ADDRESSABLE TRACE STRUCTURES AND DEVICES INCORPORATING SUCH ADDRESSABLE TRACE STRUCTURES

BACKGROUND Dense circuit matrices typically contain row and column addressed integrated circuits. Addressing locations on dense circuit matrices are applicable to many different devices. For example, dense circuit matrices are often implemented in flat panel displays, charge-coupled devices (CCDs) such as digital cameras, deep space imagery from telescopes, microscopy, memory chips, electronic paper, heated pixel arrays, selective high density radio signal routing, and for selective curing of heat- or electro-sensitive materials. These integrated circuits, as well as many others, typically include trace connections for each coordinate, which, even at moderate complexity levels, require multiple layers of circuitry patterns to ensure isolation of each signal. As such, multiple layers requiring mechanical connections have an increased complexity and incidence of continuity errors.

Accordingly, current technology has been limited in many respects. For example, resolution, size, and profile of array-dependent constructs are limited because of the large amount of components that are required for addressing a location on the dense circuit matrix. A result of these limitations is increased circuit tracing complexity. Moreover, the manufacture of these constructs with moderate to high circuit tracing complexity levels is time-consuming and requires complicated mechanical work and expensive manufacturing equipment.

For example, with regard to display applications from its earliest inception, the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display remained the simplest display platform for graphic displays. In CRT technology, electrons are generated off of a tungsten filament in a vacuum tube, accelerated by a voltage differential through a focusing coil and diverted vertically and horizontally through biased electric fields in a consecutive scanning mode. Radio signals are embedded directly into the synchronized scan mode as time and amplitude modulations and the electrons were decelerated against a screen of various phosphors which convert most of the electrons' energy into a lighted pixel. CRT displays include a box like bulk, however, that quickly became an unwanted aspect as electronics for radio and computer chassis became smaller.

As transistors became smaller and cheaper to fabricate, the possibility of fabricating miniaturized discrete pixel cells into relatively flat compact architectures

became a reality. One of the first means of generating pixels involved the use of a newly exploited property called liquid crystals. The repetitive parallel units in a liquid crystal can be stimulated by electric field lines into linear alignment with the field. When multiple alignments occur as a pixel gate for light, only the light polarization which corresponds with the liquid crystal alignment will be transmitted, orthogonally polarized light being cancelled. In this manner, light and dark areas can be built up into image arrays that represent alphanumeric symbols or other images. Calculators, registers, and games began utilizing reflected light liquid crystal displays (LCDs), to be followed soon by back lit displays, and subsequently color filtered red green blue (RGB) displays. Nematic LCD technology has improved greatly over the last 25 years, with better signal responses and broader emission angles, and has remained competitive with plasma displays.

Plasma displays can be described as thousands of miniature fluorescent light cells that are turned on and off by higher voltage electrodes. Tn plasma displays, the same gasses used for neon signage are used in tiny isolated micro pixel cells. Plasma displays are fairly efficient but relatively expensive to fabricate. LCDs are slightly cheaper to fabricate but use a larger amount of wattage per lumen because of circuit complexities employing large numbers of solid state transistors. Current losses are also associated with the randomizing and ordering of the liquid crystals themselves. Also, realizing that backlit emission continues whether or not a pixel light gate is open or closed, energy losses become quite significant, especially with small compact portable devices such as laptop computers.

Several new approaches to simplifying the efficiencies of flat panel displays are currently being researched. Organic light-emitting diodes can be miniaturized by several common printing techniques. However, problems due to complexity and transistor energy losses still remain as an upper limit.

The subject matter claimed herein is not limited to embodiments that solve any particular disadvantages or that operate only in particular environments such as those described herein. Rather, such environments and disadvantages are provided only to illustrate examples of technology areas in which several embodiments may be practiced.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to resonant frequency filtered arrays. An apparatus is disclosed including a first electrically conductive trace configured to conduct an alternating current, the first electrically conductive trace having a first associated

characteristic resonant frequency. The apparatus further includes a second electrically conductive trace configured to conduct an alternating current, the second electrically conductive trace having a second associated characteristic resonant frequency, the second electrically conductive trace intersecting the first electrically conductive trace at a first intersection. The apparatus further includes a material located at the first intersection, the material having a property that changes in response to a stimulus.

A matrix of intersecting frequency filtered arrays is disclosed. The matrix includes a first array of first electrically conductive traces configured to conduct an alternating current, each of the first electrically conductive traces having a different associated characteristic resonant frequency. The matrix further includes a second array of second electrically conductive traces configured to conduct an alternating current, each of the second electrically conductive traces having a different associated characteristic resonant frequency, wherein intersections of the first electrically conductive traces and the second electrically conductive traces define a two-dimensional grid. The matrix further includes a material located between at least a portion of the first array and the second array, the material having a property that changes in response to a stimulus.

A method for manufacturing a matrix of intersecting resonant frequency filtered arrays are disclosed. The method can include producing a first electrically conductive trace on a substrate, the first electrically conductive trace being configured to conduct an alternating current and having a first associated characteristic resonant frequency. The method can further include applying a material over at least a portion of the first electrically conductive trace, the material having a property that changes in response to a stimulus. The method can further include producing a second electrically conductive trace over at least a portion of the material, the second electrically conductive trace being configured to conduct an alternating current and having a second associated characteristic resonant frequency. These and other features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS To further clarify the above and other features of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained

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with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

Figures IA, IB, and 1C illustrate an example of a method for manufacturing a resonant frequency matrix; Figure 1C illustrates a display including a resonant frequency matrix according to an example embodiment;

Figures 2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate an example of a method for manufacturing a resonant frequency matrix;

Figure 2C illustrates a resonant frequency matrix according to an example embodiment;

Figure 2D illustrates a trace array including an LC;

Figure 2E illustrates a trace array including multiple multi-tapped inductors;

Figures 3 A and 3B illustrate an example of a method for manufacturing a resonant frequency matrix; Figure 3B illustrates an example of a three dimensional resonant frequency matrix;

Figure 4 illustrates a resonant frequency matrix;

Figure 5 illustrates an electroluminescent display embodiment;

Figure 6 illustrates a plasma display embodiment; Figure 7 illustrates a cross-section of light emitting diode (LED) and organic light emitting diode (OLED) display embodiments;

Figure 8 illustrates a cross-section of Tandem LED and Tandem OLED display embodiments;

Figure 9 illustrates a cross-section of Electron Field Emission (EFE) display embodiments;

Figure 10 illustrates a cross-section of LCD display embodiments;

Figure 11 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing a display; and

Figure 12 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for producing a display. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The principles of the embodiments disclosed herein describe the structure and operation of several examples used to illustrate the present invention. It should be understood that the drawings are diagrammatic and schematic representations of such example embodiments and, accordingly, are not limiting of the scope of the present

invention, nor are the drawings necessarily drawn to scale. Well-known devices and processes have been excluded so as not to obscure the discussion in details that would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to simplifying and reducing the number of discrete traces used for addressing rows and columns in a matrix. The invention disclosed herein can exponentially reduce the conventional need for individual row and column drivers. In contrast to the relatively limiting and costly complex row and column constructs presently used in the industry, several embodiments can reduce thickness. For example some embodiments include a nearly paper-thin and high resolution matrix replacement consisting of a resonant frequency (RF)-activated Cartesian array of multiple circuit elements. With appropriate shielding and activation, such embodiments can result in rapid intersection power transmissions at resolutions ranging from 1 to 2000 lines per inch or more (depending on the structure of the array and subsequent signaling patterns) with such resolutions being limited only by material and manufacturing processes. The embodiments disclosed herein are based upon established principles of physics applied in modern electronics in areas such as circuit tuning for AM and FM radio and television signals. Several embodiments affix multiple circuit elements, such as but not limited to, parallel traces for addressing locations of a matrix, either by mounted or integrated architectures of stepped capacitive value or stepped inductive value, into parallel or series circuit arrays.

In this manner, each trace can have its own discrete inductive or capacitive value associated thereto and, as a result, an associated characteristic resonant frequency, thereby allowing for the resonant frequency filtering utilized in and exploited by this invention through Cartesian intersection. A plurality of frequencies can be sent through a central signal bus, thereby eliminating the need for many individually discrete multiples of traces for each row and column. In such embodiments, rows and columns can be increased in density and simultaneously decreased in circuit complexity, since a single bus drives each array. This RF-activated circuit construct can be tailored or customized with material selection best suited to the requirements of a given application. Detail and resolution controls are also extremely broad ranged. This invention can be effected at any resolution limited only by the availability of size for the non- conductive base material, the resolution capability of the machinery used to apply or deposit the conductive medium, and the specifications for efficacy in the conductive medium itself, such as thickness at which said medium, retains its functionality

appropriate to the application. Constant new developments in the conductive polymer field and in carbon nanotubes provide ever-increasing possibilities for applications and refinements for the RF-activated matrix envisioned by the embodiments discussed herein. I. Example Constructions of Two-Dimensional resonant frequency matrix Embodiments

Several embodiments discussed herein affix multiple circuit elements, for example by either mounted or integrated architectures of stepped capacitive values or stepped inductive values, into parallel or series circuit arrays. In this manner, each trace can have its own discrete associated inductive and/or capacitive value and associated characteristic resonant frequency corresponding thereto. These architectures allow for resonant frequency filtering utilized through Cartesian intersection. Additional steps and structures may be added as are common or would be known to one of ordinary skill after reading this disclosure.

Referring to Figures I A, IB, and 1C, a method for manufacturing an resonant frequency matrix is illustrated. Referring to Figure IA, an X-axis trace array 100 is produced on a non-conductive substrate 105. X-/Y- axis coordinates are used for illustrative purposes only and are not to be considered limiting to the scope of the present invention. The non-conductive substrate 105 supports the circuit components and can be at least partially made of materials such as glass, plastic, and/or ceramic. A first signal bus 110 is produced on the substrate 105. The first signal bus 110 is configured to conduct an alternating current of a wide range of frequencies to (or from) the X-axis trace array 100 as illustrated in Figure IA. Each of the traces in array 100 is electrically coupled to a frequency selective filter 115. The filters 115 can include, for example, capacitors and/or inductors that are configured to filter electrical signals of different frequencies. Each of the subsequent filters 115 in the array 100 can be configured to conduct an alternating current transmitted at a gradually higher (or gradually lower) frequency.

An X-axis controller 120 is electrically coupled to the bus 110. In reactive embodiments the X-axis controller 120 is configured to generate alternating current signals at different frequencies to the filters 115 via the bus 110. In active embodiments, the X-axis controller 120 is configured to receive stimulus from the X-axis array 100 via the bus 110. It should be appreciated that the controller 120 can be located on the same substrate 105 as the resulting resonant frequency matrix or a separate substrate than the

resonant frequency matrix with electrical connections for providing the alternating current to the bus 110 according to any of the embodiments discussed herein.

