ALLYLIC POLYSULFANES

Field of the Invention

The invention relates to new diallylic polysulfanes and substituted analogues thereof; methods for producing such compounds; and methods for extending the sulfur chain length of polysulfanes.

Background and Prior Art known to the Applicant

Diallyl polysulfides (polysulfanes: DASn, where n>2) and derivatives thereof are found naturally, e.g., in garlic oil (distilled oil of garlic), and have found use in a number of areas of technology, for example as pesticides. It is known that the biological activity of the diallyl polysulfides varies with sulfur chain length, with longer chain length molecules often showing increased activity (1). Within the family of diallyl polysulfides occurring naturally, molecules with more than eight sulfur atoms are unknown. It is expected, however, that these would find enormous potential, and show enhanced or alternative properties to those of known diallyl polysulfides.

As a mark of the potential applications of diallyl polysulfides, some examples of application areas are outlined below, with reference to other published literature and patent applications:

DAS2 and DAS3 (diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide) may be used as neniaticides to control pine wood nematodes without side effects to the environment such as the reduction of populations of beneficial organisms, development of tolerance through enhanced degradation and resistance, and through toxicological disturbance to ecosystems that encourage outbreaks of latent insect infestations and induction of toxicity to human and domestic animals (2); DAS2-DAS7 (diallyl disulfide through diallyl heptasulfide) may be used as insecticides, acaricides, virucides, fungicides and plant growth regulators (3, 4); diallyl polysulfides may be used as stabilizers and polymerization inhibitors for unsaturated compounds and as antioxidant components (5); they may be used as pesticides for foliar application and other agricultural uses (6-8) and as tickicides (9);

DAS2-DAS4 (diallyl disulfide through diallyl tetrasulfide) may be used for prevention of pine- wilt disease by controlling larvae of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (10); they may be used as plant dormancy-inhibiting agents to accelerate budding (11); diallyl polysulfides may be used as optical materials having increased refractive index, as extreme-pressure additive and lubricating oil compound for automotive transmissions, and as protective electrolytes for lithium batteries (12); they may be used as amine-free corrosion inhibitors (13); in the form of cyclodextrin inclusion compounds they may be used as therapeutic agents (14); DAS3-DAS7 may be used as fungicides and lipid peroxidation inhibitors (15); diallyl polysulfides may be used as food preservatives and browning inhibitors (16).

There are also reports in the scientific literature on the use of diallyl trisulfide and tetrasulfide as antibiotics, antimicrobials, antithrombotic agents, antiparasitic agents, apoptosis-inducers and antitumor agents, anti-angiogenesis agents, and as compounds offering protection against toxicity caused by cadmium and other toxic metals. It can be seen that the range of applications is wide, and higher chain-length diallyl polysulfides would have utility in a number of technical fields.

Processes for the production of diallyl trisulfide, tetrasulfide and pentasulfide are known (17-24).

Summary of the Invention

Accordingly, the invention provides, in a first aspect, a compound of formula:

where n is from 3 to 22; and R ¹ is selected from the group comprising: hydrogen; methyl; phenyl; carboethoxy; carbomethoxy; carboxy; hydroxymethy 1 ; trimethylsilylmethyl; short-chain alkyl; chloro; and fluoro; provided that when n is from 3 to 8, R ¹ is not hydrogen.

In particular, the invention provides such compounds where n is greater than or equal to 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10, or 11, or 12, or 13, or 14, or 15, or 16, or 17, or 18 whilst n is less than, or equal to 21, 20, or 19. For example, n is from 4 to 22, or 5 to 22, or 6 to 22, etc.; or from 4 to 21, or 5 to 21, or 6 to 21, or 7 to 21, etc.; or from 4 to 20, or 5 to 20, or 6 to 20, or 7 to 20 etc.

In particular also, it is preferred that when n is from 3 to 9, or from 3 to 10, or even from 3 to 11, R is not hydrogen.

Within this group, said short chain alkyl groups preferably comprise alkyl groups with 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula:

where n is from 9 to 22. In particular, the invention provides such compounds where n is greater than or equal to 10, or 11, or 12, or 13, or 14, or 15, or 16, or 17, or 18 whilst n is less than, or equal to 21, 20, or 19. For example, n is from 4 to 22, or 5 to 22, or 6 to 22, etc.; or from 4 to 21, or 5 to 21, or 6 to 21, or 7 to 21, etc.; or from 4 to 20, or 5 to 20, or 6 to 20, or 7 to 20 etc.

In a third aspect, the invention also provides a compound of formula:

where n is from 3 to 22. In particular, the invention provides such compounds where n is greater than or equal to 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10, or 11, or 12, or 13, or 14, or 15, or 16, or 17, or 18 whilst n is less than, or equal to 21, 20, or 19. For example, n is from 4 to 22, or 5 to 22, or 6 to 22, etc.; or from 4 to 21, or 5 to 21, or 6 to 21, or 7 to 21, etc.; or from 4 to 20, or 5 to 20, or 6 to 20, or 7 to 20 etc.

