DESCRIPTION

Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to web—guiding apparatus, and more particularly to an air— earing center—guiding apparatus and method for supporting and laterally center—guiding thin webs.

Background Art

Air—bearing center—guiding apparatus for supporting and laterally center—guiding webs are generally well—known in the art, of which U.S. Patent Nos. 3,971,496, 4,197,972, 4,288,015 and 4,474,320 are exemplary. Although the apparatus described in these patents provide some lateral center— uiding of webs, the center-guiding force developed is negligible for small displacements when applied to guiding thin webs on the order of 0.381 mm or less in thickness.

Thus, the general object of the present invention is to provide an improved air—bearing center—guiding apparatus for supporting and guiding a thin web in a noncontacting manner, and particularly to provide guide apertures arranged along the web edges of a specially designed shape whereby a web—guiding force is developed for guiding a web along a central axis to a tolerance of plus or minus 0.0254 mm.

Summary of the Invention

The objects of this invention are accomplished by providing an air—bearing

center—guiding apparatus and method for supporting and laterally center-guiding thin webs, comprising: a web support and guide member having an inner surface and an outer web—facing surface; air—directing means extending through the outer peripheral surface, the air—directing means comprising (1) a pair of parallel, longitudinally extending rows of elongated guide apertures in which the guide apertures are arranged in spaced—apart relation in each row, the rows being laterally spaced apart a distance substantially equal to the width of the web being guided, and wherein each of the elongated guide apertures opens through the outer peripheral surface in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the web and defines in cross—section a flow passage shaped like a segment of a circle having a straight side and a curved side, and (2) web—support means separate from and interposed between the rows of guide apertures; and a source of pressurized air coupled to the web—support means for directing air therethrough to form an air cushion adjacent the web, and coupled to the guide apertures for directing air therethrough to laterally guide the web. In a more specific embodiment of the invention, each straight side of a guide aperture is substantially in register with an edge of the web, and each curved side extends in a direction laterally outwardly of a longitudinally extending center line of the web.

In still another embodiment of the invention, the width of each guide aperture is approximately 0.152 mm and the length of each straight side is approximately 0.762 mm. In still another embodiment of the invention, the web support and guide member over which the web is

guided is a fixed arcuate member having a leading section, an intermediate section and a trailing section. A pair of parallel rows of support apertures extend circumferentially along the intermediate section, the support apertures being arranged in spaced-apart relation in each row. Additional flotation means, such as at least three parallel rows of support apertures, extend circumferentially along the leading and trailing sections, the support apertures being arranged in spaced—apart relation in each row.

In a further embodiment of the invention, each of the guide apertures comprises a cylindrical opening in the web support and guide member extending through the outer surface thereof. A flat—sided dowel is mounted in the opening, with the flat side of the dowel defining the straight side of the circular—segment guide aperture.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the dowel has an outer end surface recessed a predetermined distance from the outer surface of the web support and guide member.

Brief Description of the Drawings

In the detailed description of the invention presented below, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of an air—bearing center—guiding apparatus of this invention;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged section view taken through the axis of the apparatus of Fig. 1 substantially along line 2—2 of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is an enlarged segmental top plan view of a guide aperture of the apparatus of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a segmental view in section taken substantially along line 4—4 of Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an air—bearing center—guiding apparatus of this invention showing the web side—edge deformation in exaggerated form caused by air flow from the circular—segment guide apertures;

Fig. 6 is a graph showing the guiding force developed by an ideal guide aperture, a radial jet circular—segment guide aperture, and an angled jet guide aperture relative to web displacement from the longitudinal center line of the web; and

Fig. 7 is a graph showing the relative efficiencies of the various shapes of guide apertures for producing a guiding force of roughly 1 gram per aperture.

Detailed Description of a Preferred Embodiment

Because web—guiding apparatus are well—known in the art, the present description will be directed in particular to elements forming part of, or cooperating directly with, a web—guiding apparatus in accordance with the present invention. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown nor described may take various forms well—known to those skilled in the art.

With reference to Figs. 1 and 2, a preferred embodiment is disclosed of a noncontact apparatus or air bar 10 for supporting and laterally center—guiding a thin web 12. The apparatus comprises a cylindrical housing 14 having a flange 16 adapted to be rigidly secured to a fixed frame, not shown, by screws or the like. The housing 14 further has a passageway 18 through which air under pressure from any suitable air pressure source, not shown, is directed into a cavity

20 of the web—supporting and —guiding apparatus 10. The apparatus, as best seen in Fig. 2, comprises a cylindrical cup—shaped or arcuate member 22 having an open end 24 mounted on a cylindrical shoulder 26 of 5 the housing. The open end 24 has an axially extending pin 28 which fits into a complementary opening 30 in the housing for positioning cup—shaped member 22 in a predetermined angular orientation relative to housing 14. In the predetermined angular orientation, 0 web—support apertures 32 and guide apertures 34, respectively, are properly positioned for supporting and guiding web 12, shown only partially wrapped around cup—shaped or arcuate member 22, as seen in Fig. 1. A closed end 36 of cup—shaped or arcuate 5 member 22 has an opening 38 through which a bolt 40 extends with threaded end 42 thereof in threaded engagement with a threaded blind bore 44 in the housing. The bolt 40 rigidly secures cup—shaped or arcuate member 22 to housing 14. 0 A cylindrical wall 46 of cup—shaped member 22 is provided with any suitable support means, such as a plurality of web-support apertures 32 radially extending from the inner surface thereof to an outer web—facing surface thereof, through which jets of air 5 are directed from the cavity to support a thin web 12 on an air cushion of substantially 0.254 mm thickness. Alternatively, sections of wall 46 may be formed of porous material.

