Ultraviolet light

Different additives are incorporated into polymers in commercial use, to facilitate processing and improve the properties of the finished product. For example, compounds absorbing UV light are customarily added to protect the plastic material from UV radiation, thereby protecting products packaged by the plastic material, such as food products, which are adversely affected by UV radiation.

Some additives tend to separate from the bulk polymer and migrate to the surface of the polymer. For this reason, polymer compositions must be tested under severe storage conditions to measure the occurrence of this surface migration .

Surface migration of additives is particularly unacceptable in food packaging materials. Consequently, it has been proposed that UV absorbers (UVA) intended for use as additives in food packaging materials be chemically modified to increase their size, in an effort to reduce their migration to the surface. Another approach consists of structurally modifying the packaging material (as shown in JP 2013075453 and CN 202784136) , for example, by using a laminated packaging material composed of a plurality of layers, having UVA-free layer applied on top of the UVA-containing layer.

It has now been found that UV light absorbing compounds can be covalently bound to the surface of inorganic oxide particles (e.g., silica, zinc oxide); optionally with the aid of suitable spacer groups and that the so-formed particles can be compounded with various polymers to form articles - especially polymer films - displaying very low surface migration of the UV absorbers. For example, experimental work conducted in support of this invention shows that additive-incorporated polypropylene and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) films are capable of maintaining essentially constant level of UV-blocking over time, with no surface migration of the UV light absorbing compounds being detected during the testing period .

Covalent binding of active molecules, including light absorbing organic compounds, to the surface of silicon dioxide particles has been reported (US 6, 685, 924 in the name of Merck) , for the purpose of forming conjugates for use in dermatological and cosmetic preparations. An exemplary conjugate has the following structure:

US 2008/0260664 describes inorganic particles (e.g., silicon dioxide) functionalized with organic compounds, including light absorbent compounds. The organic compounds are predominantly present in the core of the particle.

It has now been found that UV light absorbing compounds (for example, of the benzotriazole and benzophenone classes), can be covalently attached to the surface of inorganic oxide particles, either through sequential surface modification of the particles, followed by reaction of the modified surface with the UV light absorbing compound (herein named the 'sequential surface modification variant' or the 'first variant'), or by directly reacting the UV light absorbing compound with unmodified inorganic oxide particles (herein named the 'one-step variant' or 'the second variant') .In any case, the resultant particles having the UV light absorbing compounds on their surface are useful as an additive to modify the properties of polymers in commercial use, i.e., to improve light stability.

Accordingly, the invention is primarily directed to ultraviolet light absorber suitable for use as an additive in polymers, comprising particles of inorganic oxide having UV light-absorbing compound on their surface, wherein said UV light-absorbing compound is chemically (covalently) bonded, either to a spacer provided on the surface of said particle, or directly to the surface of the particle. The inorganic oxide is preferably selected from the group consisting of silica and zinc oxide.

Regarding the first variant, silica particles possess surface reactivity due to the presence of hydroxyl groups, or more precisely, silanol groups (SiOH) on their surface, available for chemical bond formation. Preferably, an organosi licon spacer is built onto the silica surface to enable the connection between the surface and the UV light absorbing compound. The spacers may be built onto the silica surface via a sequence of chemical reactions to provide functional groups, which can in turn react with the UV light absorbing compounds. For example, the surface of the silica particles is modified by the introduction of Si groups. The high chemical reactivity of the silicon hydride bond with multitude of chemical functional groups (olefin, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone) allows the attachment of suitably functionalized UV light absorbing compounds onto the silica particles. By way of example, silicon hydride groups formed onto the silica surface can be added to a carbon-carbon double bond of an olefinic compound possessing UV light absorbing portion. Silica suitable for use in the first variant of the invention is preferably fumed silica. Properties important for screening fumed silica for use in the first variant of the invention include particle size, specific surface area and concentration of silanol groups on the silica. Hence, silica useful in this variant of the invention is fumed silica, having particle average size of less than 40 ran, e.g., in the range from 5nm to 35nm, more specifically in the range from 5 to 20 nm, and even more specifically in the range from 5 to 15 nm, with specific surface area of not less than 150 mVg, e.g., not less than 200 mVg. , for example, between 200 to 500 m ² /g. The concentration of the SiOH groups on the silica surface is preferably not less than 0.7 ramol/g, e.g., not less than 0.8 miriol/g, for example, in the range from 0.8 to 3.0 mmol/g (measured by thermogravimetric analysis) . Commercially available fumed silica grades such as Cab-O-Sil® M5 and Cab-O- Sil© EH5 from Cabot Corporation can be used, as well as Aerosil® 200 and Aeroperl® 300/30 from Evonik Industries.

Regarding the second variant, either silica or zinc oxide particles can be employed, that is, this variant of the invention consists of reacting the inorganic oxide particles directly with UV light absorbing compounds that have suitable reactive groups, such as Si-O-alkyl groups. Silica useful for this 'one-step variant' includes the fumed silica with the properties set forth above, for example, Cab-O-Sil® M5 and Cab-O-Sil® EH5. Another type of silica which was tested in the experimental work reported below is colloidal silica, i.e., silica suspended in a solvent. Monodispersed colloidal silica consisting of a population of discrete, spherical, evenly- sized particles may show an advantage in the finished polymer product, owing to its ability to generate uniform distribution of the additive across the polymer product. As shown by the experimental work reported below, we were able to find reaction conditions allowing this type of colloidal silica to react swiftly with UV light absorbing compounds in the same solvent used for suspending colloidal silica in comm.erc.ial products available on the market.

'The sequential surface modification variant' and 'the one- step variant' are now described in turn.

The sequential surface modification of silica particles comprises the introduction of a first functional group onto the silica surface, followed by a reaction with the UV light absorbing compound; or the introduction of a first functional group onto the silica surface, followed by transformation of said first functional group into a plurality of second functional groups, which in turn react with the UV light absorbing compound .

The second method is generally preferred because each single first functional group is reacted with a molecule bearing a plurality of second functional groups, leading to an increased concentration of the reactive sites ultimately available for chemical bond formation with the UV light absorbing compound.

