AESTHETIC AND ABRASION RESISTANT COATED DENTAL ARTICLES AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME

Background

Flexible metal articles are desirable for treatment of a variety of dental maladies. Such articles have proven reasonably durable over both short-term and long-term dental treatment. Dental articles made from or including a malleable metal substrate may typically be modified by a practitioner chair side to adapt to the tooth structures of a particular patient and ensure a secure installation. This degree of post- manufacturing freedom has made malleable metal especially popular as dental crowns and orthodontic bands.

Metal crowns, particularly those made of stainless steel, are well suited for children, as their reasonable life span coincides with the natural loss of a child's teeth. The metallic sheen of stainless steel, however, may not be aesthetically appealing. Accordingly, attempts have been made to apply aesthetic coatings to stainless steel crowns, but these efforts have experienced limited success in maintaining flexibility and durability.

Summary

Stainless steel and most other untreated or uncoated metals have become increasingly unappealing to patients desiring high-quality aesthetics in addition to high performance and durability. Accordingly, there is an increased demand for dental articles that match or mimic the natural color of teeth. Attempts to meet this demand, including coating with polymer resins, have been thus far been less than desirable. In some prior art solutions, the coating does not sufficiently adhere to the surface during the entirety of treatment or the coating becomes easily stained upon exposure to food. In other prior art solutions, the required coating is so thick that the crown may not be freely manipulated without cracking, potentially requiring substantial removal of the tooth structure for seating the crown. Such substantial removal may lead to increased patient sensitivity and other complications.

The dental articles of the present disclosure include an aesthetic, abrasion resistant coating on at least a portion of the article's surface. The abrasion resistant coatings of the present disclosure can exhibit improved wear and stain resistance while maintaining aesthetic appeal during the full period of treatment. The abrasion resistant coatings of the present disclosure can further provide an initially smooth outer surface for the dental article, reducing patient discomfort upon tongue or lip contact.

Unlike previous aesthetic dental articles, certain abrasion resistant coated dental articles maintain desired flexibility such that they may be cut, bent, crimped, or otherwise manipulated by a practitioner without delamination or other failure.

Therefore, use of the coated dental articles may allow a dental or orthodontic practitioner to precisely modify the fit or shape of the dental article without sacrificing performance or appearance.

The abrasion resistant coatings of the present disclosure include a plurality of spherical microparticles and at least one hardenable dental composition.

The present disclosure provides coated dental articles having improved wear resistance and aesthetics. In one aspect of the disclosure, a dental article coated according to the present disclosure includes a crown having a height of contour and a polymeric layer is disposed on at least a portion of the outer surface of the crown, with the polymer layer including a hardened composition that includes a hardenable component and a pigment. Spherical microparticles are embedded within the polymeric layer and the thickness of the polymeric layer is at least the average diameter of the microparticles.

In another aspect, a dental article coated according to the present disclosure includes a crown having a height of contour and an abrasion resistant coating on at least a portion of the crown. The abrasion resistant coating includes a first polymeric layer disposed on at least a portion of the outer surface of the crown, wherein the first polymer layer comprises a first hardened composition comprising a first

polymerizable component. The coating further includes a plurality of spherical microparticles embedded within the first polymeric layer and at least one additional polymeric layer disposed on at least a portion of the spherical microparticles, wherein the at least one additional polymeric layer comprises at least one additional hardened composition comprising at least one additional polymerizable component.

The present disclosure also provides methods for coating a dental article. In certain embodiments, the method includes providing a dental article including a body; depositing a first hardenable dental composition on at least a portion of the surface of the body. Depositing the first hardenable dental composition forms a first polymeric layer having an initial thickness. The method further includes depositing a plurality of spherical microparticles on at least a portion of the first polymeric layer, wherein the plurality of ceramic particles are at least partially embedded in the first polymeric layer; and depositing a second hardenable dental composition on a portion of the spherical particles, wherein depositing the second hardenable dental composition forms a second polymeric layer.

In other embodiments, the method of coating includes providing a dental crown comprising a body; depositing a hardenable dental composition on at least a portion of the surface of the body; wherein depositing the hardenable dental composition forms a polymeric layer having an initial thickness, and wherein the hardenable dental composition comprises a pigment; and depositing a plurality of spherical microparticles on at least a portion of the first polymeric layer, and wherein the plurality of ceramic particles are at least partially embedded in the first polymeric layer.

As used herein, the term "hardenable" refers to a material that can be cured or solidified, e.g., by heating to remove solvent, heating to cause polymerization, chemical crosslinking, radiation-induced polymerization or crosslinking, or the like. As used herein, "curing" means the hardening or partial hardening of a composition by any mechanism, e.g., by heat, light, radiation, e-beam, microwave, chemical reaction, or combinations thereof.

As used herein, "dental article" means an article that can be adhered (e.g., bonded) to an oral surface (e.g., a tooth structure). Examples include, but are not limited to, replacements, inlays, onlays, veneers, full and partial crowns, bridges, implants, implant abutments, copings, dentures, posts, bridge frameworks and other bridge structures, abutments, orthodontic appliances and devices including, but not limited to archwires, buccal tubes, brackets and bands, and prostheses (e.g., partial or full dentures).

As used herein, the term "ethylenically unsaturated compound" is meant to include monomers, oligomers, and polymers having at least one ethylenic

unsaturation.

As used herein, the term "nanofiller" means a filler having an average primary particle size of at most 200 nanometers. The nanofiller component may be a single nanofiller or a combination of nanofillers.

As used herein, the term "(meth)acrylate" is a shorthand reference to acrylate, methacrylate, or combinations thereof, and "(meth)acrylic" is a shorthand reference to acrylic, methacrylic, or combinations thereof. As used herein, "(meth)acrylate- functional compounds" are compounds that include, among other things, a

(meth)acrylate moiety.

As used herein, "phosphorylated monomer" refers to a monomer (e.g., a (meth)acrylate) that comprises at least one phosphate or phosphonate group.

As used herein, the term "thermal initiator" means a species capable of efficiently inducing or causing polymerization or crosslinking by exposure to heat.

As used herein, "continuous" means extending substantially across a target surface and including no deliberate gaps or interruptions other those inherent in the material. As used herein, "occlusal" means in a direction toward the outer tips of the patient's teeth.

As used herein, "gingival" means in a direction toward the patient's gums or gingiva.

As used herein, "proximal surface" means the surface nearest to the adjacent tooth.

As used herein, "interproximal" means between the proximal surfaces of adjoining teeth.

As used herein, "height of contour" means the point of greatest convexity of a tooth or crown.

As used herein, "anterior crown" means a crown intended to replace incisor and canine teeth.

As used herein, deposited or disposed "substantially above the height of contour" and variations mean little to no coating is deliberately deposited the below the height of contour.

As used herein, "average microparticle diameter" and variations thereof refers to the size of about 50 percent or more of the microparticles in the coating.

As used in the claims, "filler" means nanofiller, other filler, and combinations thereof.

As used herein, "a," "an," "the," "at least one," and "one or more" are used interchangeably. Thus, for example, a hardenable composition that comprises "a" (meth)acrylate monomer can be interpreted to mean that the hardenable composition includes "one or more" (meth)acrylate monomers. Similarly, a coated dental article comprising "a" hardened dental composition can be interpreted to mean that the coating includes "one or more" hardened dental compositions.

As recited herein, all numbers should be considered modified by the term "about".

Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints include all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.).

The above summary of the present disclosure is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The description that follows more particularly exemplifies illustrative embodiments. In several places throughout the application, guidance is provided through lists of examples, which examples can be used in various combinations. In each instance, the recited list serves only as a representative group and should not be interpreted as an exclusive list.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The invention will be further described with reference to the drawings, wherein corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a stainless steel crown.

FIG. 2 is a front plan view of a coated stainless steel crown according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the stainless steel crown of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged frontal view of a cross-section of a coated stainless steel crown according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Layers in the depicted embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to define the thickness, relative or otherwise, or the location of any component.

Detailed Description of Illustrative Embodiments

The dental articles of the present disclosure include an abrasion resistant coating on at least a portion of the article's outer surface. The abrasion resistant coatings of the present disclosure include spherical microparticles embedded in one or more hardened dental compositions. The coated dental articles of the present disclosure can exhibit improved wear and stain resistance while maintaining aesthetic appeal during the full period of treatment. Unlike previous aesthetic dental articles, the dental articles coated according to the present disclosure can maintain desired flexibility such that they may be cut, bent, crimped, or otherwise manipulated by a practitioner without delamination or other failure. Therefore, use of the coated dental articles may allow a dental or orthodontic practitioner to precisely modify the fit or shape of the dental article without sacrificing performance or appearance.

A coated dental article according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is a stainless steel crown (SSC). A typical SSC is constructed from a preformed base material crown 10 composed of stainless steel, which is placed in the mouth to cover a prepared tooth 12 as shown in Figure 1. The prepared tooth 12 is shown as having its surface ground away sufficient for the placement of the crown 10 thereon. The scale of the teeth shown and the crown 10 to be placed thereon is for ease of illustration and should not be considered to be at the correct scale. Furthermore, the portion of the tooth 12, which has been ground away, is also for illustration purposes only. As shown in FIG. 1, the base metal crown 10, which as shown for illustration purposes, is not a molar, and therefore can be pictured generally as a flattened bowl which is formed in the shape of a tooth with an open end 16 for placement over the prepared tooth 12. Proper tooth preparation includes removing all caries and proper shaping of the remaining natural tooth 12 to receive the SSC 10. Therefore, the prepared tooth 12 is typically left in place in the mouth so that its root provides anchor in the jaw for the SSC 10. The SSC 10 shown in Figure 1 is an anterior crown;

however, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is applicable to both anterior and to posterior crowns as well.