A reactive material is any material that responds to matrix stimulation. However, an active material is any material that stimulates the matrix in response to a stimulus originating from a source other than the matrix. It should be apparent to one of ordinary skill that the active material may still be considered reactive, but in active embodiments described herein the matrix can also be used as a sensor for environmental stimuli. Thus, in active embodiments the active material changes a property in response to a stimulus originating from a source other than the matrix, and the induced change in a property of the active material stimulates the matrix.

Referring to Figure IB, a material 125 is produced over at least a portion of the X- axis trace array 100. The material 125 can be a sheet of material, as shown, that changes a property in response to a stimulus. For example, in a reactive embodiment, the material changes property when a stimulus is received from the matrix. The stimulus can be a current conducted by traces located both above and below the material 125. According to some embodiments, the material 125 can be a sheet of material that emits electromagnetic radiation, such as light, in response to currents conducted by traces located both above and below the material 125. According to active embodiments, the material generates a stimulus, such as a current, which is transferred to the at least one of the traces 100 located adjacent to the material 125.

The material 125 can be a reactive material that reacts to a stimulus caused by conduction of current, or heat generated by conduction of the current in the traces, and changes a property of the material 125 as a result. The property of the material 125 can be, for example, a chemical property, spectral property, electric property, piezoelectric property, mechanical property, optical property, biological property, heat activated color, elasticity of the material, a catalysis of the material for creating an object, a luminescence of the material for displaying an image, a cohesion of the material for creating an object, an expansion of the material for controlling an optic, a change in temperature of the material for changing the absorption of energy by the material, a polymerization of the material for printing an image, or wherein the property of the material responds to light as part of a charged coupled device, as well as other material properties. According to one example embodiment, the material 125 is an electro-luminescent material, which responds to an alternating current signal where X- and Y-traces cross with resonant gains by changing an optical property and inducing photon emission from a change in

electronic energy states which causes emission of electromagnetic radiation as visible light. Light that is visible to humans typically has a wavelength between about 4000 and 7700 angstroms.

The material 125 may also be applied at discrete points as in a patterned sequence of the material 125. For example, the material 125 may be applied at discrete points (or "islands" of material) in a patterned sequence using various materials with different properties, such as density or luminous color, printed upon a carrier film. The material 125 applied at discrete points or manufactured in a sheet may be a combination of materials having different properties that change in response to a stimulus, or the combination of materials can be different materials that react to different stimulus. Tn some embodiments, the material 125 applied at discrete points or manufactured in a sheet, or provided in a different configuration such as islands of material 125, may be a combination of materials having different luminous properties that emit electromagnetic radiation in response to currents conducted by traces proximate to the materials. For example, in such embodiments, each island deposit of material 125 can correspond to a pixel of a certain property (e.g. spectral) value.

Referring to Figure 1C, a resonant frequency matrix 130 is illustrated according to an example embodiment. The resonant frequency matrix 130 is a result of the processes illustrated in Figures IA and IB along with the production of a Y-axis trace array 135 as shown in Figure 1C. The Y-axis trace array 135 is produced over at least a portion of the sheet (or islands) of material 125 and the X-axis trace array 100. Similar to the X-axis trace array 100 illustrated in Figure IA, the Y-axis traces in array 135 are electrically coupled to a plurality of Y-axis resonant frequency filters 140. The Y-axis filters 140 selectively conduct alternating current to (or from) the Y-axis traces in array 135 based on the frequency of the alternating current.

The Y-axis trace array 135 can be produced such that its traces are produced substantially perpendicular to the X-axis trace array 100. However, it will be appreciated that the X-axis trace array 100 and Y-axis trace array 135 can be configured to intersect at any angle, or even parallel, so long as at least one trace from the X-axis array and at least one trace from the Y-axis array are at least partially adjacent to each other at one or more locations. The X-traces and Y-axis traces can also be configured parallel to each other in a side-by-side configuration. However, according to the example embodiment shown in Figure 1C, each of the Y-axis traces in array 135 directly overlap each of the X-axis

traces in a substantially perpendicular orientation in array 100 overlapping each other at a particular intersection.

A Y-axis controller 145 is electrically coupled to a bus 150 that is electrically coupled to the Y-axis filters 140. According to reactive embodiments, the Y-axis controller 145 is configured to generate alternating current signals to each of the Y-axis filters 140 via the bus 150. According to active embodiments, the Y-axis controller 145 is configured to receive signals from the Y-axis trace array 135 via the bus 150. It should be appreciated that the Y-axis controller 145 can be located on the same substrate 105 as the resultant resonant frequency matrix 130 or on a separate substrate than the resonant frequency matrix 130 according to any of the embodiments discussed herein. The X-axis controller 120 and/or the Y-axis controller 145 can also be part of a single (or multiple) controller (or multiple controllers) that receives signals (such as video signals in some embodiments), decodes the signals into corresponding alternating currents to address the intersections of the X-axis and Y-axis trace arrays 100 and 135, and transmits the corresponding alternating currents to the X-axis and Y-axis trace arrays 100 and 135 according to this embodiment.

In reactive embodiments, each location of intersection of the X-axis trace array 100 and the Y-axis trace array 135 can be addressed by supplying a stimulating current of a selected frequency from the X-axis controller 120 to pass through the corresponding X- axis filter 115 coupled to a particular a X-axis trace 100; and also supplying a stimulating current of a selected frequency from the Y-axis controller 145 to pass through the corresponding Y-axis filter 140 coupled to a particular one of the Y-axis traces 135. Thus a reaction of the material's 125 property can be induced at any point of intersection of the X-axis trace array 100 with the Y-axis trace array 135 by transmitting stimulating signals of an appropriate frequency to the X- and Y- axis busses 110 and 150 associated with the intersecting traces. Thus, an electromagnetic radiation emission, for example, can be induced at any number of points of intersection of the X-axis trace array 100 with the Y- axis trace array 135 by transmitting alternating currents of appropriate frequencies to the X- and Y-axis busses 110 and 150 associated with the intersecting traces to display an image.

According to active embodiments, the resonant frequency matrix can also be used, for example, as a sensing apparatus when the material 125 includes an active material, rather than reactive material, sandwiched between the X- and Y-axis trace arrays 100 and 135. The stimulation of the matrix is received (i.e. sensed) by the controllers 120 and

145. The stimulus applied to the material can be an electric, magnetic, mechanical, chemical, biological, optical, electro-magnetic, particle displacement, acoustic, and/or thermal stimulus.

Referring to Figures 2A, 2B, and 2C, a method for manufacturing a resonant frequency matrix is illustrated. The embodiments illustrated in Figures 2A, 2B, and 2C are different than the illustrations in Figures IA, IB ₃ and 1C in that they utilize multiple- tapped single inductors for addressing each trace array rather than individually mounted inductors or capacitors and can be alternately configured as a series dipole array. Referring to Figure 2A, an X-axis trace array 200 is produced on a non-conductive substrate 205. The non-conductive substrate 205 supports the circuit components and can be made at least partially of materials such as glass, plastic, and/or ceramic.

A first signal bus 210 is produced on the substrate 205. The first signal bus 210 conducts a wide range of frequencies to the X-axis trace array 200 as illustrated in Figure 2 A. Each of the traces in array 200 is electrically coupled to an X-axis multiple-tapped inductor 215 along the length of the inductor 215 at a location for gradually increasing inductance values. Thus, each of the subsequent traces in the array 200 can be configured to conduct a frequency of an alternating current at a gradually higher frequency. An X- axis controller 220 is electrically coupled to the bus 210. In reactive embodiments, the X- axis controller 220 is configured to generate alternating current signals to the multi- tapped inductor 215 via the bus 210. In active embodiments, the X-axis controller 220 is configured to receive a stimulus from the X-axis trace array 200 via the bus 210.

Referring to Figure 2B, a material 225 is produced over the X-axis trace array 200. The material changes a property in response to a stimulus. The material 225 can be an active material or a reactive material. In a reactive embodiment, the material 225 can be a sheet of material (or discrete islands of material) that reacts when a current is conducted across traces located directly above and below the material 225. For example, the material can be a material that reacts to electricity or heat generated by the alternating currents and changes a property of the material as a result. For example, the property of the material can be a chemical property, spectral property, optical property, electric property, piezoelectric property, biological property, thermal property, mechanical property, molecular cohesion of the material, elasticity of the material, thermal expansion of the material, catalysis of the material, and/or luminescence of the material as well as other material properties. According to some embodiments, the material 225 can be a sheet of material (or discrete islands of material) that emits electromagnetic radiation

when a current is conducted across traces located directly above and below the material 225. For example, the material 225 can be a material that reacts to electricity or heat generated by the alternating currents and that emits light in response.

Referring to Figure 2C, a resonant frequency matrix 230 is illustrated according to an example embodiment. The resonant frequency matrix 230 is a result of the processes illustrated in Figures 2 A and 2B along with the production of a Y-axis trace array 235 as shown in Figure 2C. The Y-axis trace array 235 is produced over at least a portion of the sheet (or islands) of material 225 and the X-axis trace array 200. Similar to the X-axis trace array 200 illustrated in Figure 2 A, the Y-axis traces in array 235 are electrically coupled to a single Y-axis multi-tapped inductor 240. The multi-tapped inductor 240 selectively conducts alternating current to (or from) the Y-axis traces in array 235 based on the frequency of the alternating current.

A Y-axis controller 245 is electrically coupled to a Y-axis bus 250 coupled to the Y-axis inductor 240. Tn reactive embodiments, the Y-axis controller 245 is configured to generate alternating current signals to the Y-axis inductor 240 via the Y-axis bus 250. In active embodiments, the Y-axis controller is configured to receive stimulus from the Y- axis trace array 235 via the Y-axis bus 250. It should be appreciated that the Y-axis controller 245 can be located on the same substrate 205 as the resonant frequency matrix 230 or on a separate substrate than the resonant frequency matrix 230 with an electrical connection to the Y-axis bus 250. The X-axis and Y-axis controllers 220 and 245 can be part of a single controller (or multiple controllers), such as a video controller that receives video signals and decodes the video signals to transmit the corresponding alternating currents to display images representing the video signals according to some embodiments.

The Y-axis trace array 235 can be produced such that its traces are produced substantially perpendicular (or at any angle) to the X-axis trace array 200. However, it will be appreciated that the X-axis trace array 200 and Y-axis trace array 235 can be configured to intersect at any angle, or even parallel, so long as at least one trace from the X-axis array 200 and at least one trace from the Y-axis array 235 are adjacent to each other at one location. The X-axis traces 200 and Y-axis traces 235 can also be configured parallel to each other in a side-by-side configuration having active or reactive material there between. Thus, the X-axis traces 200 and Y-axis traces 235 can be arranged in any configuration so long as they are adjacent to the material 225 in at least one location.