Accordingly, the invention is primarily directed to a process of preparing ultraviolet light absorber additive for protecting polymers from ultraviolet radiation, comprising introducing onto the surface of inorganic oxide particles a first functional group, reacting the so-formed inorganic particles modified with said first group with a spacer having a plurality of second functional groups; and reacting the so- formed inorganic particles modified with said second functional group with UV light absorbing compound. To this end, a first functional group - which is preferably a carbon-carbon double bond - is introduced onto the silica surface, by the reaction of silica particles with a vinyl compound, e.g. of the formula ( H2C=CH) iSi ( OCjH2j+i) 4~i, for example, vinyltrimethoxysilane (i ^::= l, or trivinylethoxysilane (i=3, j=2) . These two vinyl compounds are high boiling point liquids and the reaction may take place in a solvent- free reaction medium, employing the

( H2C=CH) iSi ( OCjH2 ₃ +i) in excess to provide a stirrable reaction mixture. Thus, a reaction vessel is charged with silica particles and the vinyl compound, and the reaction proceeds under heating, e.g., at above 100°C, preferably at the reflux temperature, with stirring to afford silica particles bearing vinyl groups. The reaction is brought to completion after several hours. The reaction mixture is cooled down and the surface-modified particles are isolated by filtration, washed to remove excess reactants, and dried.

Next, a spacer bearing a plurality of functional groups is chemically linked to the first functional group present on the surface of the silica particles. The number of functional groups in the spacer is denoted by n, where n is an integer equal to or greater than 3. It should be noted that one of these n functional groups participates in a bond formation reaction with the first functional group present on the surface of the silica particles, thus leaving at most n-1 reaction sites available for bond formation reaction with correspondingly n-1 UV light absorbing compounds. The number of functional groups in the spacer is preferably not less than four (n 4 ) .

Preferably, the spacer possesses a plurality of functional groups which are identical to one another, for example, a plurality of silicon hydride groups. The silicon hydride functionality has two useful features. First, the addition reaction of silicon hydride to a carbon-carbon double bond (hydros! lylation) proceeds swiftly in the presence of suitable catalysts. Furthermore, as mentioned above, the high chemical reactivity of the silicon hydride groups to be placed onto the silica surface towards a variety of chemical functional groups makes possible the attachment of many different UV light absorbing compounds in the final step of the additive formation. Some exemplary organosilicon spacers which contain a plurality of silicon hydride groups are depicted below:

(n=4; hereinafter "A4")

hereinafter "A6"

(n=6; hereinafter "A6y" )

(n>10; e.g., n=7! It should be borne in mind that the silica bearing the UV light absorbing compounds is intended for use as an additive in polymers. Hence, the higher the concentration of the UV light absorbing compound that can be loaded onto the surface of the silica particle, the lower the amount of silica additive that is ultimately needed in the finished polymer formulation. Therefore, one major factor affecting the achievable concentration of the UV light absorbing compounds on the surface of the silica is the number of functional groups in the spacer used. Another important property in screening suitable spacers is the compatibility of the silica-- spacer-UVA additive with the relevant polymer formulation. Preferably, the number of functional groups in the spacer molecule is from. 4 to 80 [4≤n≤80) .

One class of spacer molecules operative in the present invention is characterized in that the number of functional groups in the spacer molecules is in the range from. A to 10, inclusive (4<n<10) . For 4<n<10, bulky spacers are preferred over 'linear" spacers, that is, compounds where the silicon hydride groups are pendent groups, and the nearest environment of the silicon atom in the silicon hydride group is occupied, with two hydrocarbyl groups, such as alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl) or phenyl, are preferred over compounds where the silicon hydride is part of a backbone chain. The experimental results reported below show almost a twofold, increase in concentration of the UV light absorbing compounds in the silica additive on replacing the linear A6 spacer with the 'bulky' A6y spacer (from 0.3 to 0.5 mmol/g) .

Another class of spacer molecules operative in the present invention is characterized in that the number of functional groups in the spacer molecule is greater than twenty (n≥20) . These spacer molecules have a long (n≥20) backbone chain in which the silicon hydride group is part of a repeating unit; in particular, poly (methyl hydrogen siloxane) , consisting of from ten to eighty repeating units, has emerged from the studies reported below as an excellent spacer. For example, poly (methyl hydrogen slioxane) consisting of about 50-80

(e.g., about 75) silicon hydride groups and preferably end- capped with trimethylsiloxy groups has been shown to increase the concentration of UV light absorbing compounds on the silica surface to about 2 mmol/g. Poly (methyl hydrogen slioxane) suitable for use as spacers in the invention are commercially available, for example, Andisil® MH30

(hereinafter MH30; from AB Specialty Silicones) . The experimental results also indicate that the chemical bonding of the UV light absorbing compound to MH30 leads to enhanced thermal stability of the siloxane.

The addition of the spacer to the vinyl functionality provided on the silica surface takes place in a solvent. The solvent is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon, e.g. , alkyl-substi tuted aromatic hydrocarbon such as toluene. The reaction is carried out under heating, for example at a temperature in the range from 40 to 90 °C.

The addition reaction is advanced with the aid of a catalyst, preferably from the group VIII metals, especially platinum. The catalyst is chosen to enable the reaction to proceed smoothly at temperature low enough to minimize side reactions . For example, when the spacer bearing the silicon hydride groups is methyl hydrogen polyslioxane, then the reaction temperature should not exceed 60 °C, e . g. , around 50 °C. Other addition reactions, with the spacers shown above, are allowed to proceed at higher temperatures, e.g. , around 70-80 °C, with shorter reaction times, e.g., less than 10 hours. Exemplary Pt catalyst include [ (C ₂ H ₅ ) ₂ S j ₂ PtCl ₂ , which has proved to be very useful in the addition of silicon hydride- containing spacers to the vinyl-modified silica. It is also possible to use Pt ₂ [ (Me ₂ SiCH=CH ₂ ) ₂ 0J 3 which is named Karstedt ¹ s catalyst, or comercially available catalysts from Umicore: Umicore HS425 or Umicore HS432. Other transition metal- containing catalysts, such as rhodium or ruthenium-based catalysts can also be used, e.g., [Cp*Ru (MeCN) 3] PF ₆ .

The reaction, mixture is maintained under stirring at. the chosen elevated temperature. Upon completion of the addition reaction, the particles, namely, the silicon hydride-modified silica, are separated from the reaction mixture by filtration, and are optionally washed and dried.

