ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM HAVING IN-HEAD FIBER WEAVING Related Applications

[0001] This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from United States Provisional Application No. 62/383,801 that was filed on September 6, 2016, the contents of all of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Technical Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to a manufacturing system and, more particularly, to an additive manufacturing system having in-head fiber weaving.

Background

[0003] Extrusion manufacturing is a known process for producing continuous structures. During extrusion manufacturing, a liquid matrix (e.g., a thermoset resin or a heated thermoplastic) is pushed through a die having a desired cross-sectional shape and size. The material, upon exiting the die, cures and hardens into a final form. In some applications, UV light and/or ultrasonic vibrations are used to speed the cure of the liquid matrix as it exits the die. The structures produced by the extrusion manufacturing process can have any continuous length, with a straight or curved profile, a consistent cross-sectional shape, and excellent surface finish. Although extrusion manufacturing can be an efficient way to continuously manufacture structures, the resulting structures may lack the strength required for some applications.

[0004] Pultrusion manufacturing is a known process for producing high-strength structures. During pultrusion manufacturing, individual fiber strands, braids of strands, and/or woven fabrics are coated with or otherwise impregnated with a liquid matrix (e.g., a thermoset resin or a heated thermoplastic) and pulled through a stationary die where the liquid matrix cures and hardens into a final form. As with extrusion manufacturing, UV light and/or ultrasonic vibrations are used in some pultrusion applications to speed the cure of the liquid matrix as it exits the die. The structures produced by the pultrusion manufacturing process have many of the same attributes of extruded structures, as well as increased strength due to the integrated fibers. Although pultrusion manufacturing can be an efficient way to continuously manufacture high-strength structures, the resulting structures may lack the form (shape, size, and/or precision) required for some applications. In addition, conventional pultrusion manufacturing may lack flexibility in fiber configuration.

[0005] The disclosed system is directed to addressing one or more of the problems set forth above and/or other problems of the prior art.

Summary

[0006] In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an additive manufacturing system. The additive manufacturing system may include a head configured to discharge a composite material including a matrix and a plurality of continuous reinforcements. The additive manufacturing system may also include a weave mechanism configured to selectively adjust a pattern of weaving of the plurality of continuous reinforcements occurring inside of the head.

[0007] In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to another additive manufacturing system. This additive manufacturing system may include a head configured to discharge a composite material including a matrix and a plurality of continuous reinforcements, and a support configured to move the head in multiple dimensions during discharging by the head. The additive manufacturing system may also include a weave mechanism configured to selectively adjust a pattern of weaving of the plurality of continuous reinforcements occurring inside of the head, and a controller. The controller may be configured to receive information regarding a structure to be manufactured with the composite material, and to coordinate operation of the weave mechanism with movement of the head based on the information.

[0008] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a head for an additive manufacturing system. The head may include a housing having a supply end configured to receive a plurality of reinforcements, and a discharge end configured to discharge the plurality of reinforcements after being coated with a matrix material. The head may also include a first fiber guide having at least one guide hole configured to receive at least a first of the plurality of reinforcements, and a second fiber guide having at least one guide hole configured to receive at least a second of the plurality of reinforcements. The head may further include a nozzle tip located at the discharge end of the housing and configured to receive the at least the first and the at least the second of the plurality of reinforcements, and an actuator configured to selectively cause the first and second fiber guides to move relative to each other.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0009] Figs. 1 and 2 are diagrammatic illustrations of exemplary disclosed manufacturing systems; and

[0010] Figs. 3-6 are diagrammatic illustrations of exemplary disclosed heads that may be used in conjunction with the manufacturing systems of Figs. 1 and 2.

