| I CLAIM 1. In a two-stroke internal combustion engine of the type in which output torque is controlled by fuel delivery and pollutants are minimized while efficiency is enhanced by sequential combustion sequences starting in a cyclically varying expansion volume comprising a device to initiate ignition for the first phase of combustion with a mixture enough richer than stoichiometric to suppress the formation of oxides of nitrogen, said cyclically varying volume containing substantially all the fuel to be burned in one cycle along with only some of the air in one cycle subsequently combining the combustion products of said first phase of combustion with all the remaining air in said one cycle to substantially complete combustion of said all the fuel in the second phase of combustion, the combination comprising; a. a blower providing air flow to said engine; b. said blower being driven by said engine through a coupling that is controllable as to the ratio of speed of said engine to the speed of said blower, and c. a servo control system capable of controlling said coupling in response to a device sensing exhaust temperature of said engine, said device having a signal which said servo system can interpret. 2. The engine as set forth in claim 1 above in which said servo system controls said speed of said blower relative to said speed of said engine in accordance with said exhaust temperature so as to maintain a minimum of said exhaust temperature. 3. The engine as set forth in claim 2 above in which a valve under control of the operator of said engine is placed in the flow out of said blower, said valve under control of said operator of said engine capable of obstructing said flow to the extent said operator deems desirable. 4. The engine as set forth in claim 1 above in which a blow-off valve is placed between air at the input of said engine and air outside said engine from which said blower is drawing air to the input of said blower, said blow-off valve capable of exhausting outside said engine input if the pressure of said air at input to said engine exceeds a level safe for continued operation of said engine. 5. The engine as set forth in claim 1 above in which said cyclically varying volume varies the compression ratio of said engine in reverse accordance with the first combustion volume. 6. In a two-stroke internal combustion engine of the type in which output torque is controlled by fuel delivery and pollutants are minimized while efficiency is enhanced by sequential combustion sequences starting in a cyclically varying expansion volume comprising a device to initiate ignition for the first phase of combustion with a mixture enough richer than stoichiometric to suppress the formation of oxides of nitrogen, said cyclically varying volume containing substantially all the fuel to be burned in one cycle along with only some of the air in one cycle subsequently combining the combustion products of said first phase of combustion with all the remaining air in said one cycle to substantially complete combustion of said all the fuel in the second phase of combustion, the combination comprising; a. a blower providing air flow to said engine directly coupled to said engine; b. said blower being driven by said engine through a coupling that is substantially fixed as to the ratio of speed of said engine to the speed of said blower; c. a controllable valve placed between the input to said engine and air outside said engine from which said blower is drawing air to the input of said blower, and d. a servo control system capable of controlling said controllable valve in response to a device sensing exhaust temperature of said engine, said device having a signal which said servo system can interpret. 7. The engine as set forth in claim 6 above in which said servo system closes said controllable valve in accordance with said exhaust temperature so as to maintain a minimum of said exhaust temperature. 8. The engine as set forth in claim 7 above in which a valve under control of the operator of said engine is placed in the flow out of said blower, said valve under control of said operator of said engine capable of obstructing said flow to the extent said operator deems desirable. 9. The engine as set forth in claim 6 above in which a blow-off valve is placed between air at the input of said engine and air outside said engine from which said blower is drawing air to the input of said blower, said blow-off valve capable of exhausting outside said engine input if the pressure of said air at input to said engine exceeds a level safe for continued operation of said engine. 10. The engine as set forth in claim 6 above in which said cyclically varying volume varies the compression ratio of said engine in reverse accordance with the first combustion volume. 