Typically an SSC is shaped to resemble the tooth that it replaces and is sized to fit comfortably over the portion of the tooth on which the dental procedure is being performed. The crown is trimmed so that the bottom edge of the crown meets the gum line in a comfortable manner approximating the placement of the tooth when the crown is applied. The crowns are manufactured in sizes and shapes to fit the various types of teeth. The stainless steel is preferably malleable so it can be crimped around the base of the tooth and shaped on the occlusal surface to provide a comfortable bite with the opposing tooth. Precise adjustments by a practitioner to the shape and/or size the SSC are often, though not always, made to the portion of the SSC below the height of contour 14.

Commercially available preformed stainless steel crowns can be obtained from 3M Company, St. Paul, MN. Other sources of preformed stainless steel crowns include Acero XT, Dallas, TX and Denovo Dental, Baldwin Park, CA.

The preformed base metal in a SSC is typically constructed of cold rolled stainless steel. Prior to coating, the crown can be prepared to remove oil or other surface contaminants by vapor degreasing, alkaline cleaning, acetone cleaning, or ultra-sonic cleaning, for example, as needed. Surface oxides may be removed and surface activation can be accomplished by acid treatment or abrasive blasting, for example, as described in more detail below.

Typical stainless steel materials used to construct stainless steel crowns useful in the present disclosure include AISI-Types 304, 305, and 316 stainless steel sheeting (based on the American Iron and Steel Institute Classification of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels). Such sheeting includes a metal alloy of iron, chromium, and nickel typically with small or trace amounts of manganese, carbon, titanium, aluminum, silicon, tantalum, and molybdenum.

FIG. 2 depicts a front plan view of an aesthetic posterior SSC 20, including an abrasion resistant coating 22. The exterior of the crown includes a height of contour (i.e., the point of greatest convexity) 26 extending across the wall surface 28 below occlusal surface 30 as it transitions into an integral circumferential area or continuous wall. In the depicted embodiment, portions of the cervical margin, including those proximate the gingival-labial and the gingival lingual edge regions 32 may be left uncoated to allow for precise manipulation and trimming. It is further contemplated that the entire outer surface of the SSC may be coated with an abrasion resistant coating of the present disclosure, including the cervical margins.

Though not depicted, it is also contemplated that the coatings of the present disclosure be used on anterior crowns. In some embodiments, the entire outer surface of the anterior crown may be coated. In other embodiments, only the portion of the anterior crown coming into contact with the opposing dentition (e.g., incisal surface) or above the height of contour need be coated. Other portions of an anterior crown may be coated as desired.

One illustrative composition of abrasion resistant coating may be appreciated by reference to Figures 3 and 4. A plurality of spherical microparticles 36 are embedded in and/or sandwiched between first and second polymeric layers (34, 38). As depicted, the microparticles are distributed across the occlusal surface 30, with little to no coverage below the height of contour 26. In the depicted embodiment, at least one spherical microparticle is in close proximity to, if not intimate contact with, the outer surface of the SSC. In other embodiments, the spherical microparticles may be "suspended" in one or more polymeric layers (i.e., no portion of the microparticle is in contact with the outer surface).

The average microparticle is at least 20 microns in diameter, more preferably at least 30 microns, and even more preferably at least 50 microns. Furthermore, the average microparticle diameter is no greater than 300 microns, more preferably no greater than 200 microns, and even more preferably no greater than 100 microns. Microparticles having an average diameter less than 20 microns may be difficult to sufficiently distribute in a polymeric layer and may not result in sufficient wear resistance. Microparticles larger than 300 microns require a much thicker polymeric coating, leading to potential decreases in flexibility and patient comfort.

In some embodiments, the size distribution of microparticles is narrow, in that the diameter does not differ more than 20% between microparticles. In other embodiments, the plurality of spherical microparticles includes a greater distribution of varying particle diameters. For example, the plurality of particles may comprise a mixture of particles a portion of which has an average particle diameter of 70 microns, and a portion of which has an average particle diameter of 50 microns.

The first polymeric layer 34 includes a first hardened dental composition and is disposed on the outer surface of the SSC. As depicted in FIG. 3, the first polymeric layer 34 is continuous over the entire outer surface. It is also contemplated, though not depicted, that the first polymeric layer 34 only extends across the occlusal surface 30 above the height of contour 26 or some other portion of crown surface less than the entire outer surface.

The second polymeric layer 38 includes a second hardened dental composition and is disposed on a portion of the first polymeric layer 34 and a portion of the plurality of spherical microparticles 36. As depicted in Figure 3, both the first and second polymeric layers (34, 38) cover the entire outer surface of the SSC 20, with the first and second polymeric layers in intimate contact on the wall surfaces below the height of contour 26. It is also contemplated that either the first or second polymeric layer extend across only the occlusal surface 30, leaving the wall surfaces below the height of contour 26 coated with the other hardened dental composition. In certain embodiments, the hardenable composition(s) on the wall surfaces below the height of contour comprise flexible monomers and oligomers as further detailed below. In certain embodiments, the coating on the wall surfaces below the height of contour is no greater than 150 microns, in some embodiments no greater than 100 microns, and in other embodiments no greater than 50 microns. In further

embodiments, the thickness of the coating on wall surfaces below the height of contour is no greater than 30 microns. Thicknesses exceeding 150 microns may not provide sufficient flexibility in certain embodiments.

One or more additional polymeric layers are also contemplated. For example, in one embodiment a third polymeric layer including a third hardened dental composition is disposed between the first and second polymeric layers in the areas unfilled by the plurality of spherical microparticles. In other embodiments, additional polymeric layers may be disposed on the outermost surface of the second polymeric layer. Suitable additional polymeric layers include those described in copending application entitled POLYMER COATED DENTAL ARTICLES AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME , filed on August 11, 2011 under attorney docket number 66143WO003.

Furthermore, it is contemplated that in some embodiments the abrasion resistant coatings include a single polymeric layer on any one portion of the SSC. The single polymeric layer may include one or more hardened dental compositions. For example, in some embodiments, the occlusal surface and surfaces above the height of contour are coated with a first hardened dental composition and the surfaces below the height of contour (e.g., the wall surfaces) are coated with a second hardened dental composition. Alternatively, the abrasion resistant coating layer may include a single hardened dental composition on all target surfaces.

In some embodiments, the thickness of the abrasion resistant coating is substantially consistent over the entire coated surface of the dental article. In other embodiments, the abrasion resistant coating may include a thickness gradient. Such a gradient may include a gradual decrease or an abrupt decrease in coating thickness, or a combination thereof. For example, the thickness of the coating on the occlusal surface 30 may be greater than the thickness of the coating on the wall surfaces 28 (e.g., the interproximal surfaces) proximate the height of contour. Further, the coating thickness may approach zero as the cervical margin is approached. It is also contemplated that the thickness of the coating on the occlusal surface 30 be less than the thickness of the coating on the wall surfaces 28.

In most embodiments, the total polymeric thickness 40 of the hardened polymeric layers on the occlusal surface is at least the average diameter of the spherical microparticles. While it is appreciated that the total polymeric thickness may be less than the average microparticle diameter in some embodiments, such coatings may be susceptible to increased wear and aesthetic degradation as the spherical microparticles are eventually removed by shear force during the act of chewing. In some embodiments, the total thickness 40 on the occlusal surface is at least twice (2X) the average microparticle diameter. In most embodiments, the total polymeric thickness is no greater than five times (5X) the average microparticle diameter. Coatings having a total polymeric thickness greater than 5X may not be sufficiently flexible for practitioner manipulation.

As noted above, the thickness of the coating may approach zero on portions of the gingival or interproximal surfaces.

The arrangement of the spherical microparticles may be further understood with reference to Figure 4. As depicted, the spherical microparticles are spaced from one another, on an edge to edge basis, on the order of the average diameter of the microparticles used. The average spacing may be between close packed

(microparticles are touching or are nearly touching) and five times the average microparticle diameter. Though contemplated, bead spacing that approaches closely packed conditions may adversely affect the aesthetic properties of a coated crown due to the relative predominance of beads and resultant reduction in the amount/coverage of polymeric coating. Microparticles that are too closely packed may further reduce flexibility and polymer adhesion. In certain embodiments, the average spacing is between one quarter of the average diameter and three times the average diameter. In preferred embodiments, the average spacing is between one quarter of the average diameter and two times the average diameter.

In certain embodiments, the spacing 42 between microparticles is substantially uniform. In other embodiments, the microparticles may be more randomly distributed.

Alternatively, from 3% by weight to 90% by weight of the microparticles are present in the coating, more preferably, from 7% to 60% by weight based on the weight of the entire coating (i.e., spherical microparticles and all polymeric layers) in the area where beads are present.

In certain embodiments, the spherical microparticles include an inorganic material. Suitable materials for use as inorganic spherical microparticles include ceramics and glass-ceramics. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, alumina, zirconia, yttria, yttria-stabilized zirconia, porcelain, blends and other combinations thereof. Particularly useful yttria-stabilized zirconia spherical microparticles are available from Glen Mills, Inc., Clifton, NJ.

Exemplary hardenable compositions (i.e., compositions that become hardened upon curing) useful for creating the one or more polymeric layers include at least one of a polymerizable component, an initiator system, a pigment, a nanofiller, a filler, and other additives (e.g., solvents). Particularly useful hardenable dental

compositions exhibit a color similar to a patient's tooth (e.g., ivory) when deposited on the surface of the dental article. Useful hardenable compositions for the first polymeric layer may include a polymerizable (i.e., hardenable) component, an initiator system, a filler, a pigment, and core-shell rubber compounds. Hardenable compositions suitable for the second polymeric layer typically include a

polymerizable component and an intiator system. In some embodiments, the second hardened composition does not include a pigment or filler.

