BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A directional coupler is a four port device which receives power through one port and divides the power between two other ports with the fourth port being isolated and receiving very little power due to cancellation of signals within the coupler. The coupling may be weak or strong wherein, in the case of weak coupling, for example, perhaps only ten percent of the power received will be sent to the coupled port whereas in the case of strong coupling, for example perhaps fifty percent (3 dB) of the received power will be sent to the coupled port.

Directional couplers can be fabricated in many types of embodiments one such type of embodiment being as a part of a multilayer printed wiring board (PWB) or multilayer ceramic thin film network (TFN). In the fabrication of directional couplers as part of a multilayer PWB, the fabrication tolerances for a state of the art process are typically about +0.002 inch (3 sigma) for layer to layer registration of metal patterns. For high frequency applications, for example 1 to 100 GHz, and for thermal considerations, the dielectric layers for a multi-layer PWB or TFN are maintained thin and in the

range of from about 0.001 inch to about 0.005 inch. For this range of thicknesses, interlayer registration is critical to yielding highly repeatable directional coupler designs.

For a stripline structure with two centered metal layers between two ground planes, the directional coupler of choice for high values (3 dB) is a broad-side coupled directional coupler. The sensitivity of the particular design to dimensions and layer to layer registration increases with higher coupling values. Couplers of this type generally comprise a pair of closely spaced apart electrically conductive elements which may have a width of about 4 to 6 mils, which are spaced apart by about 1 mil and which have a length of less than A/4£ri where X is the free space wavelength at the stripline design frequency for the coupler and £r is the effective dielectric constant of the coupler dielectric. It can be seen that such couplers which are misaligned by i0.002 inch and which are designed to provide 3 dB of coupling will provide instead about 4.5 dB of coupling. Such errors often cannot be tolerated. Accordingly, an improved directional coupler structure in conjunction with PWBs which is less sensitive to misalignment is highly desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a directional coupler in conjunction with PWBs and the like of the above described type which is substantially immune to errors due to misalignment within a large fabrication window. The directional coupler in accordance with the present invention significantly reduces the sensitivity of the coupling value with respect to layer to layer registration.

Briefly, the standard cell in accordance with the present invention includes two lines, with a first line having a width W1 and a second line separated from the first line by a dielectric and having the same length and a wider line width, w2, with the wider line fully underlying or overlying the narrower line. Generally, plural such cells are cascaded with each line having a first section of width wl and a second section of equal length of width w2. The coupler is designed so that a line section of width wl of the first line fully overlies a section of width w2 of the second line and a section of width w2 of the second line fully underlies a section of width wl of the first line. The length of one of the conductors is extended at least the length of the expected alignment tolerance, Al, on each end to account for misalignment along the axis of the conductor. The width of the wider line, w2, is selected to be 2A1 wider than the narrower line, wl, where Al is at least wider than the layer to layer alignment tolerance of the fabrication process being used. The line widths are selected for a particular coupling value since the capacitance between spaced apart lines is a function of line areas overlying each other. As a second embodiment, a slot may be added in the center region of the wider line, w2, to reduce the odd mode capacitance (or line to line capacitance) and further reduce the coupling value.

The two lines are separated by a thin dielectric layer.

Though only a pair of standard cells of the type described are shown as being cascaded with alternate wide and narrow line segments to provide the final directional coupler, it should be understood that such cascading can be continued in the same manner as described above. More extensive designs may also vary the cell to cell structure to achieve broader bandwidth or a desired cutoff response. The directional coupler is generally a

part of a printed wiring board structure and includes ground planes on both sides of the cell and spaced from the cell by a dielectric layer on both sides of the cell.

By making one of the transmission lines wider, the sensitivity of the odd-mode capacitive coupling with respect to the layer to layer registration is significantly reduced. Coupled lines with identical line widths are more sensitive to layer to layer registration than is the case of the present invention. By cascading pairs of coupled lines with opposite orientations, the reflection coefficients are maintained identical at all ports and the coupling values are the same as long as the coupled line sections are maintained to be less than A/8£rM with the total length of each cascaded pair of individual cells adding up to, for example, less than or equal to X/4Sr, where X is the free space wavelength at the design frequency of the coupler and £r is the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric between the coupler elements and the ground planes.

In the event that the longitudinal alignment becomes a problem, the length of the narrow strip can be increased by Al. This is to prevent the coupling from increasing due to an overlap of the wider lengths of transmission lines. The coupling due to these short lengths of line is negligible compared to the main coupling sections, so lateral misalignment of these sections will not significantly affect the performance of the overall circuit.

Commonly used (prior art) directional couplers are broadside coupled line directional couplers that use the same line width for each line. Edge coupled line directional couplers, which usually suffer from low coupling values, require narrow gaps and are very sensitive to narrow gaps between coupled lines to achieve high coupling values. The prior art Lange Coupler

requires lines and gaps that are too narrow for repeatable fabrication using printed wiring board technology. Line widths and gaps are not pushed to the limit by the design in accordance with the present invention.

