MONONUCLEOTIDE AS ANTI-AGEING AGENTS

[0001] This application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/671,813, filed on May 15, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] The present invention relates to amino acid salts of nicotinic acid mononucleotides and nicotinamide mononucleotides and compositions thereof useful in the treatment of disorder and diseases associated with aging.

Background of the Disclosure

[0003] Aging is the result of complex interactions involving biological, physical, and biochemical processes that cause dysfunctions in cells and organs which manifests in a variety of diseases and other outcomes. For example, female fecundity is markedly sensitive to the effects of ageing. For example, the USA Centers for Disease Control has reported that the percentage of assisted reproductive technology (ART) associated pregnancies and births percentages declined steadily among women in their mid-30s onward from approximately 25% of ART cycles resulting in singleton live births to 14% by the age of 40 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. 201 1 Assisted Reproductive Technology National Summary Report. Atlanta (GA): US Dept of Health and Human Sendees; 2013). This trend is markedly increased above the age of 40 with the CDC reporting that women older than age 44 have a very low likelihood of success. The percentages of live births and singleton live births declined to about 1% in this group. It is generally considered that a woman’s age is the most important factor affecting the chance of a live birth when her own eggs (oocytes) are used.

[0004] It is understood that the qualitative deterioration of oocytes due to aging is a fundamental factor in the decline in fertility. In older women, for example, the oocytes are reported to be susceptible to abnormal chromosome division, exhibit decreased mitochondrial quality, low ATP production, increased oxidative stress, and decreased antioxidant levels (Nelson SM, Teller EE, Anderson RA. The ageing ovary and uterus: new biological insights. Hum Reprod Update. 2013; 19:67-83.; Wilding M. Potential long-term risks associated with maternal aging (the role of the mitochondria). Fertil Steril. 2015; 103 : 1397-401; 3. Mel drum DR, Casper RF, Diez-Juan A, Simon C, Domar AD, Fry dman R. Aging and the environment affect gamete and embryo potential : can we intervene? Fertil Steril. 2016; 105:548-59).

[0005] For all of the foregoing reasons, the oocyte represents an excellent target tissue for the evaluation of therapeutic modalities that are expected to have an impact upon the ageing process and, furthermore, offer the prospect of addressing age-related infertility.

[0006] One such possible therapeutic modality for treating ageing comprises agents which boost therapeutic levels of NAD ⁺ . NAD ¹ is an essential component of cellular processes necessary to support various metabolic functions. The classic role of NAD ⁺ is a co-enzyme that catalyzes cellular redox reactions, becoming reduced to NADH, in many fundamental metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, fatty acid beta oxidation, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition to playing these roles, NAD ⁺ has a critical role as the substrate of NAD ⁺ -consuming enzymes such as poly- ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs), sirtuins, and CD38/157 ectoenzymes. These NAD ⁺ -consuming enzymes have been known to mediate many fundamental cellular processes.

[0007] There are five major precursors and intermediates to synthesize NAD ¹ : tryptophan, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). NAD can be synthesized de novo by the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan through multiple enzymatic steps to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN). NaMN is converted to nicotinic acid dinucleotide (NaAD ⁺ ) by NMN/NaMN adenylyltransferases (NMNATs) and then ami dated to NAD ⁺ by NAD ⁺ synthetase.

[0008] In mammals, a major pathway of NAD ⁺ biosynthesis is the salvage pathway from nicotinamide. Nicotinamide is converted to NMN, a key NAD + intermediate, by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway. NMNATs then convert NMN into NAD ⁺ . NAMPT plays a critical role in regulating cellular NAD + levels. On the other hand, nicotinic acid is converted to NaMN by nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NPT). NR needs to be converted to NMN by nicotinamide ribose kinases, NMRKI and NMRK2 (also known as NRK1 and NRK2), which phosphorylate NR 16. Maintenance of adequate NAD ⁺ biosynthesis is paramount for cell survival and function. Derailment from normal NAD ⁺ homeostasis substantially affects not only the NAD ⁺ /NADH pool required for redox reactions but also activities of NAD ⁺ -dependent enzymes for crucial cellular functions.

[0009] It is now becoming a consensus that NAD ⁺ levels decline at cellular, tissue/organ, and organism al levels during the course of aging. Activities of NAD ⁺ -consuming enzymes are affected by this NAD ⁺ decline, contributing to a broad range of age-associated pathophysiologies. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an enzyme co-factor that is essential for the function of several enzymes related to reduction-oxidation reactions and energy metabolism. (Katrina L. Bogan & Charles Brenner, Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide and Nicotinamide Riboside: A Molecular Evaluation of MAIN Precursor Vitamins in Nutritions, 28, Annual Review ⁷ of Nutrition 1 15 (2008) NAD ⁺ functions as an electron carrier in energy metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates (Bogan & Brenner, 2008). NAD ⁺ is critical for redox reactions and as a. substrate for signaling by the PARPs (poly adenoside diphophosphate-ribose polymerases) and the sirtuins (SIRT1 to SIRT7), in the regulation of DNA repair, energy metabolism, cell survival and circadian rhythms (Bronkowski, M.S. & Sinclair, D., Nat. Rev. Mole. Cell Bio., 17, 679-690, 2016)). Raising NAD ⁺ concentrations delays aging in yeast, files and mice (Mouchiroud et al. Cell 154, 464-471, 2014). It has recently also been demonstrated that NAD ⁺ directly regulates protein- protein interactions, the modulation of which may protect against cancer and radiation exposure as well as having a direct impact on aging (Li et a! , Science 355, 1312-1317, 2017). Thus increasing bodies of evidence support the idea that interventions using NAD ⁺ intermediates, such as NMN and NR, can bolster the system by restoring the available NAD ⁺ and mitigate physiological decline associated with aging.

[0010] Although NAD ^" can be synthesized de novo from the amino acid tryptophan, this process does not occur in all tissues, requiring most cells to rely on the salvage pathway (described above) for regenerating NAD ^" from other intracellular intermediates, which are primarily made available through dietary sources (Christopher R. Alartens, et al., Nat. Commun.9, 1286, (2018) and Bogan, K. L. & Brenner, C., Anna. Rev. Nuir. 28, 115-130, (2008)). Other NAD precursors like nicotinic acid and nicotinamide can also be administered to boost NAD cellular bioavailability. However, clinically relevant levels of nicotinic acid are associated with undesirable flushing at therapeutic doses (MacKay, D., Hathcock, J. & Guarneri, E., Nutr. Rev. 70, 357-366 (2012)). and nicotinamide does not reliably activate (and may even inhibit) sirtuins despite raising concentrations of NAD (Bitterman, K. J., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277, 45099-45107 (2002); Guan, X., et al., PLoS One. 9, el 07729 (2014), and Trammell, S. A. et al. Nat. Commun. 7, 12948 (2016)). Therefore, administration of nicotinic acid or nicotinamide is unlikely to he widely adopted for maintaining health and function with aging.

[0011] In contrast to nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, administration of NAD ⁴ metabolites such as nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinamide riboside (Nil), appears to increase levels of NAD ^÷ and improves multiple physiological functions in animal models (Yoshino, J. et al, Cell Me tab. 14, 528-536 (201 T); Mills, K. F. et al., CellMetab. 24, 795-806 (2016); and Frederick, D. W. et al., Cell Metab. 24, 269-282 (2016)). At least one of these metabolites has been reported to be well tolerated in humans leading to elevation of NAD levels and improved physiological functions albeit that further studies are required to confirm the findings of this exploratory study (Christopher R. Martens, et al. Nat. Commun. 9, 1286, (2018)). Furthermore, a recent study showed that single doses of NR stimulated blood cellular NAD ⁺ metaholism in healthy humans in a dose-dependent manner (Trammell, S. A. et al., Nat. Commun. 7, 12948 (2016)), showing the limitation of this metabolite. However, many of the known NAD+ metabolites are unstable in a variety of physiological environments and thus do not lend themselves to viable pharmaceutical drugs for administration to patients in need of such metabolites for boosting the NAD+ levels in said patients.

[0012] Given the central role that NAD ⁴ plays in critical cellular and physiological pathways, developing novel stable agents with improved properties that can elevate NAD ^÷ levels in disease states and/or during the aging process is necessary to improve the human condition.

[0013] Provided herein are arnino acid salts of NaMN and NMN which salts surprisingly increase cellular NAD ⁺ levels. 0014] A first aspect of the application relates to salts of Formula (I):

and enantiomers, stereoisomers, and tautomers thereof,

wherein

A is NR ^a R ^b , OH or CT,

M ¹ and 1VF are independently a cationic amino acid, a cationic amine or an inorganic cation, provided that at least one of M ¹ or M ² is a cationic amino acid;

R ^! and R ² are independently H, Ci-Cealkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkyl, (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)C - Cealkyl, -( ^' (()) R ^a ,-C(0)0R ^a , -C(0)NR ^a R ^b , or -[CH ₂ -CH2-0]k-R ^a , or

R ¹ and R ² , together with the atom to which they are attached, form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from Ci-Cealkyl, Ch-Cealkenyl, Cb-Cealkyny 1 , (CoAAalkylene)C3---Cscycl oaky 1 , (Co- Csal ky 1 ene)heterocy cl oaky 1 , (Co C ₃ alkylene)C6-C 4aryl, or (Co C ₃ alkylene)heteroaryl;

R ³ is a negative charge, H;

R ^a and R ^b are independently, at each occurrence, H or Ci-Cealkyl, wherein the alkyl is optional ly substituted with one or more substituents selected from (Co-CsalkyleneKA-- Cscycloakyl, (Co-C3alkylene)heterocycloakyl, (Co-C3alkylene)C6-Ci4aryl, or (Co- C3alkylene)heteroaryl; and

k is an integer from 1 to 8;

provided that when A is NR ^a R ^b , M ² is absent.

[0015] Another aspect of the present di sclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a salt of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [0016] Another aspect of the application relates to a method of treating or preventing an age- related disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a salt of Formula (I), or enantiomer, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof.

[0017] Another aspect of the application relates to a method of treating or preventing infertility comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a salt of Formula (I), or enantiomer, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof.

[0018] Another aspect of the application relates to a salt of Formula (I), or enantiomer, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, for use in a method of treating an age-related disorder.

[0019] Another aspect of the application relates to a salt of Formula (I), or enantiomer, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, for use in a method of treating infertility

[0020] Another aspect of the application relates to the use of a salt of Formula (I), or enantiomer, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating an age-related disorder.

[0021] Another aspect of the application relates to the use of a salt of Formul a (I), or enantiomer, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating infertility.

[0022] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of improving oocyte quality and maturation, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a salt of Formula I.

[0023] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the use of a. salt of Formula (I), or enantiomer, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating an age-related disorder.

[0024] In another aspect, the invention comprises treatment of an oocyte with a salt of Formula (I) ex vivo prior to implantation into a subject, for the treatment of age-related infertility.

[0025] In another aspect, the invention comprises treatment of a blastocyst with a salt of Formula (I) ex vivo prior to implantation into a subject, for the treatment of age-related infertility.

[0026] In another aspect, the invention comprises treatment of an oocyte with a salt of Formula (I) ex vivo prior to implantation into a subject, for the treatment of infertility.

[0027] In another aspect, the invention comprises treatment of a blastocyst with a salt of Formula (I) ex vivo prior to implantation into a subject, for the treatment of infertility. [0028] In another aspect, a salt of Formula (I) is provided as a component in solution for use in treating a ceil ex vivo for use in the treatment of an age related disorder. In some embodiments, the age related disorder is age-related infertility. In other aspects a salt of Formula (I) is provided as a component in solution for use in treating a cell ex vivo for use in the treatment of infertility.

[0029] Another aspect of present disclosure relates to a process for preparing salts of Formula (I), comprising contacting a nicotinic acid mononucleotide derivative of Formula II with a metal-alkali hydroxide under suitable conditions effective to produce the salt of Formula I.

[0030] The present disclosure also relates to methods of accelerating recovery from a disease or disorder. The method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a salt of Formula (I) in combination with the prescribed treatment of said disease

[0031] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a cell culture medium for in vitro fertilization comprising: one or more salts of Formula (I) and culturing agents.

[0032] The present application relates to salts and compositions that are capable of treating or preventing an age-related disorder. The application features methods of treating, preventing or ameliorating a disease or disorder associated with aging by administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt of Formula (I), or a enantiomer, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof The methods of the present application can be used in the treatment of a variety of diseases and disorders by preventing, or ameliorating the process of aging and cellular restoration including, but not limited to, infertility, cellular degradation.

Salts of Formula (I) are potent and are efficacious at clinically achievable doses; are stable in a variety of potential dosage forms; possess acceptable solubility, acceptable pH, are crystalline, have a reduced propensity to absorb water, display ease of handling, - all of which are consistent with the development, manufacture and use of a medicament. In addition, the salts disclosed herein offer increased biological activity torvard increased cellular NAD ⁺ levels, increased stability and more physiologically acceptable pH.

[0033] A first aspect of disclosure relates to a salt of Formula I

wherein A, M ¹ , M ² , R ¹ , R ² , and R are as described herein.

[0034] The articles "a" and "an" are used in this disclosure to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "an element" means one element or more than one element.

[0035] The term "and/or" is used in this disclosure to mean either "and" or "or" unless indicated otherwise.

[0036] The term“optionally substituted” is understood to mean that a given chemical moiety (e.g., an alkyl group) can (but is not required to) be bonded other substituents (e.g, heteroatoms). For instance, an alkyl group that is optionally substituted can be a fully saturated alkyl chain (i.e., a pure hydrocarbon). Alternatively, the same optionally substituted alkyl group can have substituents different from hydrogen. For instance, it can, at any point along the chain be bounded to a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or any other substituent described herein. Thus the term “optionally substituted” means that a given chemical moiety has the potential to contain other functional groups, but does not necessarily have any further functional groups. Suitable substituents used in the optional substitution of the described groups include, without limitation, halogen, oxo, -OH, -CN, -COOH, -CH2CN, -0-(Ci-C&) alkyl, (Ci-C&) alkyl, Ci-Ce aikoxy,

(C _l -C ₆ )haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, -0-(C2~C6) alkenyl, -C C2-C6) alkynyl, (C2-C0) alkenyl, (C2- Ce) alkynyl, -OH, -0P(0)(0H) ₂ , -0C(0)(Ci-C ₆ ) alkyl, -C(0)(Ci-Ce) alkyl,

0C(0)0(Ci-C ₆ ) alkyl, -NΉ2, -NHf/Ci-Ce) alkyl), -N((€i-€ό) alkyl)?., -NHC(0)(Ci-C6) alkyl,

-C(0)NH(Ci-Ce) alkyl, -S(0) ₂ (Ci-C ₆ ) alkyl, -S(0)NH(Ci-Ce) alkyl, and S(0)N((Ci-Ce) alkyl) _2. The substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.“Optionally substituted” as used herein also refers to substituted or unsubstituted whose meaning is described below. [0037] As used herein, the term“substituted” means that the specified group or moiety bears one or more suitable substituents wherein the substituents may connect to the specified group or moiety at one or more positions. For example, an aryl substituted with a cycloalky] may indicate that the cycloalkyl connects to one atom of the aryl with a bond or by fusing with the aryl and sharing two or more common atoms.