In a fourth aspect, the invention also provides a process for extending the sulfur chain length of diallylic polysulfides selected from the group comprising:

bis(2-propenyl) polysulfides; and

2-substituted bis(2-propenyl) polysulfides;

comprising the steps of mixing said diallylic polysulfide with elemental sulfur and heating the mixture to a temperature in excess of 50 °Celsius. Reaction rates and yields increase

with increasing temperatures, and markedly so, and it is therefore particularly preferred that the mixture is heated to a temperature in excess of 60 ⁰ C, or in excess 70 ⁰ C, or in excess 80 ⁰ C, or most preferably in excess 90 ⁰ C. In especially preferred embodiments, said mixture is heated to a temperature at or around, or even in excess of the melting point of elemental sulfur (115-120 ⁰ C). In especially preferred embodiments, the process comprises extending the sulfur chain length of diallyl disulfide to produce diallyl polysulfides containing between 3 and 8 sulfur atoms, by such a reaction with elemental sulfur.

In a fifth aspect, the invention also provides a process for extending the sulfur chain length of diallylic polysulfides selected from the group comprising: bis(2-propenyl) polysulfides; and 2-substituted bis(2-propenyl) polysulfides; said process comprising the steps of mixing said diallylic polysulfϊde with molten sulfur.

Within said fourth and fifth aspects, it is preferable that said diallylic polysulfide comprises diallyl disulfide, i.e. bis(2-propenyl) disulfide.

In the fourth or fifth aspects of the invention, it is particularly preferred that said diallylic polysulfides so produced comprise polysulfides having fewer than 22 sulfur atoms.

In a sixth aspect, the invention also provides a compound of formula:

where R ¹ is selected from the group comprising: phenyl; carboethoxy; carbomethoxy; carboxy;

hydroxymethyl; short-chain alkyl; trimethylsily lmethyl ; chloro; and fluoro;

Within this group, said short chain alkyl groups preferably comprise alkyl groups with 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms.

In a seventh aspect, the invention also provides a compound of formula:

where n is from 3 to 20. In preferred embodiments, n is from 3 to 18.

The invention also provides a compound of the formula:

where n is from 3 to 20. In preferred embodiments, n is from 3 to 18.

In an eighth aspect, the invention also provides a process for extending the sulfur chain length of allyl methyl polysulfides (MeS _n CH ₂ CH=CH ₂ ) comprising the steps of mixing said allyl methyl polysulfide(s) with elemental sulfur and heating the mixture to a temperature in excess of 50 "Celsius. Reaction rates and yields increase with increasing temperatures, and markedly so, and it is therefore particularly preferred that the mixture is heated to a temperature in excess of 60 ⁰ C, or in excess 70 ⁰ C, or in excess 80 ⁰ C, or most

preferably in excess 90 ⁰ C. In especially preferred embodiments, said mixture is heated to a temperature at or around, or even in excess of the melting point of elemental sulfur.

In a ninth aspect, the invention also provides a process for extending the sulfur chain length of allyl methyl polysulfides (MeS _n CH ₂ CH=CH ₂ ) comprising the step of mixing said allyl methyl polysulfides with molten sulfur.

In any of the processes described in the fourth, fifth, eighth or ninth aspects, it is particularly preferred that the reaction is undertaken substantially free of additional solvents.

Also in any of the processes described in the fourth, fifth, eighth or ninth aspects, individual polysulfanes so produced may be obtained by separation methods such as preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) while separation into mixtures of lower polysulfides and mixtures of higher polysulfides can be achieved by extraction with methanol or ethanol. The higher polysulfanes (e.g. with S chain lengths greater than approximately S ₇ ) are insoluble in alcohols, especially methanol. Alternatively, the mixtures of sulfur chain length homologues so produced may be used in combination, as required.

Also in any of the processes described in the fourth, fifth, eighth or ninth aspects, a single homologue starting material may be used (such as diallyl disulfide, for example) or a preexisting mixture may be used, such as a natural extract, or distillate, from garlic (Allium sativum).

Significant and unique features of the present invention include high reactions rates requiring very short heating times, excellent yields, avoidance of solvents, lack of odour of the higher polysulfides, and formation of polysulfides containing up to twenty chain sulfur atoms, e.g. AIl ₂ S _n , where n equals each whole number from 1 to 20. The diallylic higher polysulfides are novel materials, not previously known (above AIl ₂ S ₈ , in the case of the parent diallyl system), which are nonpolar and soluble in chloroform and related solvents but are insoluble in alcohols, in contrast to lower diallylic polysulfides.

Also included within the scope of the invention are compounds and processes substantially as described herein, with reference to and as illustrated by any appropriate combination of the accompanying drawings.

Description of Preferred Embodiments

Diallyl disulfide is added with vigorous stirring to sulfur which has been liquefied at its melting temperature of 115-120 ⁰ C. The ratio of diallyl disulfide to sulfur (as S ₈ ) can range from 1 :0.25 to 1 :2 although smaller and larger ratios than those specified can be used. The rate of the reaction at 120 ⁰ C is faster when disulfide: sulfur ratio decreases (e.g., S ₈ >disulfide). Substantial reaction occurs as soon as five minutes and is virtually complete after two hours. At 115 ⁰ C the reaction of diallyl disulfide and liquid sulfur is slower. At temperatures above 120 ⁰ C the reaction is faster but decomposition occurs, as indicated by significant darkening of the reaction mixture.