Next, the silicon hydride modified silica is reacted with UV light absorbing compounds. For example, organic compounds of the benzotriazole class are known to absorb UV light in the range from. 300 to 400 nm, and can be used in. the present invention. Preferred are benzotriazole where the nitrogen atom, at position 2 of the benzotriazole fused system is bonded to a substituted phenyl ring. The substituents on the phenyl moiety preferably includes hydroxy! group, Hydroxyphenyl- benzotriazole derivatives display efficient ultra/violent protection in a wide variety of polymers. Thus, more specifically, preferred UV light absorbing compounds for use in the present invention are 2- (2 ^' -hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazole derivatives :

where the phenyl ring is further substituted with a reactive functional ity . Especia11y preferred are 2- ( 2 ^' -hydro yp eny1 ) benzotriazo1e derivatives where the 2 ^' -hydroxyphenyl ring is substituted with a functional group displaying high reactivity with silicon hydride, such as vinyl or allyl groups. For example, 2- (3-A11y1-2-hydroxy-5-methy1-pheny1) -2H-benzotriazo1e [ a1so named 2- (2H-benzotriazol-2-yl ) -4-methy1-6- (2-propenyl ) phenol], having the structure depicted below:

was chemically bonded to the silica particle through the addition of silicon hydride groups of the spacer to the carbon-carbon double bond of the allyl group . Thus, the silicon hydride surface modified-silica particles and the 2- (2 ^' -hydroxyphenyl ) benzotriazole UV light absorbing compound are combined together in an organic solvent in the presence of a suitable catalyst (e.g. , Pt catalyst as set forth above) . For example, the catalyst is added to a reaction vessel which was previously charged with the silica and the 2- (2 ^' - hydroxyphenyl ) benzotriazole derivative in aromatic hydrocarbon and the reaction mixture is maintained under heating with stirring to complete the addition reaction. The product, consisting of the silica particles with the UV light absorbing compound chemically attached thereto is separated by filtration, washed and dried. The filtrate is collected to recover non-reacted UV light absorbing compound therefrom.

' The sequential surface modification variant ' produces, in its most preferred embodiment, a light stabilizer suitable for use as an additive in polymers . This light stabilizer forms a specific embodiment of the invention; it comprises a silica particle having UV light absorbing compound on the particle surface, wherein a carbon atom of the UV light absorbing compound is covalently bonded to a silicon atom of an organosilicon spacer, characterized in that the nearest environment of said silicon atom, consists, in addition to said carbon atom., of either one oxygen atom, and two hydrocarbyl groups or two oxygen atoms and one hydrocarbyl group. Hydrocarbyl group includes, but is not limited to alkyl (such as methyl or ethyl) and phenyl. More specifically, the UVA light absorbing compound is 2- ( 2 ' -hydroxypheny1 ) benzotriazole compound that is covalently bonded to the silicon atom of the organosilicon spacer through an alkylene chain (-(_:¾-)„, n=2-5, e.g., n=3, attached to the phenyl ring of said hydroxypheny1- benzotriazole compound .

Preferably, the concentration of the UV light absorbing compound in the silica is not less than 0.07 mmol/g, e.g., not less than 0.15 mmol/g, more preferably not less than 0.2 mmol/g, for example, in the range from. 0.2 to 3.0 mmol/g, e.g., from 0.3 to 0.7 mmol/g or from 2.0 ramol/g to 2.5 mmol/g (measured by TGA as exemplified below) . The additive may also contain some silicon hydride groups.

Turning now to the 'one-step variant', it is based on a direct reaction of the UV light absorbing compound with unmodified silica particles or zinc oxide particles. Any UV light absorbing compound which possesses a functional group capable of bond formation reaction with surface -OH group can be used in the 'one-step variant', such as UV light absorbing compound which is substituted with -Si ( -O-alkyl ) ₃ , for example, -Si (-0- C ₂ H ₅ ) 3. Below are depicted two UV light absorbing compounds bearing the -Si (-O-C ₂ H ₅ ) ₃ functionality, one of the 2-hydroxy benzophenone class and the other of the 2- (2 ^' hydroxypheny1 ) benzotria zo1 e c1 ass :

[the above depicted 2 ^' -hydroxyphenyl ) benzotriazole was described by Farkas et al . in Molecules (15), p. 6205-6216 (2010) ]

Accordingly, inorganic oxide such as silica or zinc oxide is combined with the UV light absorbing compound in a suitable organic solvent, e.g., in an aromatic hydrocarbon such as toluene, with stirring and under heating, preferably at the solvent boiling point under reflux. On completion, the reaction mixture is cooled down and the product is isolated from the liquid phase, washed and dried.

Alternatively, the ' one-step variant * is accomplished with a commercially available colloidal silica as a starting material, with the reaction between the silica and the UV light absorbing compound taking place in the solvent in which the colloidal silica is suspended in a commercially available product (with typical concentrations of 25-40% by weight) . In this way, it is possible to load onto the silica particle not less than 0.10 mmol UV light absorbing compound per gram, silica. For example, isopropanol has shown to be a useful solvent for the reaction. A mixture of ethylene glycol and isopropanol is also workable. Other solvents, e.g., alkanols and aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene may also be used. The molar ratio between the OH surface groups of the silica and the UV light absorbing compound (such as 2-Hydroxy-4- (3- triethoxysilylpropoxy) -diphenylketone) is preferably in the range from 8:1 to 2:1, for example, from 3.5:1 to 2.5:1. The reaction is allowed to proceed for about twenty four hours under heating, e.g. at the reflux.

The invention also provides a method for improving the light stability of a polymer, comprising adding to the polymer inorganic oxide particles having UV light absorbing compound on their surface, such as the silica and zinc oxide particles functionalized with the UV light absorbing compounds described above .

A thermoplastic polymer comprising the UV light stabilizer additive forms another aspect of the invention. The surface modified inorganic particles of the invention can be added to a wide range of polymers, including polypropylene (homopolyraer and copolymers), polyethylene, e.g., high density polyethylene (HDPE) , medium density polyethylene (MDPE ) , low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) , polyethylene terphthalate (PET) and PDMS . The concentration of the additive of the invention is not more than 15% by 'weight of the polymeric formulation, e.g., from 1.0 to 12.0% by weight, and preferably from 1.0 to 8,0%. The additive is incorporated into the polymer by conventional m.ethods, e.g., using an extruder, such as twin screw extruder to accomplish the compounding. The pellets formed are then processed and shaped into the desired article, such as films, using conventional film/sheet extrusion (e.g., blown and cast extrusion) . Illustrative procedures for preparing additive- incorporated polypropylene and LLDPE films are shown below.

The additive-incorporated polymers were tested to measure migration of the UV light absorbing compounds to the surface by periodically washing and rinsing the film surface with clean hexane and measuring the UV transmission of the wash solution for traces of UV absorbing material and the UV transmission of the film (kept under different conditions as described below) , to record any deterioration in its UV absorbing properties. The results reported below indicate that the UV light absorbing compounds do not migrate from the fi1ms , even a fter 1ong storage periods .

Examples

Methods :

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) : The TGA analysis was performed using a Mettler-Toledo instrument model TGA/SDTA851. 10 mg sample were heated in a standard 70 \iL TGA alumina crucible, from, room temperature to about. 1000 °C, with a heating rate of 10 °C/min in nitrogen atmosphere . The concentration of UVA molecules on the silica surface was calculated according to the following Equation:

'where del is the decomposed content (%) from 150-1000 °C of the silica-spacer, dc2 is the decomposed content (%) of Silica-spacer-UVA, MW is the molecular weight of UVA (e.g., 265.31 gr/mol in the case of 2- (2H-benzotriazol-2-yl) -4- methy1-6- ( 2-propenyl ) phenol ) .