It follows that a directional coupler fabricated in accordance with the present invention is alignment insensitive within a large window compared to conventional prior art designs and provides a self-compensating coupling. Due to the symmetric structure, return loss, coupling value and isolation are the same for all ports.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of a pair of cascaded coupler elements in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention with ground planes and dielectric between the coupler and ground planes omitted; FIGURE 2 is a perspective view of a coupler as in FIGURE 1 utilizing a plurality of pairs of cascaded coupler elements of the type shown in FIGURE 1; FIGURE 3 is a cross sectional view taken along the line 3-3 of FIGURE 2 with ground planes and dielectric between the ground planes and coupler included; FIGURE 4 is a cross sectional view taken along the line 4-4 of FIGURE 2 with ground planes and dielectric between the ground planes and coupler included; FIGURE 5 is a perspective view of a pair of cascaded coupler elements in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention with ground planes and dielectric between the coupler and ground planes omitted; FIGURE 6 is a perspective view of a coupler as in FIGURE 5 utilizing a plurality of pairs of cascaded coupler elements of the type shown in FIGURE 5;

FIGURE 7 is a cross sectional view taken along the line 7-7 of FIGURE 6 with ground planes and dielectric between the ground planes and coupler included; and FIGURE 8 is a cross sectional view oaken along the line 8-8 of FIGURE 6 with ground planes and dielectric between the ground planes and coupler included.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring first to FIGURE 1, there is shown a pair of cascaded coupler elements in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention with the ground planes and dielectric between the ground planes and coupler omitted. A first coupler element 1 is formed of electrically conductive material, preferably copper, and includes a narrow conductor 3 and a wide conductor 5 of equal length with the narrow conductor fully overlying or underlying the wide conductor and spaced from the wide conductor by an intervening dielectric (not numbered). A second coupler element 7 is shown which is identical to the first coupler element except for the reversal of the narrow and wide lines and is cascaded with the first coupler element and includes a wide conductor 9 connected to the narrow conductor 3 and a narrow conductor 11 connected to the wide conductor 5. Referring to FIGURE 2, there is shown a coupler which includes a plurality of coupler element pairs of the type described in FIGURE 1 in cascaded relationship. As can be seen in FIGURE 3, the coupler is part of a four level PWB and includes ground plane 13 spaced from the narrow conductor 3 by a dielectric region 15. The narrow conductor 3 is spaced from the wide conductor 5 by a dielectric region 17 which can be a different dielectric from the dielectric 15 and the wide conductor 5 is spaced from the ground plane 21 by a dielectric region 19. As can be seen in FIGURE 4, the coupler is still part of the same four level PWB and

includes ground plane 13 spaced from the wide conductor 9 by the dielectric region 15. The wide conductor 9 is spaced from the narrow conductor 11 by the dielectric region 17 and the narrow conductor 11 is spaced from the ground plane 21 by the dielectric region 19. The dielectric regions can have the same or different dielectrics.

Referring now to FIGURE 5, there is shown a second embodiment of the invention which is similar to the first embodiment except that each wide conductor includes a slot therein. The second embodiment includes a pair of cascaded coupler elements with the ground planes and dielectric between the ground planes and coupler omitted.

A first coupler element 31 is formed of electrically conductive material, preferably copper, and includes a narrow conductor 33 and a wide conductor 35 of equal length with the narrow conductor fully overlying or underlying the wide conductor and spaced from the wide conductor by an intervening dielectric (not numbered) . A second coupler element 37 is shown which is identical to the first coupler element except for the reversal of the narrow and wide lines and is cascaded with the first coupler element and includes a wide conductor 39 connected to the narrow conductor 33 and a narrow conductor 41 connected to the wide conductor 35. Each of the wide conductors 35 and 41 includes a slot 53 and 55 respectively as shown in FIGURE 5 to reduce the odd mode capacitance and further reduce the coupling value.

Referring to FIGURE 6, there is shown a coupler which includes a plurality of coupler element pairs of the type described in FIGURE 5 in cascaded relationship. As can be seen in FIGURE 7, the coupler is part of a four level PWB and includes ground plane 43 spaced from the narrow conductor 3 by a dielectric region 45. The narrow conductor 33 is spaced from the wide conductor 35 by a

dielectric region 47 and the wide conductor 35 is spaced from the ground plane 51 by a dielectric region 49. As can be seen in FIGURE 8, the coupler is still part of the same four level PWB and includes ground plane 43 spaced from the wide conductor 39 by the dielectric region 45.

The wide conductor 39 is spaced from the narrow conductor 41 by the dielectric region 47 and the narrow conductor 41 is spaced from the ground plane 51 by the dielectric region 49.

Though the invention has been described with reference to specific preferred embodiments thereof, many variations and modifications will immediately become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the prior art to include all such variations and modifications.