With saturated disulfides, such as dibenzyl disulfide, lacking allylic groups on sulfur the reaction is substantially slower and is thought to occur by a different mechanism. Diallyl sulfide also reacts with liquid sulfur substantially slower than diallyl disulfide so a different mechanism must be involved in this case as well. The reaction with sulfur also occurs with substituted diallylic disulfides such as bis(2-methyallyl) disulfide but not with bis-cinnamyl disulfide, e.g., (PhCH=CHCH ₂ S) ₂ , where conjugation would be destroyed in the postulated thiosulfoxide intermediate, e.g. CH ₂ =CHCH(Ph)S(S)CH ₂ CH=CHPh. Any 2-substituted diallylic disulfide should undergo the reaction, bis(2-phenyl-2-propenyl), bis(2-carboethoxy-2-propenyl), bis(2- carbomethoxy-2-propenyl), bis(2-carboxy-2-propenyl), bis(2-hydroxymethyl-2- propenyl), bis(2-chloro-2-propenyl), bis(2-fiuoro-2-propenyl) or bis(2- trimethylsilylmethyl) disulfide. Other diallylic disulfides which should undergo the reaction are 2-cycloalken-l-yl disulfides, e.g., 2-cyclohexen-l-yl and 2-cyclopenten-l- yl disulfides, which can be considered 1,3-disubstituted diallylic disulfides. In each of the above cases the starting materials would be the mentioned disulfide and an amount of S ₈ ranging from 0.25 to 2 equivalents and the reaction conditions would involve

heating from 115 ⁰ C to 120 ⁰ C for up to three hours. While the above incorporates optimum conditions, the range of the ratio of S ₈ as well as the temperature of heating and time period of heating could be broader than those described.

The reaction is believed to involve isomerization of the diallylic disulfide, e.g.,

A11-SS-A11, to the thiosulfoxide isomer, e.g., AU ₂ S ⁺ -S ^" (25). The thiosulfoxide group is a polar group, with the terminal sulfur bearing a negative charge (25, 26), and this negatively charged sulfur is postulated to attack and ring-open cyclooctasulfur, Sg, giving an ionic species, e.g. AIl ₂ S ⁺ -S ₈ -S ^" , which attacks (most likely by an SN2' process) the starting diallylic disulfide through the negatively charged sulfur giving terminal thioallylated product, e.g., AIl ₂ S ⁺ -S ₈ -SAIl, which then loses one of the two allylic groups attached to the positive thiosulfonium sulfur through attack of a nucleophile giving a product of type AIlS-Sg-SAU. This product can then lose various numbers of sulfur atoms as small molecules S _n . The overall process is clearly quite different from the reaction of saturated disulfides with cyclooctasulfur, which only occurs at higher temperatures and is believed to involve free radical ring opening of the cyclooctasulfur giving diradicals such as 'S ₈ * and free radical cleavage of the disulfide, giving radicals such as RS* (27). The higher temperature and free radical nature of reactions involving saturated disulfides would limit formation of the unstable and reactive higher polysulfides, whose presence in our work is confirmed by reversed phase HPLC analysis and mass spectrometry. By the same token diallyl sulfide, AU ₂ S, lacks the polar S ⁺ -S ^" bond to enhance ring opening of S ₈ . Thus attack by the much less nucleophilic sulfide sulfur OfAIl ₂ S on S ₈ would also require more vigorous, higher temperature conditions (28). When liquid S ₈ and AIl ₂ S in the molar ratio of 0.625 to 1 were heated at 120 °C for two hours no reaction was observed.

Example 1: Diallyl disulfide and elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 1:1 molar ratio.

A lO mL round-bottomed flask containing sublimed sulfur (S ₈ , 0.640 g, 2.50 mmol) was placed in an oil bath pre-heated to 120 ⁰ C. When all of the sulfur had melted into a clear, straw-coloured liquid, diallyl disulfide (0.365 g, 2.50 mmol) was added all at once to the magnetically stirred liquid. Within three minutes, the initial cloudy two-layer liquid mixture became a clear, homogeneous solution with only one liquid layer. A

small amount of sample was withdrawn from the reaction mixture for analysis at various time points, e.g. 5 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, and 2 h. The withdrawn samples were dissolved in CDCl ₃ permitting both NMR and reversed phase HPLC analysis to be performed on the same sample. As desired, the remaining material could be directly used or the methanol- or ethanol-soluble fraction separated by extraction from the alcohol insoluble residue, which could then be dissolved in chloroform for further use. Analysis of a sample, dissolved in CHCl ₃ , by Cl 8 HPLC (85:15 MeOH:H ₂ O) showed a series of evenly spaced peaks corresponding to (CH ₂ =CHCHa) ₂ S _n , n = 2-20, along with unreacted S ₈ , as shown in the attached HPLC trace. Diode-array UV spectra of each HPLC peak supported the "family" relationship of members of the mixture. Our observations are consistent with HPLC studies of families of dialkyl polysulfanes where a linear relationship exists between the number of sulfur atoms in the chain and the natural logarithm of the capacity factor, calculated from the retention time (29). Comparison of the ¹ NMR spectrum of the starting material (Figure 1) with the 1 hr sample (Figure 2) clearly shows the appearance of a doublet for the CH ₂ -S protons at δ 3.62 and 3.60, characteristic OfAIl ₂ S _n , n>5.