Detailed Description

[0011] Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate different exemplary systems 10 and 12, which may be used to continuously manufacture composite structures 14 having any desired cross-sectional shape (e.g., circular, polygonal, etc.). Each of systems 10, 12 may include at least a support 16 and a head 18. Head 18 may be coupled to and moved by support 16. In the disclosed embodiment of Fig. 1, support 16 is a robotic arm capable of moving head 18 in multiple directions during fabrication of structure 14, such that a resulting longitudinal axis of structure 14 is three-dimensional. In the embodiment of Fig. 2, support 16 is an overhead gantry also capable of moving head 18 in multiple directions during fabrication of structure 14. Although supports 16 of both embodiments are shown as being capable of 6-axis movements, it is contemplated that any other type of support 16 capable of moving head 18 in the same or in a different manner could also be utilized, if desired. In some embodiments, a drive may mechanically couple head 18 to support 16, and may include components that cooperate to move and/or supply power or materials to head 18.

[001.2] Head 18 may be configured to receive or otherwise contain a matrix material. The matrix material may include any type of matrix material (e.g., a liquid resin, such as a zero volatile organic compound resin; a powdered metal; etc.) that is curable. Exemplary resins include thermosets, epoxy resins, polyester resins, calionic epoxies, acrylated epoxies, urethanes, esters, thermoplastics, photopolymers, polyepoxides, and more. In one embodiment, the matrix material inside head 18 may be pressurized, for example by an external device (e.g., an extruder or another type of pump - not shown) that is fluidly connected to head 18 via a corresponding conduit (not shown). In another embodiment, however, the pressure may be generated completely inside of head 18 by a similar type of device. In yet other embodiments, the matrix material may be gravity-fed through head 18. In some instances, the matrix material inside head 18 may need to be kept cool and/or dark to inhibit premature curing; while in other instances, the matrix material may need to be kept warm for the same reason. In either situation, head 18 may be specially configured (e.g., insulated, chilled, and/or warmed) to provide for these needs.

[0013] The matrix material may be used to coat, encase, or otherwise surround any number of continuous reinforcements (e.g., separate fibers, tows, rovings, and/or sheets of material) and, together with the reinforcements, make up at least a portion (e.g., a wall) of composite structure 14. The reinforcements may be stored within (e.g., on separate internal spools - not shown) or otherwise passed through head 18 (e.g., fed from external spools). When multiple reinforcements are simultaneously used, the reinforcements may be of the same type and have the same diameter and cross-sectional shape (e.g., circular, square, flat, etc.), or of a different type with different diameters and/or cross-sectional shapes. The reinforcements may include, for example, carbon fibers, vegetable fibers, wood fibers, mineral fibers, glass fibers, metallic wires, optical tubes, etc. It should be noted that the term "reinforcement" is meant to encompass both structural and non-structural types of continuous materials encased in the matrix material discharging from head 18.

[001.4] The reinforcements may be exposed to (e.g., coated with) the matrix material while the reinforcements are inside head 18, while the reinforcements are being passed to head 18, and/or while the reinforcements are discharging from head 18, as desired. The matrix material, dry reinforcements, and/or reinforcements that are already exposed to the matrix material (e.g., wetted reinforcements) may be transported into head 18 in any manner apparent to one skilled in the art.

[001S] One or more cure enhancers (e.g., a UV light, an ultrasonic emitter, a laser, a heater, a catalyst dispenser, etc.) 20 may be mounted proximate (e.g., within or on) head 18 and configured to enhance a cure rate and/or quality of the matrix material as it is discharged from head 18. Cure enhancer 20 may be controlled to selectively expose surfaces of structure 14 to energy (e.g., UV light, electromagnetic radiation, vibrations, heat, a chemical catalyst, etc.) during the formation of structure 14. The energy may increase a rate of chemical reaction occurring within the matrix material, sinter the material, harden the material, or otherwise cause the material to cure as it discharges from head 18. In the depicted embodiments, cure enhancer 20 includes multiple LEDs (e.g., 6 different LEDs) that are equally distributed about a center axis of head 18. However, it is contemplated that any number of LEDs or other energy sources could alternatively be utilized for the disclosed purposes and/or arranged in another manner (e.g., unequally distributed, arranged in a row, etc.). The amount of energy produced by cure enhancer 20 may be sufficient to cure the matrix material before structure 14 axially grows more than a predetermined length away from head 18. In one embodiment, structure 14 is completely cured before the axial growth length becomes equal to an external diameter of the matrix-coated reinforcement.

