot is occupied. In many embodiments of the invention, an ACS can utilize a sensor to indicate when the parking spot is blocked, even when the charging station is not in use. Sensors can be in various locations on the ACS including (but not limited to) above the parking spot, on the ground below the parking spot, and/or horizontally next to the parking spot (such as mounted on a wall).

-7- [0045] Charging stations and processes utilized to perform energy discovery protocol processes in accordance with embodiments of the invention are discussed further below.

Electric Vehicle Power Distribution Networks

[0046] A power distribution network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. Electricity is generated at power generator 102. Power transmission lines 104 can transmit electricity between the power generator and power substation 106. Power substation 106 additionally can connect to one or more large storage batteries 108, which temporarily store electricity, as well as power distribution lines 110. The power distribution lines 110 can transmit electricity from the power substation to an adaptive charging network (ACN) 112. ACNs 112 can include a battery 114, solar panels 116, and adaptive charging stations (ACSs) 120. Electric vehicles 118 can connect to the ACN (and therefore to the power distribution network) at the ACSs. Some charging networks can only charge a small number of electric vehicles, while others can have the necessary infrastructure to charge dozens or even hundreds of electric vehicles simultaneously.

[0047] The power generator 102 can represent a power source including (but not limited to) those using fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, wind, or hydroelectric power. Substation 106 changes the voltage of the electricity for more efficient power distribution. Solar panels 116 are distributed power generation sources, and can generate power to supply electric charging stations as well as generate additional power for the power grid.

[0048] Although many different systems are described above with reference to FIG. 1, any of a variety of power distribution networks including adaptive charging station controllers may be utilized to perform energy discovery protocol processes as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Adaptive charging stations connected to an adaptive charging network in accordance with various embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

Adaptive Charging Station Controllers

-8- [0049] ACSs connected to an ACN in accordance with an embodiment of the invention are shown in FIG. 2. EV nodes 202 can connect to ACSs 204 using a wired and/or wireless charging connection. ACSs can connect to the ACN 208 using wired and/or wireless connections 210. ACSs can communicate with each other over this wired and/or wireless connection. In some embodiments, ACSs can communicate via data flowing directly on the power line. The adaptive charging network may also be connected to one or more centralized computers 212 to monitor calculations made by or to send instructions to multiple EV nodes. Additionally, in many embodiments, a database management system 214 can be connected to the network to track EV node data which, for example, may be used to historically track power usage at various locations or at various times of day over time. In many embodiments, adaptive charging stations can use adaptive charging station controllers, where linked adaptive charging stations can distribute available charging capacity between upstream and downstream ACSs in the ACN. In several embodiments of the invention, ACSs can be connected in various topologies including (but not limited to) hub and spoke, bus, tree, daisy chaining, point-to-point, star, ring, mesh, and/or hybrid topologies.

[0050] Although many systems are described above with reference to FIG. 2, any of a variety of systems can be utilized to implement a network of adaptive charging stations connected in an adaptive charging network in a variety of topologies as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. Adaptive charging station controllers in accordance with several embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

[0051] An adaptive charging station controller (ACS controller) in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3. In various embodiments, the ACS controller 300 can perform calculations to distribute charging capacity between linked ACSs upstream and downstream within an ACN. In many embodiments, an ACS controller can make requests for available capacity from upstream nodes and/or transmit available capacity to downstream nodes.

[0052] In the illustrated embodiment, the ACS controller includes at least one processor 302, an I/O interface 304, and memory 306. In many embodiments, the memory includes software including EV charging application 308 as well as EV parameters 310, adaptive charging parameters 312, and energy discovery protocol parameters 314. An ACS can calculate charging optimal charging parameters by using a combination of its own electric vehicle parameters, adaptive charging parameters, and/or energy discovery protocol parameters received through the I/O interface. Adaptive charging parameters can include specific charging process parameters and/or optimization constraint parameters. Additionally, adaptive charging parameters can include parameters specific to adaptive charging stations and/or adaptive charging networks. Energy discovery protocol parameters can include (but is not limited to) parameters specific to available capacity, requested capacity from upstream ACSs, and/or transmitted capacity to downstream ACSs. Energy discovery protocol processes are discussed below. In a number of embodiments, the ACS controller and/or the ACS includes a touch screen display that enables the operator of an EV to provide information concerning the EV connected to an ACS and/or information concerning desired charging requirements (e.g. information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time such as (but not limited to) departure time and/or desired additional miles to add to range of EV). As is discussed further below, the ACS controller and/or ACS can also be connected to one or more sensors that can detect a vehicle occupying a specific parking space associated with the ACS when the vehicle is not drawing current from the ACS. In this way, the sensors enable the ACS controller to provide reliable information concerning the availability of the ACS to controllers within the CAN and/or operators of EVs more generally via web services.

[0053] Although a number of different ACS controller implementations are described above with reference to FIG. 3, any of a variety of computing systems can be utilized to control an ACS within an ACN as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. Various configurations of ACSs within an ACN in accordance with many embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

Adaptive Charging Network Topologies

[0054] Adaptive charging stations can be configured in a variety of ways within an ACN. In many embodiments, the topology of an ACN installed in a preexisting structure can be

-10- determined from (but not limited to) the shape, path, wires, and/or parking spots preexisting in the location. ACSs are generally flexible to adapt and form an ACN in any preexisting building structure.