Fourier Transform. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) : The FTIR instrument used 'was Scientific, Nicolet. iSlO.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy : NMR spectra were acquired on a Bruker Avance II instrument, 500 MHz, CP- MAS 4 mm.

X-ray photoe1ectron spectroscopy (XPS) : The X-ray photoelectron spectrometer used is from Kratos Analytical Ltd. (Kratos Axis Ultra) .

Elemental Analysis: The elemental analyzer used is PerkinEIm.er ' s 2400 Series II analyzer.

The following set of Examples (1-3) illustrates the covalent binding of UV-absorbing compound (of the benzotria.zol.es family) onto the surface of silica particles, with, the aid of small spacer molecules having four (or six) SiH functional groups, as illustrated by the synthetic pathway depicted below .

Preparation 1

Prepar t on* of silica-vinyl

Preparation 1¾

10 gr of silica {Cafo-O-sii M5, Cabot Corporation) and 40 gr of Vinyltr imethoxysilane (VT S; from Sigm -Aldrich, cat. num. 440221-97%) were mixed in a 3-necked flask fitted with a reflux condenser and CaCi? trap. The mixture was heated to the boiling point of VTMS <b . p . 123 ° C ) using an oil bath (150 °C) , and was stirred with a mechanical stirrer (225 rpm) at this temperature for 11 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the silica was washed with hexane {3x250 ml) in a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) and was dried at 165 °C in an oven for half hour in a petri dish to obtain 9.56 gr of silica-vinyl (If Scheme 1) .

Preparati on 1B

Silica (Cab-O-sil MS,. Cabot Corporation) was pressed under 0.5 ton to reduce the volume by -1.5. 10 gr of the silica and 40 gr of Vinylt r imethoxysilane (from Sigma-Aidrich, cat. num. 440221-97%/ were then mixed in a 250 ml 3-necked flask fitted with a reflux condenser and CaCl? trap. The mixture was heated to the boiling point of VTMS (b.p. 123 °C) using an oil bath (150 °C) , and was stirred with a mechanical stirrer (278 rpm) at this temperature for 11 hours. After cooling to room temperature, silica was washed 'with hexane (4x250 ml) on a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) and was dried at 165 °C in oven for half an hour, collecting silica-vinyl ( 1 , Scheme 1) .

Preparation 1C:

Silica (Cab-O-sil M5, Cabot Corporation) was pressed under 1 ton for ten minutes. 100 gr of pressed silica and 400 gr of Vinyltrimethoxysilane (from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 440221- 91%) 'were then mixed in a 1L cylindrical reactor fitted with a reflux condenser and mechanical stirrer (half-moon shaped, 90 mm PTFE blade) . The mixture was heated to the boiling point of VTMS (b.p. 123 °C) using a heat mantel, and was stirred with a mechanical stirrer (300 rpm) at this temperature for 19 hours under nitrogen. After cooling to room temperature about 400 ml of hexane was added to the reaction mixture and after mixing, the obtained suspension was filtered on 1 L filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . The reactor was washed with an additional 400 ml of hexane and the suspension was also filtered. The silica which remains on the filter was washed with additional hexane (3x800 ml) and 'was d ied at 160 °C in the oven for 3 hours using chemical beaker (14 cm diameter and 7.5 cm height) , collecting silica-vinyl (1, Scheme 1) .

Silica-vinyl (1, Scheme 1) was characterized by NMR, FTIR, and XPS analysis.

The NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 1; the two peaks at 134 and 128 ppm are assigned to the carbon atoms of the vinyl groups added to the silica surface. The peak at ~48 ppm is assigned to the unreacted methoxy group (due to steric considerations, on the average approximately two of the three -OCH3 groups of vinyltrimethoxysilane participate in the bond formation reaction with the silica surface) .

Figure 2 shows FTIR spectrum for the original, unmodified commercial silica (bottom) and the silica-vinyl (top) .

The characteristic peaks of the unmodified silica are:

a large band at about 3433 cm ^"1 , attributed to the presence of the O-H stretching frequency of silanols groups and also the adsorbed water;

a sharp band at 1631 cm^assigned to the bending vibrations of molecular 'water;

a broad strong peak at 1254-1026 cm ^-1 , assigned to the Si-O-Si asymmetric bond stretching vibrations. This peak has some "shoulder" at ~980 cm ¹ , that corresponds to asymmetric vibration of Si-OH.

A band at 806 cm ^-1 , assigned to a network Si-O-Si symmetric bond stretching vibration; and

a band at 460 cm ^"1 associated with a network Si-O-Si bond bending vibration.

The spectrum of vinyl-modified silica exhibits an appearance of new, weak peaks at 3060 car ¹ and 3020 cm ^-1 which were attributed to C-H bands of Si-CH=CH ₂ group. The peak at 1600 cm ^-1 is typical of C=C vibrations and the peak appearing at 1410 cm ^_1 is assigned to C-H deformation vibrations of the ^: =Cri2 group. The peaks at 2986 cm ^"1 , 2958 cm ^"1 and 2987 cm ^"1 were attributed to C-H bands of the remained methoxy groups (the characteristic S1-OCH3 band, expected to be found at around 1000-1100 cm. ^"1 , is masked by the strong Si-O-Si absorption) .

Lastly, it should be pointed out that in the modified silica, the broad band at 3433 cm^has been significantly decreased comparing to that of the original sample. This decrease, together the disappearance of the "shoulder" at -980 cm ^"1 , clearly indicate that surface silanol groups took part in the chemical reaction, i.e., vinyltrimethoxysilane was covalently attached to the silica surface via the surface silanol groups.

The successful attachment of vinyltrimethoxysilane to the surface of the silica particles is also demonstrated by the XPS analysis tabulated below. The modification of the silica surface is expected to lead to decreased oxygen/ carbon and silicon/carbon ratios measured on the silica surface. This is indeed shown by the results set forth in Table 1 below:

Table 1

Example 1

Preparation of silica - spacer A4 - UVA the UVA mole le is 2-· (2 ' --hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazoie de i ati e]

Preparation of silica-spacer A4

10.00 gr of silica-vinyl of Preparation 1A (which was dried for 1 h at 160 °C) , 4.70 gr of tetrakis (dimethylsiloxy) silane (A4; from ABCR, cat. num. AB111396-97% ) and 54 gr of toluene 'were then mixed 'with mechanical stirrer in 500 ml 1-necked- flask, followed by the addition of Pt catalyst {cis- dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum ( II ) , from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num.. 432849}. The catalyst, was added as 2% solution in toluene (425 μΐ) . The resultant suspension was stirred for 5 hours at 80 °C with a mechanical stirrer (300 rpm) . After cooling to room temperature, the product was washed with toluene (2x500 ml) and hexane (3x500 ml) on a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 70 °C oven for one hour, to obtain 9.95 gr of silica- A4 (2, Scheme 1) .