NMR analysis of diallylic polysulfides can be used to quantify the relative amounts of monosulfide, disulfide, trisulfide, tetrasulfide and combined pentasulfides and higher polysulfides due to the progressive deshielding of the CH ₂ S _n protons (30). The HPLC analysis was as follows:

Retention Time Peak Area

(min) (% Total) Peak Identity

3.9 1.4 DAS2

5.1 1.9 DAS3

6.8 4.0 DAS4

9.4 6.4 DAS5

13.7 9.3 DAS6

19.9 8.8 DAS7

23.8 — S ₈

29.1 8.6 DAS8

39.7 8.4 DAS9

50.3 7.8 DASlO

59.3 7.1 DASH

66.8 6.3 DAS 12

73.8 5.7 DAS 13

80.8 5.2 DAS 14

87.5 4.3 DAS 15

94.1 3.8 DAS 16

101.2 3.1 DAS 17

109.7 2.7 DAS 18

120.0 2.3 DAS 19

132.8 1.6 DAS20

148.6 1.3 DAS21

Data from ¹ H NMR analysis at 500 MHz (relative to internal standard) showing the percentage of each homologue produced over time is given below:

Time DASl DAS2 DAS3 DAS4 > DAS5

0 min 11.0% 80.0% 9.0% — --

30 min 5.1% 5.9% 7.5% 10.6% 70.9%

I h 2.1% 3.9% 7.8% 12.4% 73.8%

Example 2: Diallyl disulfide and elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 2:1 molar mixture.

A 10 mL round bottomed flask containing sublimed sulfur (S ₈ , 1.28 g, 5 mmol) was placed in an oil bath pre-heated to 120 ⁰ C. When all of the sulfur had melted into a clear, straw-coloured liquid, diallyl disulfide (1.48 g, 10.1 mmol) was added all at once to the magnetically stirred liquid. Within three minutes, the initial cloudy two-layer liquid mixture became a clear, homogeneous solution with only one liquid layer. Stirring was continued at 120 °C for one hour. An aliquot was analyzed by ¹ H NMR and showed doublets for the CH ₂ -S protons at δ 3.09/3.07 (8% AU ₂ S), δ 3.33/3.31 (9% AIl ₂ S ₂ ), δ 3.50/3.48 (12% AIl ₂ S ₃ ), δ 3.58/3.56 (16% AIl ₂ S ₄ ), δ 3.62/3.60 (54% AIl ₂ S _n ), n>5.

A 0.1081 g portion of the reaction product was washed with ethanol (5 xl mL) until the ethanol extract became colourless. Traces of solvent were removed from the residue to give 0.0291 g (27% yield) of an odourless, sticky yellow liquid, which was characterized by NMR and HPLC as a mixture OfAIl ₂ S _n , n = 8 to 20 (see Figure 3) showing the ethanol-insoluble fraction of the reaction products). Thus the ¹ H NMR spectrum showed a doublet for the CH ₂ -S protons at δ 3.62 and 3.60, which is characteristic OfAIl ₂ S _n , n>5. HPLC analysis showing the following approximate composition (uncorrected for systematically varying UV extinction coefficients, whereby the detector is increasingly sensitive to the higher poly sulfides; hence the following results exaggerate the levels of

the higher polysulfides): AIl ₂ S ₄ (tr), AIl ₂ S ₅ (1%), AIl ₂ S ₆ (2%), AIl ₂ S ₇ (4%), AIl ₂ S ₈ (8%), AIl ₂ S ₉ (11%), AIl ₂ S ₁₀ (13%), AIl ₂ S ₁₁ (13%), AIl ₂ S ₁₂ (11%), AIl ₂ S ₁₃ (9%), AIl ₂ S ₁₄ (7%), AU ₂ S ₁₅ (6%), AIl ₂ Si ₆ (4%), AIl ₂ S ₁₇ (3%), AIl ₂ S ₁₈ (3%), AIl ₂ S ₁₉ (2%), AIl ₂ S ₂₀ (1%), AIl ₂ S _2I (tr), AIl ₂ S ₂₂ (tr); elemental sulfur appears as a peak between those OfAIl ₂ S ₇ and AIl ₂ S ₈ .

Of the original 0.1081 g of reaction product, 0.0291 g was ethanol insoluble and 0.0703 g was ethanol soluble. The difference between the sum of the ethanol soluble and ethanol insoluble fractions, 0.0994 g and the original reaction product, 0.1081 g, represents volatile compounds (such as diallyl sulfide) lost in the work up and evaporation of ethanol. The recovery was 92.0%. The concentrated ethanol extract corresponded to AIl ₂ S _n , n = 1 to 9, with HPLC analysis showing the following approximate composition (uncorrected for systematically varying UV extinction coefficients, whereby the detector is increasingly sensitive to the higher polysulfides; hence the following results exaggerate the levels of the higher polysulfides): AIl ₂ S ₂ (2.3%), AIl ₂ S ₃ (8.6%), AU ₂ S ₄ (17.3%), AU ₂ S ₅ (28.5%), AIl ₂ S ₆ (23.7%), AU ₂ S ₇ (11.9%), AU ₂ S ₈ (5.3%), AIl ₂ S ₉ (2.3%). Analysis of the ethanol soluble fraction by ¹ H NMR indicated 6.8% DAS2, 15.0% DAS3, 20.2% DAS4, and 58.0% DASn, n > 5. Analysis of the ethanol insoluble fraction showed a doublet at 3.62/3.60 indicating DASn, n > 5 as the only compounds present.

In a similar manner to the above extraction with ethanol, a 0.1063 g portion of the crude product was extracted with methanol (5 x1 mL) until the methanol extract became colourless. Both the methanol extract and the residue from methanol extraction were freed from methanol using a rotary evaporator giving 0.0603 (G) methanol soluble fraction and 0.0404 g (38%) of an odourless, sticky yellow liquid residue. The overall recovery was 94.7%. Analysis of the methanol soluble fraction by ¹ H NMR indicated 8.7% DAS2, 20.1% DAS3, 38.0% DAS4, and 33.2% DASn, n > 5. Analysis of the methanol insoluble fraction showed a doublet at 3.62/3.60 indicating DASn, n > 5 as the only compounds present.