Any of the components in any of the hardenable compositions may be the same or different within the group of all hardenable compositions used. For example, both the first and second hardenable compositions may include a same polymerizable component, pigment, and initiator system. The potential components of the hardenable compositions are described in more detail below.

POLYMERIZABLE COMPONENT

The hardenable compositions of the present disclosure are typically hardenable due the presence of a polymerizable component. In some embodiments, the compositions can be hardened (e.g., polymerized by conventional

photopolymerization and/or chemical polymerization techniques) after it has been applied to the surface of a dental article.

In certain embodiments, the compositions are photopolymerizable, i.e., the compositions contain a photoinitiator system that upon irradiation with actinic radiation initiates the polymerization (or hardening) of the composition. In other embodiments, the compositions are chemically hardenable, i.e., the compositions contain a chemical initiator (i.e., initiator system) that can polymerize, cure, or otherwise harden the composition without dependence on irradiation with actinic radiation. Such chemically hardenable compositions are sometimes referred to as "self-cure" compositions.

In other embodiments, the compositions are thermally polymerizable, i.e., the compositions contain a thermal initiator system that upon heating or other application of thermal energy initiates the polymerization (or hardening) of the composition.

The polymerizable component typically comprises one or more ethylenically unsaturated compounds, with or without acid functionality. Examples of useful ethylenically unsaturated compounds include acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters, hydroxy-functional acrylic acid esters, hydroxy-functional methacrylic acid esters, and combinations thereof. The polymerizable component may comprise one or more ethylenically unsaturated compounds, with or without acid functionality that is phosphorylated, such as a phosphorylated methacrylate.

The compositions, especially in photopolymerizable implementations, may include compounds having free radically active functional groups that may include monomers, oligomers, and polymers having one or more ethylenically unsaturated group. Suitable compounds contain at least one ethylenically unsaturated bond and are capable of undergoing addition polymerization. Such free radically polymerizable compounds include mono-, di- or poly-(meth)acrylates (i.e., acrylates and

methacrylates) such as, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl acrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, allyl acrylate, glycerol triacrylate, ethyleneglycol diacrylate, diethyleneglycol diacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, 1,3- propanediol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 1,2,4-butanetriol trimethacrylate, 1 ,4-cyclohexanediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, sorbitol hexacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate, bis[l-(2-acryloxy)]-p- ethoxyphenyldimethylmethane, bis [l-(3 -acryloxy-2-hydroxy)] -p- propoxyphenyldimethylmethane, ethoxylated bisphenolA di(meth)acrylate, and trishydroxyethyl-isocyanurate trimethacrylate; (meth)acrylamides (i.e., acrylamides and methacrylamides) such as (meth)acrylamide, methylene bis-(meth)acrylamide, and diacetone (meth)acrylamide; urethane (meth)acrylates; the bis-(meth)acrylates of polyethylene glycols (preferably of molecular weight 200-500), copolymerizable mixtures of acrylated monomers such as those in U.S. Pat. No. 4,652, 274 (Boettcher et al), acrylated oligomers such as those of U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,126 (Zador et al), and poly(ethylenically unsaturated) carbamoyl isocyanurates such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,648,843 (Mitra); and vinyl compounds such as styrene, diallyl phthalate, divinyl succinate, divinyl adipate and divinyl phthalate. Other suitable free radically polymerizable compounds include siloxane-functional (meth)acrylates as disclosed, for example, in WO-00/38619 (Guggenberger et al), WO-01/92271 (Weinmann et al), WO-01/07444 (Guggenberger et al), WO-00/42092

(Guggenberger et al.) and fluoropolymer-functional (meth)acrylates as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,844 (Fock et al), U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,296 (Griffith et al), EP-0373 384 (Wagenknecht et al), EP-0201 031 (Reiners et al), and EP-0201 778 (Reiners et al.). Mixtures of two or more free radically polymerizable compounds can be used if desired.

The polymerizable component may also comprise monomers that are curable by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) having at least one functionality curable by ROMP, such as at least one endocyclic olefinically unsaturated

doublebond. Generally, suitable monomers can follow the general formula B-A„ wherein A is a moiety polymerizable by ROMP such as cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclooctenyl or bicyclic ring systems like the often preferred norbornenyl and 7-oxa- norbornenyl groups, and B is an organic or silicon-organic backbone with 1 to 100, e.g., 1 to 10 or 1 to 5 or 1 to 4 moieties polymerizable by ROMP, e.g., 2 or 3 moieties polymerizable by ROMP, are attached, n being 1 to 100. The composition according to the disclosure may contain only one type of monomer according to the general formula B- A _n . It is also possible that a composition according to the disclosure contains two or more different types of monomers according to the general formula B- A„. In some embodiments, the composition contains at least one type of monomer according to the general formula B- A„, which has one or two olefmically unsaturated double bonds which are curable by ROMP. Suitable monomers are described, for example, in great detail in US Patent Publication No. 2009/00884 (Luchterhandt et al).

The polymerizable component may also contain hydroxyl groups and ethylenically unsaturated groups in a single molecule. Examples of such materials include hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, such as 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate and 2- hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate; glycerol mono- or di-(meth)acrylate;

trimethylolpropane mono- or di-(meth)acrylate; pentaerythritol mono-, di-, and tri- (meth)acrylate; sorbitol mono-, di-, tri-, terra-, or penta-(meth)acrylate; and 2,2-bis[4- (2-hydroxy-3 -methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (bisGMA) . Suitable

ethylenically unsaturated compounds are available from a wide variety of commercial sources, such as Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis. Mixtures of ethylenically unsaturated compounds can be used if desired.

In certain embodiments, the polymerizable component may include, bisGMA, UDMA (urethane dimethacrylate), GDMA (glycerol dimethacrylate), TEGDMA (triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate), bisEMA6 as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,030,606 (Holmes), phenoxyethylmethacrylate, trimethylcyclohexylmethacrylate and/or NPGDMA (neopentylglycol dimethacrylate). The polymerizable component may include combinations of these hardenable components.

In some embodiments, the polymerizable component may include one or more ethylenically unsaturated compounds with acid functionality. As used herein, ethylenically unsaturated compounds "with acid functionality" is meant to include monomers, oligomers, and polymers having ethylenic unsaturation and acid and/or acid-precursor functionality. Acid-precursor functionalities include, for example, anhydrides, acid halides, and pyrophosphates. The acid functionality can include carboxylic acid functionality, phosphoric acid functionality, phosphonic acid functionality, sulfonic acid functionality, or combinations thereof. Ethylenically unsaturated compounds with acid functionality include, for example, α,β-unsaturated acidic compounds such as glycerol phosphate

mono(meth)acrylates, glycerol phosphate di(meth)acrylates, hydroxyethyl

(meth)acrylate (e.g., HEMA) phosphates, bis((meth)acryloxyethyl) phosphate, ((meth)acryloxypropyl) phosphate, bis((meth)acryloxypropyl) phosphate,

bis((meth)acryloxy)propyloxy phosphate, (meth)acryloxyhexyl phosphate, bis((meth)acryloxyhexyl) phosphate, (meth)acryloxyoctyl phosphate,

bis((meth)acryloxyoctyl) phosphate, (meth)acryloxydecyl phosphate,

bis((meth)acryloxydecyl) phosphate, caprolactone methacrylate phosphate, citric acid di- or tri-methacrylates, poly(meth)acrylated oligomaleic acid, poly(meth)acrylated polymaleic acid, poly(meth)acrylated poly(meth)acrylic acid, poly(meth)acrylated polycarboxyl-polyphosphonic acid, poly(meth)acrylated polychlorophosphoric acid, poly(meth)acrylated polysulfonate, poly(meth)acrylated polyboric acid, and the like, may be used as components in the hardenable component system. Also monomers, oligomers, and polymers of unsaturated carbonic acids such as (meth)acrylic acids, aromatic (meth)acrylated acids (e.g., methacrylated trimellitic acids), and anhydrides thereof can be used. Certain embodiments of the composition of the present disclosure include an ethylenically unsaturated compound with acid functionality having at least one P-OH moiety.

Certain of these compounds are obtained, for example, as reaction products between isocyanatoalkyl (meth)acrylates and carboxylic acids. Additional compounds of this type having both acid- functional and ethylenically unsaturated components are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,872,936 (Engelbrecht) and 5,130,347 (Mitra). A wide variety of such compounds containing both the ethylenically unsaturated and acid moieties can be used. Mixtures of such compounds can be used if desired.

Additional ethylenically unsaturated compounds with acid functionality include, for example, polymerizable bisphosphonic acids as disclosed for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009-0075239 (Abuelyaman); AA:ITA:IEM (copolymer of acrylic acid:itaconic acid with pendent methacrylate made by reacting AA:ITA copolymer with sufficient 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate to convert a portion of the acid groups of the copolymer to pendent methacrylate groups as described, for example, in Example 11 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,347 (Mitra)); and those recited in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,259,075 (Yamauchi et al), 4,499,251 (Omura et al), 4,537,940 (Omura et al), 4,539,382 (Omura et al), 5,530,038 (Yamamoto et al),

6,458,868 (Okada et al.), and European Pat. Application Publication Nos . EP 712,622 (Tokuyama Corp.) and EP 1,051,961 (Kuraray Co., Ltd.).

