BLOOD PRESSURE Cross-Reference to Related Applications

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S.

Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/433,023 filed on December 12, 2017, as well as to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/434,191 filed on December 14, 2017, the entire disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

Field of the Technology

Aspects relates generally to the microbiome and, more specifically, to the restoration of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms in relation to the microbiome.

Background

Bacteria and other microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment. The discovery of pathogenic bacteria and the germ theory of disease have had a tremendous effect on health and disease states. Microorganisms are a normal part of the environment of all living things and may be beneficial. In the gut, for example, bacteria are not pathogenic under normal conditions, and in fact improve health by rendering the normal intestinal contents less hospitable for disease causing organisms.

High blood pressure or hypertension is a dangerous condition which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. The amount of blood pumped by the heart and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries both contribute to the determination of a subject's blood pressure.

Summary

In accordance with one or more aspects, a method of regulating blood pressure in a subject is provided. The method may involve administering to the subject an effective amount of a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms (AOM), thereby regulating blood pressure in the subject.

In some aspects, administering may comprise a first and a subsequent application of AOM to the subject. The first and the subsequent applications may be separated by at least four days, e.g., if the first application is provided on day 1 a subsequent administration may be provided on day 6. The first and the subsequent application may be separated by at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, or 14 days. AOM may be applied at least once per day for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 days. AOM may be applied at least twice per day for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 days. The AOM may be living or intact.

In some aspects, an amount and/or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to reduce a period-average blood pressure of the subject. The period of the period average may be at least 6, 7, 8, 9 10, or 14 days. The daily value of the period average may be an average of a plurality, e.g., at least, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 24, or 48, of measurements taken within a 24 hour period. The amount and/or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to achieve a reduction in blood pressure for at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60 days, as measured as an average of a plurality of individual measurements of blood pressure taken over a

predetermined time period, e.g., 24 hours. The plurality may be at least 2, 4, 10, 12, 24, or 48. The plurality may be taken over 24 hours. An amount and/or a frequency of administration may be sufficient to reduce a twenty-four hour blood pressure readingjn the subject.

In some aspects, the preparation may be administered in response to a blood pressure related trigger or warning sign. Administration may comprise topical application to the subject. The effective amount of the preparation may be administered to the face of the subject. At least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95% of the AOM applied to the subject may be applied to the face of the subject. The effective amount of the preparation may be administered to one or more of the face, neck, or torso of the subject. The effective amount of the preparation may be administered to a region of the body other than the scalp. AOM may be applied to the scalp.

In some aspects, the subject is, or has in the past, e.g., the last 30, 60, 90, or 120 days, been administered a second treatment for modulating, e.g., reducing blood pressure. The subject may have previously or concurrently been advised to adopt a lifestyle change. The lifestyle change may involve weight loss, exercise, reduction in salt intake, reduction in alcohol intake, or ceasing smoking. The second therapy may comprise the administration of a drug, e.g., a drug commonly prescribed for blood pressure regulation. Administration of AOM may take place when the subject has a therapeutic level of the drug. Administration of AOM may be added to a treatment regime that comprises an antihypertensive drug. The effective amount of the preparation may be administered to a body of the subject. The method may further involve acquiring information about the subject's blood pressure. The method may further comprise identifying the subject as being in need of blood pressure reduction.

In some aspects, the subject may have: a) normal blood pressure; b) systolic blood pressure of between 90 and 119 mm Hg; or c) diastolic blood pressure of between 60 and 79 mm Hg. The subject may be selected on the basis of having: a) normal blood pressure; b) systolic blood pressure of between 90 and 119 mm Hg; or c) diastolic blood pressure of between 60 and 79 mm Hg. The subject may have: a) pre-hypertensive blood pressure; b) systolic pressure of between 120 and 129 mm Hg; or c) diastolic blood pressure between 60 and 79 mm Hg. The subject may be selected on the basis of having: a) pre-hypertensive blood pressure; b) systolic pressure of between 120 and 129 mm Hg; or c) diastolic blood pressure between 60 and 79 mm Hg. The subject may have: a) hypertensive blood pressure; b) systolic pressure of greater than 129 mm Hg; or c) diastolic blood pressure greater than 79 mm Hg. The subject may be selected on the basis of having: a) hypertensive blood pressure; b) systolic pressure of greater than 129 mm Hg; or c) diastolic blood pressure greater than 79 mm Hg.

In some aspects, the preparation may be administered in an amount sufficient to: lower the systolic pressure by at least about 6 mmHg from baseline; or lower the diastolic pressure by at least about 3 mm Hg from baseline. The preparation may be administered in an amount sufficient to lower blood pressure in the absence of another blood pressure medication. The preparation may be administered in an amount sufficient to lower blood pressure in combination with another blood pressure medication.

In some aspects, the subject may be over the age of 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 80. The subject may be at least partially of African descent. The subject may be not of African descent. The resting heart rate of the subject, e.g., at the outset of treatment, just prior to onset of treatment, after a week of treatment, or after steady state treatment may be between 50 and 100; 60 and 70; 70 and 80; 80 and 90; over 60, 70, 80, or 90 bpm. The subject may have been evaluated by an evaluator other than the subject, e.g., a health care provider, e.g., a physician, and the evaluator may have determined the subject is in need of treatment to reduce blood pressure, e.g., the evaluator has determined the subject is in need of treatment with AOM. The evaluator may have determined the subject has a pre-hypertensive or hypertensive blood pressure. The AOM may be provided under prescription. The subject may have received a prescription for AOM. In some aspects, the subject may have or had a disorder other or in addition to elevated blood pressure, e.g., diabetes, e.g., type 1 or type 2, metabolic syndrome, obesity, kidney dysfunction, e.g. chronic kidney disease, elevated lipid levels, e.g., a depressed HDLP level, an elevated LDLP level, stroke, thrombosis, narrowing or other dysfunction of the arteries or veins, coronary artery disease, or thickening of the left ventricular arteries. The subject may have or had an indication that the subject is at risk for, heart failure. The subject may be overweight, e.g., has a body mass index (BMI) over 24.9, obese, e.g., has a BMI over 29.9, or morbidly obese, e.g., has a BMI over 35. The subject may have prehypertension or hypertension which has not responded, or not responded adequately, to a blood pressure medication or a combination of blood pressure medications. The subject may have or had an indication that the subject is at risk for, diabetes, e.g., Type 2 diabetes. The subject may have or had an indication that the subject is at risk for, metabolic syndrome. The subject may have or had an indication that the subject is at risk for, a heart attack. The subject may have or had an indication that the subject is at risk for, a stroke. The subject may have or had an indication that the subject is at risk for, coronary artery disease. The subject may have or had an indication that the subject is at risk for, enlarged or thickened left chamber of the heart (left ventricular hypertrophy). The subject may have or had an indication that the subject is at risk for, chronic kidney disease. The subject may be selected on the basis of having, or had an indication that the subject is at risk for, a condition or disorder disclosed herein. The method may further involve receiving information about the subject's blood pressure after administration of the microorganism or preparation.

In some aspects, the microorganism is an ammonia oxidizing microorganism. The microorganism may be an ammonia oxidizing bacterium. The microorganism may be an ammonia oxidizing Archaea. The microorganism or preparation may be applied in sufficient dosage to lower systolic blood pressure by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mmHg, e.g., as compared to baseline for the subject. The microorganism or preparation may be applied in sufficient dosage to lower diastolic blood pressure by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mmHg, e.g., as compared to baseline for the subject. The microorganism may be an ammonia oxidizing bacterium (AOB) of the genus Nitrosomonas. The ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be ammonia oxidizing bacteria selected from the group consisting of Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosocystis, Nitrosolobus, Nitrosovibrio, and combinations thereof. The microorganism may be the Nitrosomonas strain D23. The microorganism may have been genetically engineered, e.g., to produce nitric oxide, e.g., by the introduction of a nucleic acid.