[0038] As used herein, the term “unsubstituted” means that the specified group bears no substituents.

[0039] Unless otherwise specifically defined, the term "aryl" refers to cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 3 aromatic rings, including monocyclic or bi cyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl. Where containing two aromatic rings (bicyclic, etc.), the aromatic rings of the aryl group may be joined at a single point {e.g, biphenyl), or fused (e.g., naphthyl). The aryl group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents, e.g, 1 to 5 substituents, at any point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to,

-H, -halogen, -C Ci-Ce) alkyl, (Ci-Ce) alkyl, -0-(C2-C6) alkenyl, -O-CCVCe) alkynyl,

(C2-C0) alkenyl, (Cb-Ce) alkynyl, -OH, -OP(0)(OH) ₂ , -OC(0)(Ci-C6) alkyl, -C(0)(Ci-C6) alkyl, -0C(0)0(Ci-Ce) alkyl, NH2, NH((Ci-C ₆ ) alkyl), NfYCi-Cs) alkylri, -S(0)2-(Ci-C ₆ ) alkyl,

-S(0)NH(C _l -C6) alkyl, and S(0)N((Ci-C6) alkyifi. The substituents can themselves be optionally substituted. Furthermore when containing two fused rings the aryl groups herein defined may have an unsaturated or partially saturated ring fused with a fully saturated ring. Exemplary ring systems of these aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenaienyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyi, tetrahydronaphthalenyl, tetrahydrobenzoannulenyl, and the like.

[0040] Unless otherwise specifically defined, "heteroaryl" means a monovalent monocyclic aromatic radical of 5 to 24 ring atoms or a polycyclic aromatic radical, containing one or more ring heteroatoms selected from N, Q, or S, the remaining ring atoms being C. Heteroaryl as herein defined also means a bicyclic heteroaromatic group wherein the heteroatom is selected from N, O, or S. The aromatic radical is optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, furyl, thienyl, pyrroly!, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidiny!, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, thiophen- 2-yl, quinoiyl, benzopyranyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazole, indazole, benzimidazolyl, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, triazolyl, triazinyl, imidazo[l,2-b]pyrazolyl, furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, imidazo[l,2-a]pyridinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridinyl, thieno[3,2-c]pyridinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, indolinyl, indolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyi, dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzofuran, chromanyl, thiochromanyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, dihydrobenzothiaz.ine, dihydrobenzoxanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyi, l,6-naphthyridinyl, benzo[de]isoquinolinyl, pyrido[4,3-b][l,6]naphthyridinyl, thieno[2,3-b]pyrazinyl, quinazolinyl, tetrazolo[l,5-a]pyridinyl, [1 ,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridinyl, isoindolyi, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridinyl, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridinyl, imidazo[5,4-b]pyridinyl, pyrrolo[l,2-a]pyrimidinyl, tetrahydro pyrrolo[l,2-a]pyrimidinyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-l□ ² -pyrrolo[2,l -b]pyrimidine, dibenzo[b,d] thiophene, pyridin-2-one, furo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, lH-pyrido[3,4-b][I,4] thiazinyl, benzooxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, furo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, benzothiophenyl, 1,5- naphthyridinyl, furo[3,2-b]pyridine, [l,2,4]triazolo[l,5-a]pyridinyl, benzo [l,2,3]triazolyl, imidazo[ 1 ,2-a]pyrimidinyl, [ 1 ,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazinyl, benzo[c][ 1 ,2,5]thiadiazolyl, benzo[c][l,2,5]oxadiazole, l,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-one, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo [l,5-b][l,2]oxazinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[l,5-a]pyridinyl, thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazolyl, imidazo[2,l-b][l,3,4]thiadiazolyl, thieno[2,3-b]pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyi, and derivatives thereof. Furthermore when containing two fused rings the aryl groups herein defined may have an un saturated or partially saturated ring fused with a fully saturated ring. Exemplary ring systems of these heteroaryl groups include indolinyl, indolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyi, dihydrobenzofuran, chromanyl, thiochromanyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, dihydrobenzothiazine, 3,4- dihydro-lH-isoquinolinyl, 2,3 -dihydrobenzofuran, indolinyl, indolyl, and dihydrobenzoxanyl.

[0041] Halogen or“halo” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

[0042] Alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms. Examples of a (C1-C0) alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, and isohexyi.

[0043]“Alkoxy” refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing 1-12 carbon atoms containing a terminal“O” in the chain, i.e., -O(alkyl). Examples of alkoxy groups include, without limitation, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, t-butoxy, or pentoxy groups. [0044]“Alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched chain unsaturated hydrocarbon containing 2-12 carbon atoms. The“alkenyl” group contains at least one double bond in the chain. The double bond of an alkenyl group can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group. Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, iso-butenyl, pentenyl, or hexenyl. An alkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted. Alkenyl, as herein defined, may be straight or branched.

[0045]“Alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched chain unsaturated hydrocarbon containing 2-12 carbon atoms. The“alkynyl” group contains at least one triple bond in the chain. Examples of alkenyl groups include ethynyl, propargyl, n-butynyl, iso-butynyl, pentynyl, or hexynyl. An alkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted.

[0046] The term“ alkyl ene” or“ alkyl enyl” refers to a divalent alkyl radical. Any of the above mentioned monovalent alkyl groups may be an alkylene by abstraction of a second hydrogen atom from the alkyl. As herein defined, alkylene may also be a Ci-Cr alkylene. An alkylene may further be a C1-C4 alkylene. Typical alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, -CII2-, -CH(CH ₃ )-, - C(CH ₃ )2-, -CH2CH2-, -· ^(' ! I2P !{ ^{( '} ! 10-, -Ci hCiCi k).'-, -CH2CH2CH2-,

-CH2CH2CH2CH2-, and the like.

[0047]“Cycloalkyl” means monocyclic or polycyclic saturated carbon rings (e.g., fused, bridged, or spiro rings) containing 3-18 carbon atoms (e.g., C3-C10). Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, without limitations, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptanyl, cyclooctanyl, norboranyl, norborenyi, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl.

[0048]“Heterocyclyl” or“heterocycloalkyl” means monocyclic or polycyclic rings (e.g., fused, bridged, or spiro rings) containing carbon and heteroatoms taken from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and wherein there is not delocalized□ electrons (aromaticity) shared among the ring carbon or heteroatoms. The heterocycloalkyl can be a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- 10-, 11-, or 12-membered ring. The heterocycloalkyl ring structure may be substituted by one or more substituents. The substituents can themselves be optionally substituted. Examples of heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, oxetanyi, azetadinyi, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyrrohdinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxalinyJ, piperidinyi, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl S-oxide, thiomorpholinyl S-dioxide, piperazinyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl, diazepinyl, tropanyl, oxazolidinonyl, and homotropanyl. In accordance with the present application, 3- to 10- membered heterocyclyl refers to saturated or partially saturated non aromatic rings structures containing between 3 and 10 atoms in which there is at least one heteroatoms selected from the group N, O, or S.

[0049] The term“hydroxyalkyl” means an alkyl group as defined above, where the alkyl group is substituted with one or more -OH groups. Examples of hydroxyalkyl groups include HO-CH2-, HO-CH2-CH2- and CHvCHiOH}·.

[0050] The term“haloalkyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, which is substituted one or more halogen. Examples of haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, trichloromethyl, etc.

[0051] The term“haloalkoxy” as used herein refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, which is substituted one or more halogen. Examples of haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, trichloromethoxy, etc

[0052] The term“cyano” as used herein means a substituent having a carbon atom joined to a nitrogen atom by a triple bond, i.e., CºN.

[0053] The term“amine” as used herein refers to primary (R-NH2, R ¹ H), secondary' (R2-NH, R2 ¹ H) and tertiary (R ₃ -N, R ¹ H) amines. A substituted amine is intended to mean an amine where at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by the substituent.

[0054] The term“cationic amine” as used herein refers to positively charged primary (R-NH3 \ R ¹ H), secondar' ((R) ₂ -NH2 ⁺ , R2 ¹ H) and tertiary ((R) ₃ -NH ⁺ , R ¹ H) amines. Exemplary cationic amine include without limitation 2-hydroxyethan-l-aminium, 3-aminopropan-l-aminium, propane- 1 , 3 -diaminium, l -methoxy-2-methylpropan-2-aminium, N,N-dimethylpropan- 1 - aminium, N,N,N-trimethylpropan-l-aminium, and tris(2-chloroethyl)ammonium.

[0055] The term“amino” as used herein means a substituent containing at least one nitrogen atom. Specifically, NH2, -NH(alkyl) or alkylamino, -N(alkyl)2 or dialkylamino, amide-, carbamide-, urea, and sulfamide substituents are included in the term“amino”.

[0056] The term“oxo” as used herein refers to an“=0” group.

[0057] The term "isomer" refers to salts and/or compounds that have the same composition and molecular weight but differ in physical and/or chemical properties. The structural difference may be in constitution (geometric isomers) or in the ability to rotate the plane of polarized light (stereoisomers). With regard to stereoisomers, the salts of Formula (I) may have one or more asymmetric carbon atom and may occur as racemates, racemic mixtures and as individual enantiomers or diastereomers.

[0058] The disclosure also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a disclosed salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Representative "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" include, e.g., water-soluble and water-insoluble salts, such as the acetate, amsonate (4, 4-diaminostilbene-2, 2-disulfonate), benzenesulfonate, benzonate, bicarbonate, bi sulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, calcium, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, clavulariate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumerate, fiunarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexafluorophosphate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, magnesium, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methyl sulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, N-methyiglucamine ammonium salt, 3 -hydroxy -2-naphthoate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate (l,l-methene-bis-2- hydroxy-3-naphthoate, einbonate), pantothenate, phosphate/di phosphate, picrate, polygalacturonate, propionate, p-toluenesuifonate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, sulfate, sulfosalicylate, suramate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, triethiodide, and valerate salts.

[0059] A "patient" or“subject” is a mammal, e.g., a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, or non-human primate, such as a monkey, chimpanzee, baboon or rhesus.

[0060] An "effective amount" when used in connection with a salt or pharmaceutical composition is an amount effective for treating or preventing a disease in a subject as described herein.

[0061] The term "carrier", as used in this disclosure, encompasses carriers, excipients, and diluents and means a material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body of a subject.

[0062] The term "treating" with regard to a subject, refers to improving at least one symptom of the subject's disorder. Treating includes curing, improving, or at least partially ameliorating the disorder.

[0063] The term "disorder" is used in this disclosure to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the terms disease, condition, or illness, unless otherwise indicated. [0064] The term "administer", "administering", or "administration" as used in this disclosure refers to either directly administering a disclosed salt or a composition to a subject, or administering a prodrug derivative or analog of the salt or composition to the subject, which can form an equivalent amount of active salt within the subject's body.

Salts of the application

[0065] The present application relates to salts or enantiomers, stereoisomers, or tautomers thereof, capable of treating or preventing an age-related disorder, which are useful for the treatment of diseases and disorders associated with aging and cellular restoration

[0066] In one embodiment of the salt of Formula I, A is 0 . In another embodiment, A is OH. In another embodiment, A is NR ^a R ^b .

[0067] In some embodiments of the invention, R ^a is independently, at each occurrence H, or Ci- Cealkyl. In other embodiments, R ^a is H. In other embodiments, R ^a is Ci-Cealkyl. In other embodiments, R ^a is Ci-Cealkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from Ci- Cealkyl, Ci-Cealkeny!, Ci-Cealkynyi, (Co-CsalkylenejCs-Cscycloakyl, (Co- (riaikylenejheterocyc!oakyl, (Co-TfralkylenejCe-Cwaryl, or (Co-Cualkylenetheteroaryl. In other embodiments, R ^a is Cr-C&alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from Ci- Cealkyl. In other embodiments, R ^a is Ci-Cea!ky! substituted with one or Cu-Cea!keny!. In other embodiments, R ^a is Ci-Cealkyl substituted with one or more Cfr-Cealkynyl. In other embodiments, R ^a is Ci-Cealkyl substituted with one or more m (Co-CsalkylenejCi-Cgcycloakyl. In other embodiments, R ^a is Ci-Ce.alkyl substituted with one or more (Co-Chalkylene)heterocycloakyl. In other embodiments, R ^a is Ci-Cealkyl substituted with one or more (Co-CsalkylenejCe-CMaryl. In other embodiments, R ^a is Ci-Cealkyl substituted with one or more (Co-Csalkylenejheteroaryl. In other embodiment R ^a is methyl. In other embodiment R ^a is methyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from Ci-Cealkyl, ( ^' (T alkenyl , ( ^' 2 CV. lkynyf (Co-C3alkylene)C _3- Cecycloakyl, (Co-C3alkylene)heterocycloakyl, (Co-CsalkylenejCe-Cuaryl, or (Co- Cualkylenejheteroaiyl .

[0068] Yet in another embodiment, R ³ is a negative charge or H. In one embodiment, R ³ represents a negative charge. In another embodiment, R ^J is H.

[0069] In a further embodiment, R ¹ is independently H, Ci-Cealkyl, Ci-Cehaioalkyl, (Co C ₃ alkylene)C(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, -C(0)OR ^a , -C(0)NR ^a R°, or -[CH2-CH ₂ -0]k-R ^a . In another embodiment, R ¹ is H. In another embodiment, R ¹ is Cr-Cealkyl. In another embodiment, R ¹ is Ci-Cehaloalkyl. In another embodiment, R ¹ is (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)Ci-C6alkyl. In another embodiment, R ¹ is -C(0)0R ^a . In another embodiment, R ¹ is -[CH2-CH2-0]k~R ^a In another embodiment, R ¹ is C(0)Ci-C6alkyl.