For the ethanol soluble extract, the HPLC analysis was as follows:

Retention Time Peak Area

(min) (% Total) Peak Identity

3.9 2.3 DAS2

5.2 8.5 DAS3

6.8 17.1 DAS4

9.5 28.1 DAS5

13.6 23.5 DAS6

19.8 11.7 DAS7

23.7 — S ₈

28.9 5.3 DAS8

39.5 2.3 DAS9

49.9 0.9 DASlO

59.0 0.4 DASH

For the ethanol insoluble extract, the HPLC analysis was as follows:

Retention Time Peak Area

(min) (% Total) Peak Identity

9.3 0.49 DAS5

13.4 1.57 DAS6

19.5 2.96 DAS7

23.3 10.72 S ₈

28.6 6.04 DAS8

39.1 8.95 DAS9

49.7 10.00 DASlO

58.8 10.59 DASH

66.3 8.77 DAS 12

73.2 7.30 DAS 13

80.1 5.83 DAS 14

86.8 4.97 DAS 15

93.4 3.46 DAS 16

100.3 2.75 DAS 17

108.5 2.27 DAS 18

118.5 1.63 DAS 19

130.9 0.93 DAS20

146.2 0.57 DAS21

165.1 0.30 DAS22

5 For the methanol soluble extract, the HPLC was as follows:

Retention Time Peak Area

(min) (% Total) Peak Identity

3.9 2.8 DAS2

5.2 11.3 DAS3

6.8 25.8 DAS4

9.5 32.3 DAS5

13.7 16.0 DAS6

19.9 7.1 DAS7

23.8 -- S ₈

29.2 2.9 DAS8

39.8 1.2 DAS9

50.3 0.41 DASlO

59.4 0.19 DASH

For the methanol insoluble extract, the HPLC was as follows:

Retention Time Peak Area

(min) (% Total) Peak Identity

6.3 1.7 DAS4

8.9 1.5 DAS5

13.1 3.9 DAS6

19.2 7.1 DAS7

23.2 — S ₈

28.5 10.5 DAS8

39.2 12.0 DAS9

49.9 13.2 DASlO

59.2 13.1 DASH

66.7 10.0 DAS 12

73.7 7.73 DAS 13

80.6 5.68 DAS 14

87.4 4.22 DAS 15

94.0 2.97 DAS 16

101.1 2.22 DAS 17

109.5 1.87 DAS 18

119.9 1.32 DAS 19

132.7 0.71 DAS20

148.8 0.39 DAS21

Example 3: Diallyl disulfide and elemental sulfur (as S$) in 1:1 molar ratio with internal standard.

A 10 mL round bottomed flask containing sublimed sulfur (S ₈ , 0.640 g, 2.50 mmol) was placed in an oil bath pre-heated to 120 °C. When all of the sulfur had melted into a clear, straw-coloured liquid, a solution of 4,4'-di-tert-butylbiphenyl (0.0361 g, 0.136 mmol) in diallyl disulfide (0.365 g, 2.50 mmol) was added all at once to the magnetically stirred liquid. The 4,4'-di-fert-butylbiphenyl acts solely as an internal standard for analysis purposes. Within three minutes, the initial cloudy two-layer liquid

mixture became a clear, homogeneous solution with only one liquid layer. A small amount of sample was withdrawn from the reaction mixture for analysis at various time points, e.g. 5 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h ₅ and 2 h. The withdrawn samples were dissolved in CDCl ₃ permitting both NMR and reversed phase HPLC analysis to be performed on the same sample. As desired, the remaining material could be directly used or the methanol- or ethanol-soluble fraction separated by extraction from the alcohol insoluble residue, which could then be dissolved in chloroform for further use.

Typical data from ¹ H NMR analysis at 500 MHz (relative to internal standard) showing the percentage of each homologue produced over time is given below:

Time DASl DAS2 DAS3 DAS4 > DAS5

O min 11.8% 80.7% 7.5% -- ~

5 min 10.0% 66.5% 7.2% 2.7% 13.7%

10 min 8.2% 39.3% 7.5% 8.0% 37.1%

20 min 6.5% 12.4% 9.0% 12.3% 59.8%

30 min 4.2% 6.9% 9.7% 13.9% 65.3%

45 min 2.4% 4.9% 10.3% 14.6% 67.7%

I h 1.9% 4.9% 9.7% 15.7% 67.8%

1.5 h 2.1% 4.6% 9.8% 15.5% 68.2%

2 h 2.8% 4.5% 9.0% 15.4% 68.3%

At the end of 2 hours heating the total area of the polysulfide fraction relative to that of the internal standard had decreased continuously to 68% of the original value, indicating some loss of volatile materials.

The HPLC analysis of a 30 minute aliquot was as follows: Retention Time Peak Area

(min) (% Total) Peak Identity

3.8 0.6 DAS2

5.0 2.0 DAS3

6.6 4.1 DAS4

9.1 6.4 DAS5

13.2 9.6 DAS6

19.2 8.6 DAS7

23.0 — S ₈

28.1 8.7 DAS8

36.3 — Internal standard

38.5 8.4 DAS9

49.0 7.7 DASlO

58.2 7.3 DASH

65.6 6.4 DAS 12

72.5 5.8 DAS 13

79.3 5.1 DAS 14

85.9 4.2 DAS 15

92.5 3.5 DAS 16

99.3 3.0 DAS 17

107.2 2.7 DAS 18

116.8 2.5 DAS 19

128.7 1.3 DAS20

143.2 1.3 DAS21

161.8 0.8 DAS22

Example 4: Diallyl disulfide and elemental sulfur (as Sg) in a 1:0.25 molar ratio.