Preparation of silica-spacer A4-UVA

9.45 gr o f s i 1 ica- spacer A4 , 5.33 gr of 2 - ( 2 H-benzotriazo1-2- yl)-4- methyl- 6- ( 2-propenyl ) phenol {UVA; from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 559857-99%} and 60 gr of toluene were mixed with a mechanical stirrer in 250 ml 1-necked-flask, followed by the addition of Pt catalyst { cis-dic lorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum (II) , from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num, 432849}, The catalyst was added as 2% solution in toluene (445 μΐ ) .

The resultant suspension was stirred for 16 hours at 80 °C. After cooling to room temperature, the product was washed with toluene (3x400 ml) and hexane (4x500 ml) on a filter funnel 'with sinter glass (P4) . UV absorbance of the last portion of hexane was measured (250-450 nm) to ensure that all UVA was washed away. The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 70 ^U C for one hour, to obtain 9.29 gr of silica - spacer A4 - UVA. (3, Scheme 1) .

The so-formed additive was characterized by FTIR, TGA and elemental analysis. The FTIR spectrum shown in Figure 3 exhibits a peak at 745 cm ^"1 , assigned to the UVA molecule that has been successfully attached to the particle. The peaks at 2135 cm ^"1 and 910 citfl are due to the presence of unreacted SiH groups which did not form chemical bonds with the UVA molecule. The concentration of the UVA molecules applied onto the silica particles was calculated on the basis of TGA analysis according to the raethod set forth above and was found to be 0,26 mittol/g (del and dc2 values measured were 4,87% and 11.40%, respectively) . The concent ation determined by TGA shows fairly good agreement with the result obtained by elemental analysis [measured %C: 9,62; calculated concentration: 0,28 mmol/g (C e.a. ) ]

Example 2

Preparation of silica - spacer A6 - UVA

[the UVA compo nd is 2- (2 ' -hydroxyphenyl) faenzotriazole derivative]

Preparation of silica - space A6

1 gr of silica-vinyl of Preparation 1A, 1,32 g of Poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylhydrosi1oxane ) , trimethy1si1y1 terminated {A6; from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 482196-average Mn -950} and 5.22 gr of toluene were then mixed in 40 ml vial, followed by the addition of Pt catalyst {cis- dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum (II) , from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 432849}. The catalyst was added as 2% in toluene (50 μΐ) .

The resultant suspension was stirred for 5 hours at 80 °C. After cooling to room temperature, the product was washed with toluene (3x50 ml) and hexane (4x50 ml) on filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 70 °C oven for one hour, to obtain 0.982 gr of silica-spacer A6.

Preparation of silica-spacer A6-UVA

750.8 mg of silica- spacer A6, 424.8 mg of 2 - (2H-benzotriazol- 2-yl)-4- methyl- 6- ( 2-propenyl ) phenol {UVA; from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num.. 559857-99%} and 4,78 gr of toluene were mixed in 20 ml vial, followed by the addition of Pt catalyst {cis- dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum ( II ) , from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 432849}. The catalyst was added as 2% solution in toluene (36 μΐ ) .

The resultant suspension was stirred for 8 hours at 80 °C. After cooling to room temperature, the product was 'washed with toluene (4x40 ml) and nexane (3x40 ml) on a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . UV absorbance of the last portion of hexane was measured (250-450 nm) to ensure that all UVA was washed away. The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 70 °C for one hour, to obtain 0.625 gr of silica - spacer A6 - UVA.

The so- formed additive was characterized by FTIR and TGA. The FTIR spectrum shown in Figure 4 exhibits the characteristic peak at 745 cm ^"1 , which indicates the presence of the UVA molecule on the silica surface. The concentration of the UVA molecules loaded onto the silica particles, calculated on the basis of TGA analysis according to the method set forth above, was found to be 0.31 mmol./g (the del and dc2 values measured were 6.08 % and 13.73% , respective1y) .

Example 3

Preparation of silica - spacer A6y — UVA

[the UVA molecule 2- (2 ' -hyd O yphenyl) bensotriasole de iva ive]

Preparation of silica- spacer A6y

1 gr of silica-vinyl of Preparation 1A, 780 mcf of A6y (prepared according to a procedure described in US 5,691, 35) and 3.6 gr of toluene were mixed in 40 ml vial, followed by the addition of Pt catalyst { cis-dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum ( II ) , from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 432849}. The catalyst was added as 2% solution in toluene (36 μΐ) .

The resultant suspension was stirred for 5 hours at 80 °C. After cooling to room temperature, the product was washed with toluene (4x40 ml) and hexane (4x40 ml) on a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 0 °C oven for one hour, to obtain 0.984 gr of silica - spacer A6y.

Preparation of silica - spacer A6y - UVA

627.8 mg of silica-spacer A6y, 354.8 mg of 2- (2H-benzotriazol- 2-yl)-4- methyl- 6- ( 2-propenyl ) phenol {UVA; from Sigma-Aldricn, cat. num. 559857-99%} and 2.26 gr of toluene were mixed in 20 ml vial, followed by the addition of Pt catalyst {cis- dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum. ( II ) , from. Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 432849}. The catalyst was added as 2% solution in toluene (28 μΐ) .

The resultant suspension was stirred for 8 hours at 80 °C. After cooling to room temperature, the product was washed with toluene (4x40 ml) and hexane (3x40 ml) on a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . UV absorbance of the last portion of hexane was measured (250-450 nm.) to ensure that all UVA was washed away. The product was placed in a. petri dish and dried in an oven at 70 °C for one hour, to obtain 0.518 gr of silica- spacer A6y-UVA.

The so-formed additive was characterized by FTTR and TGA. The FTIR spectrum shown in Figure 5 exhibits the characteristic peak at 745 cm ^"1 , which indicates the presence of the UVA molecule on the silica surface. The concentration of the UVA molecules present on the silica particles, calculated on the basis of TGA analysis according to the method set forth above, was found to be 0.51 mmol/g (the del and dc2 values measured were 6.13% and 19.04% , respective1y) .

The following set of Examples (4-8) illustrates the covalent binding of a UV light absorbing compound (of the benzotriazoles family) onto the surface of silica particles, with the aid of a long spacer: poly (methyl hydrogen slioxane) , consisting of about 75 repeating units (namely, Si- H functional groups) .