[0016] The matrix material and reinforcement may be discharged from head 18 via at least two different modes of operation. In a first mode of operation, the matrix material and reinforcement are extruded (e.g., pushed under pressure and/or mechanical force) from head 18, as head 18 is moved by support 16 to create the 3-dimensional shape of structure 14. In a second mode of operation, at least the reinforcement is pulled from head 18, such that a tensile stress is created in the reinforcement during discharge. In this mode of operation, the matrix material may cling to the reinforcement and thereby also be pulled from head 18 along with the reinforcement, and/or the matrix material may be discharged from head 18 under pressure along with the pulled reinforcement. In the second mode of operation, where the matrix material is being pulled from head 18, the resulting tension in the reinforcement may increase a strength of structure 14, while also allowing for a greater length of unsupported material to have a straighter trajectory (i.e., the tension may act against the force of gravity to provide free-standing support for structure 14).

[0017] The reinforcement may be pulled from head 18 as a result of head 18 moving away from an anchor point 22. In particular, at the start of structure-formation, a length of matrix- impregnated reinforcement may be pulled and/or pushed from head 18, deposited onto an anchor point 22, and cured, such that the discharged material adheres to anchor point 22. Thereafter, head 18 may be moved away from anchor point 22, and the relative movement may cause the reinforcement to be pulled from head 18. It should be noted that the movement of reinforcement through head 18 could be assisted (e.g., via internal head mechanisms), if desired. However, the discharge rate of reinforcement from head 18 may primarily be the result of relative movement between head 18 and anchor point 22, such that tension is created within the reinforcement. It is contemplated that anchor point 22 could be moved away from head 18 instead of or in addition to head 18 being moved away from anchor point 22. [0018] An exemplary control arrangement is shown in Fig. 3 that may be used to regulate operation of system 10 and/or 12 (referring to Fig. 1). As can be seen in this figure, a controller 24 is provided and shown as being communicatively coupled with support 16, head 18, and any number and type of cure enhancers 20. Controller 24 may embody a single processor or multiple processors that include a means for controlling an operation of system(s) 10 and/or 12. Controller 24 may include one or more general- or special-purpose processors or microprocessors. Controller 24 may further include or be associated with a memory for storing data such as, for example, design limits, performance characteristics, operational instructions, matrix characteristics, reinforcement characteristics, characteristics of structure 14, and corresponding parameters of each component of system(s) 10 and or 12. Various other known circuits may be associated with controller 24, including power supply circuitry, signal - conditioning circuitry, solenoid/motor driver circuitry, communication circuitry, and other appropriate circuitry. Moreover, controller 24 may be capable of communicating with other components of system(s) 1.0 and/or 12 via wired and/or wireless transmission.

[0019] One or more maps may be stored in the memory of controller 24 and used during fabrication of structure 14. Each of these maps may include a collection of data in the form of lookup tables, graphs, and/or equations. In the disclosed embodiment, the maps are used by controller 24 to determine desired characteristics of cure enhancers 20, the associated matrix, and/or the associated reinforcements at different locations within structure 14. The characteristics may include, among others, a type, quantity, and/or configuration of reinforcement to be discharged at a particular location within structure 14. Controller 24 may then correlate operation of support 16 (e.g., the location and/or orientation of head 18) and/or the discharge of material from head 18 (a type of material, desired performance of the material, cross-linking requirements of the material, a discharge rate, etc.) with the operation of cure enhancers 20 such that structure 14 is produced in a desired manner.