[0070] In one embodiment, R ² is independently H, Cr-Cealkyl, Ci-Cehaioalkyl, (Co- C3alkydene)C(0)C _l--- Cealkyl, -C(0)0R ^a , -C(0)TMR ^a R ^b , or -[CH2-CH ₂ -0]k-R ^a . In another embodiment, R ² is H. In another embodiment, R ² is Ci-Cealkyl. In another embodiment, R ² is Ci-Cehaloalkyl. In another embodiment, R ² is (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)Ci-C6aikyl. In another embodiment, R ² is ~C(0)0R ^a . In another embodiment, R ² is -[CH ₂ -CH2-0]k-R ^a . In another embodiment, R ¹ is C(0)Ci-C6alkyl.

[0071] In a further embodiment of the salts of the Formula I, R ¹ and R ² , together with the atom to which they are attached, may form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring. In a further embodiment of the salts of the Formula I, R ¹ and R ² , together with the atom to which they are attached, may form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In yet a further embodiment of the salts of the Formula I, R ¹ and R ² , together with the atom to which they are attached, may form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring substituted with one or more substituents selected from Ci-Cealkyl, Cr-Cealkenyl, C _2- C6alkynyl, (Co--C3alkylene)C3--Cscycloakyl, (Co-Csalkylenelheterocycloakyl, (Co-C3alkylene)C6-C _l4 aryl, and (Co-C3alkylene)heteroaryl. In yet a further embodiment of the salts of the Formula I, R ¹ and R ² , together with the atom to which they are attached, may form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring substituted with one or more substituents selected from Ci-Cealkyl, C2-Cealkenyl, Ci-Cealkynyl, (Co-C3alkylene)C3-Cscycloakyl, (Co-Cbalkylenelheterocycloakyl, (Co-CsalkylenelCe-Ciraryd, and (Co-C3alky lene)heteroaryl .

[0072] In another embodiment of the salt of Formula I, M ¹ and M are an inorganic cation or a cationic amino acid. In another embodiment, M ¹ is a cationic amino acid of Formula II:

0073] In another embodiment of the salt of Formula I, M ^~ is a cationic amino acid of Formula II:

[0074] In yet another embodiment, M ¹ is an inorganic action. In some embodiments, M ¹ is, but not limited to, Li ⁺ , Na ^÷ , K ⁺ , Rb ^r , Cs ⁺ , Be ²⁺ , Mg y Ca ²⁺ , Sr ²⁺ , Zn ⁺ , and Ba \ In another embodiment, M ¹ is Li t In another embodiment, M ¹ is Na t In another embodiment, M ¹ is K ⁺ . In another embodiment, M ¹ is Rb ⁺ In another embodiment, M ¹ is Cs ⁺ . M ¹ can also be divalent cations such as Ca ²⁺ , Be ² , Mg ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Sr ^Z , Zn ²⁺ , and Ba ²⁺ . In one embodiment, M ¹ is Ca ² 1 [0075] In another embodiment, In yet another embodiment, M ² is an inorganic action. In some embodiments, M ² is, but not limited to, Li ⁺ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , and Ba ² t In another embodiment, M is Li t In another embodiment, M ² is Na ⁺ . In another embodiment, M ² is K t In another embodiment, M ² is Rb In another embodiment, M ² is Cs ⁺ . M ² can also be divalent cations such as Ca ²⁺ , Be ² 1 Mg ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Sr ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , and Ba ² 1 In one embodiment, M ² is Ca ²⁺ .

[0076] In one embodiment of the salt of Formula I, R ⁴ is H, Ci-Cealkyl, Ci-Coalkenyl, C Cealkynyl , (Co-CLalkyleneXh-Cscycloakyl, (Co-€balkylene)heterocycloakyl, (Co-

C3aikylene)C6-Ci4aryl, or (Co-C ₃ alkylene)heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R ⁴ is H. In another embodiment, R ⁴ is Ci-Cealkyl. In another embodiment, R ⁴ is CL-Cealkenyl. In another embodiment, R ⁴ is Cr-Cealkynyl. In another embodiment, R ⁴ is (Co-CsalkylenelCiv-Cscycloakyi. In another embodiment, R ⁴ is (Co-CLalkylenelheterocycIoaky!. In another embodiment, R ⁴ is (Co- C3alkylene)C6-C _l4 aryl. In another embodiment, R ⁴ is (Co-CLalkylenejheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R ⁵ is H. C _l- C ₄ alkyl substituted with one or more (Co-C3alkylene)SR ^c .

[0077] In another embodiment, R ⁴ is Ci-Cealkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C ₃ alkylene)OR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)OC(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(())OR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)SR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)SR ^c , (Co-

C ₃ alkylene)SC(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)NC(0)NR ^c R ^d , (Co- C3alkylene)C(NR ^c )NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c C(NR ^c )NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)P(0)OnR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)S(0)mNR ^c R ^d , (Co-C ₃ alkylene)S(0)n,OR ^c , or (Co-C3alkylene)BO _P R ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁴ is Ci-Cealkenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from eyano, halo, SeH, (Co C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^Q , (Co C ₃ alkylene)OR ^c , (Co C ₃ alkylene)OC(0)R ^c , (Co-

C3alkylene)S(0)m0R ^c , or (Co-C3alkylene)BOpR ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁴ is CV-Coalkynyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from eyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)OR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)OC(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)OR ^c , (Co-CualkylenelSR ⁰ , (Co C3aikylene)C(0)SR ^c , (Co C3aikylene)SC(0)R ^c , (Co C3aikylene)C(0)NR ^c R ^d (Co- C ₃ a! ky 1 en e)N C(0)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)C(NR ^c )NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c C(NR ^c )NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)P(0)OnR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3a!ky!ene)S(0) _m NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)S(0) _ra OR ^c , or (Co- C3alkylene)BOpR ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁴ is (Co-C3alkylene)C3-C8cycloakyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from eyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^Q , (Co- C3alkylene)OR ^c , (Co-C ₃ alkylene)OC(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)OR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)SR ^c , (Co-

C3aikyiene)BGpR ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁴ is (Co-C3aikyiene)heterocycloakyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from eyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C3alkyiene)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-

C3alkylene)BOpR ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁴ is (Co-C3alkylene)C6-Ci ₄ aryl substituted with one or more substituents selected from eyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^a , (Co- C3alkylene)OR ^c , (Co-Csal ky lene)0C(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)OR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)SR ^c , (Co-- C3aikylene)C(0)SR ^c , (Co -C ₃ alkylene)SC(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0) R ^c R ^d , (Co-

C ₃ a! ky 1 en e)N C(0)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)C(NR ^c )NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c C(NR ^c )NR ^c R ^d , (Co~C3alkylene)P(0)OnR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)S(0)mNR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)S(Q)mOR ^c , or (Co--- C3alkylene)BOpR ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁴ is (Co C ₃ alkylene)heteroaryl substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^a , (Co-

[0078] In one embodiment of the salt of Formula I, R ³ is H, Ci-Cealkyl, Ci-Ceaikeny!, Ci Cealkynyl, (Co~C3alkylene)C3-Cscycloakyl, (Co-C3alkylene)heterocycloakyl, (Co- C3alkylene)C6-Ci ₄ aryl, or (C ₀ C ₃ alkylene)heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R ⁵ is H. In another embodiment, R ⁵ is Ci-Ce.alkyl. In another embodiment, R ³ is (h-Coalkenyl. In another embodiment, R ⁵ is Cu-Cealkynyl. In another embodiment, R ⁵ is (Co-C3alkylene)C3-C8cycioakyi. In another embodiment, R ³ is (Co-C3alkylene)heterocycloakyl. In another embodiment, R ³ is (Co- C3alky ene)C6-C _l4 aryl. In another embodiment, R ⁵ is (Co-C3alkylene)heteroaryl.

[0079] In another embodiment, R ⁵ is Ci-Cealkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)OR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)OC(0)R ^c ,

another embodiment, R ³ is C2-C6alkenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from

C3alkylene)S(0) u0R ^c , or (Co-C3alkylene)BOpR ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ³ is Ci-Coalkynyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, SeH, (Co--C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3aikyiene)QR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)OC(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)OR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)SR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)SR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)SC(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-

C3alkylene)BOpR ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁵ is (Co-C3alkylene)C3-Cscycloakyi substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C ₃ a!ky!ene)NR ^c R ^d (Co- C3alkylene)OR ^c , (Co-Cbal ky lene)0C(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)OR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)SR ^c , (Co-- C3alkylene)C(0)SR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)SC(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)NR ^c R ^Q , (Co- C ₃ alkylene)NC(0)NR ^c R ^d , (Co-C ₃ alkylene)C(NR ^c )NR ^c R ^d , (Co C3alkylene)NR ^c C(NR ^c )NR ^c R ^d , (Co--C3alkylene)P(0)OnR ^c R ^d , (Co-C3alkylene)S(0)mNR ^c R ^Q , (Co C3alkylene)S(0)mOR ^c , or (Co- C3alkylene)BOpR ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁵ is (Co-C3alkylene)heterocycloakyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^a , (Co-

C3alkylene)BOpR ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁵ is (Co-C ₃ alkylene)C6-Ci4aryl substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C ₃ alkylene)NR ^c R ^a , (Co- C3aikylene)QR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)OC(0)R ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)C(0)OR ^c , (Co-C3alkylene)SR ^c , (Co-

C3alkylene)BO _P R ^c R ^d . In another embodiment, R ⁵ is (Co-C ₃ alkylene)heteroaryi substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, SeH, (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^Q , (Co-

[0080] In another embodiment, R ⁶ is H or Ci-Ce alkyl. In another embodiment, R ⁶ is H. In another embodiment, R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl. In another embodiment, R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, (Co-C3alkylene)NR ^c R ^d , or (Co-C3alkylene)OR ^c . In another embodiment, R ⁵ is H.

[0081] Yet in another embodiment, R ⁴ and R ^fJ , together with the atoms to which they are attached, my form a 5-membered ring. In another embodiment, R ⁴ and R ⁶ , together with the atoms to which they are attached, my form a 5-membered ring substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, (Co-C ₃ alkylene)NR ^c R ^d , or (Co-C ₃ alkylene)OR ^c . In another embodiment, R ⁴ and R ⁶ , together with the atoms to which they are attached, my form a 6-membered ring. In another embodiment, R ⁴ and R ⁶ , together with the atoms to which they are attached, my form a 6- mernbered ring substituted with one or more substituents selected from cyano, halo, (Co- C ₃ alkylene)NR ^c R ^d , or (Co-C ₃ alkylene)OR ^c .

[0082] In a further embodiment, R ^d is independently, at each occurrence, H or Ci-Cealkyl. In another embodiment, R ^d is H. In another embodiment, R ^Q is Ci-Cealkyl In another embodiment, R ^d is Ci-Cealkyl one or more substituents selected from (Co-C ₃ alkylene)C _3- C8cycloakyl, (Co- Cualkylenejheterocycloakyl, (Co-CualkylenejCe-Ciraryl, or (Co-C ₃ alkylene)heteroaryl

[0083] In a further embodiment, R ^c is independently, at each occurrence, H or Ci-Cealkyl. In another embodiment, R ^c is H. In another embodiment, R ^c is Ci-Cealkyl. In another embodiment, R ^c is Ci-Cealkyl one or more substituents selected from (Co-C ₃ aikylene)C _3- C8cycIoakyl, (Co- C3alkylene)heterocycloakyl, (Co-C ₃ alkylene)Ce-Ci4aryl, or (Co-C ₃ alkylene)heteroaryl.

[0084] In another embodiment, k at each occurrence is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 In another embodiment, k is 1. In another embodiment, k is 2. In another embodiment, k is 3. In another embodiment, k is 4. In another embodiment, k is 5. In another embodiment, k is 6. In another embodiment, k is 7. In another embodiment, k is 8.

[0085] In one embodiment, rn is 0, 1, or 2. In another embodiment, m is 0. In another embodiment, m is 1. In another embodiment, m is 2.

[0086] In one embodiment, n is 0, 1, or 2. In another embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2.