In some aspects, the patient may have received a blood pressure medication within 1, 10, 50 or 100 days of being administered the microorganism. The patient may have received two different blood pressure medications within 1, 10, 50 or 100 days of being administered the microorganism. The patient may not have received a blood pressure medication within 1, 10, 50 or 100 days of being administered the microorganism. The patient may have not received two different blood pressure medications within 1, 10, 50 or 100 days of being administered the microorganism. The response to the blood pressure medication (or a combination of blood pressure medications), in the absence of administration of the microorganism, may be insufficient. The method may comprise administering the microorganism in combination with a blood pressure medication.

In some aspects, the blood pressure medication may be a diuretic, e.g., a thiazide diuretic, a loop diuretic, and a potassium-sparing diuretic. The thiazide diuretic may be chlorothiazide sodium, e.g., Diuril. A loop diuretic may be selected from furosemide, ethracrynic acid, torsemide, and bumetanide. A potassium-sparing diuretic may be an epithelial sodium channel blocker, e.g., Amiloride or Triamterene. A potassium-sparing diuretic may be an aldosterone antagonists, e.g., a spironolactone or eplerenone. A blood pressure medication may comprise an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-i), e.g., enalapril (e.g., Vasotec), lisinopril (e.g., Prinivil, Zestril) or ramipril (Altace). A blood pressure medication may comprise an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), e.g., valsartan (e.g., Diovan) or losartan (e.g., Cozaar). A blood pressure medication may comprise a calcium channel blockers, e.g., amlodipine (e.g., Norvasc), diltiazem (e.g., Cardizem, Tiazac, others) ornifedipine (e.g., Adalat CC, Afeditab CR, Procardia). A blood pressure medication may comprise a beta blocker, e.g., metoprolol (e.g., Lopressor, Toprol-XL), nadolol (e.g., Corgard) or atenolol (Tenormin). A blood pressure medication may comprise a renin inhibitor, e.g., aliskiren (e.g., Tekturna). A blood pressure medication may comprise an alpha blocker, e.g., doxazosin (e.g., Cardura), prazosin (e.g., Minipress) or terazosin. A blood pressure medication may comprise an alpha-beta blocker, e.g., carvedilol (e.g., Coreg) or labetalol (e.g., Trandate). A blood pressure medication may comprise a central-acting agent, e.g., an agent that inhibits signals from the brain to the nervous system that speed heart rate or narrow your blood vessels, e.g., clonidine (e.g., Catapres, Kapvay), guanfacine (e.g., Intuniv, Tenex) or methyldopa. A blood pressure medication may comprise a vasodilator, e.g., hydralazine or minoxidil. A blood pressure medication may comprise an aldosterone antagonist, e.g., spironolactone (e.g., Aldactone) or eplerenone (e.g., Inspra).

In some aspects, the microorganism may be provided in a preparation, e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable preparation. The preparation may be aqueous. The

microorganisms may be administered topically to the scalp, neck, face, and/or torso of the subject. Microorganisms may be applied to at least two of the scalp, neck, face, and/or torso of the subject. Nitrite may be administered concurrently with the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms to the subject.

In some aspects, the ammonia oxidizing bacteria may be administered in a therapeutically effective dose in a range of about 4xl0 ⁹ cells/ml to about 8xl0 ⁹ cells/ml. About 4 to about 17 micromolar nitrite may be administered concurrently with the ammonia oxidizing bacteria to the subject. An amount and a frequency of administration may be sufficient to decrease blood pressure in the subject. The method may involve administering the microorganism or preparation thereof in combination with the at least one blood pressure medication that was alone insufficient.

In some aspects, the preparation may be administered subsequent to washing the skin of the subject. A target percentage of administered AOM may be transferred to the skin of the subject. The preparation may be applied to target skin of the subject associated with a desired local effect. The preparation may be applied to one or more of the forehead, eye region, neck, scalp, head, shoulder, arm, hands, leg, underarm, torso, chest, feet, knee, ankle, or buttocks of the subject. Administering an effective amount of the preparation may change or alter a level of nitrite or NO in the subject. Administering an effective amount of the preparation may modulate a microbiome associated with the skin of the subject.

In some aspects, the preparation may be formulated as a liquid, droplet, powder, solid, cream, lotion, gel, stick, aerosol, spray, mist, salve, wipe, or bandage. The preparation may include a moisturizing agent, deodorizing agent, scent, colorant, insect repellant, cleansing agent, or UV-blocking agent. The preparation may include microspheres or microcapsules. The preparation may be formulated for immediate release or extended release. The preparation may be formulated to deliver nitrite or NO to the subject.

In some aspects, a second amount of the preparation may be administered to the subject. The preparation may be administered as part of a combination therapy. A second treatment may be administered in combination with the preparation. The preparation may be administered for a period of time prior to initiating the second treatment. The preparation may be administered concurrently with the second treatment. The preparation may be administered for a period of time subsequent to ceasing the second treatment. The second treatment may be administered via an alternate mode of administration. The subject may have a therapeutic level of a second treatment. The preparation may be administered in conjunction with an anti-inflammatory agent. The preparation may be administered in conjunction with a medical approach that treats, e.g., is approved to treat or is commonly used to treat blood pressure. The preparation may be administered before or after a surgical or diagnostic procedure. The preparation may be administered in conjunction with nitrite, nitrate, and/or NO.

In some aspects, the effective amount may be a therapeutically effective dose of AOM. The therapeutically effective dose of AOM may be about or greater than about 1 x 10 ³ , 10 ⁴ , 10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ , 10 ⁷ , 10 ⁸ , 10 ⁹ , 10 ¹⁰ , 10 ¹¹ , 10 ¹² , 10 ¹³ , or 10 ¹⁴ CFU. At least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 75% of the AOM applied to the subject are living. The preparation may be administered as an analgesic. The preparation may be administered as a prophylactic. The preparation may be self-administered. The preparation may be administered about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 times per day. The preparation may be administered for about 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 5-10, 10-14, 12-18, 12-21, 21- 28, 28-35, 35-42, 42-49, 49-56, 46-63, 63-70, 70-77, 77-84, or 84-91 days. The preparation may be administered within 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 minutes of the subject waking from sleep. The preparation may be administered within 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 minutes prior to the subject sleeping. The preparation may be administered within 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 minutes of the subject eating. The preparation may be administered 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 minutes before or after the subject cleanses or showers.

In some aspects, the subject is female. In other aspects, the subject is male. The subject may be characterized as one of the following ethnicity/race: Asian, black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, white, or multi-racial. The subject may have a disrupted microbiome. The subject may be of an age less than 1, or between 1-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, or over 60 years. The subject may have a resting heart rate of between about 50 to about 100 beats per minute.

In some aspects, the preparation may comprise AOM in a buffer solution, e.g., an aqueous buffer solution. The buffer solution, e.g., aqueous buffer solution, may comprise disodium phosphate and magnesium chloride, for example, 50 mM Na ₂ HP0 ₄ and 2 mM MgCl ₂ in water. The buffer solution e.g., aqueous buffer solution, may consisting essentially of disodium phosphate and magnesium chloride, for example, 50 mM Na ₂ HP0 ₄ and 2 mM MgCl ₂ in water. The buffer solution, e.g., aqueous buffer solution, may consist of disodium phosphate and magnesium chloride, for example, 50 mM Na ₂ HP0 ₄ and 2 mM MgCl ₂ in water. The preparation may be characterized by a physiological pH level. The preparation may further comprise or be administered concurrently with a compound that promotes growth or metabolism of the AOM, NO production, and/or urease activity. The preparation may comprise at least one of ammonia, ammonium salts, and urea. The preparation may comprise a controlled release material, e.g., slow release material. The preparation may further comprise an excipient, e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The excipient may comprise an absorption or penetration enhancer, preservative, antioxidant, buffer, chelating agent, ion exchange agent, solubilizing agent, suspending agent, thickener, surfactant, wetting agent, tonicity-adjusting agent, enzyme inhibitor, or vehicle for proper drug delivery. The preparation may be substantially free of other organisms.