A lO mL round-bottomed flask containing sublimed sulfur (S ₈ , 0.25 g, 0.977 mmol) was placed in an oil bath pre-heated to 120 °C. When all of the sulfur had melted into a clear, straw-coloured liquid, diallyl disulfide (0.57 g, 3.90 mmol) was added all at once to the magnetically stirred liquid. Within three minutes, the initial cloudy two-layer liquid mixture became a clear, homogeneous solution with only one liquid layer. A small amount of sample was withdrawn from the reaction mixture for analysis at various time points, e.g. 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. The withdrawn samples were dissolved in CDCl ₃ permitting both NMR and reversed phase HPLC analysis to be performed on the same sample. The ¹ H NMR analysis at various time points (as above) is given below:

Time DASl DAS2 DAS3 DAS4 > DAS5

O min 10.90% 78.30% 8.60% trace trace

30 min 9.00% 60.10% 10.20% 5.90% 14.80%

I h 7.00% 38.9 13.40% 12.70% 28.00%

2 h 3.60% 16.7 17.90% 19.30% 42.40%

3 h 2.00% 13.5 18.20% 19.80% 45.00%

The HPLC analysis of a three hour aliquot was as follows:

Retention Peak Area

Time (min) (% Total) Peak Identity

3.7 2.2 DAS2

5.0 8.1 DAS3

6.6 9.5 DAS4

9.3 13.2 DAS5

13.5 13.2 DAS6

19.7 11.1 DAS7

23.6 -- S ₈

28.9 9.4 DAS8

39.6 7.7 DAS9

50.1 5.2 DASlO

59.2 6.4 DASH

66.7 3.8 DAS 12

73.7 2.8 DAS 13

80.6 2.1 DAS 14

87.4 2.0 DAS 15

93.9 0.6 DAS 16

101.1 1.0 DAS 17

109.5 0.8 DAS 18

119.8 0.6 DAS 19

132.5 0.3 DAS20

Example 5: Diallyl sulfide with elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 1:0.6 molar ratio

Under the above conditions a mixture of diallyl sulfide (bp 139-140 ⁰ C) and elemental sulfur as S ₈ in a 1 :0.6 molar ratio remained as two layers after two hours with no indication of reaction. Since the reaction conditions were well below the boiling point, it is concluded that the sulfur of diallyl sulfide is insufficiently reactive to open the S ₈ ring under the conditions used for diallyl disulfide.

Example 6: Bis-(2-methyallyl) disulfide and elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 1:1.1 molar ratio with internal standard.

A lO mL round bottomed flask containing sublimed sulfur (S ₈ , 0.640 g, 2.50 mmol) was placed in an oil bath pre-heated to 120 °C. When all of the sulfur had melted into a clear, straw-coloured liquid, a solution of 4,4'-di-tert-butylbiphenyl (0.0308 g, 0.116 mmol) in bis-(2-methyallyl) disulfide (0.415 g, 2.38 mmol) was added all at once to the magnetically stirred liquid. Within three minutes, the initial cloudy two-layer liquid mixture became a clear, homogeneous solution with only one liquid layer. A small amount of sample was withdrawn from the reaction mixture for analysis at various time points, e.g. 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 45 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, and 2 h. The withdrawn samples were dissolved in CDCl ₃ permitting both NMR and reversed phase HPLC analysis to be performed on the same sample. As desired, the remaining material could be directly used or the methanol- or ethanol-soluble fraction separated by extraction from the alcohol insoluble residue, which could then be dissolved in chloroform for further use. The starting disulfide showed a singlet in its ¹ H NMR spectrum at δ 3.2638

for the two CH ₂ SS protons. After heating with sulfur, singlets were also found at δ 3.007 (monosulfide), 3.431 (trisulfide), 3.502 (tetrasulfide) and 3.537 (pentasulfide and higher). HPLC analysis (see Table) after heating for 30 min showed more than 20 evenly spaced peaks suggestive of a family of bis(2-methyl-2-propenyl) polysulfides analogous to those formed from diallyl disulfide.

Data from ¹ H NMR analysis showing progress of the reaction to the higher homologues is given below:

Time S ^* i S ₂ S ₃ S ₄ >S ₅

O min 5.1% 90.9% 3.9%

5 min 4.3% 53.9% 7.5% 6.2% 28.2%

10 min 4.0% 12.8% 11.3% 14.0% 57.8%

20 min 3.3% 5.7% 9.9% 14.0% 67.3%

30 min 2.8% 5.5% 10.1% 14.7% 66.9%

45 min 2.0% 5.5% 9.7% 14.3% 68.6%

I h 1.6% 5.1% 11.4% 14.6% 68.5%

2 h 4.1% 12.8% 11.4% 14.0% 57.8%

S ₁ = bis(2-methyallyl) sulfide; S ₂ = bis(2-methyallyl) disulfide; S ₃ = bis(2-methyallyl) trisulfide; etc. Data from HPLC analysis of the 30 min sample is given below:

Retention Time Peak Area Peak

(min) (%) Identity

6.0 -- (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₂

8.4 — (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₃

11.3 5.0 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₄

16.1 8.4 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₅

24.0 — S ₈ + (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₆

33.5 10.8 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₇

37.5 — Internal standard

44.1 10.9 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₈

54.4 10.2 (CHr=CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₉

62.6 9.3 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₁₀

96.9 4.4 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₁₅

104.5 3.7 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₁₆

113.8 3.0 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₁₇

125.2 2.4 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₁₈

139.5 2.0 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₁₉

157.0 1.6 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₂₀

178.9 1.3 (CH ₂ =CMeCH ₂ ) ₂ S ₂₁

Example 7: Garlic oil and elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 1:1.1 molar ratio

A lO mL round-bottomed flask containing sublimed sulfur (S ₈ , 0.6414 g, 2.505 mmol) was placed in an oil bath pre-heated to 120 °C. When all of the sulfur had melted into a clear, straw-coloured liquid, commercial garlic oil (0.4191 g, 2.35 mmol based on diallyl trisulfide) was added all at once to the magnetically stirred liquid (garlic oil is a mixture of about 80% diallyl polysulfides and 20% allyl methyl poly sulfides). Within three minutes, the initial cloudy two-layer liquid mixture became a clear, homogeneous solution with only one liquid layer. A small amount of sample was withdrawn from the reaction mixture after 30 min and dissolved in CDCl ₃ for analysis by both NMR and reversed phase HPLC. HPLC analysis, shown below indicated formation of a large number of polysulfides including compounds with retention times similar to those of DAS _n , n = 7-19.

Retention Time Peak Area Peak

(min) (%) Identity

4.1 2.7

5.1 2.4

5.2 2.3

5.7 1.7

6.2 1.1

6.6 3.1

7.2 3.3

7.8 2.7

8.7 1.5

9.1 4.4

10.1 4.2

11.3 3.5

12.6 1.9

13.3 7.1

14.8 5.4

16.6 3.3

18.3 2.2

19.5 6.3 DAS7

22.0 3.6

23.7 — Sulfur

28.8 2.8 DAS8

32.1 1.8

39.5 2.7 DAS9

43.1 1.7

50.2 2.7 DASlO

53.8 2.0

59.4 3.0 DASH

62.5 1.9

66.9 2.5 DAS 12

70.1 1.8

73.9 3.0 DAS 13

77.5 1.8

81.0 2.4

84.7 1.8

87.8 2.2 DAS 14

91.8 1.6

94.4 1.9 DAS 15

99.1 1.1

101.6 1.4 DAS 16

110.3 1.1 DAS 17

120.9 1.0 DAS 18

133.9 0.9 DAS 19

170.9 1.2

NMR spectroscopic analysis of the CH ₂ S protons indicated formation of families of diallyl polysulfides as well as allyl/methyl polysulfides, MeS _n CH ₂ CH=CH ₂ , with 65% of the product having n>5 compared to 11% for the original garlic oil. NMR analysis of the CH ₃ S protons indicated formation of 62% of families of methyl allyl polysulfides having CH ₃ S _n , n>5 compared to 16% for the original garlic oil.

Time S^ ₁ S ₂ S ₃ S ₄ >S _S

O min 27.5% 23.6% 23.7% 14.1% 11.0%

30 min 8.2% 8.4% 8.9% 9.4% 65.2%

5 ₁ = allyl sulfides;

5 ₂ = allyl disulfides;

5 ₃ = allyl trisulfides; etc.

Comparison of the ¹ NMR spectrum of the starting material (Figure 4) with the 0.5 hr sample (Figure 5) clearly shows the increase in size of the doublet for the CH ₂ -S

protons at δ 3.62 and 3.60, characteristic OfAIl ₂ S _n , n>5, together with a corresponding decrease in size of the doublets for lower S-chain length polysulfides.

Example 8: 2-cycIohexen-l-yl disulfide and elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 1:1 molar ratio at 120 ⁰ C

A lO mL round-bottomed flask containing sublimed sulfur (S ₈ , 0.256 g, 1.00 mmol) was placed in an oil bath pre-heated to 120 °C. When all of the sulfur had melted into a clear, straw-coloured liquid, 2-cyclohexen-l-yl disulfide (0.226 g, 1.00 mmol) was added all at once to the magnetically stirred liquid. Within three minutes, the initial cloudy two-layer liquid mixture became a clear, homogeneous solution with only one liquid layer. A small amount of sample was withdrawn from the reaction mixture for analysis at various time points, e.g., 5 min, 30 min, 1 h and 2 h. The withdrawn samples were dissolved in CDCl ₃ permitting both NMR and reversed phase HPLC analysis to be performed on the same sample. HPLC analysis, tabulated below, shows a progression of peaks for the 2- cyclohexen-1 -yl polysulfides through that with 18 sulfur atoms in a chain. In its ¹ H NMR spectrum 2-cyclohexen-l-yl disulfide shows a multiplet at δ 3.48-3.51 which can be assigned to the allylic CH-S proton. Upon heating, a new broad peak, absent in the starting material, appears at δ 3.88. This peak is assumed to be the allylic CH-S _n protons of 2-cyclohexen-l-yl polysulfides. From integration of the several NMR spectra the time course of polysulfide formation is shown below:

Time (min) 0 5 30 60 120

2-cyclohexen-l-yl disulfide 100% 95% 66% 38% 15% 2-cyclohexen-l-yl polysulfides 0% 5% 33% 62% 85%

Data from HPLC analysis of the 1 h sample is given below:

Retention Time Peak Peak

(min) Area Identity (%)