1 . In a two-stroke internal combustion engine of the type in which output torque is controlled by fuel delivery and pollutants are minimized while efficiency is enhanced by sequential combustion sequences starting in a cyclically varying expansion volume comprising a device to initiate ignition for the first phase of combustion with a mixture enough richer than stoichiometric to suppress the formation of oxides of nitrogen, said cyclically varying volume containing substantially all the fuel to be burned in one cycle along with only some of the air in one cycle subsequentially combining the combustion products of said first phase of combustion with all the remaining air in said one cycle to substantially complete combustion of said all the fuel in the second phase of combustion, the combination comprising; a. a turbo-compressor drawing air from surrounding environment, said turbo-compressor being driven by a turbine whose energy comes from the exhaust of said engine; b. a blower taking in air from the output of said turbo-compressor, said blower being of the type to function as a motor if the input pressure to said blower is higher than the output pressure of said blower; c. said blower being driven by said engine through a coupling that is controllable as to the ratio of speed of said engine to the speed of said blower, and d. a servo control system capable of controlling said coupling in response to a device sensing exhaust temperature of said engine, said device having a signal which said servo system can interpret. 12. The engine as set forth in claim above in which said servo system controls said speed of said blower relative to said speed of said engine in accordance with said exhaust temperature so as to maintain a minimum of said exhaust temperature. 13. The engine as set forth in claim 12 above in which a valve under control of the operator of said engine is placed in the flow out of said blower, said valve under control of said operator of said engine capable of obstructing said flow to the extent said operator deems desirable. 14. The engine as set forth in claim 1 1 above in which a blow-off valve is placed between air at the input of said engine and air outside said engine from which said blower is drawing air to the input of said blower, said blow-off valve capable of exhausting outside said engine input if the pressure of said air at input to said engine exceeds a level safe for continued operation of said engine. 15. The engine as set forth in claim 11 above in which said cyclically varying volume varies the compression ratio of said engine in reverse accordance with the first combustion volume. 16. In a two-stroke internal combustion engine of the type in which output torque is controlled by fuel delivery and pollutants are minimized while efficiency is enhanced by sequential combustion sequences starting in a cyclically varying expansion volume comprising a device to initiate ignition for the first phase of combustion with a mixture enough richer than stoichiometric to suppress the formation of oxides of nitrogen, said cyclically varying volume containing substantially all the fuel to be burned in one cycle along with only some of the air in one cycle subsequentially combining the combustion products of said first phase of combustion with all the remaining air in said one cycle to substantially complete combustion of said all the fuel in the second phase of combustion, the combination comprising; a. a turbo-compressor drawing air from surrounding environment, said turbo-compressor being driven by a turbine whose energy comes from the exhaust of said engine; b. an electric motor capable of generating electrical power if driven faster than its no-load speed driven by said turbine, and c. a servo control system capable of controlling the voltage to said motor in response to a device sensing input pressure of said engine, said device having a signal which said servo control system can interpret. 17. The engine as set forth in claim 16 above in which said servo system controls said speed of said blower relative to said speed of said engine in accordance with said exhaust temperature so as to maintain a minimum of said exhaust temperature. 8. The engine as set forth in claim 17 above in which a blow-off valve is placed between air at the input of said engine and air outside said engine from which said blower is drawing air to the input of said blower, said blow-off valve capable of exhausting outside said engine input if the pressure of said air at input to said engine exceeds a level safe for continued operation of said engine. 19. The engine as set forth in claim 17 above in which said cyclically varying volume varies the compression ratio of said engine in reverse accordance with the first combustion volume. |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to air supply concepts for internal combustion (IC) engines designed to improve engine efficiency, improve power to weight ratios, and reduce emitted pollutants in a configuration which is readily manufacturable. The realizations are most applicable to variable compression ratio and charge engines (VCRC engines as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,708,654) used in automotive applications; particular those used in passenger vehicles or light-duty trucks.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] A major objective of the invention is to provide a prime mover heat engine with higher average efficiency. This is vitally needed in today's political climate. Overall system efficiency is needed. Power spent in manufacture is equally as that in powering the system. A lighter weight and smaller configuration is needed than has heretofore been the case. This is particularly true at power demands much less than the engine's maximum. This is the mission of the passenger automobile. For this application efficiency at low engine torque at moderate speeds is of prime interest since most of the time an automobile engine operates at approximately 10% of its maximum power output at moderate speeds-typically 1 ,500 to 3,000 rpm.