In some aspects, the preparation may comprise between about 1 x 10 ³ CFU/mL to about 1 x 10 ¹⁴ CFU/mL AOM. The preparation may comprise between about 1 x 10 ⁹ CFU/mL to about 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU/mL AOM. The AOM may comprise ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The AOM may consist essentially of AOB. The AOM may consist of AOB. The AOB may comprise Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosocystis,

Nitrosolobus, Nitrosovibrio, and combinations thereof. The AOB may be Nitrosomonas eutropha (N. eutropha). The AOB may be N. eutropha D23, having ATCC accession number PTA-121157. The AOM may comprise ammonia oxidizing archaea (AO A). The AOM may be capable of converting ammonia or ammonium to nitrite at a rate of at least about 1 pmol/min mg protein, e.g., at least about 0.1 nmol/min mg protein.

In some aspects, a biome-friendly product may be used in connection with the administered preparation comprising AOM. A combined treatment regime may be based at least in part on degree of hypertension, age, race, history of hypertension, risk factors, or physician's preference. A co-administered, previously administered, or subsequently administered drug may be a calcium channel blocker, a diuretic, ACE-i, or ARB.

In accordance with one or more aspects, a preparation comprising AOM as described herein may be provided for regulating blood pressure in a subject.

The disclosure contemplates all combinations of any one or more of the foregoing aspects and/or embodiments, as well as combinations with any one or more of the

embodiments set forth in the detailed description and any examples. Detailed Description

In accordance with one or more embodiments, the present disclosure provides for various methods or modes of introducing ammonia oxidizing microorganisms to a subject. These methods or modes comprise administering to a subject ammonia oxidizing

microorganisms, for example, a preparation, composition, formulation, or product comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. In at least some embodiments, ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may therefore generally be restored to a microbiome of the subject. In at least some embodiments, ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise or consist essentially of live ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. At least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 99% of the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be live. In some embodiments, the preparation may comprise or consist essentially of intact ammonia oxidizing microorganisms.

Preparations, compositions, and/or formulations, e.g., including cosmetic products, therapeutic products, consumer products, non-natural products, natural products, and fortified natural products, comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms are disclosed. These preparations, compositions, and/or formulations are disclosed herein for use in various applications, e.g., cosmetic and/or therapeutic applications. The preparations, compositions, and/or formulations may be administered in an effective amount for an intended use, e.g., a cosmetic or a therapeutic application. Preparations, compositions, and/or formulations comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms for various modes of administration to a subject are provided. Preparations, compositions, and/or formulations comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms for use in the treatment of various conditions and/or disorders in a subject are provided. Methods of treating a subject for various conditions and/or disorders via administration of ammonia oxidizing

microorganisms are disclosed. Devices for use in administering ammonia oxidizing microorganisms to a subject are also provided.

Microbiology

In accordance with one or more embodiments, essentially any ammonia oxidizing microorganism (AOM) can be used or implemented. The ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may generally be autotrophic. The ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may generate nitrite and/or nitric oxide from ammonia. Properties of autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), for example, are well described by Whitlock in U.S. Patent No. 7,820,420. Since that filing, the class of autotrophic microorganisms that oxidize ammonia for ATP production has been expanded to encompass ammonia oxidizing archaea (AO A), and archaea have been moved out of the class of bacteria and into their own distinct class. For the purposes of this disclosure, any and all autotrophic ammonia oxidizing microorganisms that share the properties of oxidation of ammonia to generate ATP can be implemented. AOM, including both AOB and AOA, share the necessary properties of oxidation of ammonia into NO and nitrite and all known AOM lack capacity for virulence because of their inability to use organic substrates for ATP generation. Bacteria can utilize ammonia at higher concentrations, while archaea can utilize ammonia at lower concentrations. Physiological levels of ammonia are within the range that both bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) can utilize. Any reference specifically to ammonia oxidizing bacteria throughout this disclosure should be considered equally applicable to any ammonia oxidizing microorganism, e.g., any ammonia oxidizing archaea, and these terms may all be used interchangeably herein.

Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are ubiquitous Gram-negative obligate bacteria with a unique capacity to generate energy exclusively from the conversion of ammonia to nitrite. In some embodiments, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) of the genus Nitrosomonas are Gram-negative obligate autotrophic (chemolithoautotrophic) bacteria with a unique capacity to generate nitrite and nitric oxide exclusively from ammonia as an energy source. They are widely present both in soil and water environments and are essential components of environmental nitrification processes. These bacteria have beneficial properties, e.g., in connection with various cosmetic and therapeutic uses, in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, due to the roles of nitrite and nitric oxide as important components of several physiological functions, such as vasodilation, inflammation and wound healing, these bacteria may have various beneficial properties for both healthy and immunopathological conditions. These bacteria are safe for use in humans because they are slow-growing, cannot grow on organic carbon sources, may be sensitive to soaps and antibiotics, and have never been associated with any disease or infection in animals or humans.

Ammonia oxidizing microorganisms generate coenzyme Q 8 (CoQ8) as a byproduct of the process by which they generate nitrite and nitric oxide. CoQ8 is a coenzyme Q having 8 carbons in its isoprenoid side chain. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, due to the role of coenzyme Q as an important component of several cell functions, such as mediating cell signaling and preventing cell death (anti-aging), these microorganisms' beneficial properties may further be enhanced by their specific ability to generate CoQ8.

In some embodiments, ammonia oxidizing bacteria may catalyze the following reactions.

At a neutral pH level, ammonia generated from ammonium around neutral pH conditions is the substrate of the initial reaction. The conversion of ammonia to nitrite takes place in two steps catalyzed respectively by ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO), as follows:

NH ₃ + 2H ⁺ + 2e- + 0 ₂ - NH ₂ OH + H ₂ 0 (A)

NH ₂ OH + H ₂ 0 - N0 ₂ - + 4e- + 5H ⁺ (B)

In some instances, reaction B is reported as follows, to indicate nitrous acid (HN0 ₂ ) formation at low pH:

NH ₂ OH + H ₂ 0 - HN0 ₂ + 4e- + 4H ⁺

In certain embodiments, NH ₄ ⁺ and NH ₃ may be used interchangeably throughout the disclosure.

Examples of ammonia oxidizing bacteria include Nitrosomonas eutropha strains, e.g. , D23 and C91 as discussed herein, and other bacteria in the genera Nitrosomonas,

Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosocystis, Nitrosolobus, and Nitrosovibrio. D23

Nitrosomonas eutropha strain refers to the strain, designated AOB D23-100, deposited with the American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC) (10801 University Blvd., Manassas, VA, USA) on April 8, 2014 having accession number PTA-121157. The nucleic acid sequence(s), e.g., genome sequence, of accession number PTA-121157 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes. "AOB D23-100" may also be referred to as D23 or B244 throughout this disclosure.

Examples of ammonia oxidizing archaea include archaea in the genera

Methanobrevibacter, Methanosphaera, Methanosarcina, Nitroscaldus, Nitrosopumilus, and Nitrososphaera (e.g. Nitrososphaera viennensis, Nitrososphaera gargensis). Different phylotypes of archaea, e.g., methanogens and halphilic archaeon, may be included in the preparations disclosed herein. Examples of archaea further include archaea in the lineages of phyla Euryarchaeota (e.g. Methanosarcina), Crenarchaeota, Aigarchaeota, and

Thaumarchaeota (e.g. Giganthauma karukerense, Giganthauma insulaporcus ,

Caldiarchaeum subterraneum, Cenarchaeum symbiosum). Each and every nucleic acid sequence and amino acid sequence disclosed in

International (PCT) Patent Application Publication No. WO2015/160911 (International (PCT) Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2015/025909 as filed on April 15, 2015), is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Likewise, any ammonia oxidizing bacteria disclosed in International (PCT) Patent Application Publication No. WO2015/160911 (International (PCT) Patent Application Serial No.

PCT/US2015/025909 as filed on April 15, 2015), is also hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In certain embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganism is a strain as described therein.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may exist in several metabolic states, e.g. growth state, storage state, and/or polyphosphate loading state.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may have desirable properties, e.g. , optimized properties, such as the ability to suppress growth of pathogenic bacteria, and an enhanced ability to produce nitric oxide and nitric oxide precursors.