[0020] As can be also seen in Fig. 3, head 18, under the regulation of controller 24, may selectively implement internal weaving of reinforcements. For example, a plurality of reinforcements of any type, shape, and size may be separately supplied to head 18 (e.g., from support 16 and/or other external sources), and an internal weave mechanism 25 may be controlled to selectively weave the reinforcements based on a specified pattern, density, etc. relative to a current manufacturing progress and/or location of structure 14. Internal weave mechanism 25 may include, among other things, a housing 26, a plurality of fiber guides (e.g., first and second fiber guides 28, 30) disposed inside of housing 26, a common nozzle tip 31 configured to receive reinforcements from all of the fiber guides, and at least one actuator 32 configured to selectively move the fiber guides relative to each other. As will be explained in more detail below, matrix-coated reinforcements may pass through the fiber guides, where a relative movement between the reinforcements may be generated by the moving fiber guides. The matrix-coated reinforcements may then discharge from housing 26, where resin in the matrix material may be caused to cure from the outside-in by way of cure enhancer(s) 20. This may allow for a first configuration of reinforcements to be dynamically changed to a second configuration of reinforcements, without halting of structure manufacturing.

[0021] Housing 26 may be generally tubular, spherical, or cuboid, and have a discharge end 34 and an opposing supply end 36. An inner diameter of housing 26 may be larger than outer diameters of fiber guides 28, 30, and an internal axial length of housing 26 may be greater than axial lengths of fiber guides 28, 30. With this arrangement, fiber guides 28, 30 may fit at least partially inside housing 26. In the disclosed embodiment, both fiber guides 28, 30 are supported completely inside of housing 26. A center opening 38 may be formed within supply end 36 of housing 26, allowing composite material (e.g., matrix material and/or reinforcements) and support components (e.g., a shaft, an axle, a supply tube, control lines, power, etc. that connect head 18 to support 16) to pass axially therethrough. In some embodiments, a seal (e.g., an o-ring, a gasket, etc.) 40 may be disposed at opening 38 and around the support components to inhibit matrix material from leaking out of housing 26.

[0022] Although shown as having a generally box-like shape with a rectangular cross-section, each of fiber guides 28, 30 could have any desired shape and cross-section. Each fiber guide may be supported within housing 26 in such a manner that allows relative movement therebetween. For example, each fiber guide could be situated within a corresponding slot, track, bushing, bearing and/or other construction that maintains a general orientation and alignment of each fiber guide as the fiber guides are shuttled transversely in reciprocating directions.

[0023] A plurality of guide holes 42 may be formed within each of fiber guides 28, 30 and arranged in any desired configuration (e.g., in a straight line, in an arc, etc.). Guide holes 42 may each be configured to receive a separate reinforcement (represented by F in Fig. 3) or grouping of reinforcements. Guide holes 42 may extend from a supply end 44 of the associated guide, to a discharge end 46, which feeds into tip 31. Tip 31 may then function as a funnel and or die, collecting and/or coalescing the reinforcements from all guide holes 42.

[0024] Actuator 32 may be configured to selectively generate the relative motion (e.g., a side- to-side) between fiber guides 28, 30. In one embodiment, actuator 32 includes at least one resilient member (e.g., a spring) 48 associated with each fiber guide 28, 30; at least one internal magnet (e.g., a permanent magnet) 50 associated with each fiber guide 28, 30; and at least one external magnet (e.g., an electro-magnet) 52. Spring 48 may be located at only one lateral side of each fiber guide 28, 30 or at opposing sides, and be configured to exert a biasing force (e.g., a compression and/or tensile force) in opposition to a magnetic force exerted by interaction between permanent magnet(s) 50 and electro-magnet 52. One permanent magnet 50 may be affixed to only one or both lateral sides of each corresponding fiber guide 28, 30, while electromagnet 52 may be located within a wall (e.g., inside or outside) of housing 26.