[0055] Traditional EVSEs are generally placed in a hub and spoke configuration so that capacity for each EVSE can be guaranteed. FIG. 4A illustrates this traditional hub and spoke configuration. An electric panel is generally found at the hub and EVSEs can be found at the spokes. The term electric panel is utilized to describe a component within a power supply system in which a supply of power is distributed across a number of circuits. An electric panel often involves safety circuitry such as (but not limited to) circuit breakers that are designed to protect the electronic devices connected to the power supply from aberrations in the power supply and/or to detect potential malfunctions of devices connected to the power supply circuits. When ACSs are utilized in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, capacity can be dynamically controlled by the ACSs to fit the desired topology. FIG. 4B illustrates a distributed hub-spoke topology, and FIG. 4C illustrates a variety of topologies including point-to-point, bus, star, daisy chain, ring, mesh, hybrid, and tree. In many embodiments, ACSs within these types of topologies can utilize an EDP process to distribute available capacity to other linked ACS within the ACN. EDP processes involve determining the actual capacity of individual ACSs and communicating this information throughout the ACN to allocate capacity between ACSs in a manner that enables them to meet their load requirements (where possible). As is discussed further below, EDP processes can involve performing network discovery to determine the topology of an CAN and/or communicating available capacity via power line communication and/or use of separate networking infrastructure including (but not limited to) providing mesh networking capabilities within ACSs.

-1 1 - Extending High Voltage Distribution Within an ACN

[0056] Many traditional EV charging networks utilize a 480V step down transformer which can feed a branch panel. This branch panel can then feed a 208V supply line to one or more EVSEs. In some configurations, the branch panel can be the hub and the EVSEs can be the spokes in the hub and spoke topology discussed above. FIG. 5 illustrates this more traditional EVSE charging network where 480V power is distributed from an electric panel to a step down transformer. As described above, the transformer then passes 208V to a branch panel, which supplies 208V to several EVSEs.

[0057] A large portion of resources including (but not limited to) time and/or money associated with the installation of an EV charging network can be spent on planning and installing an EV charging network similar to the EV charging network described in FIG. 5 (in addition to the costs of the individual components of the EV charging network). In many embodiments, elements can be miniaturized and distributed towards the edges of the ACN. Additionally, in several embodiments, extending the high voltage (e.g. 480V supply) into the network as far as possible can reduce installation costs (e.g. reducing wire thicknesses relative to lower voltage wiring by up to 50% - a potentially large amount of copper and/or other materials).

[0058] FIG. 6 illustrates an illustrative ACN with a miniaturized 480V distribution panel supplying 480V to three ACS including an ACS with an integrated mini transformer. The ACN has both daisy chain and tree portions giving the ACN illustrated in FIG. 6 a hybrid topology. It should readily apparent that the ACN in FIG. 6 is merely illustrative and any number of combinations of fully sized and/or miniaturized pieces of equipment can be used with any network topology as appropriate to specific requirements. Processes to transmit available capacity within an ACN to linked ACSs are discussed below.

Energy Discovery Protocol Processes

[0059] An Energy Discovery Protocol (EDP) process that can be used to distribute available capacity within an ACN is illustrated in FIG. 7. ACSs within the ACN generally need to be linked to share capacity. An ACS can be linked by upstream and downstream ACSs. Upstream ACSs

-1 2- are located between the current ACS and the power supply within the ACN. The current ACS is located between downstream ACSs and the power supply within the ACN. In some embodiments, the addition of renewable energy sources such as (but not limited to) solar panels and/or batteries, can change which ACSs are upstream and/or downstream over time as different power sources become available within the ACN.

[0060] Traditional EVSE configurations generally assume the availability of full power one hundred percent of the time. For example, a device using a NEMA 14 - 50 receptacle assumes 50A of capacity is available at all times. ACSs can utilize EDP processes to communicate with neighboring ACSs and receive information concerning the actual energy capacity of neighboring ACSs. In many embodiments, ACSs can request (702) available capacity from upstream ACSs. If this capacity required for a given load at a specific ACS is available based upon information received from other ACSs concerning available capacity, the specific ACS can provide the required power to the given load.

[0061] ACSs can receive requests for capacity from downstream ACSs. In many embodiments, when capacity is available, an ACS can provide available capacity to downstream ACSs. It should readily be apparent that some ACN topologies may have sections with different capacity demands (for example but not limited to a hybrid topology involving both L3 and L2 chargers) and an ACS can transmit a received request for capacity from a downstream ACS further upstream to an additional ACS when the transmitting ACS lacks the available capacity itself to meet the capacity demands of the downstream ACS. In many embodiments, a central service can store the capacities of all ACSs to assist with allocation of capacity using either a centralized distribution process and/or a distributed process for determining the capacity requirements of individual ACSs (see for example the processes described in U.S. Patent PublicationApplication Serial No. 15/295,887 entitled "Adaptive Charging Algorithms for a Network of Electric Vehicles" to Z. Low et al., filed October 17, 2016, the relevant disclosure from which including the disclosure related to capacity allocation is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0062] Although many different EDP processes are described above with reference to FIG. 7, any of a variety of processes may be utilized to distribute available capacity within an ACN to

-1 3- upstream and downstream ACSs as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with many embodiments of the invention.