Optimized Nitrosomonas eutropha (N. eutropha), as that term is used herein, refers to an N. eutropha having an optimized growth rate; an optimized NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation rate; and/or optimized resistance to NH ₄ ⁺ . In an embodiment it differs from naturally occurring N.

eutropha by at least one nucleotide, e.g. , a nucleotide in a gene selected from ammonia monooxygenase, hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, cytochrome c554, and cytochrome CM552. The difference can arise, e.g. , through selection of spontaneously arising mutation, induced mutation, or directed genetic engineering, of the N. eutropha. In an embodiment it differs from a naturally occurring N. eutropha in that it has a constellation of alleles, not present together in nature. These differences may provide for one or more of a treatment or prevention of a disease or condition, such as but not limited to one associated with low nitrite levels.

Any ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g., N. eutropha, for example N. eutropha referred to as "D23", also known as "B244" or "AOB D23-100" may have several of the above- described properties. Any ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) may also have several of the above-described properties.

The AOBs contemplated in this disclosure may comprise mutations relative to wild- type AOBs. These mutations may, e.g. , occur spontaneously, be introduced by random mutagenesis, or be introduced by targeted mutagenesis. For instance, the AOBs may lack one or more genes or regulatory DNA sequences that wild-type AOBs typically comprise. The AOBs may also comprise point mutations, substitutions, insertions, deletions, and/or rearrangements relative to the sequenced strain or a wild- type strain. The AOBs may be a purified preparation of optimized AOBs.

In certain embodiments, the AOBs are transgenic. For instance, it may comprise one or more genes or regulatory DNA sequences that wild-type ammonia oxidizing bacteria lacks. More particularly, the ammonia oxidizing bacteria may comprise, for instance, a reporter gene, a selective marker, a gene encoding an enzyme, or a promoter (including an inducible or repressible promoter). In some embodiments the additional gene or regulatory DNA sequence is integrated into the bacterial chromosome; in some embodiments the additional gene or regulatory DNA sequence is situated on a plasmid.

In some embodiments, the AOBs differ by at least one nucleotide from naturally occurring bacteria. For instance, the AOBs may differ from naturally occurring bacteria in a gene or protein that is part of a relevant pathway, e.g. , an ammonia metabolism pathway, a urea metabolism pathway, or a pathway for producing nitric oxide or nitric oxide precursors. More particularly, the AOBs may comprise a mutation that elevates activity of the pathway, e.g. , by increasing levels or activity of an element of that pathway.

The above-mentioned mutations can be introduced using any suitable technique. Numerous methods are known for introducing mutations into a given position. For instance, one could use site-directed mutagenesis, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, or site- specific mutagenesis. Non-limiting examples of specific mutagenesis protocols are described in, e.g. , Mutagenesis, pp. 13.1-13.105 (Sambrook and Russell, eds., Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, Vol. 3, 3.sup.rd ed. 2001). In addition, non-limiting examples of well- characterized mutagenesis protocols available from commercial vendors include, without limitation, Altered Sites.RTM. II in vitro Mutagenesis Systems (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.); Erase-a-Base.RTM. System (Promega, Madison, Wis.); GeneTailor.TM. Site-Directed Mutagenesis System (Invitrogen, Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.); QuikChange.RTM. II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kits (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.); and Transformer. TM. Site-Directed

Mutagenesis Kit (BD-Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.).

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be axenic. The preparation (formulation or composition) of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of axenic ammonia oxidizing microorganisms.

The ammonia oxidizing bacteria of this disclosure may be from a genus selected from the group consisting of Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospria, Nitrosocystis,

Nitrosolobus, Nitrosovibrio, and combinations thereof.

This disclosure provides, inter alia, N. eutropha strain D23, a unique, e.g. , optimized strain of ammonia oxidizing bacteria that can increase production of nitric oxide and nitric oxide precursors on a surface of a subject, e.g. , a human subject. This disclosure also provides methods of administering and using the bacteria and preparations, compositions, formulations, and products, comprising the bacteria.

In embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g., N. eutropha is non-naturally occurring. For instance, it may have accumulated desirable mutations during a period of selection. In other embodiments, desirable mutations may be introduced by an experimenter. In some embodiments, the N. eutropha may be a purified preparation, and may be an optimized N. eutropha.

In preferred embodiments, the N. eutropha strain is autotrophic and so incapable of causing infection. A preferred strain utilizes urea as well as ammonia, so that hydrolysis of the urea in sweat would not be necessary prior to absorption and utilization by the bacteria. Also, in order to grow at low pH, the bacteria may either absorb NH ₄ ⁺ ions or urea. The selected strain should also be capable of living on the external skin of a subject, e.g. , a human, and be tolerant of conditions there.

Although this disclosure refers to N. eutropha strain D23 in detail, the preparations, methods, compositions, treatments, formulas and products may be used with one or more of: one or more other strains of N. eutropha, one or more other species of Nitrosomonas, and one or more other ammonia oxidizing microorganism, e.g. ammonia oxidizing bacteria or other ammonia oxidizing archaea.

In certain embodiments, a bacterium with the above-mentioned sequence

characteristics has one or more of (1) an optimized growth rate as measured by doubling time, (2) an optimized growth rate as measured by OD600, (3) an optimized NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation rate, (4) an optimized resistance to NH ₄ ⁺ , and (4) an optimized resistance to N0 ₂ ^~ . Particular nonlimiting sub-combinations of these properties are specified in the following paragraph.

In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g., the N. eutropha described herein, or an axenic composition thereof, has one or more of: (1) an optimized growth rate as measured by doubling time, (2) an optimized growth rate as measured by OD600, (3) an optimized NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation rate, (4) an optimized resistance to, NtL , and (4) an optimized resistance to, NO2 ^" . For instance, the bacterium may have properties (1) and (2); (2) and (3); (3) and (4); or (4) and (5) from the list at the beginning of this paragraph. As another example, the bacterium may have properties (1), (2), and (3); (1), (2), and (4); (1), (2), and (5); (1), (3), and (4); (1), (3), and (5); (1), (4), and (5); (2), (3), and (4); (2), (3), and (5), or (3), (4), and (5) from the list at the beginning of this paragraph. As a further example, the bacterium may have properties (1), (2), (3), and (4); (1), (2), (3), and (5); (1), (2), (4), and (5); (1), (3), (4), and (5); or (2), (3), (4), and (5) from the list at the beginning of this paragraph. In some embodiments, the bacterium has properties (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) from the list at the beginning of this paragraph.

In certain embodiments, the N. eutropha strain comprises a nucleic acid sequence, e.g. , a genome, that hybridizes to SEQ ID NO: 1 of International (PCT) Patent Application Publication No. WO2015160911 (International (PCT) Patent Application Serial No.

PCT/US2015/025909 filed on April 15, 2015), or to the genome of the D23 strain deposited in the form of 25 vials with the ATCC patent depository on April 8, 2014, designated AOB D23-100, under accession number PTA-121157, or their complements, under low stringency, medium stringency, high stringency, or very high stringency, or other hybridization condition.

The D23 strain is not believed to be a product of nature, but rather has acquired certain mutations and characteristics during an extended period of culture and selection in the laboratory. For instance, D23 has an ability to grow in conditions of greater than about 200 or 250 mM NH ₄ ⁺ for more than 24 hours.

In some embodiments, the N. eutropha disclosed herein differ from naturally occurring bacteria in the abundance of siderophores. For instance, the N. eutropha may have elevated or reduced levels of siderophores compared to N. eutropha C91. Generally, siderophores are secreted iron-chelating compounds that help bacteria scavenge iron from their environment. Some siderophores are peptides, and others are small organic molecules.