As shown in Figure 2C, in this embodiment each of the Y-axis traces 235 directly overlap each of the X-axis traces 200 at a particular point. The embodiment illustrated in

Figures 2A, 2B ₃ and 2C can include active or reactive material 225, for example as discussed above in reference to Figures IA, IB, and 1C. In the instance that the material 225 is active material the controllers 220 and 245 include receivers for receiving (i.e. sensing) stimuli received from the material 225. In reactive embodiments, each point of intersection of the X-axis trace array 200 and the Y-axis trace array 235 can be addressed by supplying currents of a selected frequency to pass the associated tap of the X-axis inductor 215 to a particular X-axis trace 200 associated with the selected frequency, and a current of a selected frequency to pass the associated tap of the Y-axis inductor 240 coupled to a particular Y-axis trace 235 associated with the selected frequency. Thus, an emission of light from the material 225 can be induced at any of the intersections of the X-axis trace array 200 with the Y-axis trace array 235 by transmitting signals of selected frequencies to the X- and Y-axis busses 210 and 250. Multi -tapped single inductors 215 and 240 simplify the number of individually mounted components and instead rely on conductive bonds from individual multiple traces (taps) on a central column of windings. As illustrated in Figures 1C and 2C, a plurality of frequencies can be sent through a central signal bus for each axis, the signal bus may be of a parallel or series dipole arrangement. Depending on the type of arrangement lends itself to the least circuit resistance associated with specific frequency choices, thereby eliminating the need for many individually discrete multiples of traces for each row and column. Accordingly, rows and columns can be increased in density and simultaneously decreased in circuit complexity since a single bus drives the arrays of multiple traces. In addition, capacitors can be printed or etched directly onto the insulated substrate to further reduce the necessity for mounted components.

Existing surface mount inductors and capacitors, for example, common to cell phones and computers, now have relatively low manufacturing costs and can be used to construct the resonant filters for each trace. A mixed plurality of bus switching and resonant filters may also be employed where cost and/or convenience are considerations. However, resonant frequency addressing can be used to great advantage in many different applications and configurations. Surface mount inductors can be applied by existing automated equipment either individually or as complimentary resonant structures for capacitors onto preprinted circuit traces for the purposes of discrete trace array member frequency filters. For example, inductors of only a few values can be combined in series to produce a unique higher total inductance and thereby lower resonance than those of the individual inductors. Likewise,

capacitors can be combined to produce higher capacities with corresponding lower resonant frequencies than individual capacitors. Inductors can be mounted individually per each trace or can tap sections of a single continuous inductor.

One advantageous aspect is that an oscillating signal is employed directly to each pixel (i.e. trace intersection point) by resonant addressing. Thus, subsequent conversion to a local pixel needing direct current is unnecessary for many applications, such as for purposes of activating electroluminescent or plasma light emission. Thus, component number can be reduced and circuit manufacture and complexity can be simplified, thereby reducing cost and size among other benefits. Various media are suitable for the creation of the matrices and have predetermined conductive characteristics, which can be selectively formulated, modified, and subsequently selected as appropriate to suit the ultimate desired application of the RF activation technology. New developments in the conductive polymer field and carbon nanotubes can be used in many applications and refinements for this resonant frequency matrix, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this disclosure.

The manner of each trace having its own discrete inductive or capacitive value associated thereto, allows for resonant frequency filtering, and a plurality of frequencies can be sent, through a central signal bus. This eliminates the need for many individually discrete multiples of traces for each row and column. Accordingly, rows and columns can be dramatically increased in density and simultaneously decreased in circuit complexity.

Carbon nanotubes can be grown vertically on a Z axis display layer connecting X and Y intersections, which can have emissive phosphor terminations enabling them to emit light as well. This enables the resonant frequency matrix to function as a CCD. If the phosphor terminations of the carbon nanotubes are eliminated, the vertical carbon nanotubes will render a net pixel gain upon absorption of light thereby increasing the signal strength from each discrete pixel location accordingly. Likewise, selenium or other light activated conductively enhanced material will also absorb photons increasing the local pixel signal strength as a gain, collectively enabling the resonant frequency matrix as a CCD.

An entire row, or multiple rows, can be activated creating pixel activation for that row. Also, any frequencies, or range of frequencies, can be implemented to activate the material in Figures IA, IB, and 1C and 2A, 2B, and 2C. However, one range of frequencies may be more advantageous than another depending on the embodiment and

the type of material being activated as discussed in further detail below with regard to particular embodiments and/or applications.

For example, referring to Figure 2D, an example of a reactive trace array 250 is illustrated that includes a multi-tapped inductor 255 coupled to a capacitor 260 and controller 265 constituting a LC circuit driver for receiving a signal and providing the activation energy having a particular trace associated frequency to the multi-tapped inductor 255. As illustrated by Figure 2D ₃ the example multi-tapped trace array 250 shown can have graduated inductive values ranging from about 100 nano-Henry (nH) to about 390 nH resulting in associated index tapped frequencies ranging from 159 megahertz (MHz) to 80.6 MHz respectively. The trace array 250 illustrated in Figure 2D is shown to illustrate an embodiment of the invention with an example range of inductive values which can be used. However, any range of inductive values and trace associated frequencies can be used.

Additional procedures and/or components can be used to deliver additional activation energy to the active material located at each intersection. For example, two such strategies include broadening the band gap between frequencies, and/or adding one or more additional multi-tapped inductors to the circuit. By adding one or more multi- tapped inductors, for example, the field values to each trace can be increased on a narrower band gap of frequencies. For example, referring to Figure 2E, an example of a trace array 270 implementing multiple multi-tapped inductors 275A, 275B, 275C, and 275D is illustrated. The multi-tapped inductors 275A, 275B, 275C, and 275D are coupled to a capacitor 280 and a controller 285 for receiving a signal and providing an activation energy to the multi-tapped inductors 275A, 275B, 275C, and 275D such that the energy reaches the associated trace. Further note that the multi-tapped inductors 275A, 275B, 275C, and 275D in Figure 2E have the same inductance and identical number of windings where taps are connected respectively thereto. The multi-tapped inductors 275A, 275B, 275C, and 275D may also include a ferrite material in any of their cores thereby introducing additional paramagnetic benefits. For example embodiments employing full spectrum simultaneous frequencies, the capacitor 280 can have a fixed capacitive value. However, for other embodiments, for example embodiments employing sequential frequencies, the capacitor 280 can have a variable capacitive value, such as a varactor capacitor which may be particularly advantageous due to the varactor capacitor's nonlinearity.

While the trace arrays 250 and 270 illustrated in Figures 2D and 2E may appear to be X-axis trace arrays, the teachings are applicable to X-axis, Y-axis, and other multi- tapped trace arrays disclosed herein no matter what orientation the traces are disposed. Moreover, any number of multi-tapped inductors may be used. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or many more multi-tapped inductors may be used.

The resonant frequency matrix can be constructed in any shape, size, configuration, and can include any combination, permutation, and multiplicity of the different elements and teachings set forth herein. The coil material can include any suitable conductive material. The active material can include any of the active materials disclosed herein or any other suitable material for generating an emission. II. Examples of Three-Dimensional Embodiments

The teachings set forth herein can be applied to the creation of three dimensional resonant frequency activated matrices for many applications. For example, Cartesian coordinates can be created in a layer wise deposition along a Z-axis to create a resonant frequency matrix within a three dimensional object. The three dimensional resonant frequency matrix can be produced in a layer-wise fashion by overlaying several layers of individually indexed RF-Matrices, such as multiples of those layers illustrated in Figures IA, IB ₃ 1C, 2A, 2B, and 2C.

Referring to Figures 3 A and 3B, a method for manufacturing a resonant frequency matrix is illustrated. The illustrated method can be applied, for example, to an embodiment used for the selective curing of a catalyst-blocked monomer. The resonant frequency matrix can be used for catalysis of a liquid in selectively cured layers, serially deposited along a vertical Z-axis to create a three dimensional object in layers. Currents traveling through a poorly conductive shield or resistor film produce heat by electrical resistance. Resulting heat can be used to selectively cure liquid monomer according to this embodiment.

Referring to Figure 3 A-, an X-axis trace array 300 is produced on a non-conductive substrate 305. The use of an X-axis, Y-axis and/or Z-axis coordinate system is used for illustrative purposes only and is not to be considered limiting of the embodiments disclosed herein. The non-conductive substrate 305 supports the circuit components and can be at least partially be made of materials such as glass, plastic, and/or ceramic. A first signal bus is produced on the substrate 305, (e.g. see illustration Figures IA, IB, 1C, 2A, 2B, or 2C). The first signal bus is configured to conduct alternating current of a wide range of frequencies to the X-axis trace array 300. Each of the traces 300 is electrically

coupled to a frequency selective filter (e.g. see illustration Figures IA ₃ IB, 1C, 2A, 2B ₃ or 2C). The filters can include, for example, capacitors and/or inductors that are configured to filter electrical signals of different frequencies. Each of the subsequent filters in the array 300 can be configured to conduct an alternating current transmitted at a gradually higher (or lower) frequency. An X-axis controller (e.g. see illustration Figures IA, 1C, 2A, or 2C) is electrically coupled to the bus and is configured to generate alternating current signals at different frequencies to the filters via the bus.

A material 325 that changes a property in response to a stimulus is produced over the X-axis trace array 300. The resistive material 325 may also be applied at discrete points as in a patterned sequence of the resistive material 325, or may be a combination of resistive materials with different properties. The resistive material 325 may be applied at discrete points (or "islands" of material) as in a patterned sequence using various resistive materials with different properties, such materials whose respective densities create varied levels of heat reaction. Each island deposit of material 325 can correspond to a pixel of a certain value. For example, each deposit of material can correspond to a pixel of a certain heat value required for catalysis of material 325 to be hardened.

The resistive material 325 can be a material that changes a property of the material 325 in response to conduction of current, or heat generated by the current, in traces proximate to the material 325. The property of the material 325 can be a chemical property, spectral property, optical property, electric property, piezoelectric property, biological property, thermal property, mechanical property, molecular cohesion of the material, elasticity of the material, thermal expansion of the material, catalysis of the material, or luminescence of the material. For example, a poorly conducting or resistive material 325 is produced over the X-axis trace array 300. According to one example embodiment, the material 325 is an amorphous carbon material, which responds to an alternating current signal where X and Y traces cross with resonant gains by heating and inducing catalysis in a liquid specific to this embodiment. According to another example, a mechanical property, such as the rigidity or cohesion of the material, can change in response to the alternating current. A Y-axis trace layer 335 is applied atop the resistive layer 325, upon which a heat conducting layer 340 is produced. The resonant frequency matrix can be a result of the processes illustrated in Figures IA (or 2A) and IB (or 2B) along with the production of the Y-axis trace array 335 (e.g. see illustration Figures IA, IB, 1C or 2A, 2B, 2C). The Y-axis trace array 335 is produced over at least a portion of the sheet (or islands) of

resistive material 325 and the X-axis trace array 300. Similar to the X-axis trace array 300 illustrated in Figure IA, the Y-axis traces 335 are electrically coupled to a plurality of Y-axis resonant frequency filters (e.g. see illustration Figures IA, IB, 1C or 2 A, 2B, 2C). The Y-axis filters selectively conduct alternating current to the Y-axis traces 335 based on the frequency of the alternating current.