ACNs Incorporating an ACS with an Integrated Transformer

[0063] In many embodiments of the invention, ACSs can have integrated transformers. FIG. 8 illustrates an ACN incorporating an ACS with an integrated transformer. High voltage power (e.g. 480V power) is supplied to the network 802 from a source via a high voltage line 804, which can include (but is not limited to) an electric panel. As noted above, a high voltage line can often have a narrower cross section than lower voltage lines that carry higher currents. ACS 806 includes an integrated transformer which steps down the supplied high voltage to a lower step down voltage (e.g. 208V) that is passed to the rest of the ACN along wires 810. It should be readily apparent that 480V and/or 208V are merely illustrative and other input and step down voltages can be utilized as appropriate to the requirements of specific embodiments. ACSs 810, each receiving 208V, connect to ACS 806 by a shared bus 810. In addition, ACSs 810 can be connected in any of the topologies discussed above including (but not limited to) point- to-point, bus, star, daisy chain, ring, mesh, hybrid, and/or tree. As can readily be appreciated, the ability to run a single line from an electrical panel to an ACS incorporating an integrated transformer and then to connect additional ACSs to the ACS incorporating the transformer can greatly reduce installation labor and material costs. These savings can decrease the time for a facility to recover the cost of installing the ACN and/or enable the installation of additional ACSs. Further savings can be achieved by incorporating junction boxes within individual ACSs 810 so that wiring can simply be run between ACSs. In a number of embodiments, tamper resistant plugs and sockets (e.g. plugs and connectors that are contained within the housing and from which the connector is difficult to remove when the housing of the ACS is secured) can be utilized to further simplify the installation of a series of ACSs.

[0064] Although a variety of ACNs incorporating ACSs with integrated transformers are described above with reference to FIG. 8, any of a variety of power distribution networks which can integrate a transformer with an EVSE may be utilized as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

-14- Charging Processes

[0065] In many embodiments of the invention, ACS can use adaptive charging processes to adapt the charging rates of all EVs dynamically based on the current state of the system without precise knowledge of future conditions. Adaptive charging processes can include (but are not limited to) online linear programming processes, least laxity fist processes, and/or linear programs with congestion management processes. Examples of appropriate processes include (but are not limited) to the processes described in U.S. Patent PublicationApplication Serial No. 15/295,887 entitled "Adaptive Charging Algorithms for a Network of Electric Vehicles" to Z. Low et al., filed October 17, 2016, incorporated by reference above. In many embodiments, the ACS receives charging information that enables the ACS to control the charging of an EV in a manner that is coordinated with the other ACSs within the ACN to achieve an overall objective with respect to the allocation of capacity amongst ACSs. In several embodiments, the charging information can include information indicative of a power level and/or current level that is utilized to control power delivered to a charging EV. In many embodiments, the charging information may direct the ACS to deliver no power to an EV and instead to supply power to other downstream ACSs. As can readily be appreciated, the specific charging information is largely dependent upon the requirements of a given application and the specific power requirements of any EVs that may be utilizing the ACN at a given time.

[0066] In several embodiments, charging processes can be customized to optimize different performance criteria such as (but not limited to) minimizing electricity costs, minimizing weighted average or maximum charging time, maximizing robustness, maximizing asset utilization, maximizing welfare, and/or a combination of criteria. In many other embodiments, the topology and/or the type of chargers utilized can effect charging processes. For example, when daisy chaining L3 ACS you can have a variety of capacities. These parameters are linear and can be captured in a linear programming process for charging.

[0067] Constraints may be automatically detected by the ACN. In other embodiments, a description of the ACN (such as but not limited to a configuration file describing the system) can be utilized to specify which ACS will share resources.

-1 5- Parked Vehicle Detection Processes

[0068] Traditional EVSE can often be blocked by vehicles which are not charging which can prevent EVs from reaching the charging station. In many instances, traditional charging networks will incorrectly report EVSE availability (for example online) when in fact the EVSE is obstructed by the blocked parking spot. In many embodiments, ACSs can include a sensor to detect obstructions to parking spaces. FIG. 9A illustrates an image of a parking garage with sensor data for three parking spots, two blocked by vehicles and one unblocked. A variety of sensors can be utilized including (but not limited to) ultrasonic, proximity, cameras, and/or pressure. FIG. 9B illustrates parked vehicle detection using an overhead sensor. Sensors integrated with ACS can be places in a variety of positions including (but not limited) above a vehicle, below a vehicle, and/or horizontal to a vehicle (such as mounted on a wall of a parking garage). Combining sensor data with other station activity information can detect many states including (but not limited to) parked and idle connected, parked and active charging, parked and finished charging, and/or parked and not connected (i.e. blocking). Data concerning station activity can be aggregated in servers that publish the data via web services, which enable software such as (but not limited to) software applications on mobile devices and/or web browser applications to display reliable information concerning the availability of EV chargers at a given location.