The practice of the present invention may employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of immunology, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA techniques within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Sambrook, et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Current Edition); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F.M. Ausubel, et al. eds., current edition). Select Definitions

An ammonia oxidizing microorganism, e.g., ammonia oxidizing bacteria, refers to a microorganism capable of oxidizing ammonia or ammonium to nitrite at a rate, e.g. , a substantial rate, e.g. , a pre-determined rate. The rate, e.g. , a pre-determined rate, may refer to the conversion of ammonium ions (NH ₄ ⁺ ) (e.g. , at about 200 mM) to nitrite (N0 ₂ ^~ ), for example, as determined or measured in an in vitro assay or when administered to a subject, e.g., a human. The rate may be a conversion at a rate of at least about 1 picomole per minute per mg protein, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 125, or 150 nanomoles NO ₂ ^" per minute per mg protein, e.g. , about 0.01-1, 0.1-50, 50-100, 100-150, 75-175, 75-125, 100-125, 125-150, or 125-175 nanomoles/minute/mg protein, e.g. , about 125 nanomoles NO ₂ ^" per minute per mg protein for a continuous culture, for example having an OD of about 0.5. The rate of conversion may be between about 1 picomole per minute per mg protein to about 1 millimole per minute per mg protein. The rate of conversion may be at most about 1 mole NO ₂ ^" per minute per mg protein, e.g. at least about, about, or at most about 1 decimole, 1 centimole, 1 millimole, or 1 micromole NO ₂ ^" per minute per mg protein.

As used herein, "axenic" refers to a composition comprising an organism that is substantially free of other organisms. For example, an axenic culture of ammonia oxidizing bacteria is a culture that is substantially free of organisms other than ammonia oxidizing bacteria. For example, an axenic culture of N. eutropha is a culture that is substantially free of organisms other than N. eutropha. In some embodiments, "substantially free" denotes undetectable by a method used to detect other organisms, e.g. , plating the culture and examining colony morphology, or PCR for a conserved gene such as 16S RNA. An axenic composition may comprise elements that are not organisms, e.g. , it may comprise nutrients or excipients. Any embodiment, preparation, composition, or formulation of ammonia oxidizing bacteria discussed herein may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of optionally axenic ammonia oxidizing bacteria.

Throughout this disclosure, formulation may refer to a composition or preparation or product.

As used herein, an "autotroph", e.g. , an autotrophic bacterium, is any organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy. Autotrophic bacteria may synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and ATP derived from other sources, oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, and oxidation of Fe ²⁺ to Fe ³⁺ Autotrophic bacteria of the present disclosure are incapable of causing infection.

Administered "in combination," as used herein, means that two (or more) different treatments are delivered to the subject during the course of the subject's affliction with the disorder, e.g. , the two or more treatments are delivered after the subject has been diagnosed with the disorder and before the disorder has been cured or eliminated. In some embodiments, the delivery of one treatment is still occurring when the delivery of the second begins, so that there is overlap. This is sometimes referred to herein as "simultaneous" or "concomitant" or "concurrent delivery". In other embodiments, the delivery of one treatment ends before the delivery of the other treatment begins. This is sometimes referred to herein as "successive" or "sequential delivery." In embodiments of either case, the treatment is more effective because of combined administration. For example, the second treatment is a more effective, e.g. , an equivalent effect is seen with less of the second treatment, or the second treatment reduces symptoms to a greater extent, than would be seen if the second treatment were administered in the absence of the first treatment, or the analogous situation is seen with the first treatment. In some embodiments, delivery is such that the reduction in a symptom, or other parameter related to the disorder is greater than what would be observed with one treatment delivered in the absence of the other. The effect of the two treatments can be partially additive, wholly additive, or greater than additive (i.e. , synergistic). The delivery can be such that an effect of the first treatment delivered is still detectable when the second is delivered. In some embodiments, one or more treatment may be delivered prior to diagnosis of the patient with the disorder.

The term "isolated," as used herein, refers to material that is removed from its original or native environment (e.g. , the natural environment if it is naturally occurring). For example, a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide, separated by human intervention from some or all of the co-existing materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such polynucleotides could be part of a vector and/or such polynucleotides or polypeptides could be part of a

composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of the environment in which it is found in nature.

As used herein, the term "optimized growth rate" refers to one or more of: a doubling time of less than about 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 hours when cultured under batch conditions as described herein in Example 2; a doubling time of less than about 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, or 26 hours, when grown under chemostat conditions as described herein in Example 2; or growing from an OD600 of about 0.15 to at least about 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, or 0.8 over about 1 or 2 days. In an embodiment, optimized growth rate is one having a doubling time that it is at least 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% shorter than that of a naturally occurring N. eutropha.

As used herein, "optimized NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation rate" refers to a rate of at least about 50,

75, 125, or 150 micromoles per minute of converting NH ₃ or NH ₄ ⁺ into NO ₂ · For instance, the rate may be at least about 50, 75, 125, or 150 micromoles per minute of converting NH ₄ ⁺ (e.g. , at about 200 mM) to NO ₂ · In an embodiment, an optimized NH ₄ ⁺ oxidation rate is one in which NH ₃ or NH ₄ ⁺ is converted into N0 ₂ ^~ ' at least 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% more rapidly than is seen with a naturally occurring N. eutropha.

As used herein, "optimized resistance to NH ₄ ⁺ " refers to an ability to grow in conditions of greater than 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, or 300 mM NH ₃ or NH ₄ ⁺ for at least about 24 or 48 hours. In an embodiment, an optimized resistance to NH ₄ ⁺ refers to the ability to grow at least 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% more rapidly, or at least 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% longer, in the presence of a selected concentration of NH ₃ or NH ₄ ⁺ than can a naturally occurring N. eutropha.

As used herein, "transgenic" means comprising one or more exogenous portions of DNA. The exogenous DNA is derived from another organism, e.g. , another bacterium, a bacteriophage, an animal, or a plant.

As used herein, treatment of a disease or condition refers to reducing the severity or frequency of at least one symptom of that disease or condition, compared to a similar but untreated patient. Treatment can also refer to halting, slowing, or reversing the progression of a disease or condition, compared to a similar but untreated patient. Treatment may comprise addressing the root cause of the disease and/or one or more symptoms.

As used herein a therapeutically effective amount refers to a dose sufficient to prevent advancement, or to cause regression of a disease or condition, or which is capable of relieving a symptom of a disease or condition, or which is capable of achieving a desired result. A therapeutically effective dose can be measured, for example, as a number of bacteria or number of viable bacteria (e.g. , in CFUs) or a mass of bacteria (e.g. , in milligrams, grams, or kilograms), or a volume of bacteria (e.g. , in mm ³ ).

As used herein, the term "viability" refers to the autotrophic bacteria's, e.g. , ammonia oxidizing bacteria's, ability to oxidize ammonia, ammonium, or urea to nitrite at a predetermined rate. In some embodiments, the rate refers to the conversion of ammonium ions (NH ₄ ) (e.g. , at about 200 mM) to nitrite (N0 ₂ ^" ) at a rate of at least about 1 picomole, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 125, or 150 nanomoles N0 ₂ ^" per minute, e.g. , about 0.01-1, 0.1-50, 50- 100, 100-150, 75-175, 75-125, 100-125, 125-150, or 125-175 nanomoles/minute, e.g. , about 125 nanomoles NO2 ^" per minute. The rate of conversion may be at most about 1 mole NO2 per minute, e.g. at least about, about, or at most about 1 decimole, 1 centimole, 1 millimole, or 1 micromole NO2 ^" per minute. Viable ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may generally comprise culturable AOMs or AOMs that are otherwise able to generate NO, nitrate, or nitrite.

As used herein, a "subject" may include an animal, a mammal, a human, a non-human animal, a livestock animal, or a companion animal. The term "subject" is intended to include human and non-human animals, for example, vertebrates, large animals, and primates. In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammalian subject, and in particular embodiments, the subject is a human subject. Although applications with humans are clearly foreseen, veterinary applications, for example, with non-human animals, are also envisaged herein. The term "non-human animals" of the disclosure includes all vertebrates, for example, non- mammals (such as birds, for example, chickens; amphibians; reptiles) and mammals, such as non-human primates, domesticated, and agriculturally useful animals, for example, sheep, dog, cat, cow, pig, rat, among others.