A Y-axis controller (e.g. see illustration Figures IA ₃ IB, 1C or 2A 2B ₃ 2C) is electrically coupled to a Y-axis bus, which is electrically coupled to the Y-axis filters. According to a reactive embodiment, the Y-axis controller is configured to generate alternating current signals to each of the Y-axis filters via the bus. According to an active embodiment, the Y-axis controller is configured to receive (i.e. sense) changes in properties of the material via signals received from the Y-axis traces 335.

The Y-axis trace array 335 can be produced such that its traces are produced substantially perpendicular to the X-axis trace array 300. However, it will be appreciated that the X-axis trace array 300 and Y-axis trace array 335 can be configured to intersect at any angle, so long as at least one trace from the X-axis array and at least one trace from the Y-axis array overlap. Each of the Y-axis traces 335 can directly overlay each of the X-axis traces 300 at a particular intersection (e.g. see illustration Figures IA IB ₃ 1C or 2A 2B, 2C).

According to reactive embodiments, each point of intersection of the X-axis trace array 300 and the Y-axis trace array 335 can be addressed by supplying a current of a selected frequency from the X-axis controller to pass the corresponding X-axis filter coupled to a particular X-axis trace 300, and by supplying a current of a selected frequency from the Y-axis controller to pass the corresponding Y-axis filter coupled to a particular one of the Y-axis traces 335. Thus, a reaction of the material's 325 property can be induced at any point of intersection of the X-axis trace array 300 with the Y-axis trace array 335 by transmitting signals of an appropriate frequency to the X and Y busses associated with the intersecting traces.

A nonstick layer 345, such as Teflon or a silicone film, can be applied above a heat conductive material 340. Above the non-stick layer 345 is a pool of liquid monomer with a dissolved blocked catalyst 350. As the heat generated at the X-and Y-axis intersections is passed through the layers 325, 340 and 345 the liquid monomer 350 is catalyzed into solid regions 365 that have been heat-polymerized.

An adhesive or textured binding layer 355 is provided above the liquid 350 and polymerized regions 365 to which the polymerized regions adhere. As the binding layer

355 is raised along the Z-axis 360, the solidified polymerized regions move up with the binding layer 355 and release from the non-stick surface 345. Liquid monomer flows into the space created, and the next layer of polymerization occurs when the selective frequencies are applied to the resonant frequency matrix generating heat and creating the next solid layer. Repeating this process can selectively deposit layers of an object.

In one embodiment, to create color objects the liquid 350 contains various heat- activated dyes encapsulated and blocked for specific and individualized heat reactions. The islands of varied heat conductive substrates on the heat conduction layer 340 which have been deposited to correspond with selective coordinates are activated to selectively release or entrap specific color during catalysis or other reaction. This embodiment can generate objects in color. Three dimensional embodiments implementing active material and receivers can also be constructed.

Referring to Figure 3B, an overview of the three dimensional object-creation embodiment is illustrated. For example, referring to Figure 3B, a three dimensional resonant frequency matrix 370 is illustrated. A support surface 375 can include a nonstick surface for having a first resonant frequency matrix layer 380 produced thereon. The first layer 380 of the three dimensional resonant frequency matrix 370 can be produced using any of the methods described above in reference to Figures IA, IB, and 1C or 2A, 2B, and 2C. As described, resonant frequency matrix 370 can be constructed of a two-dimensional polymerization matrix with additional layers 390 of RF-matrices produced in a vertically layered configuration creating the three-dimensional resonant frequency matrix 370 from which an object 385 can be produced by selective polymerization according to a reactive embodiment. The selective polymerization can be accomplished by applying particular resonant frequencies to each the X and Y oriented buses of selected layers 375 and 390 of resonant frequency matrix 370 in order to cause a catalysis of the intermediate material at desired X, Y, and Z locations. Once the desired portions of the three-dimensional resonant frequency matrix 370 have been polymerized, the excess material can be removed leaving the rapidly prototyped object 385. III. Additional Examples of Applications for Radio Frequency Matrices Many different embodiments are contemplated due to the wide range of applications of the resonant frequency matrix. Embodiments of the present invention include any device incorporating the resonant frequency matrix as well as the various embodiments for the resonant frequency matrix alone. Examples of the many embodiments that can incorporate the resonant frequency matrix include, but are not

limited to displays, sensors, rapid prototyping devices, manufacturing devices, CCDs, digital cameras, telescopes, image recording devices, microscopy devices, memory chips, electronic papers, printing devices, heated pixel arrays, selective high density radio signal routing devices, touch screens, index tables, robotic tactile sensors, acoustical mapping devices, sound filtering devices, audio recording devices, amplification devices, sound wave direction sensors, sound source identification devices, motion detection devices, and integrated circuits.

In addition to resolution and size flexibility, the malleable properties of the material comprising the matrix layers itself may in fact generate matrices that are functional in a variety of two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes and configurations according to both active and reactive embodiments. The RF-matrices can be sculpted or molded to complex curves, or shaped for projection onto topographically non-uniform surfaces to create a correct reading image. An example of this includes, but is not limited to, a display surface that is curved or can be formed to take on virtually any shape such as around a column, or a sphere. This shape variation may be limited to the degree that the conductive materials and the base surface are of equal degrees of plasticity, elasticity, or other property, to provide for a topographically non-uniform surface without loss of functionality.

A. Additional Examples of Active Applications Active embodiments of the resonant frequency matrix can also be used in sensors or other devices. For example, the matrix can include an active material to generate a pressure matrix. According to these embodiments, an active type of material generates matrix stimulation and can include elastomeric materials of low durometer such as, but not limited to, polyurethane, butyl rubber, or silicone rubber. Since the capacitive index of the elastomeric layer changes under compression, when pressure is applied either by stylus, finger or other object, the resultant localized change in signal amplitude value at the touch point is picked up by the X and Y intersections of the matrix. Accordingly, this embodiment provides address points over time which can be registered by microprocessing for touch screen, tracking trajectories on an index table, robotic tactile sensors, or other sensing devices.

Other embodiments of the matrix with an active material between the X- and Y- axis traces include acoustical mapping devices. Utilizing the active material such as a film including any active material, or combination of active materials, such as piezo materials oζ but not limited to, quartz, barium titanate, lead niobate, lead zirconate

titanate, and/or piezo active plastic films such as polyvinylidineflouride (sometimes also referred to by the trademark KYNAR). These piezoelectric materials respond to external stimulus, such as sound waves which liberate localized electrons at the various X, Y junctions to create amplitude gains. These gains provide address points over time which can be registered by microprocessing for sound filtering, recording, amplification, sensing sound wave direction, high definition sound source identification, and motion detection, among other applications. Of particular importance is phase time reverse wave propagation, which can be used for audio mirroring, used for example, to isolate sound sources such as single voices from a crowded room. Acoustical transducer arrays can throw back a sound signal in reverse into the mouth of the sender which can be used for sophisticated echo location devices, including but not limited to, underwater submarines, nautical robots, or night vision.

Another active-layer embodiment of the invention utilizes a material including semiconductive active materials, which can serve as photoelectric layers or pyroelectriclayers (peltier junction) such as but not limited to materials including silicon or germanium. These embodiments enable photo-optic detection through the visible light spectrum into the infrared, or provide thermoelectric sensing. Each X, Y junction of the X and Y trace arrays 100 and 135 serve as a photon-electron converter as the active material responds to light. This allows for localized detection at the X and Y interfaces which provides address points over time, which can then be registered by microprocessing for image reinformation, (e.g. serving as a CCD). Thus, peltier junction layers can be used in the same manner but for infrared imagery.

According to other embodiments, the resonant frequency matrix can be used as a sensor key to read fingerprints. For example, the matrix can be implemented in a dimpled card or a device with a relief pattern, using the active light or pressure sensitive material at resolutions appropriate to the item intended to be scanned, (e.g. fingerprint would require a finer resolution than a credit card).

The resonant frequency matrix can be used for biological applications. For example the material can be a protein and the protein can be located at the intersection of one of the coordinates. The resonance of the protein can be measured. The resonance will change if it hybridizes (binds) with another protein. This would provide a 100% hybridization confidence, a capability not available with any of today's technology (i.e. drug discovery, toxicology, drug screening, etc).

According to another example, a film embedded with microparticles of magnetically responsive material embodiment, such as but not limited to microparticles of iron oxide, can be used for read/write memory. In "write" mode, as various points of X-

Y intersections are activated it would produce localized magnetic field gradients creating a pattern in the iron-oxide which can then be read by the matrix in "read" mode. These patterns would not change until rewritten by X-Y magnetic field changes. Each location can be recorded not only as binary data, but as stepped amplitude values and variations between one to one hundred or more allowing for greater memory storage per unit location. This increases the storage density capacity of a chip by at least one order of magnitude; for instance a one square centimeter chip with a thousand lines for each X and

Y trace array can conceivably record one billion bytes of information (IGB RAM).

As discussed above, the resonant frequency matrix can be incorporated into a CCD. Embodiments including such CCDs containing grids of pixels include digital cameras, optical scanners and video cameras, for example, as light-sensing devices. These embodiments are commonly more efficient than photographic film, which captures a much lower percentage of the incident light. As a result, CCDs are also becoming rapidly adopted by astronomers. Thus, resonant frequency matrix embodiments can be used to create CCDs for sensing light according to any configurations and applications. B. Additional Examples of Reactive Applications In operation of reactive embodiments, the resonant frequencies of intersecting traces are activated to generate power at the intersection point. The pre-tuned frequency resonance of the intersections of, or Cartesian solutions for, the X- and Y-axis (which can be orthogonal at some angle) create a current conducted through the material on a Z-axis between the X and Y layers. This provides power for activation of the material at the intersection point between the X and Y layers.