[0087] In one embodiment, p is 0, 1, or 2. In another embodiment, p is 0. In another embodiment, p is 1. In another embodiment, p is 2. 0088] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula la:

0089] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula lb:

[0090] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula Ic: 0091] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula Id:

0092] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula le:

[0093] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula If:

0094] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula lg:

[0095] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula Ih:

0096] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula Ii:

0097] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula Ij :

[0098] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula Ik:

0099] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula P:

0100] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula Im:

[0101] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula In:

0102] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula lo:

0103] In some embodiments of the salt of Formula I, the salt has the structure of Formula Ir:

[0104] In another embodiment, a suitable salt include without limitation:

(S)~ 1 -Carboxy~2~methylpropan~ 1 -aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 - carboxylate (1-001);

(S)- 1 -Carboxy-2-methyl propan- 1 -aminium ((2R,3 S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyri din- 1 -ium- 1 -yl)- 3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-002);

(S)-4-Amino-l-carboxy-4-oxobutan-l -aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3 , 4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyri din-1 -ium-3- carboxylate (1-003);

Bis((S)-l-Carboxy-2-methylpropan-l-aminium)-l-((2R,3R,4S, 5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3 -carboxylate (1-004);

Bis((S)-4- Amino- 1 -carboxy-4-oxobutan- 1 -aminium)- 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl) tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3-carboxylate (1-005);

(S)-l-Carboxy-2-(lH-imidazol-4-yl)ethanaminium i-((2R,3R,4S,5R)~5~

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 - carboxylate (1-006);

(S)-l -Carboxy-2-(lH-imidazol-4-yl)ethanaminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-l - ium- 1 -yl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-007);

Bis((S)-l-Carboxy-2-(lH-imidazol-4-yl)ethanaminium)- l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l -ium-3-carboxylate (1-008); (S)- 1 -Carboxy-4-guanidinobutan- 1 -aminium 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 - carboxyl ate (1-009);

(S)-l, 3 -Dicarboxypropan-l -aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)- 3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-010),

(S)-l-Carboxy-2-(lH-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydr ofuran-2-yl)pyri din- 1 -ium-3 - carboxylate (1-01 1);

(S)- 1 -Carboxy-4-guanidinobutan-l -aminium ((2R,3 S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin- 1 -ium- 1 - yJ)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)m ethyl phosphate (1-012);

(S)- 1,3 -Dicarboxypropan- 1 -aminium ((2R,3 S,4R, 5R)-5-(3 -carbamoylpyridin- 1 -ium- 1 -yl)-3 ,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2~yl)methyi phosphate (1-013);

(S)-l-Carboxy-2-(lH-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l- yl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)m ethyl phosphate (ϊ-014);

Bi s((S)- 1 -Carboxy-4-guanidinobutan- 1 -aminium)- 1 ~((2R,3 R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl) tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyri din-1 -ium-3-carboxyJate (1-015);

Bis((S)-l,3-Dicarboxypropan-l-aminium)-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3 ,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3 -carboxylate (1-016);

Bis((S)-l-Carboxy-2-(lH-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium)- l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-

((phosphonatooxy) methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-017);

( 1 S,2R)~ 1 -carboxy-2-hydroxypropan- 1 -aminium 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)~5-

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 - carboxylate (1-018);

(1 S,2R)- 1 -carboxy-2-hydroxypropan- 1 -aminium ((2R,3 S,4R,5R)-5-(3 -carbamoylpyridin- 1 -ium- 1 -yl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methy 1 phosphate (1-019);

Bis((l S,2R)- 1 -carboxy-2-hydroxypropan- 1 -aminium)- 1 -((2R,3R,4 S, 5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-020); (S)-2-carboxypyrroJidin-l-ium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3,4- dihy droxytetrahy drofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 -carboxyl ate (1-021 );

(S)-2-carboxypyrrolidin- 1 -ium ((2R,3 S.4R, 5R)-5-(3 -carbamoylpyridin- 1 -ium- 1 -yi)-3 ,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-022);

Bis((S)-2-carboxypyrroiidin-l-ium)-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-d ihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3 -carboxylate (1-023);

(S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentan-l -aminium 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy droxytetrahy drofuran-2-yl)pyri din- 1 -ium-3 - carboxyl ate (1-024);

(S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentan-l -aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l-yl)- 3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-025);

(S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentan-l -aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-

((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-iu m-3-carboxyJate (1-026);

(S)- 1 -carboxy-3 -(methylthi o)propan- 1 -aminium 1 -((2R,3R,4 S, 5R)-5-

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy )methyl)-3 ,4-dihy droxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyri din- 1 -ium-3 - carboxyl ate (1-027);

(S)-l -carboxy-3 -(methylthi o)propan-l -aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-l-ium- 1 -yl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-028),

Bis((S)-l-carboxy-3-(methylthio)propan-l -aminium)-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-

((phosphonatooxy)methy!)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-029);

Carboxymethanaminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-030);

Carboxymethanaminium l -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-

(((hydroxyoxidophosphoryl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl )pyridin-l -ium-3-carboxylate (I-

031);

Bis(carboxymethanaminium)-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy- 5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-032); (S)- 1 -carboxyethan- 1 -aminium ((2R,3 S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carboxypyridin-l -ium- 1 -yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-033);

(S)- 1 -carboxyethan- 1 -aminium l -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4~dihydroxy~5~

(((hydroxyoxidophosphoryl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl )pyridin-l-ium-3-carboxylate (I-

034),

Bis((S)-l -carboxyethan- 1 -aminium)- 1 -((2R,3R,4S, 5R)-3, 4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 -carboxyl ate (1-035);

(S)-l-carboxy-2-hydroxyethan-l-aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-I-ium-l-yl)- 3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-036);

(S)- 1 -carboxy-2-hydroxyethan-l -aminium 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3 ,4-dihydroxy-5-

(((hydroxyoxidophosphoryl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl )pyridin- 1 -ium-3 -carboxylate (I- 037),

Bis((S)-l-carboxy-2-hydroxyethan-l-aminium)-l-((2R,3R,4S, 5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-038);

(S)- 1 -carboxy-2-phenylethan- 1 -aimnium-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin- 1 -ium- 1 -yl)- 3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-039);

(S)- 1 -carboxy-2-phenylethan- 1 -aminium- 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- (((hydroxyoxidophosphoryl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)py ridin-l -ium-3-carboxylate (I-

040);

Bis((S)-l -carboxy-2-phenylethan- 1 -aminium)- ((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-(3-earboxypyridin- 1 -ium- 1 -yl)- 3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-041 );

(R)-l-carboxy-2-mereaptoethan-l-aminium-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5- (3-carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l-yl)- 3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-042);

(R)- 1 -carboxy-2-mercaptoethan-l -aminium- 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- (((hydroxyoxidophosphoryl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)py ridin-l -ium-3-carboxylate (I- 043); Bis((R)-l-carboxy-2-mercaptoethan-l-aminium)-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R )-3,4-dihydroxy-5-

((phosphonatooxy)methy!)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin~ 1 -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-044);

(S)-3-amino-l-carboxy-3-oxopropan-l-aminium-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5 -(3-carbamoylpyridin-l-ium- 1 -yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-045);

(S)-3 -amino- 1 -carboxy-3 -oxopropan- 1 -aminium- 1 -((2R,3R,4S, 5R)-3 ,4-dihydroxy-5- (((hydroxyoxidophosphoryl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)py ridin-l-ium-3-carboxylate (I-

046);

Bis((S)-3-amino-l-carboxy-3-oxopropan-l-aminium)-l-((2R,3R,4 S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3 -carboxylate (1-047);

(S)- 1 ,2-dicarboxyethan- 1 -aminium-((2R,3 S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin- 1 -ium- 1 ~yl)~3,4~ dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-048);

(S)- 1 ,2-dicarboxyethan- 1 -aminium- 1 -((2R.3R.4S, 5R)-3 ,4-dihy droxy-5-

(((hydroxyoxidophosphoryl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl )pyridin-l-ium-3-carboxylate (I-

049);

Bi s((S)- 1 ,2-di carboxyethan- 1 -aminium)- 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3 ,4-dihy droxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3 -carboxylate (1-050);

Sodium (I) (S)-l-carboxy-2-(lH-indol-3-yl)ethan-l-aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3, 4-dihydroxy - 5-((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-051);

Sodium (I) (S)-l-carboxy-2-methylpropan-l -aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-052);

Potassium (I) (S)- l-carboxy-2-(lH-indol-3-yl)ethan- 1 -aminium 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4- dihydroxy-5-((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyr idin-l-ium-3-carboxylate (I-

053);

Potassium (I) (S)-l-carboxy-2-methylpropan-l -aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3 -carboxylate (1-054); (S)- 1 -carboxy-2-( 1 H-indoi-3 -y l)ethan- 1 -aminium ( S)- 1 -carboxy-2-methylpropan- 1 -aminium 1 - ((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((phosphonatooxy)methyi)tetra hydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-I-ium- 3-carboxylate (1-055);

2-Hydroxy ethanHydroxyethan- 1 -aminium (S)-4-amino- 1 -carboxy-4-oxobutan- 1 -aminium 1 - ((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetra hydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l -ium-

3-carboxylate (1-056),

(S)-l-Carboxy-3-methylbutan-l -aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy )methyl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 - carboxylate (1-057);

(S)-l-Carboxy-3-methylbutan-l -aminium l -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-

((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-iu m-3-carboxylate (1-058);

(S)-l -Carboxy-3-methylbutan-l-aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-l -ium-l -yl)- 3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-059);

( 1 S,2S)- 1 -Carboxy-2-methylbutan- 1 -aminium 1 -((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3 , 4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyri din-1 -ium-3- carboxylate (1-060);

(l S,2S)-l-Carboxy-2-methylbutan-l -aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-

((phosphonatooxy) methy l)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyri din- 1 -ium-3 -carboxylate (1-061),

(l S,2S)-l-Carboxy-2-methylbutan-l -aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyipyridin-l-ium-l- yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-062);

(R)-l -Carboxy-2-methylpropan- 1 -aminium 1 -((2R,3 R,4S,5R)-5-

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin- 1 -ium-3 - carboxylate (1-063),

(R)-l-Carboxy-2-methylpropan-l-aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-l -ium-l -yl)- 3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-064). (R)-l-Carboxy-2-methylpropan-l-aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3 -carboxylate (1-065).

[0105] The salts of the present application may be made by a variety of methods, including standard chemistry. Suitable synthetic routes are depicted in the Schemes given below.

[0106] The salts of Formula (I) may be prepared by methods known in the art. of organic synthesis as set forth in part by the following synthetic schemes. In the schemes described below, it is well understood that protecting groups for sensitive or reactive groups are employed where necessary in accordance with general principles or chemistry. Protecting groups are manipulated according to standard methods of organic synthesis (T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", Third edition, Wiley, New York 1999) These groups are removed at a convenient stage of the salt synthesis using methods that are readily apparent to those skilled in the art.. The selection processes, as well as the reaction conditions and order of their execution, shall be consistent with the preparation of salts of Formula (I).

[0107] Those skilled in the art will recognize if a stereocenter exists in the salts of Formula (I). Accordingly, the present application includes both possible stereoisomers (unless specified in the synthesis) and includes not only racemic salts but the individual enantiomers and/or diastereomers as well. When a compound or salt is desired as a single enantiomer or diastereomer, it may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis or by resolution of the final product or any convenient intermediate. Resolution of the final product, an intermediate, or a starting material may be affected by any suitable method known in the art. See, for example, "Stereochemistry' of Organic Compounds" by E. L. Eli el, S. H. Wilen, and L N. Mander (Wiley-lnterscience, 1994).

[0108] The salts and compounds described herein may be made from commercially available starting materials or synthesized using known organic, inorganic, and/or enzymatic processes.

[0109] The salts of the present application can be prepared in a number of ways well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis. By way of example, salts of the present appli cati on can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. These methods include but are not limited to those methods described below. Salts of the present application can be synthesized by following the steps outlined in General Schemes 1 and 2 which comprise different sequences of assembling various intermediates. Starting materials are either commercially available or made by known procedures in the reported literature or as illustrated.

[0110] A mixture of enantiomers, diastereomers, cis/trans isomers resulting from the process described above can be separated into their single components by chiral salt technique, chromatography using normal phase, reverse phase or chiral column, depending on the nature of the separation.

[0111] It should be understood that in the description and formula shown above, the groups R in the schemes represent R ⁴ and R ⁵ and other variables are as defined above, except where otherwise indicated. Furthermore, for synthetic purposes, the salts of General Schemes 1 and 2 are mere representative with elected radicals to illustrate the general synthetic methodology of the salts of Formula (I) as defined herein.

[0112] It is also understand that the salts disclosed herein possess a neutral electrical charge and that the structure of Formula I is only representative of genus which, if necessary, may be balanced with counterion to allow the salt to present a neutral electrical charge. Such counterions may include, without limitation, bromine, chlorine, and inflates. In one embodiment, the salt of this invention can be generated in situ without the need to isolate from solution. In some embodiments, the salts disclosed herein can be discrete 1 : 1 or 1 :2 salts. In some embodiments, the salts can also exist in other ratios, e.g. , 1 : 1.5, 1 :5, and 1 : 10.

Methods of Using the Disclosed Salts

[0113] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder associated with aging, cellular degradation, and/or cellular restoration. Non limiting examples of such diseases and disorders include infertility, age related infertility, age-related loss of eye function, reduction in bone density, obesity and insulin insensitivity. In one embodiment, the salts of Formula (I) are useful in the treatment of age related infertility. In another embodiment the salts of Formula (I) are useful in the treatment of fertility.

[0114] Another aspect of the application relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder associated with aging, cellular degradation, and/or cellular restoration. In one embodiment, the salts of the instant disclosure are useful in the treatment of infertility. In another embodiment.

[0115] The present invention also relates to the use of the salts of Formula I and enantiomers, stereoisomers, and tautomers thereof for the manufacture of medicaments for treating aging, cellular restoration, cellular degradation, or infertility. [0116] Yet another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the method of improving oocyte or blastocyst quality and maturation. The method comprises contacting the oocyte or blastocyst for an effective period of time with IVF media comprising a salt of Formula (I).

[0117] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides media containing a salt of Formula (I). The salts of Formula (I) have shown surprising and unexpected prolonged stability in solution and thus are useful in media for exposing eggs, oocytes and/or blastocytes for periods of time necessary for enhancing NAD+ production prior to implantation into a subject suffering from infertility or age-related infertility. In some embodiments, media comprising a salt of Formula (I) is provided. In some embodiments the media comprises the various reagents and factors necessary for the egg, oocyte or blastocyst depending on which stage of maturation and development the egg, oocyte or blastocyst is in. For example, the media can contain any of the agents or factors useful in IVF media listed in Table 1 below:

[0118] Also provided is a cell culture medium for in vitro fertilization comprising: one or more salts of Formula (I) and culturing agents

[0119] In one embodiment, the culturing agent is an inorganic salt, an energy substrate, an amino acid, a chelator, a pH indicator, an antibiotic, a serum, a vitamin, a growth factor, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the inorganic salt is calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, or any combination thereof

[0120] In one embodiment, the energy substrate is glucose, pyruvate, lactate, pyruvate, or any combination thereof.

[0121] In one embodiment, the amino acid is an essential amino acid. In one embodiment, the essential amino acid is arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, or any combination thereof.

[0122] In one embodiment, the amino acid is a non-essential amino acid

[0123] In one embodiment, the non-essential amino acid is alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, proline, serine, or any combination thereof.

[0124] In one embodiment, the chelator is clathro chelate, acetyl acetone, amino polycarboxylic acid, ATMP, BAPTA, BDTH2, citric acid, eryptand, deferasirox, 2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid, 2,3- dimercapto-1 -propane sulfonic acid, dimercapto succinic acid, DOT A, DTPMP, EDDHA, EDDS, EDTMP, etidronic acid, fura-2, gluconic acid, homocitric acid, imino diacetic acid, Indo-l, nitrile triacetic acid, pentetic acid (DTP A), phosphonate, phytochelati, poly aspartic acid, sodium poly aspartate, trisodium citrate, transferrin, EDTA, EGTA, or any combination thereof.

[0125] In one embodiment, the pH indicator is phenol red, bromothymol blue, alizarin red, 9- aminoacridine, or any combination thereof.