"Microbiome" refers to a population, e.g, one or more microorganisms that live on a surface of a subject, e.g., in the gut, mouth, skin, and/or elsewhere in a subject. The population may have one or more beneficial functions and/or benefits, relevant to supporting the life of a subject.

"Biome-friendly" refers to something, e.g, a product, e.g., a cosmetic product, e.g., a finished cosmetic product that may allow for minimal disruption of a microbiome of a subject. For example, biome-friendly refers to a product that may be applied to a subject that may allow the microbiome at the point of application to be maintained, minimally disrupted, and/or able to return to the microbiome after a period of time after application of the product. In embodiments, biome-friendly may refer to ammonia oxidizing microorganism-friendly, e.g. ammonia oxidizing bacteria- friendly in that the product may allow for minimal disruption of the ammonia oxidizing bacteria of a subject. In embodiments, "biome-friendly" may be referred to as "biome-compatible."

A "natural product" is or may comprise a product that may be at least partially derived from nature. It may be anything or comprise anything produced by a living organism, and may include organisms themselves. Natural products may include or comprise an entire organism, and part of an organism (e.g. , a leaf of a plant), an extract from an organism, an organic compound from an organism, a purified organic compound from an organism.

Natural products may be or comprise organic substances found and cells, including primary metabolites (amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) and secondary metabolites (organic compounds found in a limited range of species, e.g., polyketides, fatty acids, terpenoids, steroids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, specialized amino acids and peptides, specialized carbohydrates). Natural products may be or comprise polymeric organic materials such as cellulose, lignin, and proteins.

As used herein, "presence" or "level" may refer to a qualitative or quantitative amount of a component, e.g. , any one or more of an ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, ammonia, ammonium ions, urea, nitrite, or nitric oxide. The presence or level may include a zero value or a lack of presence of a component.

As used herein, the term "surfactant", includes compounds that may lower the surface tension, or interfacial tension, between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid.

Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. Surfactants may include one or more of the following, alone, or in combination with those listed, or other surfactants or surfactant-like compounds: cocamidopropyl betaine (ColaTeric COAB), polyethylene sorbitol ester (e.g. , Tween 80), ethoxylated lauryl alcohol (RhodaSurf 6 NAT), sodium laureth sulfate/lauryl glucoside/cocamidopropyl betaine (Plantapon 611 L UP), sodium laureth sulfate (e.g. , RhodaPex ESB 70 NAT), alkyl polyglucoside (e.g. , Plantaren 2000 N UP), sodium laureth sulfate (Plantaren 200), Dr.

Bronner's Castile soap, Dr. Bronner's baby soap, Lauramine oxide (ColaLux Lo), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polysulfonate alkyl polyglucoside (PolySufanate 160 P), sodium lauryl sulfate (Stepanol-WA Extra K), and combinations thereof. Dr. Bronner's Castile soap and baby soap comprises water, organic coconut oil, potassium hydroxide, organic olive oil, organic fair deal hemp oil, organic jojoba oil, citric acid, and tocopherol. Surfactants may include Sodium Laurylglucosides Hydroxypropylsulfonate (Suga®nate 160NC),

lauramidopropyl betaine (Cola®Teric LMB); Cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine (Cola®Teric CBS); disodium cocoamphodiacetate (Cola®Teric CDCX-LV); sodium laurylglucosides hydroxypropyl phosphate (Suga®Fax D12). Surfactants may include sodium lauroyl methyl isethionate (Iselux® LQ-CLR-SB); sodium methyl cocoyl taurate (Pureact WS Cone); Aqua (and) Sodium Lauroyl Methyl Isethionate (and) Cocamidopropyl Betaine (and) Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate (and) Sodium Methyl Oleoyl Taurate (Iselux ®SFS-SB). Other surfactants are contemplated by this disclosure.

Preparations, Compositions, Formulations, and Products Comprising Ammonia Oxidizing Microorganisms

The present disclosure provides, inter alia, compositions comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, preparations, e.g., purified and/or optimized preparations, comprising AOM, formulations comprising AOM, and various products comprising AOM, e.g. , a natural product, a non- natural product, a fortified natural product, a consumer product, a therapeutic product, or a cosmetic product. The terms preparation, composition, formulation, and product may be used interchangeably herein.

Any embodiment, preparation, composition, formulation, or product of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms discussed herein may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of (optionally axenic) ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., live ammonia oxidizing microorganisms.

The preparation may comprise or be supplemented with a product or byproduct of an ammonia oxidizing microorganism, e.g., nitrite, nitrate, nitric oxide, CoQ8. For example, the preparation may be administered to the subject concurrently with between about 4 to about 17 micromolar nitrite. In at least some embodiments, the preparation may comprise or be supplemented with a composition that promotes growth or metabolism of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, promotes production of products or byproducts of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, promotes urease activity, or has a synergistic effect with ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., ammonia, ammonium salts, urea, and urease. For instance, the preparation may be supplemented with one or more of NO, nitrite, nitrate, CoQ8, ammonia, ammonium salts, urea, and urease. The supplement may be comprised in the same formulation as the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms or in a separate formulation for concurrent or combination administration. The supplement formulation may be prepared for delivery via any delivery mode, for example inhaled forms of NO, nitrite, or nitrate. The preparation may comprise, inter alia, at least one of ammonia, ammonium salts, and urea. The preparation may comprise or be supplemented with an anti-inflammatory agent or a composition that provides an anti-inflammatory effect.

The present disclosure provides for preparations comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms for cosmetic use. The present disclosure provides for preparations comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms for therapeutic use.

In some embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise a concentration or amount, e.g., an effective amount, of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms sufficient to have a desired cosmetic effect. The preparation may be formulated and/or delivered to impart the desired cosmetic effect locally and/or systemically.

In some embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise a concentration or amount, e.g., an effective amount, of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms sufficient to have a desired therapeutic effect, e.g., to at least partially treat a condition or disease. The preparation may be formulated and/or delivered to impart the desired therapeutic effect locally and/or systemically.

In some embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise a concentration or amount, e.g., an effective amount, of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms sufficient to alter, e.g. , reduce or increase, an amount, concentration or proportion of a bacterium, or genus of bacteria in a subject. The bacteria may be nonpathogenic or pathogenic, or potentially pathogenic.

In some embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise a concentration or amount, e.g., an effective amount, of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms sufficient to modulate a microbiome associated with a subject.

In some embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise a concentration or amount, e.g., an effective amount, of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms sufficient to deliver NO to a subject. A preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise a concentration or amount, e.g., an effective amount, of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms such that when administered, the preparation modulates, changes, or alters a level of nitrite or NO at a target tissue or in circulation. For instance, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise a concentration or amount, e.g., an effective amount, of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms such that when

administered, the preparation results in an increased level of nitrite or NO at a target tissue or in circulation.

The present disclosure provides, inter alia, non-limiting compositions comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., N. eutropha, e.g., a purified preparation of an optimized N. eutropha. In some embodiments, the N. eutropha in the compositions has at least one property selected from an optimized growth rate, an optimized NH ₄ oxidation rate, and an optimized resistance to NH ₄ ⁺ .

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides compositions with a defined number of species. A composition may include only one type of species, e.g., one type of ammonia oxidizing microorganism. This disclosure also provides a composition having, e.g., N.

eutropha and one other type of organism, and no other types of organism. In other examples, the composition has, e.g., N. eutropha and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 other types of organism, and no other types of organism. The other type of organism in this composition may be, for instance, a bacterium, such as an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium. Suitable ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms for this purpose include those in the genera Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosocystis, Nitrosolobus, or Nitrosovibrio. Likewise, the composition may also include AOA.