The resonant frequency matrix can be used for applying electrical currents that produce localized pixels of heat, which in turn can activate or unblock heat sensitive form radical or cationic catalysis, thus inducing a wide variety of polymerization chemistries. In addition, other polymerization reactions can be accelerated by heat such that if a small localized matrix of heat pixels is used to pattern sequential layers of a 3-D object, the time delays in its construction due to mechanical machine movements can be drastically reduced and the consequent construction of a finished product can be expedited by at least two orders of magnitude. Some polymerization reactions are so fast that they occur in a fraction of a micro-second, effectively limiting construction time to the rapidity of the

heat signals. Thus, the resonant frequency matrix can provide for two dimensional and three dimensional manufacturing processes, such as rapid prototyping and other applications, in a simple manner. In addition, the potential for greater versatility in the rapid prototyping industry is enhanced because the resonant frequency matrix can be addressed at any size or combination of sizes. Combinations of multiple RF Matrices of different sizes and configurations can also be implemented.

In the case of utilizing the resonant frequency matrix for catalysis in this way, the initial conductive material (e.g. X-axis) printed upon, applied to, or selectively ablated from the non-conductive base may not need to be transparent, nor would subsequent layers, since no electro-luminescent film is sandwiched between the layers. This rapid addressing resonant frequency matrix enables the curing of X/Y planar strata stacking and successively curing along a Z axis in a simple manner. Thus, the resonant frequency matrix can be used as a rapid prototyping system with minimal mechanical parts.

The resonant frequency matrix can also be used for two and three dimensional printing applications. For example, the matrix can be used to selectively fuse toner, thermographic powder or cure ink for quick printing, such as monochrome or full color images.

The resonant frequency matrix can also be used for controlling the temperature gradient beneath a flat plane of a focal curved surface, such as a spherical, circular, toroidal, ellipse, ellipse of rotation, parabola, parabola of rotation, hyperbola or hyperbola of rotation, such that optics (reflective or transmissive) can be controlled. Thus, embodiments, such as sonar equipment, medical lithotripters, and other acoustic or shock wave modulated devices including the resonant frequency matrix have a means to more perfectly control the projected reflections of wave front geometry with precise temperature controlled surfaces by implementing the resonant frequency matrix.

The resonant frequency matrix can also be used to control propagation of energy. For example, the energies of acoustic and other shock wave fronts are known to be extremely sensitive to temperature variations. For instance, the shock wave emanating from, or reflected off of, a cold surface will typically lose more energy than the shock wave reflected off of a hot surface. Thus, a temperature profile on a reflective or transmissive surface can be controlled using an resonant frequency matrix thereby controlling the temperature of a surface and propagation of energy emanating from, or reflected off of, the surface.

1. Examples of Displays Incorporating the resonant frequency matrix

Several embodiments disclosed herein exemplify how the resonant frequency matrix (resonant frequency matrix) can be used to power any of the current and future technologies for display manufacturing. The simplicity of the function and manufacturing for the resonant frequency matrix make such embodiments a suitable, effective and efficient alternative that can reduce cost and energy usage as compared to conventional display designs. The use of Alternating Current (AC) over the Cartesian- style matrix creates an elegant low-profile activation grid, generating pixels over a broad range of light emitting materials and methods.

Since integrated circuitry dedicated to each pixel is not needed to activate each pixel the complexity of circuitry is greatly reduced in the resonant frequency matrix. Therefore, the thickness of finished display embodiments can be reduced to a fraction of that generated by traditional display manufacturing methods. In several resonant frequency matrix embodiments, the thickness of the preprinted substrates with the X- and Y-traces, the sandwiched activation material, and any filtering layers or materials used as aperture and colorants for the light emitted at each X- and Y-intersection point comprise the profile of the display. The translation and conversion of the video signal to the appropriate bandwidths to activate the specific Cartesian coordinates of selected pixels in each of the RGB colors create the display image using the resonant frequency matrix. Video signals can be received from any source using any current or future interface used for displays or other links for communicating video signals.

These methods of creating and powering high-resolution displays can in some embodiments enable the creation of ultra-thin screen technology, thinner than current display methods due at least in part to the elimination of per pixel circuitry. The resonant frequency matrix activation circuitry can be manufactured at a fraction of the cost of current technology. Aesthetically, functionally, and economically superior technology generates a versatile method of powering all manner of display devices, such as but not limited to, electroluminescent displays, plasma displays, LED displays, OLED displays, EFE displays, LCD, cholesteric displays, electrophoretic displays, and electrochromic displays. Where the material is electro-luminescent or plasma, the activation of the material creates an activated pixel of light at the intersection. The material can be in solid, liquid, or gas state or any combination of solid, liquid and gaseous material. In this embodiment, scanning intersections of pixels over the matrix at rapid speed creates a display addressed by the resonant frequency matrix unit. The resonant frequency matrix can be connected

to a tuning chip, which translates incoming data from a television receiver or a computer into images displayed by the resonant frequency matrix.

The addition of a visually transparent mask layer upon which has been printed a visually opaque black mask in visually opaque ink in a grid pattern that corresponds with the Cartesian coordinates of the intersection of X- and Y-axis, can delineate the burst of light into a pixel-like shape with cleaner edges, thereby generating a screen dot or other shape, or point of light, which works together with the others to create the moving images in an orderly fashion wherein the light from one pixel does not unduly cloud or diffuse the next. This mask creates the screen or filter definition for each pixel printed at the appropriate resolution to match the grid of the matrix. Utilization of directional light conducting materials can perform a similar function.

In addition to the outer edge pixel masking dyes in red, green and blue can be used within the transparent areas to create the red, green and blue pixels that comprise the screen images. According to a resonant frequency matrix display embodiment, the same dye treatment can be applied when selected as an appropriate option for RGB images. Image information is received and translated according to the application. Selected grid patterns are produced by customized resonant frequency generation to activate pixels which generate the appropriate RGB image.

A plurality of similar color activations can be used in this invention depending on the application. For example, inks, e-inks, cyan, magenta, yellow and black color separation technology, selected premixed ink or dye colors, selected premixed ink or dye colors in metallic, iridescent, pearlescent, microencapsulated materials (E-ink, Gyricon, NTerra, Sipix), electrophoretic, choloresteric, electrochromic, electrowetting, liquid crystal, or other varied finishes or materials can be used. In addition to resolution and size flexibility, the malleable properties of the material comprising the matrix layers itself can generate matrices which are functional in a variety of three-dimensional shapes. An example of this includes, but is not limited to, a display surface that is curved or can be formed to take on virtually any shape such as around a column, on a sphere, sculpted or molded to complex curves, or shaped for projection onto topographically non-uniform surfaces and can be configured to compensate and create a correct reading image. This shape variation may be possible only to the degree that the conductive materials and the base surface are of equal degrees of plasticity, elasticity, or other property, to provide for a topographically non-uniform surface without loss of functionality. In addition, construction of the resonant frequency

matrix in transparent materials with appropriate color masking can generate a two-sided transparent display.

RF Matrices can also be utilized to create displays that are viewable from both front and back. For Example, the X and Y traces can all be created in the transparent conductive material separated by the electro-luminescent layer and masked with appropriate pixel masking film on both sides of the display.

The resonant frequency matrix in either configuration or combination thereof can be used to address all manner of current display technology. For example, the resonant frequency matrix can be used to address pixels in any of the example embodiments discussed hereinafter: a. Displays Incorporating a Carbon Nanotube Material

According to another embodiment, carbon nanotubes can be grown vertically on a Z-axis display layer connecting X and Y intersections. These intersections can have emissive phosphor terminations enabling them to emit light also. Thus, three dimensional displays can be created by such embodiments.

For example, referring to Figure 4, the resonant frequency matrix is illustrated according to an example embodiment for use with carbon nanotubes grown by CVD or other process known in the art for the purpose of selective electron emission. Electrons excite specifically applied phosphors and cause them to emit light at specific intersection points of X- and Y-axes. The Cartesian intersection points can be used to selectively activate phosphors. This embodiment can be created as a sealed vacuum construct as described hereinafter.

An X-axis trace array 415 is produced on a non-conductive insulating substrate 410. The use of an X- and Y-axis is used for illustrative purposes only and is not to be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention. The non-conductive substrate 410 supports the circuit components and can be at least partially made of materials such as glass, plastic, or ceramic. A first signal bus is produced on the substrate 410, (e.g. see illustration Figures IA, IB, 1C or 2A, 2B, 2C). The first signal bus is configured to conduct alternating current of a wide range of frequencies to the X-axis trace array 415. Each of the traces 415 is electrically coupled to a frequency selective filter (e.g. see illustration Figures I A, IB, 1C or 2 A, 2B, 2C). The filters can include, for example, capacitors and/or inductors that are configured to filter electrical signals of different graduated frequencies. Thus, each of the subsequent filters in the array 415 can be configured to conduct an alternating current transmitted at a gradually higher (or lower)

frequency. An X-axis controller (e.g. see illustration Figures IA, IB, 1C or 2A, 2B ₃ 2C) is electrically coupled to the bus and is configured to generate alternating current signals at different frequencies to the filters via the bus. It should be appreciated that the controller can be located on the same substrate 410 as the resulting resonant frequency matrix or a separate substrate than the resonant frequency matrix with electrical connections for providing the alternating current to the bus.

A carbon nanotube material 420 is produced over the X-axis trace array 415, e.g. using CVD or another method. An insulating substrate 435 is produced with Y-axis traces 430 (e.g. in the same manner illustrated in Figures IA, IB, 1C or 2A, 2B, 2C). Next, selectively applied dots of phosphor 425 are produced at discrete points, such as in a patterned sequence on top of the Y-axis traces, on top of the of the insulating carrier substrate 435, and/or may be a combination of selectively applied phosphor materials with different properties applied thereupon. The phosphor material may be applied at discrete points (or "islands" of material) as in a patterned sequence using various luminous materials with different properties, such materials whose density create varied levels of spectral reaction or color. Each island deposit of material can correspond to a pixel of a certain value. For example, each deposit of phosphor material can correspond to a pixel of a certain value required for excitation of phosphor material to be activated.

When current is generated at the selected Cartesian X- and Y-axis intersection point, the carbon nanotubes 420 emit electrons which, in the vacuum space, excite the phosphor 425 printed directly above, and cause the phosphor 425 to emit light for display purposes. In one embodiment, various color phosphors such as those found in red, green and blue dots of a display can be selectively applied and activated to create color images. b. Electroluminescent Displays According to an example embodiment, the material is an electro-luminescent layer, which responds to an alternating current signal where X and Y traces cross with resonant gains by changing a spectral property and inducing a photon emission from a change in electronic energy states thereby producing a luminance. Greater brilliance by electro-luminescent material with less energy can be achieved because a greater emission angle from emitted light pixels is possible with this method since the emission source can be placed much closer to the visual surface of the display, where previous layers of masks caused diffractive interference and shadows in other types of displays.

As is illustrated in Figure 5, an efficient method of creating a display with the resonant frequency matrix is the Electroluminescent Display. Electroluminescent

embodiments are often less expensive to manufacture where the materials are less expensive and the ease of manufacturing is greater for fabrication. In addition, such embodiments utilize a minimum of materials for the greatest resolution and brilliance and may have the thinnest profile. There is availability of multiple means of producing and powering the electroluminescent material and circuitry.