[0126] In one embodiment, the antibiotic is actinomycin D, ampicillin, carbenicii!in, cefotaxime, fosmidomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, penicillin, polymyxin B, streptomycin, or any combination thereof.

[0127] In one embodiment, the serum is human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, fetal bovine serum, synthetic serum, or any combination thereof. [0128] In one embodiment, the vitamin is ascorbic acid, biotin, menadione sodium bisulfite, mitomycin C, pyridoxamine dihydrochloride, retinyl acetate, (-)-riboflavin, (+)-sodium L- ascorbate, (+)-a-tocopherol, vitamin B12, thiamine hydrochloride, i-inositol, pyridoxal hydrochloride, nicotinamide, folic acid, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, or any combination thereof.

[0129] In one embodiment, the growth factor is adrenomedullin, angiopoietin, bone morphogenetic proteins, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), epidermal growth factor, ephrins, erythropoietin, fibroblast growth factor, growth differentiation factor-9, hepatocyte growth factor, insulin, insulin-like growth factors, interleukins, keratin ocyte growth factor, migration-stimulating factor, macrophage-stimulating protein, myostatin, neurotrophins, t-cell growth factor, thrombopoietin, transforming growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, or any combination thereof.

[0130] In one embodiment, the cell culture medium further comprises an oocyte, zygote, blastocyst, or any combination thereof

[0131] Also, provided are kits for IVF media comprising various agents, and factors necessary for oocyte or blastocyst maturation including one or more salts of Formula (I). These agents and cofactors can be dissolved in solution to create the IVF media shortly before use in exposing an oocyte or blastocyst prior to implanting into a patient in need of treatment for infertility or age- related infertility.

[0132] The present invention also relates to the use of the salts of Formula I and enantiomers, stereoisomers, and tautomers thereof for the manufacture of medicaments for treating aging, cellular restoration, cellular degradation, or infertility. In certain embodiments the infertility treated is age-related infertility.

[0133] Another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the salt of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the salt of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising therapeutically effective amounts of one or more additional therapeutic agents. [0134] In some embodiments, administration of a salt of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a salt of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier induces a change in the cell cycle or cell viability.

[0135] In some embodiments, administration of a salt of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a salt of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier induces a prophylactic change in the disorder or disease associated with aging.

[0136] The disclosed salts of the invention can be administered in effective amounts to treat or prevent a disorder and/or prevent the development of a disorder or disease associated with aging in subjects.

[0137] Administration of the disclosed salts can be accomplished via any mode of administration for therapeutic agents. These modes include systemic or local administration such as oral, nasal, parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, vaginal, buccal, rectal or topical administration modes.

[0138] Depending on the intended mode of administration, the disclosed compositions can be in solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage form, such as, for example, injectables, tablets, suppositories, pills, time-release capsules, elixirs, tinctures, emulsions, syrups, powders, liquids, suspensions, or the like, sometimes in unit dosages and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. Likewise, they can also be administered in intravenous (both bolus and infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular form, and all using forms well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts.

[0139] Effective dosage amounts of the disclosed salts, when used for the indicated effects, range from about 0.5 mg to about 5000 mg of the disclosed salt as needed to treat the condition. Compositions for in vivo or in vitro use can contain about 0.5, 5, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 2500, 3500, or 5000 mg of the disclosed salt or, in a range of from one amount to another amount in the list of doses. In one embodiment, the compositions are in the form of a tablet that can be scored.

[0140] The dosage regimen utilizing the disclosed salt is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal or hepatic function of the patient; and the particular disclosed salt employed. A physician or veterinarian of ordinary _' skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition.

[0141] Illustrative pharmaceutical compositions are tablets and gelatin capsules comprising a salt of the Invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as a) a diluent, e.g., purified water, triglyceride oils, such as hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof, corn oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, safflotver oil, fish oils, such as EPA or DHA, or their esters or triglycerides or mixtures thereof, omega-3 fatty acids or derivatives thereof lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, sodium, saccharin, glucose and/or glycine; h) a lubricant, e.g, silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt, sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and/or polyethylene glycol: for tablets also; c) a binder, e.g., magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth, methyleelluiose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, magnesium carbonate, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, waxes and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone, if desired, d) a disintegrant, e.g., starches, agar, methyl cellulose, bentonite, xanthan gum, algic acid or its sodium salt, or effervescent mixtures; e) absorbent, colorant, flavorant and sweetener; f) an emulsifier or dispersing agent, such as Tween 80, Labrasol, HPMC, DOSS, caproyl 909, labrafac, labrafil, peceo!, transcutol, capmul MCM, capmul PG-12, captex 355, geiucire, vitamin E TOPS or other acceptable emulsifier; and/or g) an agent that enhances absorption of the salt such as cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin, PEG400, PEG200.

[0142] Most of the amino acids can possess buffering properties as the salts, and their multiple pKa values can result in a greater range of stable pH values that is more compatible with biological fluids and therefore more suitable for IV administration. Naturally occurring amino acids, NMN, NaMN are endogenous substances and hence as mixtures of NaMN, NMN and naturally occurring amino acids are unlikely to be toxic to mammals. Some of the products may have enhanced solubility and solid form stabilities. In one embodiment, the salt may have enhanced aqueous solubility. In one embodiment, the salt many have enhanced solid form stability. In one embodiment, the salt may have enhanced chemical stability.

[0143] The disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples and synthesis schemes, which are not to be construed as limiting this disclosure in scope or spirit to the specific procedures herein described. It is to be understood that the examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments and that no limitation to the scope of the disclosure is intended thereby. It is to be further understood that resort may be had to various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure and/or scope of the appended claims.

[0144] The following salts disclosed herein were prepared using the general synthetic methodology including without limitation reagents such as valine, leucine, alanine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Suitable solvents such as methanol, ethanol, water, acetic acid, ethylene glycol, isopropanol were also used.

Abbreviations used in the following examples and elsewhere herein are:

AcOH acetic acid

anh. anhydrous

atm atmosphere

aq. aqueous

br broad

Boc tert-buty 1 oxy carb ony 1

brine saturated aqueous sodium chloride

/;-BuLi M-butyllithium

«-BuQH «-butanol

Calc’d calculated

CDCh deuterated chloroform

CDI carbonyldiimidazole

Chlorofomwi deuterated chloroform

d doublet

dd doublet of doublets dt doublet of triplets

D _?. 0 deut crated water (deuterium oxide)

DCE dichloroethane

DCM dichloromethane

DIAD diisopropyl azodicarboxylate

A'i V-diisopropylethylamine

DMAc AriY-dimethyl acetamide

DMAP A(A dimethyipyridin-4-amine

1 ,2-dimethoxy ethane

DMEDA A( A ^r -di methyl ethyl enedi am in e

DAfF AAV-dimethylformamide

DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide

DMSO-iA deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide

EDA ethylenediamine

EDC l-ethyl-3~(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide

EtaO diethyl ether

EtOAc ethyl acetate

EtOH ethanol

ESI electrospray ionization g gram

h hour(s)

hydrogen

Ή NMR nuclear magnetic resonance (proton nucleus)

HATU [bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-I H-l,2,3-triazolo[4,5~ bjpyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate HBTU 3-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-3H-benzotriazol-l -oxide hexaf!uorophosphate

HOBt hy droxyb enzotri azol e

HPLC high pressure (or performance) liquid chromatography

Hz hertz

J coupling constant

KHCOs potassium bicarbonate

potassium hexamethyldisilazide

KOAc potassium acetate

LCMS liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

LHMDS lihtium hexamethyldisilazide

[#] M molar concentration

m multiple!

( M i l ! molecular ion plus hydrogen

[M-tBu+H] ^÷ molecular ion minus fert-butyl plus hydrogen

mCPBA meta-c hi oroperoxyb enzoi c aci d

Me ₂ NH dimethy!amine

MerNBr t etram ethyl amm oni um bromi de

MeCN acetonitrile

\ie\l 1 ₂ methylamine

MeOH methanol

Methanol-i 4 deuterated methanol

2-MeTHF 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran

mg milligram mm mm

mmol millimole

mL milliliter

mass spectrometry

MS ES mass spectrometry electrospray

MsiO methanesulfonic anhydride

MTBE methyl tert- butyl ether

microwave

m/z mass-to-charge ratio

mE microliter

N:i nitrogen

NaHCOs sodium bicarbonate

N !vl bl nicotinic acid mononucleotide

NIS A-iodosuccinimi de

NMP N-m ethyl -2-pyrrol i done

nuclear magnetic resonance

PEPPSI-zPr [l,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](3- ehloropyridyl)pailadiurn(II) di chloride

PdCh(Amphos) bis(di-ter/-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine) di chi oropail adium(II)

Pd2(dba)3 tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)

Pd(OAc)2 palladium(II) acetate

PdCbfdppf) [1,1 '-bi s(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]di chloropalladium(II) PdCl2(MeCN)2 bis(acetonitrile)dichloropalladium(II)

PdCbiPPh?)?. bis(triphenylphosphinepalladium(II) dichloride Pd(P(Cy)3)2Cl > dichlorobis(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(II) Pd(PPh ₃ ) ₄ tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)

Pd(/-Bu3Pj2 bis(tri~ er -butylphosphine)palladium(0)

pH potential of hydrogen

PMB 4-methoxybenzyl

PMBC1 4-methoxybenzyl chloride

ppm parts per million

prep preparative

py pyridine

q quartet

qd quartet of doublets

quant. quantitative

quin. quintuplet

quind quintuplet of doublets

RBF round-bottom flask

Rt retention time

rt room temperature

s singlet

sat. saturated

sat. aq. saturated aqueous

SEMC! 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride

i-BuLi / -butyHithium

td triplet of doublets

IMS trimethylsilyl TMSC1 trimethyisilyl chloride

tt triplet of triplets

T3P polyphosphonic anhydride

TBAB tetrabutylammonium bromide

TEA tri ethyl ami ne

TFA trifluoroacetic acid

TFAA trifluoroacetic anhydride

THE tetrahydrofuran

TLC thin layer chromatography

TPPO triphenylphosphine oxide

XantPhos 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene

XPhos 2-dicyeiohexyiphosphino-2',4',6 ⁱ -triisQpropyibiphenyl

Example 1. (S)-l-Carboxy-2-methylpropan-l-aminium 1~{(2R, 3R, 4S, 5R)-5- (((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydrohytetrahydrofu ran-2-yl)pyridine-l-ium- 3-carboxylate (1-001)

[0145] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.200 g, 0.597 mmol, 1 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5.97 ml of 0.1 M L-Valine solution in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was ~2.8. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 45.3 mg (95 % pure, 83 % yield)

Melting point: 78-83 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 135 °C

Analytical data: Ti-NMR (400 MHz, DO) 6 = 9.42 (s, 1 1 1 ), 9.32 (d. 1 1 1 ), 9.04 (d, 1 1 1), 8.28 (dd, I l f ), 6.25 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 21 1), 4.58 (t, 1 1 1 ). 4.48 (dd, 1 1 1), 4.32 (dq, 1 1 1 ), 4.17 (dq, 1H), 3.70 (d, 1 H), 2.34 (m, 1 H), 1.05 ( 2 x d, 6H) ppm

Example 2, (S)-l-Carboxy-2-methylpropan-l-aminium ((2R, 3S, 4R, 5R)-5-(3-

[0146] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NMN (0.200 g, 0.598 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5.68 mi of 0.1M L-Valine solution in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was ~3.8-4.0.

The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid. Yield: 312 mg (Quantitiative)

Melting point: 148 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 150 °C

Analytical data. ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.52 (s, 1H), 9.32 (d, 1H), 9.02 (d, 1H), 8.33 (dd, 1H), 6.25 (d, 1H), 4.67 (m, 2H), 4.61 (t, 1H), 4.48 (dd, 1H), 4.32 (dq, 1H), 4.17 (dq, 1H), 3.62 (d, H i), 2.30 (m, H i), 1.08 (d, 31 1), 1.02 (d, 1 1 ) ppm

[0147] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.200 g, 0.597 mmol, 1 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5.67 ml of 0.1M L-Glutamine solution in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was -2.3-2.5.

The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 285 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 73.8 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 131.2 °C

Analytical data.’H-NMR (400 MHz, 1) 0) 6 = 9.42 (s, 1 1 1). 9.30 (d, 1 1 1). 9.03 (d, 1 1 1). 8.28 (dd, H i), 6.24 (d, H I ), 4.65 (m, 1 1 1 ), 4.58 (t, H i), 4.48 (dd, H i), 4.32 (dq, H i), 4.17 (dq, i l l ), 3.94 (t, 1H), 2.50 (m, 2H), 2.20 ( m, 2H) ppm

[0148] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.200 g, 0.597 mmol, 1 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 11.6 ml of 0.1M L-Valine (1.95 eq) solution in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was ~2.8. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 303.1 mg (89 % yield)

Melting point: 149.3 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 150 °C

Analytical data.’H-NMR (400 MHz, 1) 0) 6 = 9.39 (s, 1 1 1 ). 9.28 (d, 1 1 1 ). 9.00 (d, 1H), 8.28 (dd, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.58 (t 1H), 4 47 (dd, i l l ), 4.32 (dq, 1 1 1 ), 4.18 (dq, HI), 3.73 (d,

2H), 2.33 (m, 2H), 1.07 (d, 6H), 1.04 (d, 6H) ppm

[0149] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.200 g, 0.597 mmol, 1 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 11.6 ml of 0.1M L-Glutamine solution (1.95 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~2 8.

The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow' solid.

Yield: 374.4 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 93.5 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 128 °C, significantly at 147 °C

Analytical data. ^l H-NMR (400 MHz, D2O) d = 9.39 (s, 1H), 9.28 (d, 1H), 9.02 (d, 1H), 8.26 (dd, I I I ), 6.24 (d, 1 1 1 ).. 4.65 (m, H i), 4.57 (t H I ). 4.48 (dd, H I ). 4.33 (dq, H I ), 4.18 (dq, H I ). 3.90 (t, 2H), 2.50 (m, 4H), 2.20 ( m, 4H) ppm Example 6, {S)~l-Carboxy-2-(lH-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamisiii8m l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5- (((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrogu ran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3- carboxylate (1-006)

[0150] A 50 niL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.83 ml of 0.1M L-Histidine solution (0.95 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 4.9.