13.9 5.7 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl)2S2

23.2 — S ₈ + (cyclohexen-1 -yl) ₂ S ₃

30.7 4.2 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₄

41.9 7.0 (cyclohexen- 1 -y I) ₂ S ₅

52.7 8.7 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S6

62.0 11.2 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₇

69.9 9.9 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₈

77.6 9.0 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₉

85.2 9.1 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₁₀

92.5 8.6 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S _{\ \}

100.0 7.0 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₁₂

109.0 5.3 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₁₃

120.0 4.7 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₁₄

133.7 4.0 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₁₅

150.6 2.5 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S _{\ 6}

171.6 2.3 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S ₁₇

198.0 1.1 (cyclohexen- 1 -yl) ₂ S i ₈

HPLC analysis was terminated after the (cyclohexen- l-yl) ₂ S ₁₈ peak, but higher homologues are expected, by analogy with Examples 2 and 3.

Example 9: Diallyl disulfide and elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 1:0.2 molar ratio at 130 ⁰ C

Diallyl disulfide (20 g; 0.14 moles) was mixed with powdered sulfur (8 g, 0.03 moles), and heated to 130 ⁰ C for 10 minutes, and then cooled. An ethanol extraction was performed on the resultant mixture, thereby solubilising the lower chain length polysulfides. The ethanolic extract was analysed by HPLC, with the following results:

Retention Time Peak Area Peak

(mm) (%) Identity

6.0 2.8 DAS

7.3 12.1 DAS2

9.8 10.7 DAS3

13.6 24.3 DAS4

19.5 20.8 DAS5

28.6 10.7 DAS6

42.0 14.1 DAS7

Example 10: Diallyl disulfide and elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 1:0.2 molar ratio at HO ⁰ C

Diallyl disulfide (20 g; 0.14 moles) was mixed with powdered sulfur (8 g, 0.03 moles), and heated to 110 ⁰ C for 10 minutes, and then cooled. An ethanol extraction was performed on the resultant mixture, thereby solubilising the lower chain length polysulfides. The ethanolic extract was analysed by HPLC, with the following results:

Retention Time Peak Area Peak

(min) (%) Identity

6.0 3.9 DAS

7.3 34.4 DAS2

9.9 10.0 DAS3

13.6 15.3 DAS4

19.6 12.0 DAS5

28.6 6.3 DAS6

42.0 14.0 DAS7

Example 11: Diallyl disulfide and elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 1:0.4 molar ratio at 145 ⁰ C

Diallyl disulfide (20 g; 0.14 moles) was mixed with powdered sulfur (12 g; 0.05 moles), and heated to 145 ⁰ C for 5 minutes, and then cooled. An ethanol extraction was performed on the resultant mixture, thereby solubilising the lower chain length polysulfides. The ethanolic extract was analysed by HPLC, with the following results:

Retention Time Peak Area Peak

(min) (%) Identity

6.0 2.9 DAS

7.2 3.8 DAS2

9.8 9.0 DAS3

13.5 19.9 DAS4

19.4 24.0 DAS5

28.4 12.6 DAS6

41.6 13.0 DAS7

Figure 6 summarises the results of Examples 9-11, and illustrates the effect of reaction temperature on the spectrum of polysulfides produced. It can be seen that as the reaction temperature is varied from 110 ⁰ C through to 145 ⁰ C, the spectrum of diallyl polysulfides produced is shifted towards the longer chain lengths. Thus, temperature may be used to control the spectrum of chain length. At the lower temperature of Example 10, a substantial amount of unreacted DAS2 remained.

Example 12: Diallyl disulfide and elemental sulfur (as Ss) in a 1:0.4 molar ratio at 110 ⁰ C and then 140 ⁰ C

Diallyl disulfide (20 g; 0.14 moles) was mixed with powdered sulfur (16 g, 0.06 moles), heated to 110 ⁰ C and held there for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled until a sulfur precipitate appeared, and then reheated to 140 ⁰ C, held there for 5 minutes, and then cooled. An ethanol extraction was performed on the resultant mixture, thereby solubilising the lower chain length polysulfϊdes. The ethanolic extract was analysed by HPLC, with the following results:

Retention Time Peak Area Peak

(min) (%) Identity

6.0 2.1 DAS

7.2 4.8 DAS2

9.8 9.0 DAS3

13.6 27.8 DAS4

19.5 22.1 DAS5

28.5 12.1 DAS6

41.9 19.0 DAS7

It can be seen in this example, very little unreacted DAS2 remains (less than 5% by peak area), and the higher polysulfides (DAS4-DAS7) comprise some 80% of the total peak area, by comparison with some 64% higher polysulfides in Example 10. In addition, the DAS4 concentration in Example 12 was nearly 1.5 times higher than that obtained in Example 10 as a consequence of the reaction conditions.

Significant advantage may therefore be obtained by use of such a two-temperature regime reaction, i.e. mixing the starting reagents (elemental sulfur and diallyl polysulfide, e.g. DAS2, or 2-substituted analogue thereof); heating to above the triple point of sulfur; holding the mixture at that temperature; reducing the temperature until a sulfur precipitate is observed; and re-heating the mixture to above the sulfur triple point.

Nomenclature

DAS Diallyl sulfide

DAS2 Diallyl disulfide

DAS3 Diallyl trisulfide

DAS4 Diallyl tetrasulfide

DAS5 Diallyl pentasulfide

DAS6 Diallyl hexasulfide

DAS7 Diallyl heptasulfide

DASn Diallyl S _n

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