In the cross-section illustrated in Figure 5, the following construct is demonstrated: A base substrate layer 501 is produced with metal conductive traces 502 as the base of the Cartesian resonant frequency matrix circuitry. Directly atop this trace layer is an electroluminescent phosphor material 503. Atop the electroluminescent phosphor material 503, a second row of traces 504 that can be produced in a transparent conductive polymer on a carrier substrate 505.

Change of electron population in electroluminescent phosphors by means of a high voltage alternating current electromagnetic signal creates a leaking capacitor that leaks light. It causes charge inversion that emits light from the electroluminescent phosphor material 503. When the alternating current passes through the selective X- and Y-traces 502 and 504 of the resonant frequency matrix shown in Figure 5, the intersecting points will have a localized charge buildup in a capacitive framework. Some of the charge buildup excites the phosphor electrons of the sandwiched electroluminescent phosphor material 503 into a higher energy state that subsequently collapses into a lower energy state, the difference in energy being carried away by a visible photon.

The electroluminescent phosphor material 503 is a part of the same family as UV- excited glow in the dark phosphors. Many of the preferred electroluminescent phosphors have a delayed emission that is visible upon UV excitation. The specific points of emission can be used to create color displays in various methods. A first method includes producing a black mask or bank as is used in conventional display manufacturing methods, with the sandwiched electroluminescent phosphor material 503 preprinted in an RGB pattern using colored phosphors.

These individual points of light-emitting material can then be subsequently activated by the appropriate current passing between the X- and Y- traces, based on the pre-translated RF signals over time to create moving color images. Colored phosphors can eliminate the need for a fourth transparent color masking layer as is currently used in the display industry. This is another advantage since filters such as overlays reduce the amount of visible light and thus the resonant frequency matrix electroluminescent display generates more visible light. As a result, the colored phosphor method is a more efficient,

brilliant and energy saving method. The electroluminescent phosphor material 503 can be printed at high resolution using any common printing method, such as silkscreen, flexography, offset lithography, pad printing, gravure, deposition and laser ablation, ink jet, thermography, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), and/or vapor deposition. The specific pattern of RGB printed onto the electroluminescent phosphor material can be at the discretion of the manufacturer. However, line resolution up to 1000 dots per inch and greater can be achieved, generating a far finer display than possible with conventional displays, generally also with greater brilliance. Traditional manufacturing methods can also be used with one white electroluminescent phosphor material 303 sandwiched between the X- and Y- traces with a fourth layer transparent color mask overlaying this with a black separation between the pixel areas or a separate black bank mask for pixel delineation and clarity. The resonant frequency matrix can simply eliminate the massive integrated circuit row and column architectures of conventional trace matrices in virtually any type of display. c. Plasma Displays

The resonant frequency matrix is an excellent method of addressing power in a plasma display as illustrated in Figure 6. Figure 6 illustrates a plasma display cross- section, wherein pixels are created with high voltage light emission via gaseous corona discharges. In this cross-section, the following construct is demonstrated: A base substrate layer 601 is produced with metal conductive traces 602 as the base of the Cartesian resonant frequency matrix circuitry. Trace cells 603 of corona emitting gas are aligned by cell walls 604. Atop the layer of cells 603 is a second row of traces 605, which can be produced in a transparent conductive polymer on a carrier substrate 606.

The resonant frequency matrix can be used in a plasma display where the Cartesian intersections of voltage differential in the resonant frequency matrix excite the isolated sealed gas cells 603 which are positioned at these intersections. Examples of gases captured in the sealed cells include neon, argon, xenon, and any other gaseous material commonly used in plasma screens. A corona discharge creates an emission of light when the outer electrons get stripped off of these gas molecules. Traditionally, the corona is activated with a higher voltage than the LED display, for example, and it can be AC or DC.

The resonant frequency matrix is used to activate these cells and the corona discharge and plasma functionality are maintained. However, these points are activated in a manner without the conventional circuitry previously required to enable each pixel to

emit the corona. Plasma emission is a relatively power-efficient method and combined with the resonant frequency matrix Cartesian method of pixel activation, generates a visually excellent embodiment with manufacturing cost benefits for the production of the circuitry. Traditional expense and labor intensiveness of the gas cells isolation in manufacturing is not affected by the application of the resonant frequency matrix to a plasma display however its overall cost is reduced in that no integrated circuitry may be necessary. d. LED and OLED Displays

Referring to Figure 7, an LED or OLED cross-section demonstrates the construction of these embodiments. Tn this cross-section, the following construct is demonstrated: A base substrate layer 701 is produced with metal conductive traces 702 as the base of the Cartesian resonant frequency matrix circuitry. Atop these traces is a layer either NP or PN LED or OLED material 703. Atop the LED or OLED layer 703 is the second row of traces 704 which can be produced in a transparent conductive polymer on a carrier substrate 705.

The resonant frequency matrix is an excellent method of addressing power in an LED or OLED display wherein light emission occurs via charge inversion recombination between electron or hole donors and, generally requires a DC bias. In current applications, diodes have a voltage bias because semiconductive materials require that a threshold voltage be exceeded before the conduction band becomes operative.

The resonant frequency matrix activates the LED or OLED material 703 by electron hole recombination between a polarized junction created by the X-Y trace Cartesian intersection thereby causing photonic light emission. In accessing power to a DC-biased device, the resonant frequency matrix, utilizing AC power, cannot carry the signal on the entire wave form in that only half of the signal will be transmitted. Since the duration of half the signal waveform is half of the DC duration of pixel emission, the resonant frequency matrix method of accessing pixels, a compensatory mechanism, can be used to reapply the emission for the half of the waveform that does not transmit. Methods to compensate include a preferred method of lengthening average duration signal times or a thickening of the LED or OLED diode material 703. e. Tandem LED and Tandem OLED Displays

Figure 8 illustrates a Tandem LED or Tandem OLED cross-section, which is a viable method of compensating for the half waveform signal transmission in DC biased devices. This compensatory method creates tandem LEDs or OLEDs with opposite

polarity thereby utilizing the full wave form, wherein split pixels can be created. This method can be used to compensate for the half waveform utilization without modifying the LED or OLED materials or adjusting average duration.

In this cross-section, the following construct is demonstrated: A base substrate layer 801 can be produced with metal conductive traces 802 as the base of the Cartesian resonant frequency matrix circuitry. Atop these traces is a layer of tandem NP and PN

LED or OLED material 803 which is split atop each of the traces and the signal is caught by either side of the material. Atop the tandem LED or OLED layer is a second row of traces 804 that can be produced in a transparent conductive polymer on a carrier substrate 805.

The resonant frequency matrix in its intersection points along the Cartesian pattern create serial pixel activation of the LED or OLED material 803 sandwiched between the X- and Y-layer traces 802 and 804. With an appropriate compensatory method an advantage is that lower voltages can be utilized, and the extremely thin profile of the resonant frequency matrix will be effected. The same method applies to OLED displays, a new partner to LEDs in an organic version. f EFE Displays

The resonant frequency matrix is an excellent method of addressing power in an Electron Field Emission display, wherein light is emitted from electrically excited micro- cathodes. Figure 9 illustrates the construction of an example embodiment. In the cross- section illustrated, the following construct is demonstrated: A base substrate layer 901 is produced with metal conductive traces 902 as the base of the Cartesian resonant frequency matrix circuitry. Between these traces is a porous support structure 903, and on top of each of these traces connected thereto is a pointed electron field emitter 904, all of which are in a vacuum. Atop the support structure and not touching the traces 902 or electron field emitters 904 is a layer of phosphor material 905. Atop the phosphor material 905 is a second row of traces 906 produced in a transparent conductive polymer on a carrier substrate 907.

Currently EFE is primarily used for CRT displays. However newly developed micro-cathode arrays impinging on localized phosphors are currently being developed. Carbon nanotubes can also be used for this technology to a greater efficiency.

The resonant frequency matrix used in the EFE application is similar in nature to the LED which implies a field bias with light exiting at one end. However, this is a proven method simple in fabrication. Localized Z-axis vertical nanotubes, cones, or point

source perpendicular to the underlying electrode can be used. When the voltage reaches a critical peak value, electrons fountain off the point, collapse the field around the point of the vertical structure and race away from the point carrying an electric current of electrons in the opposite direction. The electrons collide against or impinge upon an overlaying phosphor material 905 sandwiched in between the X- and Y-axis traces 902 and 906 in a vacuum. The phosphor material 905 is excited to a higher energy state causing light emission. The resonant frequency matrix provides the addressing power at the intersection of the X- and Y-axes traces 902 and 906, generating a pixel with the vertical conductor between X- and Y-axes traces at the intersection point and the overlay of phosphor material 905 is the first surface the electron hits to be activated within the vacuum of the resonant frequency matrix EFE display construct. The light passes though the transparent conductive overlapping trace layer 906; and in an array creates selectively addressable display pixels. This array can then be color filtered to create RGB images with a black mask, as is currently done in the art. Thus, the need for individual circuits to each pixel has been obviated with the resonant frequency matrix hence the efficiency and method of manufacture has been enhanced by the simplicity of the resonant frequency matrix pixel activation method.

In accessing power to this DC-biased device, the resonant frequency matrix, utilizing AC power, may not carry the signal on the entire wave form, in that only half of the signal will be transmitted. Since the duration of half the signal waveform is half of the DC duration of pixel emission, the resonant frequency matrix method of accessing pixels may require a compensatory mechanism to replace the emission for the half of the waveform that does not transmit. Examples of methods to compensate include the preferred method of lengthening average signal duration through rapid signal repetition, compensating for the half waveform signal transmission without modifying the EFE materials.

The resonant frequency matrix in its intersection points along the Cartesian pattern creates serial pixel activation of the EFE material 905 sandwiched between the X- and Y-layer traces 902 and 906. With an appropriate compensatory method, an advantage is ease of manufacturing, and the extremely thin profile of the resonant frequency matrix. g. LCD Displays

Figure 10 illustrates an LCD cross-section of the construct for this embodiment. The resonant frequency matrix is an excellent method of addressing power in an LCD,

wherein a display primarily operates by field polarization on arrays of linearly aligned molecules of a light polarizing material. These molecules function as switches that act as light gates, structurally similar to a Venetian blind in that they do not actually emit light but allow light to pass through, activated by DC current. In the cross-section illustrated in Figure 10, the following construct is demonstrated: A base substrate layer 1001 is produced with metal conductive traces 1002 as the base of the Cartesian resonant frequency matrix circuitry. Between these traces sealed walled cells 1004 of liquid crystal material 1003 is an NP or PN diode layer 1005, which is directly above the liquid crystal cell layer 1003/1004. Atop the cell layer is a second row of traces 1006 produced in a transparent conductive polymer on a carrier substrate 1007.