[0069] Although many different parking detection processes are described above with reference to FIGS. 9A and 9B, any of a variety of processes may be utilized to detect parking and charging states of vehicles at ACS as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

[0070] Although the present invention has been described in certain specific aspects, many additional modifications and variations would be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore to be understood that the present invention can be practiced otherwise than specifically described without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should be considered in all respects as illustrative

-16- and not restrictive. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their equivalents.

-17- Adaptive Charging Network using Adaptive Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention generally relates to electric vehicles and more specifically relates to adaptive charging station optimization for electric vehicles.

BACKGROUND

[0002] An incredible amount of infrastructure is relied upon to transport electricity from power stations, where the majority of electricity is currently generated, to where it is consumed by individuals. Power stations can generate electricity in a number of ways including using fossil fuels or using renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric sources. Substations typically do not generate electricity, but can change the voltage level of the electricity as well as provide protection to other grid infrastructure during faults and outages. From here, the electricity travels over distribution lines to bring electricity to locations where it is consumed such as homes, businesses, and schools. The term ^" smart grid" describes a new approach to power distribution which leverages advanced technology to track and manage the distribution of electricity. A smart grid applies upgrades to existing power grid infrastructure including the addition of more renewable energy sources, advanced smart meters that digitally record power usage in real time, and bidirectional energy flow that enables the generation and storage of energy in additional places along the electric grid.

[0003] Electric vehicles (EVs), which include plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), can use an electric motor for propulsion. EV adoption has been spurred by federal, state, and local government policies providing various incentives (e.g. rebates, fast lanes, parking, etc.). Continued EV adoption is likely to have a significant impact on the future smart grid due to the additional stress load that EVs add to the grid (an EV's power demand can be many times that of an average residential house).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Adaptive charging networks in accordance with embodiments of the invention enable the optimization of electric design of charging networks for electric vehicles. One embodiment includes an electrical supply; a plurality of adaptive charging stations; wherein at

-1 - least one adaptive charging station distributes power to at least one other adaptive charging station; wherein at least one adaptive charging station is configured to communicate capacity information to a controller; and wherein the controller is configured to control the distribution of power to the plurality of adaptive charging stations based upon the capacity information received from at least one adaptive charging station.

[0005] In further embodiment, the at least one adaptive charging station that distributes power to at least one other adaptive charging station: receives a high voltage supply and includes a transformer that steps down the high voltage supply; and distributes the stepped down high voltage supply to at least one other adaptive charging station.

[0006] In a still further embodiment, the at least one adaptive charging station is configured to communicate capacity information in accordance with an energy discovery protocol process performed by the plurality of adaptive charging stations.

[0007] In another embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations is configured to communicate capacity information via power line communications.

[0008] In a still another embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations is configured to communicate capacity information via wireless communication.

[0009] In a yet further embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations comprises a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space, when the vehicle is not charging.

[0010] In a further embodiment again, the at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations that comprises a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space is further configured to communicate parking space occupancy information to a web gateway from which the parking space occupancy information can be retrieved via an application programming interface.

[0011] In a further additional embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations comprises a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle.

-2- [0012] In another additional embodiment, the controller is configured to control the distribution of power to the plurality of adaptive charging stations based upon the capacity information received from at least one adaptive charging station using linear programming.

[0013] In a still yet further embodiment, at least one of the plurality of adaptive charging stations comprises a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle including information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time; and the controller solves the linear program based upon the capacities of the plurality of adaptive charging stations, and at least one power requirement and an associated charging time.

[0014] In still another embodiment again, further comprising a plurality of power sources.

[0015] Still another further embodiment includes: the plurality of power sources comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: an electric panel; a photovoltaic array; and a battery.

[0016] An adaptive charging station in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, comprising: an input configured to receive a high voltage power supply; a transformer configured to step down a high voltage power supply to a create a stepped down power supply; at least one output configured to distribute the stepped down power supply; a network interface; a processor a memory containing: an energy distribution application; wherein the processor is configured by the energy distribution application to: generate a stepped down voltage from a high voltage power supply received via the input using the transformer; and distribute the stepped down voltage to a downstream adaptive charging station in the network.

[0017] In yet another embodiment, the energy distribution application further configures the processor to transmit capacity information via the network interface.

[0018] In a further embodiment again, the energy distribution application further configures the processor to receive capacity information via the network interface.

[0019] In another embodiment again, the energy distribution application further configures the processor to generate a stepped down voltage based upon capacity information received via the network interface.

-3- [0020] In a still yet further embodiment, a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space, when the vehicle is not charging.

[0021] In still yet another embodiment, the energy distribution application configures the processor to communicate parking space occupancy information to a web gateway from which the parking space occupancy information can be retrieved via an application programming interface.

[0022] In a still further embodiment again, a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle.

[0023] In still another embodiment again, the charging requirements include information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time.

[0024] An adaptive charging station in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, comprising: an input configured to receive a power supply; an output for providing power to an electric vehicle; a network interface; a processor; a touch screen user interface configured to receive information concerning charging requirements of an electric vehicle, where the charging requirements include information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time; a memory containing: an energy distribution application; wherein the processor is configured by the energy distribution application to: transmit charging requirement information including a power requirement and an associated charging time via the network interface; receive charging information via the network interface; and controlling power delivered via the output to control charging of an electric vehicle in accordance with the received charging information.