In some embodiments, the composition comprising, e.g., N. eutropha provides conditions that support N. eutropha viability. For instance, the composition may promote N. eutropha growth and metabolism or may promote a dormant state (e.g. , freezing) from which viable N. eutropha can be recovered. When the composition promotes growth or metabolism, it may contain water and/or nutrients that N. eutropha consumes, e.g. , as ammonium, ammonia, urea, oxygen, carbon dioxide, or trace minerals. In some embodiments, the composition comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms provides conditions that support ammonia oxidizing microorganisms viability. For instance, the composition may promote ammonia oxidizing microorganisms growth and metabolism or may promote a dormant state (e.g. , freezing) or storage state as described herein, from which viable ammonia oxidizing microorganisms can be recovered. When the composition promotes growth or metabolism, it may contain water and/or nutrients that ammonia oxidizing microorganisms consumes, e.g. , as ammonium ions, ammonia, urea, oxygen, carbon dioxide, or trace minerals.

In some embodiments, one or more other organisms, for example, organisms besides ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be included in the preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. For example, a community of organisms or an organism of the genus selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bifidobacter, and combinations thereof, may be provided in the preparation of ammonia oxidizing

microorganisms. In some embodiments, the preparation may be substantially free of other organisms. Preparations of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise between about between about 10 ³ to about 10 ¹⁴ CFU/ml. In some embodiments, the preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise at least about or greater than about 10 ³ , 10 ⁴ , 10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ , 10 ⁷ , 10 ⁸ , 10 ⁹ , 10 ¹⁰ , 10 ¹¹ , 2 x 10 ¹¹ , 5 x 10 ¹¹ , 10 ¹² , 2 x 10 ¹² , 5 x 10 ¹² , 10 ¹³ , 2 x 10 ¹³ , 5 x 10 ¹³ , or 10 ¹⁴ ; or about 10 ³ -10 ⁴ , 10 ⁴ -10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ -10 ⁷ , 10 ⁷ -10 ⁸ , 10 ⁸ -10 ⁹ , 10 ⁹ -10 ¹⁰ , 10 ¹⁰ -10 ⁿ , 10 ¹¹ -

10 ¹² , 10 ¹² -10 ¹³ , or 10 ¹³ -10 ¹⁴ CFU/ml.

In some embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise between about 1 x 10 ⁹ to about 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU/ml. In some embodiments, an administered dose of the preparation may comprise about 3 x 10 ¹⁰ CFU, e.g. , 3 x 10 ¹⁰ CFU per day. In some embodiments, an administered dose of the preparation may comprise about 1 x 10 ⁹ to about 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU per day, e.g., about 1 x 10 ⁹ to about 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU per day. In some embodiments, an administered dose of the preparation may comprise about 10 ³ , 10 ⁴ , 10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ , 10 ⁷ , 10 ⁸ , 10 ⁹ , 10 ¹⁰ , 10 ¹¹ , 2 x 10 ¹¹ , 5 x 10 ¹¹ , 10 ¹² , 2 x 10 ¹² , 5 x 10 ¹² , 10 ¹³ , 2 x 10 ¹³ , 5 x

10 ¹³ , or 10 ¹⁴ ; or about 10 ³ -10 ⁴ , 10 ⁴ -10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ -10 ⁷ , 10 ⁷ -10 ⁸ , 10 ⁸ -10 ⁹ , 10 ⁹ -10 ¹⁰ , 10 ¹⁰ -10 ⁿ , 10 ¹¹ - 10 ¹² , 10 ¹² -10 ¹³ , or 10 ¹³ -10 ¹⁴ CFU per administration or per day.

In some embodiments, an administered dose of the preparation may comprise at least about 7 x 10 ¹⁰ CFU, e.g., 21 x 10 ¹⁰ CFU per week. In some embodiments, an administered dose of the preparation may comprise about 1 x 10 ⁹ to about 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU per week, e.g., about 1 x 10 ⁹ to about 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU per week. In some embodiments, an administered dose of the preparation may comprise about or greater than about 10 ³ , 10 ⁴ , 10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ , 10 ⁷ , 10 ⁸ , 10 ⁹ , 10 ¹⁰ , 10 ¹¹ , 2 x 10 ¹¹ , 5 x 10 ¹¹ , 10 ¹² , 2 x 10 ¹² , 5 x 10 ¹² , 10 ¹³ , 2 x 10 ¹³ , 5 x 10 ¹³ , or 10 ¹⁴ ; or about 10 ³ -10 ⁴ , 10 ⁴ -10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ -10 ⁷ , 10 ⁷ -10 ⁸ , 10 ⁸ -10 ⁹ , 10 ⁹ -10 ¹⁰ , 10 ¹⁰ -10 ⁿ , 10 ⁿ -10 ¹² , 10 ¹² -10 ¹³ , or 10 ¹³ - 10 ¹⁴ CFU per week.

In some embodiments, an administered dose of the preparation may comprise at least about 30 x 10 ¹⁰ CFU, e.g. , 90 x 10 ¹⁰ CFU per month. In some embodiments, an administered dose of the preparation may comprise about 1 x 10 ⁹ to about 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU per month, e.g., about 1 x 10 ⁹ to about 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU per month. In some embodiments, an administered dose of the preparation may comprise about or greater than about 10 ³ , 10 ⁴ , 10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ , 10 ⁷ , 10 ⁸ , 10 ⁹ , 10 ¹⁰ , 10 ¹¹ , 2 x 10 ¹¹ , 5 x 10 ¹¹ , 10 ¹² , 2 x 10 ¹² , 5 x 10 ¹² , 10 ¹³ , 2 x 10 ¹³ , 5 x 10 ¹³ , or 10 ¹⁴ ; or about 10 ³ -10 ⁴ , 10 ⁴ -10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ -10 ⁷ , 10 ⁷ -10 ⁸ , 10 ⁸ -10 ⁹ , 10 ⁹ -10 ¹⁰ , 10 ¹⁰ -10 ⁿ , 10 ⁿ -10 ¹² , 10 ¹² -10 ¹³ , or 10 ¹³ - 10 ¹⁴ CFU per month.

In some embodiments, the preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may comprise between about 0.1 milligrams (mg) and about 1000 mg of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. In certain aspects, the preparation may comprise between about 50 mg and about 1000 mg of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. The preparation may comprise between about 0.1-0.5 mg, 0.2-0.7 mg, 0.5-1.0 mg, 0.5-2 mg, 0.5-5 mg, 2.5-5 mg, 2.5-7.0 mg, 5.0-10 mg, 7.5-15 mg, 10-15 mg, 15-20 mg, 15-25 mg, 20-30 mg, 25-50 mg, 25-75 mg, 50- 75 mg, 50-100 mg, 75-100 mg, 100-200 mg, 200-300 mg, 300-400 mg, 400-500 mg, 500-600 mg, 600-700 mg, 700-800 mg, 800-900 mg, 900-1000 mg, 100-250 mg, 250-500 mg, 100- 500 mg, 500-750 mg, 750-1000 mg, or 500-1000 mg.

Advantageously, a formulation may have a pH level that promotes AOM, e.g. , N. eutropha viability, e.g. , metabolic activity. Urea would hydrolyze to ammonia and would raise the pH to 7 to 8. AOB are very active at this pH range and would lower the pH to about 6 where the N¾ converts to ammonium and is unavailable. Lower pH levels, e.g. about pH 4, are also acceptable.

The ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha may be combined with one or more pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" refers to a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. In some embodiments, each excipient is "pharmaceutically acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. See, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, Pa., 2005; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th ed.; Rowe et al., Eds.; The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: 2009; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd ed.; Ash and Ash Eds.; Gower Publishing Company: 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, 2nd ed.; Gibson Ed.; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, Fla., 2009.