[0025] Controller 24 may be configured to selectively energize electro-magnet 52, thereby generating a temporary magnetic field passing through each permanent magnet 50. An intermittent interaction of the temporary magnetic field with permanent magnets 50 may generate forces on fiber guides 28, 30 that, when combined with the biasing forces of spring(s) 48, cause fiber guides 28, 30 to oscillate (e.g., to move left-and-right relative to the perspective of Fig. 3). When two dedicated electro-magnets 52 are utilized (e.g., one for each fiber guide 28, 30), controller 24 may be configured to selectively energize each electro-magnet 52 at different times and/or by different amounts, such that the guide holes 42 of the respective guides translate or swing past each other at different times and or by different distances. This relative movement of guide holes 42 may cause the associated reinforcements exiting guide holes 42 to approach and/or overlap each other, thereby dynamically creating an infinite number of adjustable weave patterns that pass through tip 31 and exit head 18 to harden when exposed to the radiation of cure enhancer(s) 20.

[0026] It is contemplated that fiber guides 28, 30 may be moved in the same direction, moved in directions counter to each other, moved continuously, moved intermittently, have smaller or larger movement ranges, move at adjustable and/or different speeds (e.g., relative to a discharge rate of head 18), etc. These variations may result in unique and/or dynamically changing weave patterns having desired properties. In addition, the movements of fiber guides 28, 30 may be choreographed with the movements of support 16, with the movements of head 18, with an axial discharge distance and/or rate, and/or with known geometry of structure 14 (e.g., termination points, coupling points, tees, diametrical changes, splices, turns, high-pressure and/or high- temperature areas, etc.).

[0027] It is also contemplated that, in some embodiments, only one of fiber guides 28 or 30 may oscillate, while the other of fiber guides 28, 30 remains stationary. This may still result in dynamically changing weave patterns, but require a less complex head configuration. In some embodiments, a single electro-magnet 52 could be utilized to drive opposing motions of fiber guides 28, 30, for example by placing permanent magnets of opposing polarity within fiber guides 28, 30. In other configurations, two electro-magnets 52 may be required. Other configurations may also be possible.

[0028] As can be also seen in Figs. 4 and 5, head 18 could include a different internal weave mechanism 54, if desired. In this example, a plurality of reinforcements (represented by R in Figs.4 and 5) of any type, shape, and size may be separately supplied to head 18 (e.g., from support 16 and/or other external sources), and weave mechanism 54 may be controlled to selectively weave the reinforcements R based on a specified pattern, density, etc. relative to a current manufacturing progress and/or location of structure 14. Weave mechanism 54 may include, among other things, a plurality of fiber guides 56 disposed inside of housing 26, a common nozzle tip 58 configured to receive reinforcements from all fiber guides 56, and at least one actuator 60 configured to selectively move fiber guides 56 relative to each other. As will be explained in more detail below, matrix-coated reinforcements R may pass through fiber guides 56, where a relative movement between the reinforcements R may be generated by the moving fiber guides 56. The matrix-coated reinforcements may then discharge from head 18 via nozzle tip 58, where resin in the matrix material may be caused to cure from the outside-in by way of cure enhancers) 20. This may allow for a first configuration of reinforcements to be

dynamically changed to a second configuration of reinforcements, without halting of structure manufacturing.

[0029] Although shown as having a generally cylindrical shape with a circular cross-section, each fiber guide 56 could have any desired shape and cross-section. One or more guide holes may be formed within each fiber guide 56 and arranged in any desired configuration (e.g., in a straight line, in an arc, etc.). The guide hole(s) may each be configured to receive a separate reinforcement R or grouping of reinforcements R. Each fiber guide 56 may be supported within housing 26 in such a manner that allows relative movement therebetween. For example, one or more (e.g., two) fiber guides 56 could be connected to a lever arm 62 (e.g., a straight or curved arm, such as an S-shaped arm) that is pinned (e.g., at its center point) to housing 26. In this configuration, rotation of lever arm 62 about the center point may result in rotation of any connected fiber guides 56. In one embodiment, a single fiber guide 56 is connected at each opposing end of a common lever arm 62.