Example 4

Preparation of silica — spacer MH30 - UVA

[the UVA compound is 2- ( 2 ^' -hyd oxyphenyl) benzotriazole derivative]

Preparation of silica-spacer MH30

Silica-vinyl of Preparation 1A (1 gr) was dried for 1 h at 160 °C. The silica-vinyl, 3.29 gr of Andisil MH30 (from AB Specialty Silicones) and 2.6 gr of toluene were mixed with a magnetic stirrer in 20 ml flask, followed by the addition of Pt catalyst { cis-dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum. ( II ) , from. Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 432849}. The catalyst was added, in the form of 2% solution in toluene (45 μΐ) .

The resultant suspension was stirred for 8 hours at 50 °C with a magnetic stirrer. After cooling to room, temperature, the product was washed with toluene (50 ml) and hexane (4x50 ioL) on a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . The product was placed in a. petri dish, and dried in an oven at 45 °C for one hour, to obtain. 1.2 gr of silica - MH30.

Preparation of silica-spacer MH30-UVA

0.5 gr of silica - spacer MH30, 1.5 gr of 2- (2H-benzotriazol- 2-yl) -4-methyl-6- (2-propenyl ) phenol (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num.. 559857-99%) and 3 gr of toluene were mixed with a magnetic stirrer in 20 ml flask, followed by the addition of Pt- catalyst { cis-dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum ( II ) , from Sigma-Ald ich, cat. num.. 432849}. The catalyst was added as 2% solution in toluene (80 μΐ) . The resultant suspension was stirred for 8 hours at 80 "C. After cooling to room temperature, the product was washed with toluene (3x100 ml) and hexane (3x100 ml) on a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . UV absorbance of the last portion of hexane was measured (250-450 nm) to ensure that all UVA was washed away. The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 70 °C for one hour to obtain 0.45 gr of silica - spacer MH30 - UVA.

The so-formed additive was characterized by FTIR and TGA. The FTIR spectrum is shown in Figure 6; the presence of the intensive characteristic peaks at 745 cm ^"1 , 1217 cm ^"1 and 1264 cm ^"1 , assigned to the UVA molecule, is noted. The concentration of the UVA molecules present on the silica particles, calculated on the basis of TGA analysis according to the method set forth above, 'was found to be 2.35 mmol/g (the del and dc2 values measured were 5.19% and 41.63%, respectively) .

Example 5

Preparation of silica-spacer MH3Q~UVA

[the UVA molecule is 2- (2 -hyd oxyphenyl) bensotriasole derivative]

Preparation of silica-spacer MH30

50 gr of silica-vinyl of Preparation 1C (dried for Ih at 160 °C) , 106.4 gr of Andisil MH30 and 124.7 gr of toluene were mixed in a 1 L cylindrical reactor fitted with a mechanical stirrer (half-moon shaped, 90 mm PTFE blade) , followed by the addition of Pt catalyst {cis-dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum ( II ), from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 432849}. The catalyst was added as 2% solution in toluene (1.9 ml) .

The resultant suspension was stirred for 16 hou s at 50 °C 'with mechanical stirrer (340 rpm) . After cooling to room temperature, 300 ml of toluene 'were added and the reaction mixture was vigorously mixed. Then the suspension was allowed to stand for half an hour, and after sedimentation, the solid ^■ was separated by decantation of the solvent. The product 'was washed twice with hexane (240 ml, centrifugation-decanting, 3000 rpm, 10 min each time) . After the final decantation the solid was introduced to 1 L filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) and was washed with hexane (4x500 ml) . The last portion of hexane was evaporated and the residue was weighed to ensure that all unreacted polymer was washed away. The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 50 °C for 1 hour, to obtain 45 gr of silica - MH30.

Preparation of silica - spacer MH30 - UVA

43.3 gr of silica-spacer MH30, 129 gr of 2- (2H-benzotriazol-2- yl) --4-methyl -6- (2-propenyl) phenol (consisting of equal amounts of a material purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num. 559857- 99% and a recycled material recovered from a previous batch as described below) and 258 gr of toluene were mixed in a 1 L cylindrical reactor fitted with a mechanical stirrer (half- moon shaped, 90 mm PTFE blade) , followed by the addition of Pt-catalyst { cis-dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum (II) , from Sigma-AIdrich, cat. num. 432849}. The catalyst was added as 2% solution in toluene (7 ml) ,

The resultant suspension was stirred for 16 hours at 80 °C with mechanical stirrer (340 rpm) . After cooling to room temperature, the product was washed with toluene (5x800 ml), hexane (3x800 ml) on 1 L filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . UV absorbance of the last portion of hexane was measured (250- 450 nm) to ensure that all UVA was washed away. The filtrates were combined and concentrated by evaporation and unreacted 2- ( 2H-benzotriazol-2-yl ) -4-methyl- 6- ( 2-propenyl ) phenol was collected and reused. The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 70 °C for 1.5 hours to obtain 55 gr of silica - Spacer MH30 - UVA,

Example 6

Preparation of silica - spacer MH30 - UVA

[ ^■ fche IJVA molecule is 2- (2 ^' '"byd oxY benylifoen^ot- ia^ol derivative]

Preparation of silica - spacer MH30

14.39 gr of silica-vinyl of Preparation 1C (dried for lh at 160 °C) , 31.58 gr of Andisil MH30 and 36.75 gr of toluene were mixed in a 500 ml three-necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, followed by the addition of Pt catalyst {cis- dichlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum (II) , from Sigma--Aldrich, cat. num. 432849; the catalyst was added as 2% solution in toluene (0.55 ml)}.

The resultant suspension was stirred for 16 hours at 50 °C with mechanical stirrer (340 rpm) . After cooling to room temperature, 90 ml of toluene were added and the reaction, mixture was thoroughly mixed. Then the suspension 'was allowed to stand for half an hour, and after sedimentation, the solid was separated by decantation of the solvent. The silica was washed four times with hexane (4x250 ml, centrifligation- decanting, 3000 rpm., 10 min each time) . The last portion of hexane was evaporated and the residue was weighed to ensure that all unreacted Andisil MH30 was washed away. The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 50 'c to obtain 14.82 gr of silica - spacer MH30.

Preparation of silica-spacer MH30-UVA

0.787 gr of silica-spacer MH30, 0.787 gr of 2- (2H- benzotriazol-2-yl ) -4-methyl- 6- ( 2-propenyl ) phenol ( Sigma-

Aldrich, cat. num. 559857-99%) and 4.92 gr of toluene were mixed with magnetic stirrer in 20 ml flask, followed by the addition of Pt catalyst { cis-dicnlorobis (diethyl sulfide) platinum (II) , from Sigma-Aldrich, cat. num.. 432849; the catalyst was added as 2% in toluene (105 ul) }.