The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 138 4 mg (94 % yield)

Melting point: 120.6 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 131 °C

Analytical data. ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9 34 (s, 1H), 9.25 (d, 1H), 8.97 (d, ! H), 8.67(s, 1H), 8.23 (dd, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.57 (t, 1H), 4.48 (dd, 1H), 4.33 (dq, 1H), 4.18 (dq, 1H), 4.05 (t, i l l). 3.36 (d, 2H) ppm Example 7. (S)~l-Carhoxy-2-(lH-imidazoI-4-yl)ethanaminii8m ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3- carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl phosphate (I- 007)

[0151] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.299 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised w'ater and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.93 ml of 0.1M L-Histidine solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 6-6.2.

The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow' solid.

Yield: 153.5 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 94.5 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 124.3 °C

Analytical data. ^l H-NMR (400 MHz, D2O) d = 9.56 (s, 1H), 9.33 (d, 1H), 9.01 (d, 1H), 8.33 (dd, I I I ), 8.25 (s, i l l ). 7.24 (s, 1 1 1 ).. 6 23 (d, 1 1 1 ), 4.65 (m, 2H), 4.50 (dd, H I ), 4.28 (dd, i l l ). 4.13 (dq, I l f ), 4.03 (dd, 21 1 ), 3.20-3.40 (m, 21 1 ) ppm

[0152] A 50 niL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5.81 ml of 0.1M L-Histidine solution (1.95 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 6-6.2.

The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 192 7 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 111.6 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 130 3 °C

Analytical data. ¾-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.32 (s + d, 2H), 8.96 (d, 1H), 8.32 (s, 2H), 8.24 (dd, 1 H), 7.26 (s, 2H), 6.22 (d, 1H), 4 63 (m, 1 H), 4.58 (t, 1H), 4.47 (dd, 1 H), 4.28 (dq, 1 H), 4.15 (dq, 1 1 1 }.. 4.03 C L 21 1), 3 45-3 22 (m, 41 1) ppm

52

5UB5TITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) -Carboxy-4-guanidinobutan- aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)·

[0153J A 50 rnL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NalViN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 15 nil of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C To this solution was then added dropwise 2.92 ml of 0.1 M L-Arginine solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 4.6-4.9, The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 158.3 mg (Quantitative yield)

Melting point: 75 °C (degradation, eorrectedlcoiour change at 1 1 1 °C, outgassing at 131 °C

Analytical data. ³ H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.35 (s, 1 H), 9.27 (d, 1 H), 8.98 (d, 1H), 8.25 (dd, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.53 (t, 1H), 4.46 (dd, 1H), 4.30 (dq, 1H), 4.17 (dq, 1H), 3.80 (t, 1H), 3.26 (t, 2H), 1.96-1.90 (m, 2H), 1 .83-1 .60 (m, 2H) ppm Example 10, (S)-l,3-Dicarboxypropan-l-aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5- (((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofu ran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3- carboxylate (1-010)

[0154] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.92 ml of 0.1M L-Glutamic acid solution (0.95 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.8. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 128 7 mg (90 % yield)

Melting point: 111 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 117 °C

Analytical data. ^j H-NMR (400 MHz, DzO) d = 9.425 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1H), 9.04(d, 1H), 8.27 (dd, H i), 6.24 (d, 11 1), 4 65 (m, i l l ), 4.58 (t, i l l ), 4.47 (dd, i l l), 4.32 (dq, 1 H), 4.18 (dq, i l l), 3.95 ( , 1H), 2.62 (m, 2H), 2.22 (m, 2H) ppm Example lanammium

[0155] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.92 mi of 0.1M L-Tryptophan solution (0.95 eq) in distilled deionised v ater slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.3. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 160.9 mg (quantitative yield)

Melting point: ~90 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 144.5 ^C 'C

Analytical data. ^l H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.38 (s, 1H), 9.28 (d, 1H), 9.01(d, 1H), 8.25 (dd, 1 H), 7.74 (d, 1H), 7.55 (d, III), 7.34 (s, 11 1), 7.30 (t, 1H), 7 21 (t, 1H), 6.24 (d, III), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.56 (t, 1H), 4.47 (dd, 1H), 4.32 (dq, 1H), 4.20(m, 2H), 3.54 (dd, 1H), 3.39 (dd, 1H) ppm Example 12, (S)-l-Carboxy-4-guanidinobutan-l-aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-

[0156] A 50 niL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.299 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised w'ater and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.93 ml of 0.1M L-Arginine solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 6.8-7.0, The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to yellow solid.

Yield: 155 2 mg ( 99 % yield (quantitative))

Melting point: 72-89 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 11 1 °C

Analytical data 4 i~\MR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.61 (s, 1H), 9.35 (d, 1H), 9.02 (d, 1 H), 8.33 (dd, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.70 (t, 1H), 4.65 (m, 2H), 4.50 (dd, 1H), 4.22 (dq, 1H), 4.03 (dq, 1H), 3.78 (t, 1 H), 3.26 (t, 21 1 ).. 1.96-1.830 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.60 (m, 41 1 ) ppm

56

5UB5TITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Example 13. (S)-l,3-Dicarboxypropan-l-aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin- l-ium-l-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-013)

[0157] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.299 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 ^C 'C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5.86 ml of 0.05M L-Glutamic acid (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.8-3.3. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to yellow solid.

Yield: 140.1 mg (97%)

Melting point: ~ 79-109 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 122°C

Analytical data. ¾-NMR (400 MHz, DzO) d = 9.50 (s, 1H), 9.32 (d, 1H), 9.02 (d, 1H), 8.33 (dd, 1 H), 6.24 (d, 1 H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.60 (t, 2H), 4.48 (dd, 1 H), 4.32 (dq, 1 H), 4.18 (dq, 1 H), 3.82 (t, 1 H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.18 (m, 2H) ppm Example 14. (S)-l-Carboxy-2-(lH-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3- carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl phosphate (I- 014)

[0158] A 50 niL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.299 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5 86 ml of 0.05M L-Tryptophan (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 3.3-3.9.

The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to yellow solid.

Yield: 168 6 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: ~ 80 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 137.2 °C

Analytical data. Tl-NMR (400 MHz, D O) 6 = 9.48 (s, i l l ). 9.30 (d, H I ), 9.0i(d, i l l ), 8 30 (dd,

1H), 7.75 (d, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.30 (t, 1H), 7.21 (t, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H),

4.57 (t, 1H), 4.47 (dd, 1H), 4.33 (dq, 1H), 4 18 (dq, III), 4.08 (dd, 1H), 3.50 (dd, 1H), 3.32 (dd,

1 H) ppm

[0159] A 50 rnL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0 298 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C To this solution was then added dropwise 5.85 ml of 0.1 M L-Arginine solution (1.95 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 7-7.2 The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 211.5 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 78-103°C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 123 °C

Analytical data. ³ H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.50 (d, 1 H), 9.25 (s, 1H), 8.95 (d, 1H), 8.28 (dd, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.63 (t, 1H), 4.60 (m, 1H), 4.48 (dd, 1H), 4.20 (dq, 1H), 4.08 (dq, 1H), 3.75 (t, 2H), 3.25 (t, 4H), 1.96-1.830 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.60 (m, 4H) ppm

[0160] A 50 niL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, l eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 1 1.62 ml of 0.05M L-Giutamic acid (1.95 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.3-2.8

The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless solid.

Yield: 182 7 mg (97 %)

Melting point: 82-1 1 1.5 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 138.9 °C

Analytical data ¹ H~NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) 6 = 9.41 (d, H i), 9.29 (s, 1H), 9.01 (d, 1H), 8.28 (dd, 1H), 6.23 (d, 1 1 1), 4.68 (m, 1H), 4.57 (t, i l l), 4.46 (m, i l l ), 4.33 (dq, 1 1 1 ), 4.18 (dq, 1 1 1). 3.92 (t, 21 i f 2.62 (m, 4H), 2.21 (m, 41 1 ) ppm

[0161] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 11.62 ml of 0.05 M L-Tryptophan (1.95 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.8.

The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless solid.

Yield: 225 4 mg (Quantitative)

Melting point: ~ 80 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 145.9 °C

Analytical data ¹ H~NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) 6 = 9.36 (s, i l l). 9.28 (d, i l l). 8.98 (d, 11 1). 8.25 (dd, 1H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 7.55 (d, 2H), 7.34 (2, H I), 7.30 (t, 1H), 7.21 (t, 2H), 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 11 1), 4.56 (t, H i), 4.47 (dd, H I), 4.32 (dq, 11 1 ), 4.20 (m, 3H), 3.53 (dd, 21 1), 3.39 (dd, 2H) ppm Example 18, (lS,2R)-l-carboxy-2-hydroxypropan-l-amini im l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5- (((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofu ran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3- carboxylate (1-018)

[0162] A 50 ml 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0 298 mmol, 1 eq) and 10 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.92 ml of 0.1M L-Threonine solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.3,

The flask w¾s then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 147 6 mg (Quantitative yield)

Melting point: 71 °C (degradation, corrected)colour change at 100 °C, outgassing at 11 1 °C

Analytical data. ¾-NMR (400 MHz, DzO) d = 9.45 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1H), 9.04 (d, 1H), 8.28 (dd, 1 H), 6 24 (d, 1 H), 4.65 (m, 1 H), 4 58 (t, 1H), 4.46 (dd, 1 H), 4 40-4.30 (m, 2H), 4 20 (dq, 1 H), 3.31 (d, 1H), 1.36 (d, 3H) ppm

[0163] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NMN (0.100 g, 0.299 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 ^C 'C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.93 ml of 0.1M L-Threonine solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 3.9-4.4. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to yellow' solid.

Yield: 137.7 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 82 °C (degradation, corrected) colour change at 94 °C outgassing at 107 °C

Analytical data. Ml-N !R (400 MHz, DzO) d = 9.50 (s, 1H), 9.32 (d, 1H), 9.02 (d, 1H), 8.33 (dd, HI), 625 (d, 111), 4.68 (m, 211), 4.60 (t, 111)..4.48 (dd, ill).4.33 (dq, HI).430 (m, HI).418 (dq, Ilf), 3.62 (d, 111).1.32 (d, 311) ppm Example 20, Bis((lS,2R)-l-carboxy-2-hydroxypropan-l-aniinium)-l-((2R,3R, 4S,5R)-3,4- dihydroxy-5-((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyr idin-l-nim-3-carboxy!ate

(1-020)

[0164] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 10 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5.85 mi of 0.1M 1. -Threonine solution (1.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.3. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 172.0 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 79 °C (degradation, corrected) colour change at 111 °C outgassing at 124 °C

Analytical data.’H-NMR (400 MHz, D O) d = 9.40 (s, 1 1 1 ). 9.30 (d, 1 1 1 ). 9.02 (d, 1H), 8.28 (dd, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.58 (t, 1 1 1), 4.46 (dd, 1H), 4.40-4.30 (m, 3H), 4.20 (dq, 1H), 3.31 (d, 2H), 1.36 (d, 6H) ppm Example 2L (S)-2-carboxypyrrolidin-l-ium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-

(((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydr ofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3- carboxylate (1-021)

[0165] A 50 niL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 10 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C To this solution was then added dropwise 2 92 ml of 0.1 M L-Proline solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.3-2.8. The flask w¾s then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 116.9 mg (87 %)

Melting point: 78 °C ( degradation, corrected) colour change at 102 °C, outgassing at 104 °C

Analytical data Ί !~\MR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.45 (s, 1H), 9.32 (d, 1H), 9.05 (d, 1 H), 8.30 (dd, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.58 (t, 1H), 4.46 (dd, 1H), 4.32 (dq, 1H), 4.25 (dd, 1H), 4.18 (dq, 11-1), 3.50-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.95 (m, 1 1 1 ).. 2.0-2.20 (m, 31 1) ppm Example 22. (S)-2-carboxypyrrolidin-l-ium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-l-ium- l-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-022)

[0166] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer w ^? as charged with NMN (0.100 g, 0.299 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.93 ml of 0.1M L-Proline solution (0 98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 3.3-3.9. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a Colourless solid.

Yield: 143 4 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 75 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 99 °C

Analytical data. ¾-NMR (400 MHz, D O) d = 9.50 (s, 1 1 1 ). 9.32 (d, 1 1 1 ). 9.02 (d, 1H), 8.33 (dd, III), 6.25 (d, 1H), 4 65 (m, 1 H), 4.60 (t. III), 4 48 (dd, 1H), 4 32 (dq, 1H), 4 20-4 10 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.30 (m, 2 H), 2.43-2.33 (m, i l l). 2 15-2 0 (m, 31 ! ) ppm

[0167] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 10 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. Thi s solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 ^C C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5.85 ml of 0.1M L-Proline solution (1 .98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~2.3. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 142.6 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 76 °C (degradation, corrected) colour change at 94 °C outgassing at 105 °C

Analytical data. ¾-NMR (400 MHz, DzO) d = 9.42 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1H), 9.03 (d, 1H), 8.28 (dd, 1 H), 6 24 (d, 1 1 1 ), 4.65 (m, l i !), 4.58 (t, 1 H), 4 46 (dd, 1 H), 4.32 (dq, 1H), 4.22 (dd, 2H), 4 20 (dq, I l f ), 3.50-3.35 (m, 41 1 }. 2.85-2.95 (m, 21 1 ), 2.0-2.20 (m, 61 1 ) ppm

[0168] A 50 rnL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 10 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.92 ml of 0.1 M L-Lysine solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was - 3.3, The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 136 mg (95 %)

Melting point: 89 °C (degradation, corrected)colour change at 100 °C, outgassing at 115 °C

Analytical data. ¾-NMR (400 MHz, 1) 0) 6 = 9.35 (s, 1 1 1). 9.25 (d, 1 1 1). 8.96 (d. 1H), 8.26 (dd. H i). 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.58 (t, 1 1 1), 4.46 (dd, 1 1 1), 4.32 (dq, 1 1 1). 4.18 (dq, 1H), 3.78 (t, 1H), 3.02 (t, 2H), 1 92 (m, 2H), 1 .70-1 .80 (p, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H) ppm

[0169] A 50 ml 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NMN (0.100 g, 0.299 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.93 ml of 0.1M L-Lysine solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 6-6.2. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a Colourless solid.