Compositions of the present disclosure can also include combinations of ethylenically unsaturated compounds with acid functionality as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0248927 (Luchterhandt et al.). The compositions may also include a mixture of ethylenically unsaturated compounds both with and without acid functionality.

In certain embodiments, polymerizable components further include flexible monomers and multimethacrylate oligomers, including but not limited to C8-C18 monomethacrylates, pfienoxyethylmethacrylate, trimethylcyclohexylmethacrylate, PEGDMA (polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate having a molecular weight of approximately 400), aliphatic urethane methacrylates, aliphatic polyester urethane methacrylates, aliphatic polyester triurethane acrylates. Further contemplated are reactions products of isocyanatoethylmethacrylate with polytetramethylene ether diols and/or polycaprolactone polyols.

Adding the flexible monomers and multimethacrylate oligomers to a hardenable composition may create a composition having improved flexibility as evidenced by, for example, having at least a 3% elongation to break or ability to bend around at least an 8 mm mandrel. In certain embodiments, the hardenable

compositions deposited on wall surfaces below the height of contour include a flexible monomer or oligomer.

An exemplary self-cure system comprising aliphatic polyisocyanates is described in US Patent Nos. 7,189,429 and 6,730,353 (Robinson). The first part of this two-part system includes one or more aliphatic polyisocyanates. Suitable polyisocyanates include derivatives of hexamethylene-l,6-diisocyanate; 2,2,4- trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; isophorone diisocyanate; and

4,4'dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate. Preferred polyisocyanates are the uretdione, biuret and isocyanurate trimer of hexamethylene-l,6-diisocyanate, with the uretdione being particularly preferred.

The preferred polyisocyanates have an isocyanate content of 15 to 30%, with an isocyanate content of 20 to 25% being particularly preferred. The aliphatic polyisocyanates may further be blended with one or more amine reactive resins and/or non-reactive resins.

The second part of a two-part coating system comprises one or more polyamines. The one or more polyamines are preferably aromatic. Suitable polyamines include diethyl toluenediamine; dimethylthio toluenediamine; 4,4'- methylenebis (2-isopropyl-6-methylaniline); and 4,4'-methylenebis (3-chloro-2,6- diethylaniline). The polyamines may further be blended with polyhydric alcohol. The polyhydric alcohol compounds can be polyester or polyether polyols containing at least two hydroxyl groups per molecule. Branched poly ether-esters are particularly useful.

In another embodiment of the two-part coating system, the aromatic polyamines may be blended with oligomeric polyamines. Suitable compounds include poly (oxypropylene) diamines, poly (oxypropylene) triamines, poly

(oxytetramethylene)-di-p-aminobenzoates.

Additional flexible components suitable for use in certain two-part systems include polyTHF, polyethyleneoxide, and polypropylene oxide. INITIATOR SYSTEMS

In certain embodiments, the hardenable compositions of the present disclosure are photopolymerizable, i.e., the hardenable compositions contain a

photopolymerizable component and a photoinitiator system that upon irradiation with actinic radiation initiates the polymerization (or hardening) of the composition. Such photopolymerizable compositions can be free radically polymerizable or cationically polymerizable.

Suitable photoinitiators (i.e., photoinitiator systems that include one or more compounds) for polymerizing free radically photopolymerizable compositions include binary and tertiary systems. Typical tertiary photoinitiators include an iodonium salt, a photosensitizer, and an electron donor compound as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,676 (Palazzotto et al.). Suitable iodonium salts are the diaryl iodonium salts, e.g., diphenyliodonium chloride, diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, diphenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate, and tolylcumyliodonium

tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. Suitable photosensitizers are monoketones and diketones that absorb some light within a range of 400 nm to 520 nm (preferably, 450 nm to 500 nm). Particularly suitable compounds include alpha diketones that have light absorption within a range of 400 nm to 520 nm (even more preferably, 450 to 500 nm). Suitable compounds are camphorquinone, benzil, furil, 3,3,6,6- tetramethylcyclohexanedione, phenanthraquinone, 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-propanedione and other l-aryl-2-alkyl-l,2-ethanediones, and cyclic alpha diketones. Suitable electron donor compounds include substituted amines, e.g., ethyl dimethylaminobenzoate. Other suitable tertiary photoinitiator systems useful for photopolymerizing cationically polymerizable resins are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.

6,765,036 (Dede et al).

Other useful photoinitiators for polymerizing free radically

photopolymerizable compositions include the class of phosphine oxides that typically have a functional wavelength range of 380 nm to 1200 nm. Suitable phosphine oxide free radical initiators with a functional wavelength range of 380 nm to 450 nm are acyl and bisacyl phosphine oxides such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,298,738 (Lechtken et al), 4,324,744 (Lechtken et al), 4,385,109 (Lechtken et al), 4,710,523 (Lechtken et al), and 4,737,593 (Ellrich et al), 6,251,963 (Kohler et al); and EP Application No. 0 173 567 A2 (Ying). Commercially available phosphine oxide photoinitiators capable of free- radical initiation when irradiated at wavelength ranges of greater than 380 nm to 450 nm include bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenyl phosphine oxide (IRGACURE 819, Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Tarrytown, NY), bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-(2,4,4- trimethylpentyl) phosphine oxide (CGI 403, Ciba Specialty Chemicals), a 25:75 mixture, by weight, of bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl phosphine oxide and 2-hydroxy-2 -methyl- 1-phenylpropan-l -one (IRGACURE 1700, Ciba Specialty Chemicals), a 1 : 1 mixture, by weight, of bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenyl phosphine oxide and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-l-phenylpropane-l-one (DAROCUR 4265, Ciba Specialty Chemicals), and ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzylphenyl phosphinate (LUCIRIN LR8893X, BASF Corp., Charlotte, NC).

Typically, the phosphine oxide initiator is present in the photopolymerizable composition in catalytically effective amounts, such as from 0.1 weight percent to 5.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the unfilled composition.

Tertiary amine reducing agents may be used in combination with an acylphosphine oxide. Illustrative tertiary amines useful in the disclosure include ethyl 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzoate and Ν,Ν-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. When present, the amine reducing agent is present in the photopolymerizable composition in an amount from 0.1 weight percent to 5.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the unfilled composition. Useful amounts of other initiators are well known to those of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are chemically hardenable, i.e., the compositions contain a chemically hardenable component and a chemical initiator (i.e., initiator system) that can polymerize, cure, or otherwise harden the composition without dependence on irradiation with actinic radiation. Such chemically hardenable compositions are sometimes referred to as "self-cure" compositions.

In embodiments wherein the hardenable composition includes a monomer or oligomer curable by ROMP, suitable initiators include all substances which are able to initiate a ROMP polymerization in a curable composition. It is preferred that a polymer composition comprising an ROMP initiator is sufficiently chemically stable at ambient temperature, generally at room temperature or temperatures up to 60°C, providing unhindered preparation and molding of the formulation.

Suitable chemically stable initiators do not lead to an increase of viscosity of the composition of more than 10% during a minimum of 5 hours at temperatures below 50°C. It is also preferred that a suitable initiator will cure the formulation within 24 hours at a temperature above 100°C by ROMP reaction. Preferred initiators are metal complexes of ruthenium or osmium not bearing a carbene function.

Examples of suitable initiators can be found in Castarlenas et al., Journal of

Organometallic Chemistr, 663 (2002) 235-238 and in Hafner et al., Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, Nr. 19, S. 2213. Further preferred initiators are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,909 (Setiabudi) and US Patent Publication No. 2009/00884 (Luchterhandt et al).

The chemically hardenable compositions may include redox cure systems that include a polymerizable component (e.g., an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable component) and redox agents that include an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. Suitable polymerizable components, redox agents, optional acid-functional components, and optional fillers that are useful in the present disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. Publication Nos. 2003/0166740 (Mitra et al.) and 2003/0195273 (Mitra et al).

The reducing and oxidizing agents should react with or otherwise cooperate with one another to produce free-radicals capable of initiating polymerization of the resin system (e.g., the ethylenically unsaturated component). This type of cure is a dark reaction, that is, it is not dependent on the presence of light and can proceed in the absence of light. The reducing and oxidizing agents are preferably sufficiently shelf-stable and free of undesirable colorization to permit their storage and use under typical dental conditions. They should be sufficiently miscible with the resin system (and preferably water-soluble) to permit ready dissolution in (and discourage separation from) the other components of the composition.

Useful reducing agents include ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid derivatives, and metal complexed ascorbic acid compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,727 (Wang et al.); amines, especially tertiary amines, such as 4-tert-butyl dimethylaniline; aromatic sulfuric salts, such as p-toluenesulfmic salts and benzenesulfinic salts;

thioureas, such as l-ethyl-2-thiourea, tetraethyl thiourea, tetramethyl thiourea, 1,1- dibutyl thiourea, and 1,3-dibutyl thiourea; and mixtures thereof. Other secondary reducing agents may include cobalt (II) chloride, ferrous chloride, ferrous sulfate, hydrazine, hydroxylamine (depending on the choice of oxidizing agent), salts of a dithionite or sulfite anion, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the reducing agent is an amine.

Suitable oxidizing agents will also be familiar to those skilled in the art, and include but are not limited to persulfuric acid and salts thereof, such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, cesium, and alkyl ammonium salts. Additional oxidizing agents include peroxides such as benzoyl peroxides, hydroperoxides such as cumyl hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and amyl hydroperoxide, as well as salts of transition metals such as cobalt (III) chloride and ferric chloride, cerium (IV) sulfate, perboric acid and salts thereof, permanganic acid and salts thereof, perphosphoric acid and salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.