[0025] In yet another embodiment, a sensor configured to detect the presence of a vehicle within a parking space, when the vehicle is not charging.

[0026] In another embodiment again, the energy distribution application configures the processor to communicate parking space occupancy information to a web gateway from which the parking space occupancy information can be retrieved via an application programming interface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

-4- [0027] FIG. 1 is a diagram conceptually illustrating a power distribution network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0028] FIG. 2 is a diagram conceptually illustrating adaptive charging stations connected in an adaptive charging network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an adaptive charging station controller in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0030] FIG. 4A is a diagram conceptually illustrating a hub and spoke adaptive charging station topology in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0031] FIG. 4B is a diagram conceptually illustrating a distributed hub and spoke adaptive charging station topology in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0032] FIG. 4C is a diagram conceptually illustrating a variety of adaptive charging station topologies in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0033] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a hub and spoke electrical vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) network configuration connected to a 480V transformer.

[0034] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a network including an adaptive charging station with an integrated mini transformer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0035] FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a process to distribute excess capacity between neighboring adaptive charging stations in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0036] FIG. 8 is a diagram conceptually illustrating an adaptive charging station with an integrated transformer in an adaptive charging network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0037] FIG. 9A is an image illustrating sensor data for three parking spots in a parking garage using parking detection sensors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0038] FIG. 9B is an image illustrating sensor placement for parking detection sensors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Turning now to the drawings, systems and methods for optimizing the electrical design for networks of electric vehicle supply equipment in accordance with embodiments of

-5- the invention are illustrated. An adaptive charging station (ACS) is a smart version of electrical vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) having dynamic adjustment features. EVSE generally can be any device which brings power to and/or fills an EVs battery, and are an intermediate between an EV and a power source. EVSE can utilize a variety of parameters including (but not limited to) voltages, amperages, current type, charging speeds, and/or plug types. Level 1 charging (LI) is generally the slowest form or charging and can connect an EV to a standard 110V or 120V outlet. Level 2 charging (L2) can provide additional voltage (generally up to 240V) and as such can provide a faster charge compared to LI. Level 3 charging (L3) generally uses up to 480V and can provide even faster charging than LI or L2. In several embodiments of the invention, the SAE J1772 standard can be used to define AC charging levels. It should be readily apparent that other standardized systems for EVSEs can be utilized as appropriate including (but not limited to) CHAdeMO, SAE Combined Charging Solutions, and/or Tesla charging format and that EVSEs can include both alternating current (AC) and/or direct current (DC). Furthermore, the development of additional charging standards involving a variety of AC and/or DC charging profiles is contemplated.

[0040] ACS can be grouped together into an adaptive charging network (ACN). ACNs can be specifically designed for large scale fleet deployments such as (but not limited to) college campuses, corporate offices, airports, movie theaters, and/or malls. In comparison, deploying traditional EVSEs in such environments can be cost prohibitive and often times physically impossible. The transformers and/or available breaker spaces can frequently be limiting factors on how many traditional EVSEs can be installed in a single location such as in an existing parking garage.

[0041] Traditionally, groups of EVSEs are arranged in a hub and spoke arrangement so that the charging capacity can be guaranteed for each EVSE. The charging capacity in an ACS can, however, be dynamically controlled to fit various topologies. In many embodiments of the invention, ACNs can utilize a variety of topologies including (but not limited to) hub and spoke, bus, tree, daisy chaining, point-to-point, star, ring, mesh, and/or hybrid. When arranging groups of ACS within an existing parking structure, factors including (but not limited to) the

-6- geometry of the parking spaces and/or existing electrical wiring in the structure can significantly impact the available topologies that can be selected for the ACN.

[0042] In many embodiments, energy discovery protocol (EDP) processes can be utilized to distribute available capacity between upstream and/or downstream ACS within the ACN. In many embodiments, the ability to use EDP processes to allocate capacity to ACSs within an ACN enables the deployment of network topologies beyond the traditional hub and spoke topology used in most conventional EVSE arrays. While much of the discussion that follows describes the use of EDP processes in the context of EV charging, EDP processes are not limited to applications involving EVSE. Other devices with power requirements can be part of an EDP process implemented in accordance with various embodiments of the invention including (but not limited to) heating systems, cooling systems, lighting systems, and/or other applications.

[0043] In several embodiments, an ACN incorporating an L3 charger with an integrated transformer that provides a power bus for L2 chargers can be utilized to give further flexibility in implementing ACNs in existing infrastructures. In many embodiments of the invention, L2 chargers can connect to this integrated L3 charger via a shared bus (compared to for example, the more traditional L2 chargers connecting to a transformer in a star topology). As readily can be appreciated, combining components of the power distribution infrastructure with EVSE can greatly reduce installation cost of an ACN. In addition, use of power busses can further reduce cabling and installation costs.

[0044] Due to the importance of charging to EV operation and particularly information concerning the availability of EVSE at a given location, many EV operators rely upon web services that provide information concerning the availability of EVSE. When non-EVs park in EV designated parking spots, resources indicating whether a charging station is in use will fail to correctly indicate that the parking spot is occupied. In many embodiments of the invention, an ACS can utilize a sensor to indicate when the parking spot is blocked, even when the charging station is not in use. Sensors can be in various locations on the ACS including (but not limited to) above the parking spot, on the ground below the parking spot, and/or horizontally next to the parking spot (such as mounted on a wall).