Yield: 143 mg (quantitative)

Melting point: 102-1 1 1 °C (degradation, corrected) outgassing at 1 1 1 °C

Analytical data Ί I AMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.60 (s, 1H), 9.35 (d, 1H), 9.02 (d, 1 H), 8.33 (dd, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.55 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dq, 1H), 4.08 (dq, 1H), 3.77 (t, 1H), 3.03 (ΐ, 2H), 1.95 (app q, 2H), 1 .70-1 .80 (p, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H) ppm

[0170] A 50 niL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 10 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5.85 ml of 0.1M L-Lysine solution (1.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 6.4-6.7. The flask w¾s then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 185 3 mg (99 %)

Melting point: 74°C , discolouration at 92 °C ( degradation, corrected) outgassing at 1 18 °C

Analytical data Tl-NMR (400 MHz, D O) 6 = 9 45 (d, H i ), 9.28 (s, i l l), 8.96 (d, 1 H), 8.28 (dd, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.60 (m, 1H), 4.48 (dd, 1H), 4.22 (dq, 1H), 4.10 (dq, 1H), 3.78 (t, 2H), 3.02 (t, 4! I ), 1.92 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.80 (p, 41 1), 1.50 (m, 4H) ppm

[0171] A 50 mL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 10 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.92 ml of 0.1M L- Methionine solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.8. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 143 mg (99 % quantitative yield)

Melting point: 126-130 °C (degradation, corrected)

Analytical data. Ti-NMR (400 MHz, D O) 6 = 9.42 (s, 1 1 1), 9.30 (d, 1 1 1), 9.04 (d, 1 1 1), 8.28 (dd, IH), 6.24 (d, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.58 (t, IB), 4.48 (dd, IH), 4.32 (dq, IH), 4.19 (dq, 1H), 4.03 (t, 1H), 2.69 (t, 2H), 2 10-2.35 (s+ m, 31 1 +2H) ppm

[0172] A 50 rnL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NMN (0.100 g, 0 299 mmol, 1 eq) and 5 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 2.93 ml of 0.1 M L- Methionine solution (0.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 4.4-4.6. The flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a Colourless solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 134.5 mg (89 %)

Melting point: 137-148 °C (degradation, corrected)

Analytical data. frt-NMR (400 MHz, D O) 6 = 9.49 (s, I I I ). 9.31 (d, I I I ). 9.00 (d, 1H), 8.33 (dd, 1H), 6.25 (d, 1H), 4.68 (p, 1H), 4.60 (t, 1H), 4.48 (dd, 1H), 4.33 (dq, 1H), 4.18 (dq, 1H), 3.88 (t, 1 H), 2.66 (t, 2H), 2.28-2.10 irn + s. 11 1 + 3H) ppm Example 29 Bis((S)-l-carboxy-3-(methylthio)propan-l-aminhim)-l-((2R,3R, 4S,5R)-3,4-

[0173] A 50 niL 3 N RBF fitted with a water condenser and internal thermometer was charged with NaMN (0.100 g, 0.298 mmol, 1 eq) and 10 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution, a faint suspension is also ok. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath to bring the internal temperature below 10 °C. To this solution was then added dropwise 5.85 ml of 0.1M L-Methionine solution (1.98 eq) in distilled deionised water slowly so as to prevent the temperature from increasing, all the suspension goes into solution. After this addition the pH was ~ 2.8-3.3. The flask w¾s then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid.

Yield: 280 mg (75 %)

Melting point: 125 °C (degradation, corrected)

Analytical data. ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, DzO) d = 9.40 (s, 1H), 9.28 (d, 1H), 9.02 (d, 1H), 8.28 (dd, 1 H), 6.24 (d, 1 1 1 ), 4.65 (m, III), 4.58 (t, 1 H), 4.48 (dd, 1 H), 4.32 (dq, i l l ), 4.19 (dq. 1 1 1 ), 3.99 (t, 21 i), 2.68 (t, 41 1 ). 2.10-2.35 (s+ m, 6H +4H) ppm

73

5UB5TITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Example 30, Carboxymethanaminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l-yl)- 3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-030)

[0174] A 100 rnL 3N RBF was charged with NMN (0.5 g, 1.492 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 3.22). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.92 ml of 0.1M Glycine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 3.9. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 516.2 mg (85%)

Melting point: 110 °C (degradation), outgassing at 117 °C

Analytical data.‘H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.50 (s, 1 H), 9.30 (d, 1H), 8 93 (d, III), 8.30 (app t, 1H), 6.21 (d, 1H), 4.65 (p, 1H), 4.57 (t, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.32 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 1H), 3.55

(d, 2H) ppm

A 100 rnL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1 496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 1.89). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.92 ml of Q.1M Glycine solution slowly via syringe so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.26 The mixture was transferred to a 250 ml RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic)

487.9 mg (80%)

point: 86 - 92 °C (degradation), outgassing at 1 17 °C;

Analytical data. ¾-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.40 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1 1 1). 8.97 (d, IB), 8.25 (app t 1 1 1 ). 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.62 (p, 1 1 1), 4.56 (t, 1H), 4.44 (m, 1 1 1 ).. 4.27 (dq, i l l ). 4 15 (dq, 1H), 3.65 (d, 2H) ppm.

[0176] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 1.89). To this solution was then added dropwise 29.54 ml of 0. 1M Glycine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.5. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 544.9 mg (75%)

Melting point: Outgassing at 118 °C.

Analytical data ¾-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.40 (s, I I I ), 9.30 (d, 1 1 1 ).. 8.97 (d, 1H), 8 25 (app t, 1 1 1). 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.62 (p, 1 1 1). 4.56 (t, 1 1 1). 4.44 (m, 1 1 1). 4.27 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 1 1 1 ). 3.65 (d, 41 ! ) ppm

Example 33, (S)-l-carboxyethan-l-aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carboxypyridin-l-ium-l- yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-033)

[0177] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NMN (0.5 g, 1.492 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution ^: = 322) To this solution was then added dropwise 14.92 ml of 0.1M L- Alanine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 3.8. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 501.7 mg (79%)

Melting point: 116 °C (degradation), outgassing at 128 °C.

Analytical data. ⁱ H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) 6 = 9.50 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 111).8.93 (d, ill).8.30 (app t, 111).6.21 (d, ill), 465 (p, 111), 4.57 (t, 111), 4.46 (m, 111).4.32 (dq. Hi).415 (dq, 111).1.50 (d,

3H) ppm.

-carboxyethan-l-aminium

rofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3-carbox late

[0178] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.22). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.96 ml of 0.1M L- Alanine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.31. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 471 .9 mg (80%)

Melting point: 82 °C (degradation), outgassing at 116 °C.

Analytical data ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.40 (s, ! H), 9.30 (d, 1 H), 8.97 (d, III), 8 25 (app t, 1 1 1). 6.22 (d, 1H), 4 62 (p, 1 1 1). 4.56 (t, 1 1 1). 4.44 (m, 1 1 1). 4.27 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 1 1 1 ). 4.05 (q, I l f ), 1.50 (d, 3H) ppm.

[0179] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 188) To this solution was then added dropwise 29.54 ml of 0.1M L- Alanine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.5. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it w¾s connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 625.9 mg (82%)

Melting point: Outgassing at 122 °C.

Analytical data. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) 6 = 9.40 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 111).8.97 (d, 111).8.25 (app t, 111), 6.22 (d, ill).462 (p, 1 IT), 4.56 (t, 1 IT), 4.44 (m, 111), 4.27 (dq, ill).415 (dq, 111), 3.90 (q, 211), 1.50 (d, 61!) ppm

Example 36, (S)-l-carboxy-2-hydroxyethan-l-aminium ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3- carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl phosphate (I- 036)

[0180] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NMN (0.5 g, 1.492 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath (pH of solution == ^: 3.22). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.92 ml of 0.1M L-Serine solution slowly via syringe so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 3.8. The mixture was transferred to a 250ml, RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 546.8 mg (83%)

Melting point: 71 °C (degradation), outgassing at 101 °C. Analytical data. ¾-NMR (400 MHz, D’O) 6 = 9.50 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, H i), 8.93 (d, 1 1 1 ). 8.30 (app t, 1H), 6.21 (d, H I). 4.65 (p, 1H), 4.57 (t H I ), 4.46 (m, 1 1 1 ). 4.32 (dq, H i), 4.15 (dq, H i ), 3.9 (m, 211), 4.8 (t, H i ) ppm.

Example 37, (S)-l-carboxy-2-hydroxyethan-l-aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-

(((hydroxyoxidophosphory!)oxy)methyI)tetrahydrofuran-2-y! )pyridin-l-ium-3-carboxylate

(1-037)

[0181] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised wuter and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath (pH of solution == ^: 1 .89). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.96 ml of 0.1M L-Serine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2 24.

The mixture w¾s transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask w ^? as then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask w'as frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove w¾ter. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 530 2 mg (81%)

Melting point: 67 °C (degradation), outgassing at 106 ^C 'C.

Analytical data. Ή- MR (400 MHz, DiO) d = 9.40 (s, 1 1 1 ), 9 30 (d, 1 1 1 ), 8.97 id. I l l), 8.25 (app t, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.62 (p, 1H), 4.56 (t, 1H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 4.27 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 1H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.65 (t, 1H) ppm.

Example 38. Bis((S)~l-earboxy~2-hydroxyethaii-l-aminium)-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R )-3,4- dihydroxy-5-((phosplionatooxy)methyI)tetrahydrofnran-2-yI)py ridin-l-inm-3-carboxyiate

(1-038)

[0182] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 1.88). To this solution was then added dropwise 29.54 ml of 0.1M L-Serine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing.

After this addition the pH was 2.8. The mixture was transferred to a 100 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 572.1 mg (70%)

Melting point: 66 - 92 °C, outgassing at 1 15 °C.

Analytical data. Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DiO) d = 9.40 (s, IB), 9.30 (d, 1H), 8.97 (d, 1H), 8.25 (app t 1H), 6.22 (d, 1 1 1 ). 4.62 (p, 1 1 1), 4 56 (t, i f I f 4.44 (m, H I ), 4.27 (dq, 1 1 1 ).. 4.15 (dq, i l l ). 3.95 (m, 61 f ) ppm

Example 39. (S)-l-carboxy-2-phenylethan-l-aminium-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-

[0183] A 100 ml 3N RBF was charged with NMN (0 5 g, 1 492 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 mi of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 3.43). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.92 ml of 0.1M L- Pheny!alanine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 4.0 The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 702.8 mg (96%)

Melting point: 135 °C (degradation), outgassing at 139 °C. Analytical data. Ή-NMII (400 MHz, D2O) d = 9.50 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1H), 8.93 (d, 1H), 8.30 (app t, 1H), 7.35 (m, 5H), 6.21 (d, i l l ). 4.65 (p, 1H), 4.57 (t, i l l). 4.46 (m, H i). 4.32 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 1 H), 3.9 (t, 1 1 1 ), 3.2 (dq, 2H) ppm. -l-carboxy-2-phenylethan-l-aminium-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihy droxy-5-

[0184] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution ^: = 1 84) To this solution was then added dropwise 14.96 ml of 0.1M L-Phenyialanine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.13 The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 627.2 mg (86%)

Melting point: 123 °C (degradation), outgassing at 136 °C.

Analytical data 'H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.40 (s, H I ), 9.30 (d, H i ).. 8.97 (d, 1H), 8 25 (app t, 1 FI), 7.35 (ns, 5FI), 6.22 (d, 1 1 1 ). 4.62 (p, 1 1 1 ), 4.56 (t, 1 FI), 4.44 (m, 1 H), 4.27 (dq, 1 1 1 ), 4.15 (dq, 1H), 4.05 (t, 1H), 3.2 (dq, 2H) ppm. Example 41. Bis((S)-l-carboxy-2-phenylethan-l-aniinium)- ((2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-(3- carboxypyridin~l-ium~l~y!)~3,4~dihydroxyteirahydrofuran-2-yl )metliyI phosphate (1-041)

[0185] A 100 IBL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised w'ater and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water hath (pH of solution = 1.84). To this solution was then added dropwise 29.54 ml of 0.1M L-Phenylalanine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.1. The mixture rvas transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 979 1 mg (Quantative)

Melting point: 127 °C (degradation), outgassing at 138 °C.

Analytical data.’H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.40 (s, 1H), 9 30 (d, 1H), 8.97 (d, 1H), 8.25 (app t, 1H), 7.4 (m, Kil l), 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.62 (p. 11 1), 4.56 (t, 1H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 4.27 (dq, 11 1), 4.15 (dq,

1H), 3.35 (dq, 4H) ppm

Example 42, (R)-l-carboxy-2-mercaptoethan-l-aminnim-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3- carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl phosphate (I- 042)

[0186] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NMN (0.5 g, 1.492 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 mi of distilled deionised w¾ter and mixed to form a solution. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 3.38). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.92 ml of 0.1M L- Cysteine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH w'as 3.86.

The mixture was transferred to a 250mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask w'as frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 642 9 mg (95%)

Melting point: Outgassing at 129 °C.

Analytical data. 'H- MR (400 MHz, D2O) 6 = 9.50 (s, 1 1 1 ), 9 30 (d, 1 1 1 ), 8.93 id. I l l), 8.30 (app t, 1H), 6.21 (d, 1H), 4.65 (p, 1H), 4.57 (t, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.32 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 1H), 3.9 (t, 1H), 3.1 (dq, 2H) ppm.

Example 43. (R)-l-carboxy-2-mercaptoethan-l-aminium-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3, 4-dihydroxy- 5-(((hydroxyoxidophosphoryl)oxy)inethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yI )pyridin-l-iiim-3- carboxylate (1-043)

[0187] A 100 ml. 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.03) To this solution was then added dropwise 14.96 ml of 0.1M L-Cysteine solution slowly via syringe so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2 33 The mixture was transferred to a 100 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow' solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 581.1 mg (85%)

Melting point: 77 °C (degradation, corrected) 126 ^C 'C (outgassing)

Analytical data 4 l-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.40 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1H), 8.97 (d, 1H), 825 (app t, 111).6.22 (d, Ilf), 4.62 (p, 1H), 4.56 (t, !lf), 4.44 (m, 111).4.27 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 1H), 4.05 (t, S 11), 3.2 (dq, 211) ppm.