[0003] The engineering terminology used in this specification follows standard mechanical engineering practice.
Current standard automotive practice:
[0004] Currently, standard automotive practice is usually to employ a spark- ignition (SI) engine with an average thermal efficiency around 20%. That is, about 20% of the thermal energy of the fuel used is transferred to mechanical energy during an average driving cycle. Alternatively, a compression-ignition (CI) engine, more commonly called a diesel engine, is used having a somewhat higher efficiency (ca. 25%) at average passenger car usage. The added efficiency of the CI engine is, in passenger car application, somewhat offset by the added weight of current CI engines. A typical passenger car using a CI engine is no more efficient than a car of equal performance using a SI engine. The comparison of apparent fuel mileage (miles per gallon or mpg) differences between cars powered by SI engines and those by CI engines is obscured by the difference in energy content of diesel fuel and gasoline. Diesel fuel has more energy for a given volume, liter or gallon, than has gasoline: Thus an accurate comparison of a CI car that gave 40. mpg with a spark- engine driven car giving 35 mpg would show that the two vehicles use about the same amount of energy. Even more exact comparisons that consider performance of the two autos shows that the Cl-driven car is often less efficient than a vehicle of equivalent performance powered by a SI engine. Support for this argument comes from the choice by Toyota in the choice of SI engine for the Prius. The Prius is designed to provide the ultimate in fuel mpg using contemporary techniques
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] Systems and methods in accordance with the invention deliver increased efficiency and/or decreased pollution when used with a VCRC engine. Especially advantageous are the realizations applied to the engine in passenger car or light truck use. The value realized is increased efficiency at low power at moderate speeds. This is the average mission for all passenger vehicles and most light trucks. All realizations presented could be used for other IC engine types as well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Discussion of intent of the invention:
[0006] Fig. 1 is a block diagram that displays the intent of the invention. The invention is to gain efficiency and/or reduce pollution of the VCRC engine. This goal is best met with turbo charging: Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show these. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show systems that are simpler and less in first cost.
Systems to reduce pollution by decreasing engine air flow:
[0007] The Fig. 2 shows the details of system 201. System 201 maintains exhaust temperature of engine 205 above a minimum. It varies speed of blower 206 for this purpose by controlling coupling 208. In this manner exhaust flow 213 is held hot enough. This is needed to allow a thermal reactor or catalytic converter (not shown) to oxidize pollutants.
[0008] System 301 shown in Fig. 3 holds exhaust temperature high by controlling blow-off valve 302. This is done to regulate air flow through engine 205. Systems using a turbocharger to increase efficiency:
[0009] Fig. 4 shows a system using a turbocharger plus a mechanical blower/motor 406; system 401. Blower/motor 406 is of the type of blower that can function as a motor. Such is the case if input pressure is higher than its output. Speed of blower/motor 406 relative to engine 205 speed is varied by regulation of coupling 408. Coupling 408 is controlled by a servo mechanism in response to a signal from a pressure sensor at flow 214. An override from the temperature at flow 213 also controls coupling 408. This override maintains the temperature needed by the oxidizing system mentioned in discussion of Fig. 1. In this way the thermal reactor or catalyst is effective in reducing pollution.
[0010] System 501 , Fig. 5, shows a turbocharger 517 directly coupled to an electrical motor/generator 502.
Detailed description of The Invention
Basic intentions of the invention:
[0011] Fig. 1 is a block diagram outlining the thrust of the invention's intentions. It outlines the fundamental processes of systems 201 , 301 , 401 and 501.
[0012] Flow through the power system can be described thusly. Air is supplied to engine 205 by blower 206, turbo-compressor 415 plus blower/motor 406 or turbo-compressor 515. Engine 205 uses some of this air to generate mechanical power from burning fuel. Air supplied over that needed to burn aids efficiency. This is well known in the art. Excess air also cools processes inside engine 205.