-7- [0045] Charging stations and processes utilized to perform energy discovery protocol processes in accordance with embodiments of the invention are discussed further below.

Electric Vehicle Power Distribution Networks

[0046] A power distribution network in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. Electricity is generated at power generator 102. Power transmission lines 104 can transmit electricity between the power generator and power substation 106. Power substation 106 additionally can connect to one or more large storage batteries 108, which temporarily store electricity, as well as power distribution lines 110. The power distribution lines 110 can transmit electricity from the power substation to an adaptive charging network (ACN) 112. ACNs 112 can include a battery 114, solar panels 116, and adaptive charging stations (ACSs) 120. Electric vehicles 118 can connect to the ACN (and therefore to the power distribution network) at the ACSs. Some charging networks can only charge a small number of electric vehicles, while others can have the necessary infrastructure to charge dozens or even hundreds of electric vehicles simultaneously.

[0047] The power generator 102 can represent a power source including (but not limited to) those using fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, wind, or hydroelectric power. Substation 106 changes the voltage of the electricity for more efficient power distribution. Solar panels 116 are distributed power generation sources, and can generate power to supply electric charging stations as well as generate additional power for the power grid.

[0048] Although many different systems are described above with reference to FIG. 1, any of a variety of power distribution networks including adaptive charging station controllers may be utilized to perform energy discovery protocol processes as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Adaptive charging stations connected to an adaptive charging network in accordance with various embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

Adaptive Charging Station Controllers

-8- [0049] ACSs connected to an ACN in accordance with an embodiment of the invention are shown in FIG. 2. EV nodes 202 can connect to ACSs 204 using a wired and/or wireless charging connection. ACSs can connect to the ACN 208 using wired and/or wireless connections 210. ACSs can communicate with each other over this wired and/or wireless connection. In some embodiments, ACSs can communicate via data flowing directly on the power line. The adaptive charging network may also be connected to one or more centralized computers 212 to monitor calculations made by or to send instructions to multiple EV nodes. Additionally, in many embodiments, a database management system 214 can be connected to the network to track EV node data which, for example, may be used to historically track power usage at various locations or at various times of day over time. In many embodiments, adaptive charging stations can use adaptive charging station controllers, where linked adaptive charging stations can distribute available charging capacity between upstream and downstream ACSs in the ACN. In several embodiments of the invention, ACSs can be connected in various topologies including (but not limited to) hub and spoke, bus, tree, daisy chaining, point-to-point, star, ring, mesh, and/or hybrid topologies.

[0050] Although many systems are described above with reference to FIG. 2, any of a variety of systems can be utilized to implement a network of adaptive charging stations connected in an adaptive charging network in a variety of topologies as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. Adaptive charging station controllers in accordance with several embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

[0051] An adaptive charging station controller (ACS controller) in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3. In various embodiments, the ACS controller 300 can perform calculations to distribute charging capacity between linked ACSs upstream and downstream within an ACN. In many embodiments, an ACS controller can make requests for available capacity from upstream nodes and/or transmit available capacity to downstream nodes.

[0052] In the illustrated embodiment, the ACS controller includes at least one processor 302, an I/O interface 304, and memory 306. In many embodiments, the memory includes software including EV charging application 308 as well as EV parameters 310, adaptive charging parameters 312, and energy discovery protocol parameters 314. An ACS can calculate charging optimal charging parameters by using a combination of its own electric vehicle parameters, adaptive charging parameters, and/or energy discovery protocol parameters received through the I/O interface. Adaptive charging parameters can include specific charging process parameters and/or optimization constraint parameters. Additionally, adaptive charging parameters can include parameters specific to adaptive charging stations and/or adaptive charging networks. Energy discovery protocol parameters can include (but is not limited to) parameters specific to available capacity, requested capacity from upstream ACSs, and/or transmitted capacity to downstream ACSs. Energy discovery protocol processes are discussed below. In a number of embodiments, the ACS controller and/or the ACS includes a touch screen display that enables the operator of an EV to provide information concerning the EV connected to an ACS and/or information concerning desired charging requirements (e.g. information indicative of a power requirement and an associated charging time such as (but not limited to) departure time and/or desired additional miles to add to range of EV). As is discussed further below, the ACS controller and/or ACS can also be connected to one or more sensors that can detect a vehicle occupying a specific parking space associated with the ACS when the vehicle is not drawing current from the ACS. In this way, the sensors enable the ACS controller to provide reliable information concerning the availability of the ACS to controllers within the CAN and/or operators of EVs more generally via web services.

[0053] Although a number of different ACS controller implementations are described above with reference to FIG. 3, any of a variety of computing systems can be utilized to control an ACS within an ACN as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. Various configurations of ACSs within an ACN in accordance with many embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

Adaptive Charging Network Topologies

[0054] Adaptive charging stations can be configured in a variety of ways within an ACN. In many embodiments, the topology of an ACN installed in a preexisting structure can be

-10- determined from (but not limited to) the shape, path, wires, and/or parking spots preexisting in the location. ACSs are generally flexible to adapt and form an ACN in any preexisting building structure.