Each web—support aperture 32 preferably C comprises an orifice 48 followed by an expansion region 50. The orifice 48 controls the flow while the expansion region 50 disperses the force of the air jet over a larger web area. It has been noted that the web—support air jets emitted from web—support 5 apertures 32 negatively influence the web— uiding function, causing a tendency toward lateral

instability which is a function of the shape and amplitude of the pressure distribution profile. The amplitude of the pressure distribution profile is determined by the air pressure supplied to web—support apertures 32. The shape of the pressure distribution profile is determined by the placement of the web—support apertures and represents a compromise between lateral stability and pressure uniformity. It was found that a single row of web—support apertures at the web center line, designated c—c in Fig. 2, created a sinusoidal jet pressure profile producing a small decentering force gradient. Moreover, such central positioned support jets lacked the pressure uniformity required to support webs with nonuniform tension distribution and widthwise web curl.

Accordingly, a pair of rows of pressure apertures is used to increase the pressure uniformity, though slightly increasing the decentering force gradient which is proportional to the distance of the apertures from the web center line c-c.

The web—support apertures 32 are sized to accommodate the pressures required by the guide apertures of 137.9 - 206.85 kPa (20-30 psig). The size, placement and number of support apertures must meet the following conditions:

1. The shape and amplitude of the pressure distribution profile under the web must have a decentering tendency on the web much smaller than the centering force of the guide apertures 34. 2. Air must exit the web-support apertures

32 at a sufficient rate and pressure and be distributed so as to support the web 12 at a height sufficient to prevent camber, widthwise curl and nonuniform tension distributions from causing the web to contact the air bar under the applied web tension.

3. The pressure differential through the web—support apertures 32, and therefore the radial stiffness of the supporting air film or cushion, must be high enough to support the web despite dynamic tension transients.

These three conditions influence the design toward a large—diameter web—support guiding apparatus operating in the 137.9 — 206.85 kPa range having numerous guide apertures 34 and numerous small—diameter web—support apertures 32 which are placed as close to the web center line c—c as permitted, given the web and tension nonuniformities of a particular application.

The web 12 is laterally center-guided without contact through jets of air issuing radially from guide apertures 34 arranged along side edges 56 of the web. The guide apertures 34 are angularly or circumferentially spaced apart along cylindrical wall 46 and radially extend from the inner peripheral surface to the outer peripheral surface of the wall.

Each aperture 34 in cross—section has a curved side 52 extending beyond, and a straight side 54 substantially in register with, side edge 56 of the web. The radially extending guide apertures 34 of the aforementioned configuration create a very high centering force gradient which makes them capable of guiding thin webs 12 to within plus or minus a few multiples of 0.0254 mm and sets them apart from known web—guiding apparatus with angled guide jets, which typically have a low centering force gradient. The guide apertures 34 of this invention have demonstrated a centering force gradient of 200 gm/mm with a peak centering force of 15 gm. The centering force is a function of the shape, size, spacing and number of guide apertures 34, the pressure supplied to those apertures, the web porosity and stiffness, and the

pressure profile of the air supporting the web. This profile consists of two components: (1) a low—pressure region of the web created by high—velocity air from the guide apertures 34 rushing past the edge of the web and (2) a positive pressure region under the web created by pressurized air jets from web—support apertures 32.

For webs which exhibit strong widthwise curl (such as most photographic films) and where even light contact between the web—guiding apparatus and the side edges 56 of the web is unacceptable, it is recommended that the apparatus support the web with the edges thereof curling away from the apparatus. Accordingly, for photographic films at humidities below 60 percent relative humidity, the emulsion surface should face away from the apparatus. This recommendation is based on the observation that the humidity of compressed air is generally not controlled or controlled only to the extent that it is "dry". This dry air blowing directly on the emulsion can dry it appreciably in a matter of seconds, causing considerable curl. If the emulsion surface were facing the web—guiding apparatus, it would become difficult to prevent the edges 56 of the web from contacting the apparatus, particularly at the entering and exiting web tangency lines 58 of the apparatus, only one of which is shown dotted in Fig. 5. The web tangency lines 58 extend widthwise of the web at right angles to the web edges and are located along the line where the web engages and departs from the outer periphery of the cylindrical cup—shaped or arcuate member 22. If the emulsion surface faces away from the apparatus, drying effects are reduced and the system becomes relatively insensitive to web curl, making it practical to support and guide web 12 completely without contact.