[0030] Actuator 60 may be a motor (e.g., electrically powered motor, pneumatically powered motor, hydraulically powered motor, etc.) that is connected to rotate each lever arm 62 and the associated fiber guides 56. In some embodiments, one actuator 60 may be able to rotate multiple lever arms 62, for example via a chain, a belt, or a gear train. With this configuration, controller 24 may be able to selectively energize actuator(s) 60, thereby causing lever arms 62 to rotate the corresponding fiber guides 56 toward and/or past a center of head 18 (e.g., past a center of nozzle tip 58). In doing so, one or more reinforcements R may be moved toward each other and/or overlapped, thereby creating a weave of reinforcements that feeds into nozzle lip 31. Nozzle tip 31 may then function as a funnel and/or die, collecting and/or coalescing the reinforcements from all fiber guides 56. The weave of reinforcements R may exit head 18 and harden when exposed to the radiation of cure enhancers 20.

[0031] It is contemplated that fiber guides 56 may be moved in the same direction, moved in directions counter to each other, moved continuously, moved intermittently, have smaller or larger movement ranges, moved at adjustable and/or different speeds (e.g., relative to a discharge rate of head 18), etc. These variations may result in unique and/or dynamically changing weave patterns having desired properties. In addition, the movements of fiber guides 56 may be choreographed with the movements of support 16, with the movements of head 18, with an axial discharge distance and/or rate, and/or with known geometry of structure 14 (e.g., termination points, coupling points, tees, diametrical changes, splices, turns, high-pressure and/or high- temperature areas, etc.).

[0032] It is also contemplated that, in some embodiments, only a subset of fiber guides 56 may move, while the other(s) of fiber guides 56 remain stationary. This may still result in

dynamically changing weave patterns, but require a less complex head configuration.

[0033] Fig. 6 illustrates another internal weave mechanism 64 that is similar to weave mechanism 54. Like weave mechanism 54, weave mechanism 64 may include a plurality of (e.g., two) fiber guides 66 disposed inside of housing 26 and each having a guide hole configured to receive one or more separate reinforcements R, a common nozzle tip 68 configured to receive and coalesce reinforcements R from all fiber guides 66, and at least one actuator (e.g., a motor) 70 configured to selectively move fiber guides 66 relative to each other. As matrix-coated reinforcements R pass through fiber guides 66, a relative movement between the reinforcements R may be generated by the moving fiber guides 66. The matrix-coated reinforcements may then discharge from head 18 via nozzle tip 68, where resin in the matrix material may be caused to cure from the outside-in by way of cure enhancer(s) 20. This may allow for a first configuration of reinforcements to be dynamically changed to a second configuration of reinforcements, without halting of structure manufacturing.

[0034] In contrast to weave mechanism 54, weave mechanism 64 may include only a single pivoting component (e.g., a single arm or disk) to which all fiber guides 66 are mounted. In some embodiments, the pivoting component forms a portion of actuator 70. In other embodiments, however, the pivoting component is separate from actuator 70. With this configuration, rotation of the pivoting component caused by activation of actuator 70 results in a twisting or braiding of the reinforcements R passing through fiber guides 66. It is contemplated that fiber guides 66 may be continuously moved in a single direction, intermittently moved in directions counter to each other, moved through smaller or larger ranges, moved at adjustable and/or different speeds (e.g., relative to a discharge rate of head 18), etc. These variations may result in unique and/or dynamically changing weave patterns having desired properties. In addition, the movements of fiber guides 66 may be choreographed with the movements of support 16, with the movements of head 18, with an axial discharge distance and/or rate, and/or with known geometry of structure 14 (e.g., termination points, coupling points, tees, diametrical changes, splices, turns, high-pressure and/or high-temperature areas, etc.).

[0035] Although shown in Fig. 6 as having a generally rectangular shape with a rectangular cross-section, nozzle tip 68 could have any desired shape and cross-section (e.g., circular, ellipsoid, etc.). It is also contemplated that, in some embodiments, only one of fiber guides 66 may move, while the other of fiber guides 66 remains stationary. This may still result in dynamically changing weave patterns, but require a less complex head configuration Industrial Applicability

[0036] The disclosed systems may be used to continuously manufacture composite structures having any desired cross-sectional shape, length, density, and/or strength. The composite structures may include any number of different reinforcements of the same or different types, diameters, shapes, configurations, and consist. In addition, a pattern of the reinforcement's used to make the composite structures may be dynamically adjusted, for example based on corresponding feature locations within the structures. Operation of systems 10 and 12 will now be described in detail.