Systems that reduce air flow to reduce pollution:
[0013] Systems 201 and 301 are intended to control the pollution output of engine 205. Both do this by controlling the flow of air to engine 205. System 201 limits flow by using controller 208 to regulate speed of blower 206. Air supplied is in accordance with speed of blower 206. Coupling 308 is fixed. Blower 306, therefore, runs at a fixed ratio of the speed of engine 205. Air is varied in system 301 by venting some before being injected to engine 205. System 301 controller varies valve 302 in response to the temperature measured in flow 213.
System regulating exhaust temperature by blower speed:
[0014] System 201 diminishes pollution by including a thermal reactor or catalytic oxidizer. Neither of these are shown in Fig. 2. Their use and placement in IC engines is well known in the art. Either of these devices requires gas above a certain temperature to deoxidize well. IC engines like VCRC and CI engines display exhaust temperature opposite to leanness. Thus reducing their air supply will increase exhaust temperature for both.
[0015] Fig. 2 shows a system that can accomplish this. Air flow 203 entering through air intake 207 is pumped by blower 206 into engine 205. Blower 206 is driven by controlled coupling 208. Speed of blower 206 is regulated to maintain temperature of flow 213. This temperature is held high enough for proper oxidizing of pollutants. Reducing speed of blower 206 by regulating coupling 208
accomplishes this. After blower 206, flow 214 is at a higher pressure than is its input 203. Before engine 205 it flows through throttle valve 204, then manifold 215.
Throttle valve 204 can be regulated by a servo mechanism, not shown. Valve 204 can provide auxiliary vehicle braking when such is desired. It does this by imposing a pressure drop on flow 214 driven by blower 206. Fig. 2 depicts a three cylinder engine 205. Exhaust flow 213 from engine 205 flows through exhaust pipes 209. From thence, exhaust flow 211 goes through muffler 210 to leave system 201 through system outlet 216. As noted, flow 213 is oxidized in thermal or catalytic reactors not shown for clarity.
[0016] In all concepts, 201 , 301 , 401 and 501 , a blow-off valve 202 protects engine 205. It is possible for pressure in flow 214 to be high enough to harm engine 205. Such can occur through controller malfunction or blockage in flow through engine 205. Valve 202 is possibly a simple spring loaded valve. As such it is almost completely reliable. Valves like this will almost always function as designed. The only valve more reliable is a frangible diaphragm. This could serve in place of spring-loaded valve 202 shown. A frangible diaphragm could also be placed in parallel with a spring loaded valve. This would ensure almost perfect reliability. The frangible diaphragm in parallel should be set at higher pressure than valve 202. Heating exhaust by venting blower output; [0017] Fig. 3 shows system 301. This holds temperature of flow 213 high enough by venting excess flow from blower 206. Only the flow 214 not vented through vent valve 302 flows through engine 205. In system 301 coupling 308 is a simple drive. Speed of blower 206 is a fixed ratio of engine 205 speed through coupling 308. Flow 214 goes though regulated vent valve 302 or to engine 205. Thus, flow to engine 205 is limited. It is easier to control a simple vent valve 302 than to adjust a transmission coupling 208 to different ratios. As a result, system 301 is less costly and probably more reliable than system 201. System 301 could, however, be less efficient.
Turbocharger plus blower system:
[0018] System 401 , shown in Fig. 4, depicts turbocharged IC engine with the addition of blower/motor 406 used after the output of turbo-compressor 415.
Blower/motor 406 serves two functions. The most basic use is to start the VCRC engine in two-stroke mode. Since the most efficient form of the VCRC is two-stroke, this function is important. After starting, there is usually enough energy in turbocharging to continue engine running. Ricardo, Harry R., The High Speed Internal Combustion Engine, Fourth Edition, Blackie & Son, Ltd., 1967, referred to as Ricardo, states on p 200, "...for there is energy enough and to spare in the exhaust to provide the power needed [to drive the turbo-compressor]...". Blower/motor 406 will maintain airflow if there is insufficient energy in the turbocharging for running.