The resonant frequency matrix can be used in the LCD display as follows: LCDs are activated by DC bias aligning liquid crystal molecules 1003 in a manner that allows polarized light to escape through them. An alternating field from the resonant trace structure of the resonant frequency matrix may require localized rectification from a diode structure which is more complicated than current structure but feasible in a production scenario.

The gaps between the X- and Y-traces 1002 and 1006 in the resonant frequency matrix intersection points contain diode mediated parallel molecular or microscopically embedded structures that are perpendicular to the electric fields of a beam of polarized photons. When the structures are perpendicular to the fields, the embedded structures transmit. When the structures are parallel to the fields, they absorb. Thus a polarization light switch is created, wherein current at the X- and Y-axis traces 1002 and 1006 intersects to turn the polarization on and off. Because an alternating signal would make the LCD crystal line up and dealign rapidly, a particularly efficient embodiment can have accompanying rectification structures such as a diode rectifier.

A dual diode method for full wave rectification can be constructed with two diodes within the sandwich layers. Atop the traces on the first layer is a diode layer, above the diode layer is a substrate with LCD material, and above the diode layers is another substrate with the second diode on top of that, and finally the top trace is on its carrier film that can be transparent. A preferred embodiment can utilize a single diode for half-wave rectification, which allows for simplified manufacturing, combined with compensatory average duration repetition adjustments. The recovery time for the liquid crystal material 1003 is of sufficient duration to use a half wave rectified circuit for most

applications. Tandem circuits can also be created with two diodes at opposite polarizations on the same trace. The light source is selectively permitted to pass through as the pixel is activated by the current generated at the intersection of traces of the resonant frequency matrix creating the conversion to DC voltage required for each pixel. This array can then be color filtered to create RGB images with a black mask, as is currently done in the art.

The invention disclosed herein exponentially reduces the need for individual row and column drivers for the activation of a matrix driving constructs such as flat panel displays. In contrast to the relatively limiting and costly complex row and column constructs presently used in the industry, several of the embodiments illustrated herein are able to generate a nearly paper-thin and high resolution replacement consisting of a resonant frequency-activated Cartesian array of multiple circuit elements, which, with appropriate shielding and activation, results in rapid intersection power transmissions at resolutions ranging from 1 to 2000 lines per inch or more (depending on the structure of the array and subsequent signaling patterns) with such resolutions being limited only by material and manufacturing processes.

Where X coordinate traces and Y coordinate traces share a common signal bus with terminal resonant structures such as inductive and/or capacitive filters, pixels can be discretely addressed by alternating resonant radio signals from a centralized frequency generator sweeping through several frequency bands. Because alternating electrical signals will trigger electroluminescent and plasma display cells directly, the need for additional LCD complexity can be eliminated.

In addition to simplification of circuitry, greater brilliance with less energy can be derived in that a greater emission angle from emitted light pixels is possible with this method since the emission source can be placed much closer to the visual surface of the display, where previous layers of masks caused diffractive interference and shadows in other types of displays.

This technology can easily be adapted to several lithographic production scenarios. In addition to transparent conductors such as tin oxide, indium tin oxide, cadmium stannate and zinc oxyflouride, a new class of organic plastic transparent conductors such as poly(3,4-ethy1enedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) materials. PEDOT can be crosslinked from the monomer form or used in a waterborne dispersion that forms a clear conductive film when dried and is a suitable economic alternative to the sputtering

of ITO and other inorganic coatings. Transparent carbon nanotube film is a new class of conductive transparent material well-suited for this application.

A method of constructing a resonant frequency matrix for use in a display includes using a non-conductive base material first established at a preferred size appropriate for a particular application, in an insulated material such as, but not limited to, glass or ceramic. Upon this non-conductive base material is printed or applied a pattern of X-axis traces at the desired resolution or lines per inch with a pattern compatible with a selected capacitor or inductor.

This trace pattern is printed in a conductive medium, or a film of conductive material, and subsequent to its curing, a pattern is ablated from such conductive material, to create a pattern of X-axis traces of conductive material, such as, but not limited to, electro conductive polymer, PEDOT, or conductive transparent metals such as indium tin oxide or others that are common in the art, opaque metals or other conductive material. Or a preconstructed film of conductive carbon nanotube can be utilized as well. This material can be either transparent or opaque as required in the assembly of materials. Methods of application of this conductive material include, but are not limited to, flexo, gravure, offset printing, (subtractive) laser-ablation, silkscreen, chemical vapor deposition, vacuum sputtering, photolithography, electroforming, inkjet, or other circuit pre-made and affixed by means of adhesive or other methods to the non-conducing base material. These methods can all be utilized depending on selected matrix material to create the first layer of conductive material.

Atop this layer of X-axis traces an electro luminescent film layer is added such as an acrylic encapsulated with tin sulfide copper-doped halide-modifϊed material or plastic material designed to be luminescent under an alternating electric field, or other material known in the art for this purpose.

The third layer includes a set of conductive traces on the Y-axis (or traces orthogonally oriented to the first layer of traces). This third layer trace pattern can be printed in a conductive material, such as, but not limited to, electro conductive polymer, PEDOT, or conductive transparent metals such as indium tin oxide or any others that are common in the art. This conductive material should be transparent as for display of images.

Another class of transparent conductor which functions well for small addressable traces that has good transparency and conductivity for very thin layers, is carbon nanotube film. Both single walled nanotubes (SWNT' s) and multiwalled nanotubes

(MWJNT's) are suitable in films which are mostly transparent to visible light. Carbon nanotube manufacturing costs have been declining steadily and liquid dispersions of carbon nanotubes have been found to make good films of high enough quality for this invention. This trace pattern can also be ablated, wherein a film of conductive material is applied and subsequent to its curing, a pattern is ablated from such conductive material, to create a pattern of Y-axis traces of conductive transparent material. A preformed circuit in an appropriate pattern can also be affixed to the carrier film such as carbon nanotube film. Methods of application of this conductive material include, but are not limited to, flexo, gravure, offset printing, (subtractive) laser-ablation, silkscreen, chemical vapor deposition, vacuum sputtering, photolithography, electroforming, inkjet, or other circuit pre-made and affixed by means of adhesive or other method to the carrier film. These methods and others can be utilized depending on specifications for the application. A fourth layer can be a film of transparent or opaque carrier film, plastic, paper, glass, ceramic, or any other material known in the art.

The resonant frequencies of each trace are activated to generate power and this pre-tuned frequency resonance of the intersections of, or Cartesian solutions for, the X- and Y-axes, create a current, the power of which will activate the electroluminescent material and create an activated pixel of light at each intersection. Over the screen at rapid speed, this creates the display addressed by the resonant frequency matrix unit, connected to a tuning chip, which translates the incoming data from the television receiver or computer.

The addition of a visually transparent mask layer upon which has been printed a visually opaque black mask in visually opaque ink in a grid pattern that corresponds with the Cartesian coordinates of the intersection of X- and Y-axes, delineates the burst of light into a pixel-like shape with cleaner edges, thereby generating a screen dot or other shape, or point of light, which works together with the others to create the moving images in an orderly fashion wherein the light from one pixel does not unduly cloud or diffuse the next. This mask creates the screen or filter definition for each pixel printed at the appropriate resolution for the grid. Utilization of directional light conducting materials can perform a similar function.

In addition to the outer edge pixel masking, within the transparent areas, dyes in red, green and blue are commonly used to create the familiar red, green and blue pixels that comprise the screen images that mimic lifelike color. For the resonant frequency

matrix disclosed herein, the same dye treatment shall be applied when selected as an appropriate option for RGB images, and image information from the TV or other signal is translated according to the application and selected grid patterns to customize resonant frequency generation to activate the pixels which generate the appropriate RGB image. A plurality of similar color activations can be used in this invention depending on the application, including but not limited to, inks, e-inks, cyan, magenta, yellow, black color separation technology, selected premixed ink or dye colors, selected premixed ink or dye colors in metallic, iridescent, pearlescent, microencapsulated materials (E-ink, Gyricon, NTerra, Sipix), electrophoretic, choloresteric, electrochromic, electrowetting, liquid crystal, or other varied finishes or materials. The surface of the overlay color material or the luminescent material can be tailored to accomplish a plurality of objectives at various resolutions and at various sizes.

The resonant frequency matrix can be used to power any of the current technologies for display manufacturing. The simplicity of the function and manufacturing for the resonant frequency matrix make it a suitable, effective and efficient alternative that reduces cost and energy usage. The use of AC over the Cartesian-style matrix creates an elegant low-profile activation grid, generating pixels over a broad range of light emitting materials and methods.

Since integrated circuitry dedicated to each pixel is not needed to activate each pixel, the complexity of circuitry is greatly reduced in the displays disclosed herein. Therefore, the thickness of the display unit can be reduced to a fraction of that generated by traditional display manufacturing methods. In the resonant frequency matrix method, only the thickness of the preprinted substrates with the X- and Y-traces, the activation material sandwiched, and any filtering layers or methods used as aperture and colorants for the light emitted at each X- and Y- intersection point comprise the profile of the display. The translation and conversion of the video signal to the appropriate bandwidths to activate the specific Cartesian coordinates of selected pixels in each of the RGB colors create the display image using the resonant frequency matrix.

Modification to existing display structure or methods may be required in some cases when utilizing the resonant frequency matrix to power the display. For example, anything that is typically DC accessed is only using half the waveform. This is significant because the pixel may need either more activation light emitting, more volume of emitting material, or more frequent accessing to compensate for the loss of light over time, to create an equal amount of display light. This can be achieved by tandem circuits

or layers each utilizing half the waveform. Because of the advantages of the resonant frequency matrix activation method, even with these modifications display embodiments created with the resonant frequency matrix would still recognize benefit in cost and manufacturing, as well as resolution quality and a greatly thinner profile. Electroluminescent phosphors are dependent on a higher voltage alternating current to activate light emission. LED technology works by a DC bias of much lower voltage than electroluminescent phosphors, which is a significant advantage, but if an alternating signal is applied it will take only one half of the alternating waveform, bypassing the other half. The alternating signal on the traces of the resonant frequency matrix does, however, have an address density advantage over DC signaling and the initial half wave emission characteristic of LEDs may be compensated by quicker repetition via resonant pixel activation. Electroluminescent material can be incorporated into a curable polymer matrix and applied like ink and cured after application by inexpensive heat or UV activation. Most effective LED/OLED applications are applied by CVD or ink jet or other means requiring a more restricted manufacturing environment. A resonant addressing scheme allows DC addressing to a greater degree, so rather than have the waveform skip a beat every time it is illuminated it can be accessed a greater number of times per second than by DC addressing.