[0055] Traditional EVSEs are generally placed in a hub and spoke configuration so that capacity for each EVSE can be guaranteed. FIG. 4A illustrates this traditional hub and spoke configuration. An electric panel is generally found at the hub and EVSEs can be found at the spokes. The term electric panel is utilized to describe a component within a power supply system in which a supply of power is distributed across a number of circuits. An electric panel often involves safety circuitry such as (but not limited to) circuit breakers that are designed to protect the electronic devices connected to the power supply from aberrations in the power supply and/or to detect potential malfunctions of devices connected to the power supply circuits. When ACSs are utilized in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, capacity can be dynamically controlled by the ACSs to fit the desired topology. FIG. 4B illustrates a distributed hub-spoke topology, and FIG. 4C illustrates a variety of topologies including point-to-point, bus, star, daisy chain, ring, mesh, hybrid, and tree. In many embodiments, ACSs within these types of topologies can utilize an EDP process to distribute available capacity to other linked ACS within the ACN. EDP processes involve determining the actual capacity of individual ACSs and communicating this information throughout the ACN to allocate capacity between ACSs in a manner that enables them to meet their load requirements (where possible). As is discussed further below, EDP processes can involve performing network discovery to determine the topology of an CAN and/or communicating available capacity via power line communication and/or use of separate networking infrastructure including (but not limited to) providing mesh networking capabilities within ACSs.

-1 1 - Extending High Voltage Distribution Within an ACN

[0056] Many traditional EV charging networks utilize a 480V step down transformer which can feed a branch panel. This branch panel can then feed a 208V supply line to one or more EVSEs. In some configurations, the branch panel can be the hub and the EVSEs can be the spokes in the hub and spoke topology discussed above. FIG. 5 illustrates this more traditional EVSE charging network where 480V power is distributed from an electric panel to a step down transformer. As described above, the transformer then passes 208V to a branch panel, which supplies 208V to several EVSEs.

[0057] A large portion of resources including (but not limited to) time and/or money associated with the installation of an EV charging network can be spent on planning and installing an EV charging network similar to the EV charging network described in FIG. 5 (in addition to the costs of the individual components of the EV charging network). In many embodiments, elements can be miniaturized and distributed towards the edges of the ACN. Additionally, in several embodiments, extending the high voltage (e.g. 480V supply) into the network as far as possible can reduce installation costs (e.g. reducing wire thicknesses relative to lower voltage wiring by up to 50% - a potentially large amount of copper and/or other materials).

[0058] FIG. 6 illustrates an illustrative ACN with a miniaturized 480V distribution panel supplying 480V to three ACS including an ACS with an integrated mini transformer. The ACN has both daisy chain and tree portions giving the ACN illustrated in FIG. 6 a hybrid topology. It should readily apparent that the ACN in FIG. 6 is merely illustrative and any number of combinations of fully sized and/or miniaturized pieces of equipment can be used with any network topology as appropriate to specific requirements. Processes to transmit available capacity within an ACN to linked ACSs are discussed below.

Energy Discovery Protocol Processes

[0059] An Energy Discovery Protocol (EDP) process that can be used to distribute available capacity within an ACN is illustrated in FIG. 7. ACSs within the ACN generally need to be linked to share capacity. An ACS can be linked by upstream and downstream ACSs. Upstream ACSs

-1 2- are located between the current ACS and the power supply within the ACN. The current ACS is located between downstream ACSs and the power supply within the ACN. In some embodiments, the addition of renewable energy sources such as (but not limited to) solar panels and/or batteries, can change which ACSs are upstream and/or downstream over time as different power sources become available within the ACN.

[0060] Traditional EVSE configurations generally assume the availability of full power one hundred percent of the time. For example, a device using a NEMA 14 - 50 receptacle assumes 50A of capacity is available at all times. ACSs can utilize EDP processes to communicate with neighboring ACSs and receive information concerning the actual energy capacity of neighboring ACSs. In many embodiments, ACSs can request (702) available capacity from upstream ACSs. If this capacity required for a given load at a specific ACS is available based upon information received from other ACSs concerning available capacity, the specific ACS can provide the required power to the given load.

[0061] ACSs can receive requests for capacity from downstream ACSs. In many embodiments, when capacity is available, an ACS can provide available capacity to downstream ACSs. It should readily be apparent that some ACN topologies may have sections with different capacity demands (for example but not limited to a hybrid topology involving both L3 and L2 chargers) and an ACS can transmit a received request for capacity from a downstream ACS further upstream to an additional ACS when the transmitting ACS lacks the available capacity itself to meet the capacity demands of the downstream ACS. In many embodiments, a central service can store the capacities of all ACSs to assist with allocation of capacity using either a centralized distribution process and/or a distributed process for determining the capacity requirements of individual ACSs (see for example the processes described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/295,887 entitled "Adaptive Charging Algorithms for a Network of Electric Vehicles" to Z. Low et al., filed October 17, 2016, the relevant disclosure from which including the disclosure related to capacity allocation is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0062] Although many different EDP processes are described above with reference to FIG. 7, any of a variety of processes may be utilized to distribute available capacity within an ACN to

-1 3- upstream and downstream ACSs as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with many embodiments of the invention.