Example 44. Bis((R)-l-carboxy-2-mercaptoethan-l-aminium)-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R )-3,4- dihydroxy-5-((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyr idin-l-iuin-3-carboxylate

(1-044)

[0188] A 100 IBL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised w'ater and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.0). To this solution was then added dropwise 29.54 ml of 01 M L-Cysteine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.43. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: quantitative

Melting point: 63 °C (degradation), outgassing at 137 °C. Analytical data.1H-NMR (400 MHz, 1)20) 6 = 9.40 (s, 1 ! !}.930 (d, 1H), 8.97 (d, 111).8.25 (app t, ill), 6.22 (d, 111), 462 (p, 1H), 4.56

(t, Ilf), 4.44 (m, 111).4.27 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 111), 4.05 (t, 211).3.05 (dq, 411) ppm. Example 45, (S)-3-amino-l-carboxy-3-oxopropan-l-aminium-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5 -(3- carbamoylpyridin-l-ium-l-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl phosphate (I- 045)

[0189] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NMN (0.5 g, 1.492 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution. This solution w'as cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 3.38). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.92 ml of 0.1M L- Asparagine solution slowly via syringe so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 3.86. The mixture was transferred to a 250ml, RBF and the flask w'as then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 642 9 mg (95%)

Melting point: 68 °C, outgassing at 114 °C.

Analytical data. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.50 (s, III), 9 30 (d, II ), 8.93 (d, 1H), 8.30 (app t, 1 H), 6.21 (d, 1H), 4 65 (p, 1H), 4 57 (t, 1 H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4 32 (dq, 1H), 4 15 (dq, III), 3 9 (q, 1H), 2.9 (dq, 2H) ppm.

Example 46. (S)-3-amino-l-carboxy-3-oxopropan-l-aminium-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R) -3,4- dihydroxy-5-(((hydroxyoxidophosphoryl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydrof uran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-

3-carboxyiate (1-046)

[0190] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.0). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.96 ml of 0 1 M L- Asparagine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.33. The mixture was transferred to a 100 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 741 .6 mg (Quantitative)

Melting point: 110 °C (degradation), outgassing at 135 °C.

Analytical data. Ή-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.40 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1H), 8.97 (d, 1 1 1 ), 8.25 (app t, 1 1 1). 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.62 (p, H i). 4.56 (t, H i). 4.44 (m, H i). 4.27 (dq, 1H), 4.10 (dq, 1 1 1 ). 4.05 (q, 1 1 1 ), 2.95 (dq, 21 1 ) ppm.

Example 47. Bis((S)-3-ainino-l-carboxy-3-oxopropan-]-aininiuin)-l-((2R,3 R,4S,5R)-3,4- dihydroxy-5-((phosphonatooxy)methyI)tetrahydrofuran-2-yI)pyr idin-l-nim-3-carboxylate

(1-047)

[0191] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1 496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution ^::: 2.0) To this solution was then added dropwise 29.54 ml of 0.1M Asparagine solution slowly via syringe so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.6. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 695.1 mg (76%)

Melting point: 71 °C (degradation), outgassing at 122 °C.

Analytical data: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ .0) d = 9.40 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1H), 8.97 (d, 1 1 1), 8.25 (app t, 1 1 1 ). 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.62 (p, 1H), 4.56 (t, 1H), 4.44 (m, 1 1 1 ). 4.27 (dq, 1H), 4.10 (dq, 1 1 1 ). 4.05 (q, 2H), 2.9 (dq, 4H) ppm.

Example 48. (S)-l,2-dicarboxyethan-l-aminium-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamo ylpyridm-l- ium-l-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl phosphate (1-048)

[0192] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NMN (0.5 g, 1.492 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 3.39). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.92 ml of 0.1 M Aspartic Acid solution slowly via syringe so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.99. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: Quantitative

Melting point: 72 °C (degradation), outgassing at 128 °C

Analytical data. 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, D20) d = 9 40 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1 H), 8.97 (d, 1H), 8.25 (app t, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.62 (p, 1H), 4.56 (t, 1H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 4.27 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 1H), 4.05 (q, 1H), 3.0 (dq, 2H) ppm.

Example 49, (S)-l,2-dicarboxyethan-l-aminium-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydr oxy-5-

(((hydroxyoxidophosphory!)oxy)methy!)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl )pyridin-l-nim-3-carboxylate

(1-049)

[0193] A 100 ml. 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution ^: = 2 06) To this solution was then added dropwise 14.96 ml of 0.1M L- Aspartic Acid solution slowly via syringe so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.31. The mixture was transferred to a 100 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: Quantitative

Melting point: 103 °C (degradation), outgassing at 125 °C.

Analytical data. ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.40 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, 1H), 8.97 (d, 1H), 8.25 (app t, 1 1 1 ). 6.22 (d, 1 ! ! ), 4 62 (p, 1 1 1), 4.56 (t, 1 1 1), 4.44 (m, 1 1 1 ). 4.27 (dq, i l l ). 4 15 (dq, 1 1 1 ). 4.05 (q, 1H), 3.0 (dq, 21 1 ) ppm.

Example 50, Bis((S)-l,2-dicarboxyethan-l-amini im)-l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)inethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium- 3-carboxylate (1-050)

[0194] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1 496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 25 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.06). To this solution was then added dropwise 29.54 ml of 0.1M L- Aspartic Acid solution slowly via syringe so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2.41. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: Quantitative

Melting point: 79 °C (degradation), outgassing at 144 °C.

Analytical data TLNMR (400 MHz, D O) 6 = 9.40 (s, 1 H), 9.30 (d, 11 1), 8.97 (d, 1 ! !}, 8 25 (app t, 11 1 ). 6.22 (d, 1H), 4.62 (p, 1H), 4.56 (t, 1H), 4.44 (m, 11 1 ). 4.27 (dq, 1H), 4.15 (dq, 11 1 ). 4.05 (q, 2H), 3.0 (dq, 4H) ppm.

Example 51. Sodium(I) -l-carboxy-2-(lH-indol-3·

[0195] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.24) To this solution was then added dropwise 14.17 ml of 0.1M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 28.4 ml of 0.05 M aqueous L-tryptophan solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 4.51. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 830 mg (98 %)

Analytical data. 'H-NMR (400 MHz, D2O) d = 9.22 (s, Hi), 9.16 (d, 1H), 8.86 (d, 1H), 8.14 (dd, 1H), 7.68 (d, 1H), 7.46 (d, 1H), 7.30-7.20 (app t, s, 2H), 7.13 (app t, 1H), 6.13 (d, 1H), 4.58 (p, Hi), 4.49 (t. III).441 (dd, ill), 427 (dq, 111), 4.12 (dq, 111), 4.01 (dd, 111), 3.43 (dd.111).326 (dd, 1H) ppm.

Example 52, Sodium (1) (S)-l-carboxy-2-methylpropan-l-aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4- dihydroxy-5-((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyr idin-l-ium-3-carboxylate

(1-052)

[0196] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.24). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.17 ml of 0.1M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 14.17 ml of 0.1 M aqueous L-valine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 4.53. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 670 mg (94.8%)

Analytical data, ' l i-NM R (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.28 (s, 1 1 1 ), 9.21 id. I l l), 8.91 (app d, 1 1 1 ), 8. 19 (app t, 1H), 6.18 (d, 1H), 4.58 (p, 1H), 4.52 (t, 1H), 4.42 (dd, 1H), 4.28 (dq, 1H), 4.13 (dq, 1H), 3.58 (d, 1 1 1 ).. 2.24 (m, 1 1 1), 1.01 (d, 31 1 ), 0.95 (d, 31 1 ) ppm.

[0197] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.24) To this solution was then added dropwise 14.17 ml of 0.1M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and 28.34 ml of 0.05 M aqueous L-tryptophan solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 3.32, The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 810 mg (94 2%)

Analytical data. ^l H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d = 9.25 (s, 1H), 9.16 (d, 1 1 1), 8.88 (d, 1H), 8.15 (dd, 1 1 1), 7 68 (d, 1 1 1 ). 7.47 (d, 1 1 1 ), 7.30-7.20 (app t, s, 21 1 ). 7.14 (app t, 1H), 6.14 (d, i l l ). 4.58 (p, Hi), 4 48 (t, 1H), 4.39 (dd, 1H), 4.28 (dq, 1 H), 4.13 (dq, III), 4 05 (dd, 1 H), 3.45 (dd, 1 H), 3.29 (dd, 1H) ppm.

Example 54. Potassium (I) (S)-l~earboxy-2-methylpropau-l-amiuium 1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)- 3,4-dihydroxy-5-((phosphonatooxy)methyl)ietrahydrofuran-2~yi )pyridin-l~ium-3- carboxylate (1-054)

[0198] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.24). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.17 ml of 0.1M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and 14.17 ml of 0.1 M aqueous L- valine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 3.24. The mixture was transferred to a 250 ml RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: 690 mg (94.4 %)

Analytical data. ' l i-NM R (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) 6 = 9.30 (s, 1 1 1 ), 9.21 id. I l l), 8.91 (app d, 1 1 1 ), 8. 19 (app t, 1H), 6.18 (d, 1H), 4.59 (p, 1H), 4.5 1 (t, 1H), 4.41 (dd, 1H), 4.28 (dq, 1H), 4.13 (dq, 1H), 3.62 (d, 1 1 1 ). 2 30-2.20 (m, 1 1 1), 1.02 (d, 31 1 }.. 0.96 (d, 31 ! ) ppm.

Example 55. (S)-l-carboxy-2-(l H-indol-3-yl)ethan-l-aminium (S)-l-carboxy-2- methylpropan-l~aminium l-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- ((phosphonatooxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l-ium-3 -carboxylate (1-055)

[0199] A 100 rnL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1 496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised water and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.24). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.17 ml of Q.1M aqueous L- Valine solution and 28.34 ml of 0.05 M aqueous L-tryptophan solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 2 49. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: Quantitative

Analytical data. ^l H-NMR (400 MHz, D2O) d = 9.32 (s, 1H), 9.23 (d, 1H), 8.95 (d, 1H), 8.21 (dd, H I ), 7.70 (d, 1 1 1 ), 7.51 (d, i l l ). 7.30-7.20 (app s, t, 21 1), 7. 17 (app t, H I ), 6.18 (d, H I ), 4.61 (p, 1H), 4.52 (t, 1 1 1). 4.42 (dd, 1H), 4.28 (dq, 1H), 4.18-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.68 (br m, 1H), 3.48 (dd, 1H), 3.32 (dd, 1 1 1)2.33-2.23 (m, 1 1 1 ). 1.3 (d, 3H), 0.98 (d, 3H) ppm.

Example 56. 2~Hydroxyethan~l~ammmm (S)-4-amino-l-carboxy-4-oxobutan-l-aminium 1- ((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((phosphonatooxy)niethyl)tetr ahydrofuran-2-yl)pyridin-l- ium-3-carboxylate

[0200] A 100 mL 3N RBF was charged with NaMN (0.5 g, 1.496 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 15 ml of distilled deionised v ater and mixed to form a solution under nitrogen. This solution was cooled using an ice/water bath (pH of solution = 2.10). To this solution was then added dropwise 14.17 ml of 0.1M aqueous ethanol amine solution and 14.17 ml of 0.1 M aqueous L-glutamine solution slowly via pipette so as to prevent the temperature from increasing. After this addition the pH was 5.06. The mixture was transferred to a 250 mL RBF and the flask was then removed and the colourless solution frozen using liquid nitrogen. While the flask was frozen it was connected to the freeze dryer. This will slowly remove water. Once dried the product is rendered as a colourless to faint yellow solid (hygroscopic).

Yield: Quantitative

Analytical data. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) 6 = 9.30 (s, 1 H), 9.22 (d, H i ), 8.92 (app d, H i ), 8.21(app t, 1H), 6.20 (d, 1H), 4.60 (p, 1H), 4.53 (t, 1H), 4.43 (dd, 1H), 4.28 (dq, 1H), 4.13 (dq, 1H), 3.80 (t, 2H), 6 76 (t, 1 H), 3.12 (t, 2H), 2.50-2.30 (m, 2! ! }. 2 15-2.00 (rn, 2H) ppm.

Example 57. NAD Cell Assays

[0201] NAD levels were assayed based on the NAD cycling method of Zhu and Rand, PLoS One (2012), herein incorporated by reference. COV434 cells wore maintained in 6 well plates and treated with the indicated compounds at a concentration of 200 uM for 4 hr. Media was removed, plates were washed in cold PBS and cells were scraped down in NAD extraction buffer containing

10 mM nicotinamide, 50 mM Tris HC1, 0.1% Triton X-lOO. Cells were homogenised by soni cation for 5 seconds, and samples were centrifuged at 7,000 g for 5 min at 4 degrees. Aliquots were taken for later protein assay, and samples were then passed through 10 kDa ami con filters at 14,000 g, 30 min at 4 degrees to remove proteins from the sample. Each sample was measured in technical triplicate, with 25 pL sample added to 100 uL ADH cycling mix (0.2 mg/ml alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, 2% ethanol, 100 mM Tris pH 8.5). Samples v ere allowed to cycle for 10 min at room temperature, followed by 50 pL addition of an MTT/PMS solution (0.1 mM phenazine methosulfate, 0.8 mM 3 -(4 , 5 -Di m ethylt hi azol~2~yl)~2 , 5 -diph eny! tetrazolium bromide), 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5). Plates rvere then incubated for 15 min and absorbance was measured at 570 nM. NAD concentrations were extrapolated from a standard curve, and normalised to protein concentrations determined by BCA protein assay.

[0202] The results of the assay described above are shown in Table 2 (below). The adjusted fold increase is obtained through a direct comparison on a mole per mole basis between the compared salt and its parent counterpart. In other words, the instant salts derived from NMN parent molecule will only have their NAD activity level measured against NMN based on the same amount (mole) of salt tested in the cell . Likewise those salts derived from NaMN will have their NAD cell activity measured against NaMN. For example, the fold increase of compound 1-002 is based on the NAD activity observed in a direct comparison for the same amount of mole of 1-002 tested in the cell and that of the NMN parent. Similarly, the fold increase of 1-003 is based on the direct comparison with NaMN.

[0203] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific embodiments described specifically herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the following claims.