The resultant suspension was stirred for 16 hours at 80 °C. After cooling to room temperature, the product was washed with toluene (2x50 ml), hexane (3x50 ml) on a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . UV absorbance of the last portion of hexane was measured (250-450 nm) to ensure that all unreacted beznotriazole was washed away. The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 70 °C for 1 hour.

Example 7

Investigation of the properties of

pol (methyl hydrogen sxloxane) 3.3 3- 3pacer for attaching UV ^* light absorbing compound onto the surface of sxlxca

par l s

In the set of mea.surem.ents reported in this example, poly (methyl hydrogen siloxane (MH30, available from. Andisil) was used as the spacer. 2- (3-Allyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) - 2H-benzotriazole was used as the UV light absorbing compound.

Optica1 properti es : Figure 7 shows the transmission spectra in. the UV-Vis range of 2- (3-Allyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) -2H- benzotriazole and the product of a reaction between MH30 and 2- ( 3~A.llyl-2~hydroxy~5-m.eth.ylph.enyl -2#-benzotriazole :

The addition reaction of was carried out in toluene, at 50 ^° C, under the same conditions illustrated, in detail in previous examples, to give poly (methyl hydrogen siloxane) with pendent 2- (3-propyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl ) -2ff-benzotriazole · To obtain the spectra, 50 ppm of 2- (3-Allyl-2-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl ) -2if-benzotriazole in toluene, and similarly, 50 ppm of the reaction product in toluene were used. The spectra shown in Figure 7 indicate that the absorbance of 2- (3-Allyl- 2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) -2ff-benzotriazole and its reaction product with MH30 are comparable (indicated TinB and MH30-TinB or MH30-TinB, respectively, in the spectrum of Figure 7) .

Thermal properties : Thermal stability was studied using TGA analysis (which measures the weight loss of a sample as sample temperature is increased) . The following samples were subjected to TGA analysis, and the results are shown in the thermogram in Figure 8 : poly (methyl hydrogen siloxane) alone (designated "MH30" in the thermogram of Figure 8);

The reaction product of poly (methyl hydrogen siloxane) and 2- ( 3-Al1y1-2-hydroxy-5-methylpheny1 ) -2H-benzotriazole, as set forth above (designated "MH30-UVA" in the thermogram of Figure

8) ;

The reaction product of the silica particles and MH30, as described in previous examples (designated "Sil-MH30" in the thermogram of Figure 8) ; and

The additive of the invention prepared as described in previous examples, consisting of the silica particles with the MH30 spacer attached to the silica surface and 2- (3-Allyl-2- hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) -2ff-benzotriazole chemically bonded to the spacer (designated "Sil-MH30-UVA" in the thermogram of Figure 8) . The TGA indicates that the decomposition of the poly (methyl hydrogen siloxane) , namely, MH30, starts at a temperature of about 250 ^'' C. The thermal stability of MH30 is reduced upon attaching it to the surface the silica particle, seeing that the decomposition of the "Sil-MH30" conjugate begins at 150 "c. Thus, the coupling to the silica particles has an unfavorable influence on the thermal stability of MH30. However, the chemical bonding of 2- (3-Allyl-2-hydroxy-5-met ylp enyl) -2H- benzotriazole to the chains of MH30 has a favorable effect on the thermal stability, with the reaction product MH30-UVA displaying increased thermal stability, seeing that the decomposition occurs at higher temperature of about 450 ^'' C. Most importantly, in the additive of the invention, Sil-MH30- UVA, the favorable effect of 2- (3-Allyl-2-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl ) -2H-benzotriazole on the thermal stability of MH30 overwhelms the negative effect of the coupling to the silica particles.

Example 8

Preparation of silica-UVA

[the UVA is 2-hydroxy benzophenone derivative]

1.00 gr of silica (Cab-O-sil M5, Cabot Corporation), 0.96 gr of 2-Hydroxy-4- ( 3-triethoxysilylpropoxy) -diphenylketone (95°;, from Gelest) and 17.40 gr of toluene were mixed with a magnetic stirrer in 50 ml flask fitted with a reflux condenser and CaCl ₂ trap. The mixture was heated to the boiling point of toluene (b.p. Ill °C) using an oil bath (120 °C) , and was stirred with a magnetic stirrer at this temperature for 5 hours .

After cooling to room temperature, the product was washed with toluene (3x250 ml) and hexane (2x250 ml) on. a filter funnel with sinter glass (P4) . UV absorbance of the last portion of hexane was measured (250-450 rim) to ensure that all of the Hydroxy-4- ( 3-1riethoxysi 1y1propoxy) -dipheny1 ketone was washed away. The product was placed in a petri dish and dried in an oven at 70 °C for 1 hour to obtain 1.08 gr of silica-UVA.

The so-formed additive was characterized by FTIR and TGA. The FTIR spectrum is shown in Figure 9; the peak at 1626.7 cm ^""1 , corresponds to the intensive band of carbonyl group within the UVA molecule. The concentration of the UVA molecules present on the silica particles, calculated on the basis of TGA analysis was found to be 0.315 mmol/ ^' g.

Example 9

Preparation of silica-UVA

[the UVA is 2-hydrcxy faenzcphenone de ivative]

In the experiment reported in this example, colloidal silica in a solvent was used (Nanopol® from. Evonik Industries AG) . The silica starting material consists of a suspension of monodispersed silica particles population in isopropanol (30%- 40% by weight) . The concentration of the silanol groups on the surface of the silica sta ting material 'was measured by TGA and was found to be 1.81 mmol/g (the TGA was performed following solvent evaporation in the temperature range from room temperature to 1100 ^° C) .

The reaction between the silica particles and the UV light absorbing compound, 2-Hydroxy-4- ( 3-triethoxysilylpropoxy) - diphenylketone, took place in isopropanol at the reflux temperature (82 ^' C) . The molar ratio between the OH surface groups of the silica and the 2-Hydroxy--4--( 3- triethoxysilylpropoxy) -diphenylketone was 3:1, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for twenty four hours under reflux. Under the chosen conditions of reactants ratio and reaction time, the suspension retained its clarity through the reaction, indicating that it did not undergo aggregation. The particles were examined by Cryo-Tem analysis (at concentration of 5% in isopropanol ) , and the Cryo-Tem image in Figure 10 reveals the dispersibility of the discrete particles. The concentration of the UV light absorbing compound was measured (TGA) to be 0.15 mmol/g.