It may be desirable to use more than one oxidizing agent or more than one reducing agent. Small quantities of transition metal compounds may also be added to accelerate the rate of redox cure. In some embodiments it may be preferred to include a secondary ionic salt to enhance the stability of the polymerizable composition as described in U.S. Pat. Publication No. 2003/0195273 (Mitra et al).

The reducing and oxidizing agents are present in amounts sufficient to permit an adequate free-radical reaction rate. This can be evaluated by combining all of the ingredients of the composition except for the optional filler, and observing whether or not a hardened mass is obtained. Typically, the reducing agent, if used at all, is present in an amount of at least 0.01% by weight, and more typically at least 0.1% by weight, based on the total weight (including water) of the components of the composition. Typically, the reducing agent is present in an amount of no greater than 10% by weight, and more typically no greater than 5% by weight, based on the total weight (including water) of the components of the unfilled composition.

Typically, the oxidizing agent, if used at all, is present in an amount of at least 0.01 ) by weight, and more typically at least 0.10% by weight, based on the total weight (including water) of the components of the composition. Typically, the oxidizing agent is present in an amount of no greater than 10% by weight, and more typically no greater than 5% by weight, based on the total weight (including water) of the components of the unfilled composition.

The reducing or oxidizing agents can be microencapsulated as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,762 (Mitra et al.). This will generally enhance shelf stability of the composition, and if necessary permit packaging the reducing and oxidizing agents together. For example, through appropriate selection of an encapsulant, the oxidizing and reducing agents can be combined with an acid-functional component and optional filler and kept in a storage-stable state. Likewise, through appropriate selection of a water-insoluble encapsulant, the reducing and oxidizing agents can be combined with an fluoro-aluminosilicate (FAS) glass and water and maintained in a storage-stable state.

A redox cure system can be combined with other cure systems, including photoinitiator systems or with a composition such as described U.S. Pat. No.

5,154,762 (Mitra et al).

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the initiator system comprises free radical-generating thermal initiators. Thermal initiators include organic peroxides (e.g., benzoyl peroxide), azo compounds, quinones, nitroso compounds, acyl halides, hydrazones, mercapto compounds, pyrylium compounds, imidazoles, chlorotriazines, benzoin, benzoin alkyl ethers, diketones, phenones, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable thermal initiators are VAZO 52, VAZO 64 and VAZO 67 azo compound thermal initiators, all available from DuPont. Preferred thermal initiators include benzoyl peroxide, dicumylperoxide, and

andazobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN).

A thermal cure system may be combined with a photointiator system as described above.

NANOFILLER

The hardenable compositions of the disclosure can be formulated with one or more nanofillers that may impart desirable wear and aesthetic properties (e.g., tooth like color to mask the underlying metal). Suitable nanofillers include either acid reactive or non-acid reactive nanofillers and may include, but are not limited to silica; zirconia; oxides of titanium, aluminum, cerium, tin, yttrium, strontium, barium, lanthanum, zinc, ytterbium, bismuth, iron, and antimony; and combinations thereof. More typical nanofillers may include zirconia (Zr0 ₂ ); oxides of titanium (e.g., Ti0 ₂ ), and oxides of yttrium (e.g., Y ₂ 0 ₃ ); and other metal oxides with high refractive indices. In preferred embodiments, the nano filler comprises an oxide of titanium. As used herein, "high refractive index" means a refractive index of typically at least 1.5, and more typically of at least 2.0. Titania and zirconia are particularly useful nanofillers, as they have very high refractive indices, and will require less weight of material than a lower refractive index material to match the refractive indices appropriately.

The nanofillers typically have an average particle size of at most 100 nanometers and more typically at most 50 nanometers. Such nanofillers typically have an average particle size of at least 2 nanometers, more typically at least 5 nanometers, and even more typically at least 10 nanometers. In some embodiments, the nano filler is in the form of nanoclusters, typically at least 80 percent by weight nanoclusters. In other embodiments, the nanofiller is in the form of a combination of nanoparticles and nanoclusters. Often a portion of the surface of the nanofiller is silane treated or otherwise chemically treated to provide one or more desired physical properties. Additional suitable nanofillers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,981 (Zhang et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,572,693 (Wu et al), U.S. Publication No. 2008/0293846 (Craig et al), as well as International Publication Nos. WO 01/30305 (Zhang et al), WO 01/30306 (Windisch et al), WO 01/30307 (Zhang et al), and WO 03/063804 (Wu et al.). Filler components described in these references include nanosized silica particles, nanosized metal oxide particles, and combinations thereof.

Typically, the nanofillers of the present disclosure are non-pyrogenic fillers, however pyrogenic fillers can be added as optional additives to the dental

compositions.

The amount of nanofiller is preferably sufficient to provide a hardenable composition having desirable mixing and handling properties before hardening and good physical and optical properties after hardening. Typically, the nanofiller represents at least 0.1 wt-%, more typically at least 5 wt-%> or 10 wt-%>, and most typically at least 20 wt-% based on the total weight of the composition. Typically, the nanofiller represents at most 60 wt-%, more typically at most 50 wt-%, and most typically at most 40 wt-%, based on the total weight of the composition.

PIGMENTS & OTHER FILLERS

The hardenable compositions of the present disclosure may further include pigments. A tooth-colored pigment can be achieved, for example, by using a mixture of titanium dioxide and iron oxide. The titanium dioxide and iron oxide pigments can be used in varying amounts depending on the shade of tooth enamel desired to be reproduced. For example, 15 wt-%> to 55 wt-%> titanium dioxide, and 0.01 wt-%> to 4.5 wt-% iron oxide, based on the total weight of the hardenable composition, give a natural tooth enamel appearance to the coating. Additional pigments or colorants can be optionally added to the starting coating powders to color-match the polymeric coating to a desired tooth color. In addition to the nanofiller and pigment components, the hardenable compositions of the present disclosure can also optionally include one or more other fillers. Such fillers may be selected from one or more of a wide variety of materials suitable for the use in dental and/or orthodontic compositions.

The other filler can be an inorganic material. It can also be a crosslinked organic material that is insoluble in the resin component of the composition, and is optionally filled with inorganic filler. The filler should in any event be nontoxic and suitable for use in the mouth. The filler can be radiopaque or radiolucent. The filler typically is substantially insoluble in water. For avoidance of doubt, the spherical microparticles of the present disclosure are not considered filler.

Examples of suitable inorganic fillers are naturally occurring or synthetic materials including, but not limited to: quartz; nitrides (e.g., silicon nitride); glasses derived from, for example, Zr, Sr, Ce, Sb, Sn, Ba, Zn, and Al; feldspar; borosilicate glass; kaolin; talc; titania; low Mohs hardness fillers such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,251 (Randklev); and silica particles (e.g., submicron pyrogenic silicas such as those available under the trade designations AEROSIL, including "OX 50," "130," "150" and "200" silicas from Degussa AG, Hanau, Germany and CAB-O-SIL M5 and TS 720 silica from Cabot Corp., Tuscola, 111.). Examples of suitable organic filler particles include filled or unfilled pulverized polycarbonates, polyepoxides, and the like.

Suitable non-acid-reactive filler particles are quartz, submicron silica, and non-vitreous microparticles of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,169

(Randklev). Mixtures of these non-acid-reactive fillers are also contemplated, as well as combination fillers made from organic and inorganic materials.

The surface of the filler particles can also be treated with a coupling agent. Suitable coupling agents include gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and the like. Examples of useful silane coupling agents are those available from Crompton Corporation, Naugatuck, Conn., as SILQUEST A-174 and SILQUEST A-1230. For some embodiments of the present disclosure that include other fillers the

compositions may include at least 1% by weight, more preferably at least 2% by weight, and most preferably at least 5% by weight other filler, based on the total weight of the composition. For such embodiments, compositions of the present disclosure preferably include at most 75% by weight, more preferably at most 65 % by weight, and even more preferably at most 55% by weight other filler, based on the total weight of the composition.

When the hardenable composition contains an ethylenically unsaturated compound and at least one filler, it is generally present in an amount of at least 15% by weight, more typically at least 25% by weight, and most typically at least 35% by weight ethylenically unsaturated compounds, based on the total weight of the filled composition. The compositions of the present disclosure typically include at most 95% by weight, more typically at most 90%> by weight, and most typically at most 80%) by weight ethylenically unsaturated compounds, based on the total weight of the filled composition.

When the composition contains an ethylenically unsaturated compound with acid functionality, it is generally present in an amount of at least 1% by weight, more typically at least 3% by weight, and most typically at least 5% by weight ethylenically unsaturated compounds with acid functionality, based on the total weight of the unfilled composition. The compositions of the present disclosure typically include at most 80%) by weight, more typically at most 70%> by weight, and most typically at most 60%) by weight ethylenically unsaturated compounds with acid functionality, based on the total weight of the unfilled composition. OTHER ADDITIVES

Optionally, compositions of the present disclosure may contain solvents (e.g., alcohols (e.g., propanol, ethanol), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone), esters (e.g., ethyl acetate), other nonaqueous solvents (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone)), or mixtures thereof.

Compositions of the present disclosure may further include core-shell polymer compounds. A core-shell compound includes a soft core comprising a rubber or elastomeric polymer surrounded by a shell comprising a more rigid polymer. Such compounds may reduce the shrinkage of the composition on polymerization.

Exemplary core-shell polymer compounds are discussed in U.S. Publication No. 2005/0124762. (Cohen et al).