[0037] At a start of a manufacturing event, information regarding a desired structure 14 may be loaded into systems 10 and 12 (e.g., into controller 24 that is responsible for regulating operations of support 16 and/or head 18). This information may include, among other things, a size (e.g., diameter, wall thickness, length, etc.), a contour (e.g., a trajectory), surface features (e.g., ridge size, location, thickness, length; flange size, location, thickness, length; etc.), connection geometry (e.g., locations and sizes of couplings, tees, splices, etc.), desired weave patterns, weave transition locations, location-specific matrix stipulations, location-specific reinforcement stipulations, etc. It should be noted that this information may alternatively or additionally be loaded into systems 10 and 12 at different times and/or continuously during the manufacturing event, if desired. Based on the component information, one or more different reinforcements and/or matrix materials may be selectively installed and/or continuously supplied into systems 10 and 12. In some embodiments, the reinforcements may also need to be connected to a pulling machine (not shown) and/or to a mounting fixture (e.g., to anchor point 22). Installation of the matrix material may include filling head 18 and/or coupling of an extruder (not shown) to head 18.

[0038] The component information may then be used to control operation of systems 10 and 12. For example, the reinforcements may be pulled and/or pushed from head 18 (along with the matrix material), while support 16 selectively moves head 18 in a desired manner, such that an axis of the resulting structure 14 follows a desired trajectory (e.g., a free-space, unsupported, 3-D trajectory). Once structure 14 has grown to a desired length, structure 14 may be disconnected (e.g., severed) from head 18 in any desired manner. [0039] During the growth of structure 14, the information received at the start of (and/or throughout) the manufacturing process may dictate a change in reinforcement pattern and/or density. For example, the information may require the use of a high reinforcement density and/or a spiral or interlocking weave pattern at a particular location within structure 14; a lower reinforcement density and/or straight axial pattern at another location; and/or a low reinforcement density and/or a porous pattern at yet another location. Responsive to the manufacturing progress of head 18, relative to the spatial requirements of structure 14, controller 24 may selectively activate weave mechanism 25 (referring to Fig 3) and or 54 (referring to Figs. 4 and 5) to provide for the change in reinforcement specifications.

[0040] For example, structure 14 may need greater strength, higher weight, lower porosity, or anther similar characteristic at a critical area (e.g., at a neck, transition, or mounting area), as compared to a non-critical area (e.g., at a non-structural fill area). As head 18 reaches the critical area, controller 24 may selectively activate actuator 32 and/or actuators 60 to cause a faster and/or greater relative movement between the associated fiber guides in the same or opposing directions. Activation of actuators 32 may include, energizing of electro-magnet 52 to have a particular polarity and/or to generate a magnetic field having a particular strength at a particular time. The magnetic field may interact with permanent magnet(s) 50, thereby generating increased speeds and/or movements of fiber guides 28, 30 against the biases of springs 48. In similar manner, controller 24 may selectively energize the motors of actuators 60 to rotate in a particular direction, at a particular speed, and/or through a particular angle. These operations may cause a density of the resulting reinforcements to increase, and for the reinforcements passing through one fiber guide to overlap and/or overlap to a higher degree the reinforcements passing through another fiber guide. A similar process may be used to switch to another strength, weight, density, weave pattern, and/or porosity level, for example by changing a rate, a range, a timing or direction, and/or which of the fiber guides are moving.

[0041] The ability to dynamically change the weave pattern of reinforcements discharging from head 18 may allow for a greater variety of structures 14 to be produced. And the structures 14 that are produce may perform better within their intended environments, and be cheaper and lighter.

[0042] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed systems and head. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosed systems and heads. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope being indicated by the following claims and their equivalents.