Crosstalk between close tolerance traces is minimal for resonant frequency matrix display applications. Tolerances required for very low amperage currents reduce inductive crosstalk possibilities and are at more of a minimum than the electric field crosstalk because of the higher voltages being used. High voltage does not seem to be a limiting factor of any serious significance with already existing LCD back lit displays. Voltages applied to the electroluminescent resonant frequency matrix display have a higher voltage than the LCD gates, and the traces in the RF display are on the same scale of distance. There are other concerns about the localized arcing caused by mediated defects in the film.

Minimal crosstalk can be accomplished by splitting the AC field in half by inverting half the signal in one plane of traces and inverting the intersecting traces on the other plane. Another method for minimizing voltage levels is to fabricate small elevated point-like defects on the traces themselves which would tend to concentrate charges in the emissive region of each pixel.

Various waveforms can be effective, the waveform influencing the duration and quantity of electrons activated. While on a sine wave the amplitude increases as current

increases, on a square wave there is a rise time that is completely or nearly vertical with no x-axis component, chopped at the top, with a flat x-axis component at the top, and its fall time is a mirror image of the rise time, with the longest duration at the highest point of amplitude, giving it the name square wave. This is a preferred waveform embodiment although others are also effective such as sine wave or triangular shaped wave.

Cholesteric displays, electrophoretic displays, and electrochromic displays can also be created incorporating the resonant frequency matrix for addressing the individual pixels of the displays. The cholesteric displays, electrophoretic displays, and electrochromic displays can include cholesteric material, electrophoretic material, or electrochromic material for emitting electromagnetic radiation in response to alternating current conducted in both the first and second electrically conductive traces. For example, cholesteric liquid crystals, electrophoretic suspension, or electromeric material can be can be used to emit electromagnetic radiation in a display when alternating current is conducted in adjacent conductive traces. The electromagnetic radiation in response to alternating current conducted in both the first and second electrically conductive traces can be produced according to the methods set forth herein by placing cholesteric material, electrophoretic material, or electrochromic material between intersections of the X- and Y- axis traces.

Many additional display constructs exist. The resonant frequency matrix can be used to address individual pixels (or portions) of any type of display conventionally using dense matrix circuitry to address individual pixels. Thus, the teachings set forth herein have a broad range of application to any display constructs currently known, or that become known in the future. IV. Additional Examples of Processes for Manufacturing a Resonant Frequency Matrix

Any of the embodiments discussed herein can be adapted to several manufacturing processes. For example, referring to Figure 11, a flow diagram illustrating an example method for manufacturing a resonant frequency matrix is shown. At 1100, a non-conductive substrate is provided. The substrate can be made from a non-conductive base material that can be sized appropriately for a particular application. Examples of suitable insulated material include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, or ceramic.

At 1105, an X-axis trace array is applied to the top surface of the substrate. Many different types of conductor material can be used to produce the trace arrays and other circuit components. For example, in addition to transparent conductors, such as tin oxide,

indium tin oxide, cadmium stannate and zinc oxyflouride, a new class of organic plastic transparent conductors such as PEDOT materials, for example, are suitable as well. PEDOT can be cross linked from the monomer form or used in a waterborne dispersion that forms a clear conductive film when dried, and is a suitable economical alternative to the sputtering of ITO and other inorganic coatings. Transparent carbon nanotube film can also be used and is a class of conductive transparent material well-suited for many applications and embodiments discussed herein. The BJF-activated circuit constructs disclosed herein can also be tailored or customized with material selection best suited to the requirements of a given application. The trace material can be transparent and/or opaque depending on the application of the materials. Examples of suitable methods for application of the conductive material to the substrate include, but are not limited to, flexo, gravure, offset printing, (subtractive) laser-ablation, silkscreen, chemical vapor deposition, vacuum sputtering, photolithography, electroforming, nanoimprinting, transfer printing, and/or inkjet. The traces and other circuit components of the display can also be pre-made and affixed to the substrate, for example by means of adhesive or other attachment method. Any one, or combination of, these processes, as well as others, can be utilized to create the first layer of conductive material.

According to an embodiment, the pattern of X-axis traces can be printed or applied at the desired resolution or lines per inch with a pattern compatible with selected capacitors or inductors. For example, an electroless solution reduction process can be used to apply silver, or other, metallic material to the top surface of the substrate. A 'Dow Process' for creating aluminum traces can also be used by printing the traces and applying a finish wash. The X-axis trace pattern can be printed in a conductive medium, or a film of conductive material. For example, conductive material suitable for such traces includes, but is not limited to, electro conductive polymer, PEDOT. Conductive transparent metals such as indium tin oxide or others that are common in the art can also be used. Opaque metals or other conductive material can also be used. A preconstructed film of conductive carbon nanotube can be utilized as well.

At 1 1 10, material is produced over at least a portion of the X-axis traces. The material changes a property in response to a stimulus when alternating current is conducted both above and below the material. The material can be an active or reactive material. According to reactive embodiments, the material changes a property in

response to a stimulus originating from the matrix. For example, the material reacts to alternating currents, or heat produced by alternating currents conducted through the traces by changing a property of the material. According to active embodiments, the material changes a property in response to a stimulus originating from a source other than the matrix.

The material can be any material that changes a chemical property, spectral property, optical property, electric property, piezoelectric property, biological property, thermal property, mechanical property, molecular cohesion of the material, elasticity of the material, thermal expansion of the material, catalysis of the material, or luminescence of the material (or a combination of properties) in response to a stimulus, such as application of alternating currents, an electric, magnetic, mechanical, chemical, biological, optical, electro-magnetic, particle displacement, acoustic, or thermal stimulus.

The material can be an electroluminescent film layer such as an acrylic polymer encapsulated with tin sulfide copper-doped, halide-modified material or plastic material designed to be luminescent under an alternating electric field, or other material discussed herein or known in the art for this purpose. The electroluminescent material can be a pigment in a monomer suspension (i.e. ink). The material can also be a material that catalyzes in response to the alternating current thereby changing a mechanical property of the material. The material can also be an active material that changes a property of the material in response to a stimulus originating from a source other than the matrix. The material can be a sheet of material applied over the X-axis traces or can be islands of material applied at points where X-axis traces will intersect Y-axis traces. Different types of material can be applied at different locations to have different reactions to the application of alternating current at the different locations. At 1115, Y-axis conductive traces are produced over at least a portion of the material. The Y-axis layer of conductive traces can be produced perpendicular to the X- axis layer of conductive traces or at any angle to the X-axis trace array. The Y-axis trace pattern can be produced in accordance with any of the processes discussed herein regarding production of the first layer of X-axis traces, as well as others. For example, the Y-axis trace layer can be printed in a conductive material, such as, but not limited to, electro conductive polymer, such as PEDOT, or conductive transparent metals such as indium tin oxide or any others that are common in the art. This conductive material can be transparent or opaque depending on the particular application. For example, the use of transparent conductive material can be particularly advantageous for displays. The third

layer can also be a smooth high quality transparent glass or plastic film with preprinted Y-axis traces with transparent conductor material.

Another class of transparent conductor, which functions well for small addressable traces and has good transparency and conductivity for very thin layers, is carbon nanotube film. Both single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) are suitable in films which are mostly transparent to visible light. Carbon nanotube manufacturing costs have been declining steadily and liquid dispersions of carbon nanotubes have been found to make particularly good films of high enough quality for many embodiments. The Y-axis trace pattern can also be ablated, wherein a film of conductive material is applied and subsequent to its curing, a pattern is ablated from such conductive material, to create a pattern of Y-axis traces of conductive transparent material. A preformed circuit in an appropriate pattern can also be affixed to the carrier film such as carbon nanotube film. Methods of application of this conductive material include, but are not limited to, flexo, gravure, offset printing, (subtractive) laser-ablation, silkscreen, chemical vapor deposition, vacuum sputtering, photolithography, electroforming, inkjet, or other circuit pre-made and affixed by means of adhesive or other methods to the carrier film; these and others can be utilized depending on specifications for the application.

The X- and Y-axis layers are affixed about the material. For example, the X- and Y-axis layers can be registered with respect to the other layer, pressed together with ultraviolet or heat applied to cure and bond the layers. Any means for affixing the layers can be used.

Additional layers can be applied depending on the application. For example, a fourth layer can be produced over the third layer. The fourth layer can be a film of selectively transparent carrier film, plastic, glass, ceramic, or any other material that may be familiar in the art. This fourth layer can provide protection of the underlying layers, include colors and images, and provide mechanical interfaces for electrical connections to controllers, rigidity if desired, or can be applied for other purposes. The surface of an overlaid color material, or the material, can be tailored to accomplish a plurality of objectives at various resolutions and at various sizes. Multiple additional layers including arrays of additional traces and layers of material can be created, for example as discussed above with reference to Figures 3 A and 3B,

As discussed above, the traces can be produced using a subtractive process, such as laser ablation. Referring to Figure 12, a method for producing a display is illustrated.

At 1200, a substrate is provided with a conductive film. The substrate and conductive film can be at least partially translucent. At 1205, a portion of the conductive film is removed to produce X-axis traces. The conductive film can be removed using a laser ablation process. The conductive film can be laser ablated in specific locations leaving the X-axis traces. The traces can include tin oxide, indium, tin oxide, cadmium stannate, zinc oxyflouride, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and/or carbon nanotubes, for example. Resonant frequency selective filters, such as capacitors and/or inductors, can be produced to provide the resonant frequency busses. These resonant frequency selective filters can be discrete components and/or a single multi-tapped inductor as discussed above.

At 1210, a material is applied over at least a portion of the X-axis traces. The material can be a sheet of material or can be "islands" of material, which can be applied at locations of intersection upon the X-axis traces. The material changes a property in response alternating current. The material can be an active or reactive material as discussed above. The property can be a chemical property, spectral property, optical property, electric property, piezoelectric property, biological property, thermal property, mechanical property, molecular cohesion of the material, elasticity of the material, thermal expansion of the material, catalysis of the material, and/or luminescence of the material. The material can change a property by emitting electromagnetic radiation, such as visible light to present images, such as those displayed by conventional displays. The material can be applied by a lithographic process, for example.

At 1215, a substrate with a conductive film is placed over the material and X-axis traces. The substrate and/or conductive film can be at least partially translucent. At 1220, a portion of the conductive film is removed to produce Y-axis traces. The conductive film can be removed using a laser ablation process. The conductive film can be laser ablated in discrete locations leaving the Y-axis traces. The Y-axis traces can include tin oxide, indium tin oxide, cadmium stannate, zinc oxyflouride, PEDOT, and/or carbon nanotubes, for example. Resonant frequency selective filters, such as capacitors and/or inductors, can be produced to provide the resonant frequency busses for the Y-axis traces. These resonant frequency selective filters can be discrete components or a single multi-tapped inductor as discussed above.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the

invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.