If desired, the compositions of the disclosure may contain additives such as indicators, dyes (including photobleachable dyes), inhibitors, accelerators, viscosity modifiers, wetting agents, antioxidants, tartaric acid, chelating agents, buffering agents, stabilizers, diluents, and other similar ingredients that will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Surfactants, for example, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and combinations thereof, may optionally be used in the compositions. Useful surfactants include non-polymerizable and polymerizable surfactants. Additionally, medicaments or other therapeutic substances can be optionally added to the hardenable compositions. Examples include, but are not limited to, fluoride sources, whitening agents, anticaries agents (e.g., xylitol), remineralizing agents (e.g., calcium phosphate compounds and other calcium sources and phosphate sources), enzymes, breath fresheners, anesthetics, clotting agents, acid neutralizers, chemotherapeutic agents, immune response modifiers, thixotropes, polyols, anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobial agents, antifungal agents, agents for treating xerostomia, desensitizers, and the like, of the type often used in dental compositions.

Combination of any of the above additives may also be employed. The selection and amount of any one such additive can be selected by one of skill in the art to accomplish the desired result without undue experimentation. EXEMPLARY COMPOSITIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND HARDENABLE

COMPOSITIONS

First Hardenable Composition

Suitable hardenable compositions for use as the first hardenable composition (i.e., basecoat) may include a polymerizable component, a photoinitiator, a thermal initiator, a nanofiller, a pigment, and a filler. Particularly suitable polymerizable components for use in the first hardenable composition include UDMA and phenoxyethylmethacrylate (or other flexible monomers and oligomers as described above). For first hardenable compositions of the present disclosure that include fillers (nano & other fillers) the compositions may include at least 1% by weight, more preferably at least 2% by weight, and most preferably at least 5% by weight filler, based on the total weight of the composition. For such embodiments, compositions of the present disclosure preferably include at most 75% by weight, more preferably at most 65% by weight, and even more preferably at most 55% by weight filler, based on the total weight of the composition.

Second Hardenable Composition

Suitable hardenable compositions for use as the second hardenable composition (i.e., topcoat) typically include a polymerizable component and a photoinitiator. In certain embodiments, the topcoat is translucent and a tooth color is imparted by the base polymeric layer(s). Particularly suitable polymerizable components for use in the topcoat include UDMA. In other embodiments, the topcoat may include pigments or fillers, and the polymeric layers cooperate to approximate tooth color. In embodiments wherein the second hardenable

composition includes a pigment, the composition includes no greater than 10% by weight, and more preferably no greater than 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. PREPARATION OF DENTAL COMPOSITIONS

The polymer compositions useful in the abrasion resistant coating of the present disclosure can be prepared by combining all the various components using conventional mixing techniques. The resulting composition may optionally contain fillers, solvents, water, and other additives as described herein. Typically, photopolymerizable compositions of the disclosure are prepared by simply admixing, under "safe light" conditions, the components of the inventive compositions. Suitable inert solvents may be employed if desired when affecting this mixture. Any solvent may be used which does not react appreciably with the components of the inventive compositions. Examples of suitable solvents include acetone, dichloromethane, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and butanone.

The amounts and types of each ingredient in the polymer compositions may be adjusted to provide the desired physical and handling properties before and after polymerization. For example, the polymerization rate, polymerization stability, fluidity, compressive strength, tensile strength and durability of the dental material typically are adjusted in part by altering the types and amounts of polymerization initiator(s) and the loading and particle size distribution of filler(s). Such adjustments typically are carried out empirically based on previous experience with dental materials.

The components of the polymer composition can be included in a kit, where the contents of the composition are packaged to allow for storage of the components until they are needed.

COATING THE DENTAL ARTICLE

Prior to depositing the abrasion resistant coating, the target surface(s) (i.e., the portion of the article to be coated) of the dental article may be primed (e.g., abraded, etched, particles deposited) to enhance the bond between the coating and the metal substrate surface. In one embodiment, the target surfaces may be first sandblasted as known in the art by, for example, the method shown in US Patent No. 5,024,711 to Gasser et al. The target surfaces may be microblasted with aluminum oxide sand, such as ROCATEC Pre, available from 3M ESPE. In some embodiments, the target surface may be subsequently treated with a silica-modified aluminum oxide, such as ROCATEC Plus, also available from 3M ESPE. Alternatively, the outer surface may be treated with ROCATEC Plus or other silica-modified aluminum oxide without prior treatment with ROCATEC Pre.

In another embodiment, the target surface of the dental article is primed or otherwise modified by etching with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid.

Additional useful etchants include nitric acids, hydrofluoric acids, ferric chlorides, sodium hydroxides, and combinations thereof. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, the roughening (i.e., priming) of the target surface by acid-etch or sandblast creates greater surface area and may strengthen the coating bond to the chosen metal substrate.

The target surface may also be coated with a diamond-like glass (DLG), such as those described in US Patent No. 6,696,157 to David et al, as part of the priming process. DLG is an amorphous carbon system including a substantial quantity of silicon and oxygen that exhibits diamond- like properties. DLG may be deposited onto at least a portion of the target surface by plasma deposition or other techniques known to those having skill in the art.

Once the dental article is primed an additional bonding layer may be deposited on the surface. The dental article may undergo silanization by, for example, spray or bath after the sandblast or acid-etch abrasion procedure. Exemplary useful silanes include, but are not limited to, 3M ESPE Sil, available from 3M ESPE and

methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, available under the trade name GENIOSIL GF- 31, from Wacker Chemical, Adrian, MI. Alternatively or additionally, the primed dental article may be exposed (e.g., by spray or bath) to Zirconate coupling agents available from Kenrich Petrochemicals, Bayonne, NJ. If the first hardenable composition includes phosphorylated monomers, it may be unnecessary to include a bonding layer on the target surface of the dental article after priming.

Once the target surface of the dental article has been primed and optionally treated with a bonding layer as described above (i.e., silanized or treated with

Zirconate coupling agents), the first hardenable composition can be applied to the desired coating surface using conventional techniques, including, but not limited to, dip coating, spray coating, brush coating, spin coating, and lithographic printing. In certain embodiments, the first hardenable composition is at least partially cured after it is deposited (i.e., tack cured) but before introduction of the spherical microparticles. In other embodiments, the first hardenable compostion is at least partially cured after distribution of the microparticles. In yet other embodiments, the first hardenable composition is left uncured.

Thickness gradients and occlusal coatings may be created, for example, by directional spraying only the targeted portion of the crown with any one of the hardenable compositions so that substantially none of a particular coating is applied below the height of contour. Use of the spherical microparticles on substantially only the occlusal surface may also create a gradient.

In embodiments wherein any of the hardenable compositions includes a photoinitiator, a curing light, such as a VISILUX Model 2500 blue light gun (3M Co., St. Paul, Minn.) or an ELIPAR Freelight 2 LED curing light (available from 3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, Minn.) is generally required to irradiate the hardenable compositions and initiate at least partial curing (i.e., hardening).

Alternatively, an irradiating chamber may be used, such as a VISIO Beta Vario Light Curing Unit (available from 3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN). In

embodiments wherein any of the hardenable compositions comprises a thermal initiator, heat may be used to initiate the hardening of free radically active groups. Examples of heat sources suitable for curing include inductive, convective, and radiant heat sources. Thermal sources should be capable of generating temperatures of at least 40°C and at most 150°C under normal conditions or at elevated pressure.

In certain embodiments wherein the hardenable composition comprises a photoinitiator and a thermal initiator, the curing process includes both irradiation and exposure to heat.

The spherical microparticles, can be added in any manner known to those skilled in the art for adding particles to a polymeric layer. The spherical

microparticles can be mixed into a wet (i.e., at least partially uncured) coating or scattered on top of a wet coating. For example, the spherical microparticles can be applied by a pellet dispenser which applies or sprinkles the microparticles on top of a polymeric layer which is still at least partially uncured. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the microparticles may adhere to the at least partially uncured layer and at least a portion of the microparticles may "sink" into the layer.

Several types of scattering machines can be used to accomplish the uniform sprinkling or dispensing of microparticles. In certain embodiments, the scattering machine has a rotating or applicator roll (engraved or knurled) at the bottom of the hopper. A stationary or rotary brush is used to remove microparticles particles from the dispensing or applicator roll. A shaker screen may be used under the hopper for uniform distribution of the microparticles. The knurl size, the dispensing or applicator roll speed, the brush position, the speed of the rotary brush, and the speed and the size of the shaker screen should all be selected based on the amount and the size of the microparticles to be used.

Additional layers of hardenable composition can be applied to the first hardenable composition and spherical microparticles surface using the conventional techniques discussed above. Once all desired layers of hardenable compositions have been deposited, each layer of hardenable composition is fully cured.

As noted above, the abrasion resistant coatings of the present disclosure provide desirable aesthetic properties, such as close approximation of tooth color. The following parameters form the basis of the color determination of the coated dental article: Opacity value O: Measure of the transparency (0% is completely transparent, 100% is opaque), L*-value: Brightness (100: complete reflection; 0; no reflection); a*-value: Red-green shift (+a: red; -a: green); b*-value: yellow-blue shift (+b: yellow; -b: blue).

The L*-value of a coated dental article is preferably greater than 60, more preferably greater than 75, and even more preferably greater than 80. The abrasion resistant coating may also be tailored to the shades on the VITA shade guide. The a* value of a coated dental article is within the range of -3 to 13. The b* value of a coated dental article is within the range of 10 to 35.