As web tension is increased beyond normal operating levels, however, the first areas of web contact will be at the edges of the web at the entering and exiting web tangency lines 58. For this reason, any suitable aperture or pattern may be used in the area of these tangency lines, as seen in Fig. 1, to increase the volume or consumption rate of support air to counteract the extra air leakage at the tangency lines. The illustrated embodiment in Figs. 1 and 4, for example, may comprise three axially spaced rows of two circumferentially spaced support apertures 32, with one row in register with the web center line c—c , and the other rows interposed between the guide apertures 34 and the innermost row of web—support apertures 32.

With specific reference to Figs. 2, 3 and 4, the guide apertures 34 are formed by pressing a 1.5875—mm diameter dowel 60 which is 2.54 mm long into radially extending cylindrical openings 62 in cylindrical wall 46. The dowels 60 are provided with flats 64 which cooperate with the inner periphery or curved side 52 of opening 62 to form circular—segment guide apertures 34 of this invention, as best seen in Fig. 3. The openings 62 are spaced apart widthwise such that the flat or straight side 54 of each guide aperture 34 is substantially in register with side edges 56 of web 12. The dowels 60 are pressed into openings 62, with a slight recess 66 at the upper end thereof to permit a larger quantity of air to be entrained in the guide jets of air. This greatly amplifies the guiding force of the relatively small amount of air exiting the circular-segment guide apertures 34. Recess 66 may be from 0.127 mm to 1.27 mm in depth.

With reference to Fig. 5, it has been observed that a plurality of local uplifted deformations 68 of the web edges 56, each of substantially arcuate shape in radial and axial directions, accompanies a strong guiding—force effect. These local deformations 68 are not observed with very stiff webs, for example, 0.381 mm Estar (trademark of the Eastman Kodak Company) or 0.0762 mm steel webs, and the guide jets of air provide virtually no guiding effect with such stiff webs.

These local deformations 68 are also not present when air at a pressure of substantially 137.9 kPa (20 psig) and an equal air consumption rate is directed through a continuous circumferential slit 78 (Fig. 7E) to form a continuous narrow ring of air, or through perpendicular cylindrical guide apertures 76 (Fig. 7D). The shape of the circular—segment guide apertures 34 has proven to be very important to the guiding force developed and the guiding—force gradient. A high guiding—force gradient is required to guide a web 12 to tight axial tolerances relative to the longitudinally extending center line c—c (Fig. 2) of the web. The web—guiding apparatus of this invention is designed to guide a thin web 12 to a plus or minus 0.0254 mm tolerance. With reference to Fig. 6, it has been observed that a radial jet from circular—segment guide apertures 34 of this invention will guide a web to plus or minus 0.0254 mm tolerance, whereas angled jets produced by angled guide apertures typically have a guiding ability of approximately plus or minus 0.508 mm tolerance. In operation, it is observed that, when a web guided by the guiding apertures 34 of this invention is manually displaced from the center line c—c and released, it very crisply snaps back to the centered position without extensive overshoot or oscillation. It is believed that this is

due to the radial jets of air emitted from the circular-segment guide apertures forming longitudinally spaced local deformations 68 of web edges 56, as shown in Fig. 5. With reference to Fig. 7, for an equal air—consumption rate generating approximately 1 gram per aperture guiding force, the following relative guiding—force ratios were observed for the differently shaped guide apertures shown therein. The numbers indicated therein are related to the relative efficiencies of the various shapes at producing the 1—gram—per—aperture guiding force. As was observed, the circular-segment apertures 34 of this invention, in which the straight sides 54 thereof are substantially in register with web edges 56 (Fig. 7A), had an efficiency rating of 200 percent in developing the guiding force of roughly 1 gram per aperture. The next most efficient guide aperture shape is shown in Fig. 7B and involves a circular—segment shape 72 identical with, but reversely oriented relative to, the circular—segment shape shown in Fig. 7A. This is achieved by mounting dowels 60 in openings 62 with the dowels rotated through 180° from the position seen in Fig. 3, so that curved side 52 and straight side 54 are on the opposite sides of opening 62. With this guide—aperture design, the curved sides 52 are concave outwardly from the center line of the web; and the apexes of the curved sides 52 of the guide apertures, which are opposed to straight sides 54, are arranged substantially in register with side edges 56 of the web. That is, as seen in Fig. 7, the edge of the web is substantially tangent to the projected apexes of the curved side of the guide aperture 72, while the straight side 54 extends beyond the edge of the web. In Fig. 7C, radially extending, rectangular—shaped guide apertures 74 had an air efficiency rating of 80

percent, whereas radially extending, angled or perpendicular cylindrical guide apertures 76 and continuous slit—guide apertures 78, as shown in Figs. 7D and E, respectively, had a negligible efficiency rating.

A plurality of the web-guiding apparatus or air bars may be used together to support and guide endless webs. In such applications, the cup—shaped member 22 may be provided with any suitable guide rings 70 (Figs. 1 and 2) to allow an operator to readily train the web around the cup—shaped members of the air bars. The guide rings 70 encircle the cup—shaped member and may be secured thereto by any suitable detents or clamp means, not shown.