ACNs Incorporating an ACS with an Integrated Transformer

[0063] In many embodiments of the invention, ACSs can have integrated transformers. FIG. 8 illustrates an ACN incorporating an ACS with an integrated transformer. High voltage power (e.g. 480V power) is supplied to the network 802 from a source via a high voltage line 804, which can include (but is not limited to) an electric panel. As noted above, a high voltage line can often have a narrower cross section than lower voltage lines that carry higher currents. ACS 806 includes an integrated transformer which steps down the supplied high voltage to a lower step down voltage (e.g. 208V) that is passed to the rest of the ACN along wires 810. It should be readily apparent that 480V and/or 208V are merely illustrative and other input and step down voltages can be utilized as appropriate to the requirements of specific embodiments. ACSs 810, each receiving 208V, connect to ACS 806 by a shared bus 810. In addition, ACSs 810 can be connected in any of the topologies discussed above including (but not limited to) point- to-point, bus, star, daisy chain, ring, mesh, hybrid, and/or tree. As can readily be appreciated, the ability to run a single line from an electrical panel to an ACS incorporating an integrated transformer and then to connect additional ACSs to the ACS incorporating the transformer can greatly reduce installation labor and material costs. These savings can decrease the time for a facility to recover the cost of installing the ACN and/or enable the installation of additional ACSs. Further savings can be achieved by incorporating junction boxes within individual ACSs 810 so that wiring can simply be run between ACSs. In a number of embodiments, tamper resistant plugs and sockets (e.g. plugs and connectors that are contained within the housing and from which the connector is difficult to remove when the housing of the ACS is secured) can be utilized to further simplify the installation of a series of ACSs.

[0064] Although a variety of ACNs incorporating ACSs with integrated transformers are described above with reference to FIG. 8, any of a variety of power distribution networks which can integrate a transformer with an EVSE may be utilized as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

-14- Charging Processes

[0065] In many embodiments of the invention, ACS can use adaptive charging processes to adapt the charging rates of all EVs dynamically based on the current state of the system without precise knowledge of future conditions. Adaptive charging processes can include (but are not limited to) online linear programming processes, least laxity fist processes, and/or linear programs with congestion management processes. Examples of appropriate processes include (but are not limited) to the processes described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/295,887 entitled "Adaptive Charging Algorithms for a Network of Electric Vehicles" to Z. Low et al., filed October 17, 2016, incorporated by reference above. In many embodiments, the ACS receives charging information that enables the ACS to control the charging of an EV in a manner that is coordinated with the other ACSs within the ACN to achieve an overall objective with respect to the allocation of capacity amongst ACSs. In several embodiments, the charging information can include information indicative of a power level and/or current level that is utilized to control power delivered to a charging EV. In many embodiments, the charging information may direct the ACS to deliver no power to an EV and instead to supply power to other downstream ACSs. As can readily be appreciated, the specific charging information is largely dependent upon the requirements of a given application and the specific power requirements of any EVs that may be utilizing the ACN at a given time.

[0066] In several embodiments, charging processes can be customized to optimize different performance criteria such as (but not limited to) minimizing electricity costs, minimizing weighted average or maximum charging time, maximizing robustness, maximizing asset utilization, maximizing welfare, and/or a combination of criteria. In many other embodiments, the topology and/or the type of chargers utilized can effect charging processes. For example, when daisy chaining L3 ACS you can have a variety of capacities. These parameters are linear and can be captured in a linear programming process for charging.

[0067] Constraints may be automatically detected by the ACN. In other embodiments, a description of the ACN (such as but not limited to a configuration file describing the system) can be utilized to specify which ACS will share resources.

-1 5- Parked Vehicle Detection Processes

[0068] Traditional EVSE can often be blocked by vehicles which are not charging which can prevent EVs from reaching the charging station. In many instances, traditional charging networks will incorrectly report EVSE availability (for example online) when in fact the EVSE is obstructed by the blocked parking spot. In many embodiments, ACSs can include a sensor to detect obstructions to parking spaces. FIG. 9A illustrates an image of a parking garage with sensor data for three parking spots, two blocked by vehicles and one unblocked. A variety of sensors can be utilized including (but not limited to) ultrasonic, proximity, cameras, and/or pressure. FIG. 9B illustrates parked vehicle detection using an overhead sensor. Sensors integrated with ACS can be places in a variety of positions including (but not limited) above a vehicle, below a vehicle, and/or horizontal to a vehicle (such as mounted on a wall of a parking garage). Combining sensor data with other station activity information can detect many states including (but not limited to) parked and idle connected, parked and active charging, parked and finished charging, and/or parked and not connected (i.e. blocking). Data concerning station activity can be aggregated in servers that publish the data via web services, which enable software such as (but not limited to) software applications on mobile devices and/or web browser applications to display reliable information concerning the availability of EV chargers at a given location.

[0069] Although many different parking detection processes are described above with reference to FIGS. 9A and 9B, any of a variety of processes may be utilized to detect parking and charging states of vehicles at ACS as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

[0070] Although the present invention has been described in certain specific aspects, many additional modifications and variations would be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore to be understood that the present invention can be practiced otherwise than specifically described without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should be considered in all respects as illustrative

-16- and not restrictive. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their equivalents.

-17-