In certain embodiments, the coating can provide for desirable flexibility. One method of determining flexibility includes the bending of a 150 micron thick metal coupon around a mandrel. The metal coupon is preferably made from the same metal used on the outer surface of the dental article and includes a deposited abrasion resistant coating. Preferably, a coated coupon can bend 180 degrees around an 8 millimeter mandrel without cracking of the coating. More preferably, a coated coupon can bend around a 4 millimeter mandrel, and even more preferably a 2 millimeter mandrel without cracking of the coating.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, a crown or a plurality of crowns (potentially of varying sizes) may be provided in a kit with the components of the abrasion resistant coating. The crown may preferably be provided in the kit pre- primed (i.e., the surface has been roughened according to techniques described below). The kit may further include spherical microparticles and one or more hardenable dental compositions. Such a kit may allow a practitioner to tailor the particular location and aesthetics of the coating on the crown. The kit may also include other components including, but not limited to, cements, brushes, and other tools to apply the coatings. ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

1. A method for coating a medical article comprising:

providing a dental article comprising a body;

depositing a first hardenable dental composition on at least a portion of the surface of the body; wherein depositing the first hardenable dental composition forms a first polymeric layer having an initial thickness;

depositing a plurality of spherical microparticles on at least a portion of the first polymeric layer, and wherein the plurality of spherical particles are at least partially embedded in the first polymeric layer; and

depositing a second hardenable dental composition on a portion of the spherical particles, wherein depositing the second hardenable dental composition forms a second polymeric layer.

2. The method of embodiment 1 and further comprising priming at least a portion of the surface of the dental article, wherein priming the surface comprises: depositing a layer of diamond- like glass on at least a portion of the outer surface; and silanizing at least a portion of the outer surface.

3. The method of embodiment 1 and further comprising priming at least a portion of the surface of the dental article, wherein priming the surface comprises: exposing the surface to a strong acid; and silanizing at least a portion of the surface.

4. The method of embodiment 1 and further comprising priming at least a portion of the surface of the dental article, wherein priming at least a portion of the surface comprises: microblasting the surface with an aluminum oxide sand; exposing the surface to silica-modified aluminum oxide; and silanizing at least a portion of the outer surface.

5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the spherical particles comprise inorganic particles.

6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the plurality of spherical particles comprises an average diameter, and wherein the average diameter is at least 5 microns and no greater than 200 microns. 7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the average diameter is as least 50 microns and no greater than 100 microns.

8. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the combined thickness of the first and second polymeric layers is at least the average diameter of the particles.

9. The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising depositing one or more additional hardenable compositions.

10. The method of embodiment 9, wherein the one or more additional hardenable compositions are deposited between the first and second polymeric layers.

11. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein at least one spherical particle of the plurality of spherical particles is in contact with the surface.

12. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the dental article is a stainless steel crown having wall surfaces and a height of contour, and wherein the spherical particles are deposited substantially above the height of contour.

13. The method of embodiment 12, wherein depositing the first and second hardenable dental compositions comprises depositing the first and second

compositions above the height of contour and on wall surfaces.

14. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the inorganic spherical microparticle is selected from the group consisting essentially of: alumina, zirconia, yttria, yttria- stabilized zirconia, porcelain, and combinations thereof.

15. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the first hardenable composition comprises a first polymerizable component and the second hardenable composition comprises a second polymerizable component.

16. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the first and second polymerizable components comprises at least one (meth)acrylate monomer.

17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein at least one of the first and second polymerizable components is selected from the group consisting of phenoxoyethyl methacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate,

polypropylene glycol methacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, the diglycidyl methacrylate of bisphenol A, and combinations thereof. 18. The method of embodiment 15, wherein at least one of the first and second polymerizable components is a compound according to the formula: wherein m+n is between 5 and 8.

19. The method of embodiment any of the previous embodiments, wherein at least one of the first and second hardenable compositions comprises an initiator system.

20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the intiator system comprises a thermal initiator system and a photoinitator system.

21. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein at the first hardenable dental composition comprises a filler, and wherein the filler is present at no greater than 70 weight percent by weight of the composition.

22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the filler comprises a fumed silica particle.

23. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the first hardenable dental composition further comprises a pigment selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and combinations thereof.

24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the pigment is present in the first hardenable composition at a weight of no greater than 60% by weight of the first hardenable composition.

25. The method of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the second hardenable dental composition further comprises a pigment selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and combinations thereof, and wherein the pigment is present in the second hardenable composition at a weight of no greater than 20% by weight of the first hardenable composition.

26. The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising fully curing the first and second hardenable composition on the surface of the dental article. 27. The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising rradiating at least a portion of the surface; and exposing at least a portion of the surface to heat.

28. A dental article comprising: a crown having a height of contour; an abrasion resistant coating layer on at least a portion of the crown, the coating layer comprising: a first polymeric layer disposed on at least a portion of the outer surface of the crown, wherein the first polymer layer comprises a first hardened composition comprising a first polymerizable component; a plurality of spherical microparticles embedded within the first polymeric layer; and at least one additional polymeric layer disposed on at least a portion of the spherical microparticles, wherein the at least one additional polymeric layer comprises at least one additional hardened composition comprising at least one additional polymerizable component.

29. The dental article of embodiment 28, wherein the spherical particles are disposed on the crown substantially above the height of contour.

30. The dental article of embodiment 28, wherein the spherical microparticles comprise inorganic microparticles.

31. The dental article of embodiment 30, wherein the inorganic particles are selected from a group consisting of alumina, zirconia, yttria, yttria-stabilized zirconia, porcelain, and combinations thereof.

32. The dental article of any of the previous embodiments, wherein at least one spherical particle of the plurality of spherical particles is in contact with the surface of the crown.

33. The dental article of any of the previous embodiments, wherein said spherical microparticles are present in an amount of from about 5% by weight to about 75% by weight, based on the weight of the coating layer.

34. The dental article of any of the previous embodiments, wherein said spherical microparticles are present in an amount of from about 10% by weight to about 50% by weight, based on the weight of the coating layer. 35. The dental article of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the plurality of spherical microparticles comprises an average diameter, and wherein thickness of the coating layer is at least the average diameter.

36. The dental article of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the crown further comprises a gingival-labial outer edge region and a gingival-lingual outer edge region, and wherein neither the first nor the second polymeric layer is disposed on a portion of either the gingival-labial outer edge region or the gingival-lingual outer edge region.

37. The article of any of the previous embodiments, wherein at least one of the first and the additional hardenable components is selected from the group consisting of phenoxoyethyl methacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate, polypropylene glycol methacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, the diglycidyl methacrylate of bisphenol A, and combinations thereof.

38. The article of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the at least one of the first and the additional hardened compositions further comprises a core-shell polymer compound.

39. The article of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the at least one of the first and the additional hardened compositions further comprises a pigment selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and combinations thereof. 40. The article of any of the previous embodiments, wherein wherein at least one polymerizable component of the first and second polymerizable components comprises a flexible monomer or multi(meth)acrylate oligomer.

41. A method for coating a medical article comprising: providing a dental crown comprising a body; depositing a hardenable dental composition on at least a portion of the surface of the body; wherein depositing the hardenable dental composition forms a polymeric layer having an initial thickness, and wherein the hardenable dental composition comprises a pigment; and depositing a plurality of spherical

microparticles on at least a portion of the first polymeric layer, , and wherein the plurality of ceramic particles are at least partially embedded in the first polymeric layer.

42. A dental article comprising: a crown having a height of contour; a polymeric layer disposed on at least a portion of the outer surface of the crown, wherein the first polymer layer comprises a first hardened composition comprising a first hardenable component and a pigment; a plurality of spherical microparticles embedded within the polymeric layer, wherein the plurality of spherical microparticles comprise an average diameter, and wherein the thickness of the polymeric layer is at least the average diameter of the microparticles.

43. A kit comprising: a crown; at least one hardenable dental composition comprising a polymerizable component, an initator system, a pigment, and filler; a plurality of spherical microparticles; and at least one of a cement, a brush, and instructions for application of the spherical microparticle, and hardenable dental composition.

Objects and advantages of this invention are further illustrated by the following examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this invention. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight.

EXAMPLES

TABLE 1 Glossary

Inc. (Maiden, MA)

SR340 2-phenoxyethyl methacrylate (Sartomer

Co., Inc., Exton, PA)

GF-31 3 -methacryloxypropy ltrimethoxy silane

(Wacker Chemie, Germany)

Dibutyl tin dilaurate Sigma-Aldrich

Ti02, R960 Titanium dioxide, R960 (Dupont,

Wilmington, DE)

TS-720 Surface treated fumed silica, (Cabot,

Boston, MA)

Aerosil R972 Surface treated fumed silica (Degussa,

Germany)

PolyTHF diol Poly tetrahydrofuran diol T2000, (Invista,

Wichita, KS)

Irgacure 819 Bis(2,4,6-

Trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide (Ciba Inc., Tarrytown, NY)

CC59 Variquat (EMCOL) CC59 alkoxylated ammonium phosphate cationic surfactant, (Evonik Goldschmidt)

IEM 3-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO)

BYK 2155 Wetting and dispersing additive (BYK

USA Inc., Wallingford, CT)

Zirconia beads, 50 μηι Microparticle (Glen Mills, Clifton, NJ)

Dibenzoyl peroxide Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO

Surface-treated Si/Zr cluster Refers to silane-treated zirconia/silica nanocluster filler prepared essentially as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,730,156 (Preparatory Example A (line 51-64) and Example B (column 25 line 65 through column 26 line 40).

Z250 Dental Composite (3M, St. Paul, MN). Test Methods

Flexibility Samples of coating compositions were applied on sheets of 150 μιη thick stainless steel to achieve thicknesses of approximately 25, 50 and 75 μιη. The resulting samples were bent through 180° around a 2 mm diameter mandrel using finger pressure. During the bending process, the angle was measured for which a crack first appeared for each thickness of each example composition. A material is considered to pass if it is successfully bent through 180° without cracking. A minimum of 3 replicates were carried out for each thickness and composition, and the measured values were averaged.