[0019] The second function is to utilize some of the exhaust energy that the turbine has in excess. Currently this excess energy is dissipated across what is called a 'waste gate'. This mechanism is generally a simple pressure dropping valve. In any event, it wastes energy. System 401 delivers some of this energy to the load by the output of the turbo-compressor 415. The excess pressure drives the blower/motor 406 as a motor. Output of blower/motor 406 adds to output of engine 205 for the load.
[0020] Fig. 4 shows the mechanism for doing this. The output of turbo- compressor 415 is directed to the input of blower/motor 406. Speed of blower/motor 406, relative to engine 205 speed, is varied by regulation of coupling 408. Coupling 408 is regulated by a servo mechanism in response to a signal from a pressure sensor at flow 214. An override from the temperature at flow 213 also controls coupling 408. This maintains the temperature needed by the oxidizing system mentioned in discussion of Fig. 1. In this way, the thermal reactor or catalyst is effective in reducing pollution. The slower does blower/motor 406 rotate the less air is supplied to engine 205. There is a limit to this correlation. If almost no air is supplied, the exhaust will be almost zero. In this case, there will be low temperature measured at flow 213. Those skilled in the art of servo control design know how to compensate for this eventuality.
[0021] Need for the override is limited. The exhaust 213 flow in system 401 will normally be hot enough for proper deoxidizing operation. During initial warm-up phase of engine 205 this may not be true. Coupling 408 may then slow blower/motor 406 to maintain flow 213 hot enough.
Turbocharqer driving electrical motor/generator:
[0022] System 501 , is shown in Fig. 5. This system absorbs any excess energy in driving motor/generator 502 as a generator. The power so generated could be used in a multiplicity of ways. Many methods are obvious to those skilled in the art. One is to send the power so generated to an electric system, if the vehicle using IC engine 205 is designed in a hybrid mode. A hybrid vehicle's motive power is shared between IC engine and electric motor. Another method is to use electrical output to support auxiliary subsystems in use. That power not so utilized could be dissipated across a power resistor. Alternately, the extra power could be stored in a battery for later use.
REFERENCE NUMERALS USED IN THE DRAWINGS
201. System with variable speed mechanical blower (only).
202. Blow-off valve for engine protection.
203. Air flow into engine.
204. Controlled throttle valve for auxiliary engine braking.
205. IC engine.
206. Blower (e.g. Roots blower).
207. Air intake to system.
208. Controllable ratio drive regulated by servo mechanism. Said mechanism regulates flow 113 temperature above a minimum defined by control parameters.
209. Individual exhaust pipes.
210. Muffler.
211. Exhaust from system.
212. Exhaust system.
213. Exhaust from IC engine.
214. Air flow into IC engine.
215. Intake manifold passage to IC engine.
216 Exhaust outlet of system.
217. Centerline of IC engine 105 and blower 106.
301. System with fixed ratio between engine 105 and blower 106 w/vent valve 202 to control flow to IC engine 105.
302. Vent valve controlled by servo mechanism. Said mechanism regulates flow 113 temperature above defined minimum.
308. Fixed ratio coupling between engine 105 and blower 106.
401. System using both turbocharger 4 7 and variable speed blower/motor 306.
403. Air flow out of turbo-compressor 415 into blower/motor 06.
406. Blower of the type that functions as a motor if pressure into blower is higher than its output. 407. Intake tube to system 401.
408. Controllable ratio regulated by servo mechanism. Said mechanism with input to said servo mechanism of pressure at air flow 214 into engine 205.
414. Turbine of turbocharger 417.
415. Turbo-compressor of turbocharger 417.
417. Turbocharger of system 401.
418. Output flow of turbine 414.
440. Output manifold from turbo-compressor 415.
501. System using turbocharger and motor/generator 502.
502. Electrical motor/generator.
503. Air flow out of turbo-compressor 515.
514. Turbine of turbocharger 517.
515. Turbo-compressor of turbocharger 517.
517. Turbocharger of system 501.
518. Output flow of turbine 514.
540. Output manifold from turbo-compressor 515.