Example 10

Preparation of ZnO-UVA

[the OVA is 2-hydrcxy benzophenone derivative]

36.03 gr of ZnO (Zano®20, from Umicore Zinc Chemicals), 53.60 gr of 2-Hydroxy-4- ( 3-triethoxysilylpropoxy) -diphenylketone and 144.13 gr of toluene 'were stirred with a mechanical stirrer in 250 ml flask fitted with a reflux condenser and CaCl ₂ trap. The mixture was heated to the boiling point of toluene (b.p. Ill °C) using an oil bath (120 °C) , and was stirred (250 rpm) at this temperature for 65 hours. After cooling to room temperature, ZnO particles were washed with toluene and hexane on a filter funnel with sinter glass. UV absorbance of the last portion of hexane was measured (250-450 nm) to ensure that all UVA was washed away. ZnO was dried at 70 °C in an oven for 1 hour in a petri dish to obtain 35.4 gr of ZnO-UVA.

The so-formed additive was characterized by FTTR, TGA and XPS analysi s .

The FTIR spectrum is shown in Figure 11 (lower spectrum corresponds to ZnO and upper curve corresponds to UVA-modi fied ZnO) . It is seen that the spectrum of UVA-modi fied ZnO exhibits new weak peaks, at 2967 cm ^"1 and 2920 cm ^"1 , attributed to C-H bands. The strong peak at 1628.5 cm ^-1 is assigned to the carbonyl group within the UVA molecule. The fingerprint region also exhibits new characteristic peaks of the UVA molecule. The broad peak around 1118-1023 cm ^"1 is attributed to Si-O-Si and Si-O-C bands; and Si-O-Zn absorption band is positioned at 916

TGA analysis indicates that the calculated concentration of the UVA molecule on the surface of the particle is 0.09 mmol/g.

XPS was used for the analysis of the composition of the original ZnO particle and the surface-modified ZnO particles, to determine the atomic percent of the elements on the particles surface. The data is tabulated in Table 2 and Table 3 , respective1y :

Table 2 (original ZnO)

The attachment of the OVA molecule, 2-Hydroxy-4- (3- triethoxysilylpropoxy ) -diphenylketone , to the ZnO particle through the reaction shown below:

is indicated by a new peak located at ~102 eV, assigned to the binding energy (BE) of si lie;on (note that the UVA molecule contains Si atoms) . The atomic ratio between oxygen and zinc measured in the original ZnO particles is approximately 1:1; this ratio has increased to about 2:1 in the reaction product, owing to the oxygen atoms of the UVA molecule and to the masking of surface zinc. Carbon content in the reaction product is higher than that measured for the commercial ZnO particles. Lastly, the deconvolution of XPS spectra for the Zn2p line shows the presence of three different binding energies (-1022.1 eV, -1023.3 eV and -1024.3 eV) for zinc in the reaction product, as tabulated in Table 4. On the other hand the spectrum of the original ZnO particle contains only one binding energy band (corresponding to a single chemical state of Zn) .

Tab1e 4

Example 11

Polypropylene Film Preparation

This example illustrates the preparation of polypropylene film with the additive of the present invention. The composition of the film consists of 95% polypropylene and 5% additive (by -weight) .

Polypropylene homopolymer (Repol H034SG from 'Reliance Polymers') and the additive of the invention as prepared in Example 1 were compounded by melt mixing in a EUROLAB Digital 16 ('Prism') twin screw co-rotating extruder (D = 16 mm, L/D = 24), using a uniform temperature profile of 200-225 °C, and operated at a screw speed of 250 rpm, to obtain 100 gr batch size compounds. The materials were mixed in a plastic bag, and were added to the extruder at the same upstream feed port. The melt compound strands were continuously cooled down to solidify under water at room temperature, and were then cut to pellets with a granulating machine. The pre-compounded pellets were dried before further processing (70 "C, overnight, vacuum) .

The pellets were then fed to MICROTRUDER ( ' RandCastle ' ) Cast- film, single screw extruder (D = 13 mm, L/D = 20), using a temperature profile of 200-220 °C. The machine was operated at a screw speed of 70 rpm, to obtain film of 50 micron wall thickness and width of 150 mm.

The additive-incorporated polymers -were tested to measure migration of the UV light absorbing compounds to the surface by periodically washing and. rinsing the film surface with clean hexane and. measu ing the UV transmission of the wash solution for traces of UV absorbing material and the UV transmission of the film to record any deterioration in the UV absorbing properties of the film.

The UV spectra shown in Figure 12 were recorded shortly after the manufacture of the films, and approximately two years after manufacture. It is noted that after the first measurement in hexane, the films were stored in glass vials under the following conditions (see reference to Films "1", "2" and "3" in Figure 12) :

Film #1 in air @30 "C

Film #2 in ethanol 95% @30 "C

Film. #3 in air @60 °C

The results show that in all cases, the level of UV-blocking did not decrease with the passage of ime, i dicating that surface migration of the UV light absorbing compounds is ^" 5 Ί suppressed efficiently with the aid of the additives of the invention .

Example 12

LLDPE Film Preparation

This example illustrates the preparation of oriented 15 μηα thick multilayered film (three layers) with the additive of the invention incorporated into the 7 um thick core layer. The composition of the film consists of 93% LLDPE and 7% additive (by weight) .

LLDPE (NOVA Chemicals Sclair® FP112-A) and the additive of the invention as prepared in Example 4 were compounded by melt mixing in a 16 mm twin screw extruder (Prism, England) L/D ratio of 25:1, using a temperature profile of 160-225 °C, and operated at a screw speed of 200-230 rpm, to obtain 1500 gr batch size compounds. The materials were mixed and were fed to the extruder through the same upstream feed port. The melt compound strands were continuously cooled down to solidify under water at room temperature, and were then cut to pellets with a granulating machine. The pre-compounded pellets were dried before further processing.

Pre-compounded material samples 'were fed to MICROTRUDER ( ^f RandCastle ' ) Cast-film single screw extruder (D = 13 mm, L/D ^: = 20) to produce a three-layer casted film. The processes were done at a temperature profile of 200-220 °C for extruder A and 200-230 "C for extruder C. The machine was operated at a screw speed of 64 rpm for extruder A and 115 rpm for extruder C, to obtain three-layer film with total thickness of 400 μη and width of 150 mm. Then the 400 μηι film was stretched to the final dimensions. UV spectra were recorded a few days after the manufacture of the films, and then again about thirteen months later (Films "1", "2" and "3" have the same meaning as indicated above) . No migration of the additive to the surface of the film occurred during this ~ one year time period, as indicated by the UV spectra shown in Figure 13., showing that the UV-blocking di splayed by the films shortly after manufacture, and a year later, are essentially comparable.