Two-Body Wear ("Artificial Mouth" Model)

This test was designed to utilize a Servo-Hydraulic Model of the "Artificial Mouth" (University of Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics; MTS Corporation, Minneapolis, Minn.) to measure the coating wear of various powder-coated metal dental crowns. The "Artificial Mouth" Model was designed to simulate chewing action and is described in R. Delong and W. H. Douglas, "The Development of an Artificial Oral Environment of Testing of Restoratives," J. Dental Research, No. 62, Pages 32-36, 1983. The "Artificial Mouth" Model was configured such that the test coated crown sample (maxillary second molar) was opposed by a cusp from an extracted human third molar. During the test run, the antagonist slid against the labial surface of the coated crown at 16 Newtons force and at 4 cycles per second. The test was stopped after every 5000 cycles and the point of contact on the coated crown (lingual surface) was photographed with a high-resolution digital camera. The test was then continued for a total of 25000 cycles.

The resulting digital photographs were closely scrutinized and rated on the basis of the features of the wear area and on the degree of penetration of the coating (that is clearly visible due to the underlying exposed metal crown). The photograph assessments were rated according to the following scale:

1. Evasive visible metal exposure 2. Medium visible metal exposure

3. Minimum visible metal exposure

4. Minimum visible coating surface wear (no visible metal exposed)

5. No visual wear

Three Body Wear

In order to test the wear resistance of certain compositions, samples were constructed and tested according to the ACTA method described by P. Pallav, C. L. Davidson, and A. J. DeGee in J Pros Dent 59 (1988) (4), pp. 426-429, with minor

modifications (ACTA wear system, based on a Perthometer profiler and ACTA Wear software version 3). Segments including certain compositions were attached to a brass wear wheel, and subjected to the 3-body wear process for 200000 cycles.

Profiles of the wear wheel segments were taken at 40000 cycle intervals, and the slope of the resulting loss of material versus number of cycles was calculated and compared to that of a standard dental composite, 3M-ESPE Z250, in the same wear wheel.

Trimming and Crimping

Crowns were evaluated in a manner established by a practicing pediatric dentist for trimming and crimping. Trimming was carried out using a diamond burr, removing up to 2 mm of material along the interproximal marginal edge. The trimmed region was subsequently crimped using crimping pliers (No. 800-421, 3M Company) to a typical extent. Visual observation of any coating damage, e.g., cracking, chipping, flaking, delamination, was made and reported following the crimping and trimming of each coated crown.

Examples Preparatory example: PolyTHF dimethacrylate

To ajar containing ~78 g of polyTHF diol being stirred at 50 °C was added -0.2 mL of dibutyl tin dilaurate. After stirring for 5 minutes, ~11 mL of IEM was added dropwise over 5 minutes. The resulting mixture was stirred for 24 h at -50 °C, then cooled to room temperature. Conversion of the isocyanate was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. Preparatory example: Ti02, Surface treated

To a mixture of approximately 4.4 parts of GF-31 with 4.4 parts of methanol was added a mixture of approximately 1.5 parts deionized water and 1.5 parts glacial acetic acid, adjusted to a pH of -2. This solution was added to a preblended mixture of Ti02 (R-960, 96 parts) and Aerosil R-972 (1.7 parts) and stirred for approximately 10 minutes. The resulting surface treated filler was placed in an oven and dried above 100 °C for - 4h.

TABLE 2

Coating compositions (parts by weight)

These components were preheated at 80 °C in an oven and were mixed in a

Speedmixer until uniformly dispersed. First, the resin components were mixed, then the remaining pigments and/or fillers and surfactants were added and Speedmixed to a uniform dispersion.

Example 1

A stainless steel primary molar crown (3M-ESPE) was sandblasted with Rocatec Plus sandblasting media (3M-ESPE) and surface-treated with GF-31 in 50/50

ethanol/water acidified with glacial acetic acid to a pH of -4 for 3 min. at room temperature, then rinsed in absolute ethanol. The treated crowns were then baked in an 80 deg. C oven for 20 min. The resulting treated crown was sprayed with a Sono- Tek Ultrasonic Spray Head (Sono-Tek Corp, Milton, NY) with a 50 wt% solution of Coating 1 in 2-butanone, to obtain a thickness of -0.05 mm on the vertical sidewalls and -0.025 mm on the occlusal surface. This coating was dried in air. A layer of -50 μιη diameter zirconia beads was deposited on the occlusal surface of the crown by sifting through a pair of 53 μιη mesh screens, to achieve an approximate bead density of 180 beads/mm ² . This coating was subsequently cured from the occlusal direction for 10 s with a QTH dental curing light (XL2500, 3M-ESPE). The resulting coated crown was subsequently sprayed with a 50 wt% solution of Coating 2 in 2-butanone on the occlusal surface above the height of contour, to achieve a thickness after drying of -0.1 mm. The coating was dried at 45 °C in an oven and cured by exposure to an array of 455 nm LEDs under a C02 atmosphere. The result was a thin smooth white coating with no steel visible with the anatomical details of the original crown intact.

Example 2

A stainless steel primary molar crown was sandblasted, silane-treated, and sprayed with coating 1 as described in Example 1 and dried. A layer of -50 μιη diameter zirconia beads was deposited on the occlusal surface of the crown by sifting through a pair of 53 μιη mesh screens, to achieve an approximate bead density of 280 beads/mm ² . Coating 1 was subsequently cured as described for Example 1. Coating 2 was subsequently applied and cured as described in example 1 , resulting in a smooth white coating with no steel visible, and the anatomical details of the original crown intact.

Example 3 & 4

Coating compositions 3 and 4 were applied to sheets of 150 μιη thick stainless steel by spraying a 50 wt % solution of the coating in acetone with a Sono-Tek ultrasonic sprayhead to achieve thicknesses of approximately 25, 50 and 75 μιη. The stainless steel had previously been prepared by sandblasting with Rocatec Plus sandblasting media (3M-ESPE), silane-treated with GF-31 (2 wt % in a 1 : 1 solution of ethanol and water, pH adjusted to about 4 using glacial acetic acid), and baked at 80 deg. C for 20 minutes. The sprayed coatings were cured by exposure to an array of 455 nm LEDs in a nitrogen atmosphere, followed by thermal curing at 110 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere for 2 h.

Examples 5 & 6

Samples of coatings 3 and 4 were applied to brass wear wheel segments by spraying a 50 wt % solution of the coating in acetone with a Sono-Tek ultrasonic sprayhead, with a resulting coating thickness of between 250 and 300 μιη. The resulting samples were cured by light and thermal exposure under nitrogen atmosphere as described previously Comparative Example 1

A coated stainless steel crown was prepared as described in US7008229, using a coating similar to Powder II (Column 9). Comparative Example 2

A commercially available veneered stainless steel crown (NuSmile). Comparative Example 3

Preparation of the Z250 comparative composite was pressed out into an

approximately 250 um thick sheet and transferred to a wear wheel segment that had been prepared by sandblasting, silane treating, and treating with Adper Singlebond Plus (3M ESPE) per manufacturer's instructions.

Test Results Trimming and crimping

A coated crown of Example 1 was trimmed and crimped. Little to no evidence of edge fracture was observable to the naked eye after this evaluation. A coated crown of Example 2 was trimmed and crimped. Little to no evidence of edge fracture was observable to the naked eye after this evaluation.

A crown of Comparative Example 1 was evaluated. Evidence of chipping and delamination was clearly visible to the naked eye along the crimped, trimmed edge of the crown.

A crown of Comparative Example 2 was evaluated. Crimping was attempted along the coated surface using festooning pliers (3M-ESPE). Due to the thickness of the esthetic coating, no meaningful deformation of the coated marginal edge could be obtained. TABLE 3

Crimping and Trimming Observations of Coated Crowns

Two Body Wear

Two coated crowns of Example 1 were prepared and wear tested. The crowns' appearance was evaluated every 5000 cycles to 25000 cycles. Steel did not appear in the wear facet until 20000 cycles or more. Two coated crowns of Example 2 were prepared and wear tested. The crowns' appearance was evaluated every 5000 cycles to 25000 cycles. Steel did not appear in the wear facet until 15000 cycles or more.

Two coated crowns of Comparative Example 1 was prepared and wear tested. After 5000 cycles, the underlying steel was exposed in the wear facet in both cases. The exposed steel area continued to grow through the wear cycle to 25000 cycles. TABLE 4

Two-Body Wear Results of Polymer Coated Metal Crowns

Flexibility

Three replicates of Example 3 were prepared and tested for flexibility. Each sample successfully bent around the 2mm mandrel 180 ° without cracking

Three replicates of Example 4 were prepared and tested for flexibility. Each sample thickness cracked prior to reaching 180 ° around the 2mm mandrel.

TABLE 5

Bend Testing Results

Three Body Wear

Two coated brass wheel segments of Comparative Example 3 were prepared and wear tested. The slope of the resulting loss of material versus number of cycles was calculated and set as a comparative baseline

Two coated brass wheel segments of Example 5 were prepared and wear tested. After 200,000 cycles the slope of was calculated as 0.302 - 9.3 times the slope of

Comparative Example 3. The higher slope signifies a greater loss of material per 10,000 cycles.

Two coated brass wheel segments of Example 5 were prepared and wear tested. After 200,000 cycles the slope of was calculated as 0.093 - 2.9 times the slope of

Comparative Example 3.

TABLE 6

Three Body Wear Results of Polymer Coated Segments

The complete disclosures of the patents, patent documents, and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each were individually incorporated. Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. It should be understood that this invention is not intended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by way of example only with the scope of the invention intended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein as follows.