In some embodiments, a cosmetically acceptable excipient refers to a cosmetically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. In some embodiments, each excipient is cosmetically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a cosmetic formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. While it is possible for the active ingredient, e.g. , ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha, to be administered alone, in many embodiments it is present in a pharmaceutical formulation or composition. Accordingly, this disclosure provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, for example, N. eutropha and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of a pharmaceutical formulation as described below.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be formulated in order to facilitate a desired delivery mechanism or mode of administration thereof. The formulations, e.g., pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations described herein include those suitable for, e.g., oral, enteral (including buccal, sublingual, sublabial, and rectal), parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, and intraarticular), inhalation (including fine particle dusts or mists which may be generated by means of various types of metered doses, pressurized aerosols, nebulizers or insufflators, and including intranasally or via the lungs), intranasal, eye, ear, rectal, injection, urogenital, and topical (including dermal, transdermal,

transmucosal, buccal, sublingual, and intraocular) administration, although the most suitable route may depend upon, for example, a condition or disorder of a recipient.

In accordance with one or more non-limiting embodiments, a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be administered to a subject, e.g., for cosmetic or therapeutic purposes, as a solution, suspension, powder, liquid, drop, spray, aerosol, mist, emulsion, foam, cream, ointment, gel, hydrogel, resin, tablet, capsule, film, suppository, enema, douche, pessary, insert, patch, e.g., transdermal patch, or implantable device, e.g., stent, catheter, vaginal ring, or intrauterine device.

Devices configured to deliver a preparation comprising live ammonia oxidizing microorganisms via a desired mode of administration or otherwise via targeted delivery are also disclosed.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, the preparation may be formulated for targeted delivery to a subject, e.g., to a target tissue, region, system, or organ of a subject. For example, the preparation may be formulated for delivery to the eye, ear, nose, urogenital system, respiratory system, or gastrointestinal system of the subject. In some embodiments, targeted delivery may be based on a condition or disorder of a subject. For instance, formulation for targeted delivery may be based on a desired local or systemic effect to be achieved, e.g., a local or systemic therapeutic or cosmetic effect. In some embodiments, a target tissue, region, system, or organ of a subject may be selected for its association with a desired local or systemic effect.

The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods known in the art of pharmacy. Typically, methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient (e.g. , ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha) into association with a pharmaceutical carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.

Formulations may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of, e.g. , N. eutropha; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. Formulations, e.g., solutions, aerosols, sprays, and mists, may be presented in multi-dosage form, e.g., packaged units including a predetermined number of dosages, or single dosage form, e.g., packaged units including a single dose. The active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.

Various pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and their formulation are described in standard formulation treatises, e.g. , Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin. See also Wang, Y. J. and Hanson, M. A., Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Technical Report No. 10, Supp. 42:2 S, 1988.

The ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha compositions can, for example, be administered in a form suitable for immediate release or extended release.

Suitable examples of sustained-release systems include suitable polymeric materials, for example semi-permeable polymer matrices in the form of shaped articles, e.g. , films, or microcapsules; suitable hydrophobic materials, for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil; or ion exchange resins. Sustained-release systems may be administered orally; rectally; parenterally; intracisternally; intravaginally; intraperitoneally; topically, for example as a powder, ointment, gel, drop or transdermal patch; bucally; or as a spray.

Preparations for administration can be suitably formulated to give controlled release of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha. For example, the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of particles comprising one or more of biodegradable polymers, polysaccharide jellifying and/or bioadhesive polymers, or amphiphilic polymers. These compositions exhibit certain biocompatibility features which allow a controlled release of an active substance. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,486.

Exemplary compositions include suspensions which can contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and/or lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants, mannitol, lactose, sucrose and/or cyclodextrins. Also included in such

formulations may be high molecular weight excipients such as celluloses (avicel) or polyethylene glycols (PEG). Such formulations can also include an excipient to aid mucosal adhesion such as hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC), maleic anhydride copolymer (e.g. , Gantrez), and agents to control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g. Carbopol 934). Lubricants, glidants, flavors, coloring agents and stabilizers may also be added for ease of fabrication and use. The surfactant may be a zwitterionic surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, or an anionic surfactant.

Excipients, such as surfactants that may be used with embodiments of the present disclosure may include one or more of cocamidopropyl betaine (ColaTeric COAB), polyethylene sorbitol ester (e.g. , Tween 80), ethoxylated lauryl alcohol (RhodaSurf 6 NAT), sodium laureth sulfate/lauryl glucoside/cocamidopropyl betaine (Plantapon 611 L UP), sodium laureth sulfate (e.g. , RhodaPex ESB 70 NAT), alkyl polyglucoside (e.g. , Plantaren 2000 N UP), sodium laureth sulfate (Plantaren 200), Dr. Bronner's Castile soap, Dr.

Bronner's Castile baby soap, Lauramine oxide (ColaLux Lo), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polysulfonate alkyl polyglucoside (PolySufanate 160 P), sodium lauryl sulfate (Stepanol-WA Extra K), and combinations thereof. Dr. Bronner's Castile soap and Dr. Bronner's baby soap comprises water, organic coconut oil, potassium hydroxide, organic olive oil, organic fair deal hemp oil, organic jojoba oil, citric acid, and tocopherol.

In some embodiments, surfactants may be used with ammonia oxidizing

microorganisms in amounts that allow nitrite production to occur. In some embodiments, the preparation may have less than about 0.0001 % to about 10% of surfactant. In some embodiments, the preparation may have between about 0.1 % and about 10 % surfactant. In some embodiments, the concentration of surfactant used may be between about 0.0001% and about 10%. In some embodiments, the preparation may be substantially free of surfactant. In some embodiments, the formulation, e.g. , preparation, may include other components that may enhance effectiveness of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, delivery thereof, or enhance a treatment or indication.

In some embodiments, a chelator may be included in the preparation. A chelator may be a compound that may bind with another compound, e.g. , a metal. The chelator may provide assistance in removing an unwanted compound from an environment, or may act in a protective manner to reduce or eliminate contact of a particular compound with an environment, e.g. , ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , an excipient. In some embodiments, the preparation may be substantially free of chelator.

Formulations may also contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats that prevent the growth of undesired microorganisms, solutes, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of a sterile liquid carrier, for example saline or water-for-injection, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous solutions and suspensions may be prepared from powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. Exemplary compositions include solutions or suspensions which can contain, for example, suitable non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid, or

Cremaphor. An aqueous carrier may be, for example, an isotonic buffer solution at a pH of from about 3.0 to about 8.0, a pH of from about 3.5 to about 7.4, for example from 3.5 to 6.0, for example from 3.5 to about 5.0. Useful buffers include sodium citrate-citric acid and sodium phosphate-phosphoric acid, and sodium acetate/acetic acid buffers. The composition in some embodiments does not include oxidizing agents.

Excipients that can be included are, for instance, proteins, such as human serum albumin or plasma preparations. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives, and pH buffering agents and the like, for example sodium acetate or sorbitan monolaurate. In some embodiments, excipients, e.g. , a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or a cosmetically acceptable excipient, may comprise an anti-adherent, binder, coat, disintegrant, filler, flavor, color, lubricant, glidant, sorbent, preservative, or sweetener. In some embodiments, the preparation may be substantially free of excipients.

In some embodiments, the preparation may be substantially free of one or more of the compounds or substances listed in the disclosure.

Exemplary compositions for spray, aerosol, or mist administration include solutions in saline, which can contain, for example, benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents. Conveniently in compositions for aerosol administration the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., N. eutropha is delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurized pack or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g. , dichlorodifluoro-methane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit can be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g. , gelatin can be formulated to contain a powder mix of the N. eutropha and a suitable powder base, for example lactose or starch. In certain embodiments, N. eutropha is administered as an aerosol from a metered dose valve, through an aerosol adapter also known as an actuator. Optionally, a stabilizer is also included, and/or porous particles for deep lung delivery are included (e.g. , see U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,743).

Formulations may be presented with carriers such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycol. Such carriers are typically solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquefy and/or dissolve at body temperature to release the ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha.

Exemplary compositions for topical administration include a topical carrier such as Plastibase (mineral oil gelled with polyethylene). In some aspects, the composition and/or excipient may be in the form of one or more of a liquid, a solid, or a gel. For example, liquid suspensions may include, but are not limited to, water, saline, phosphate-buffered saline, or an ammonia oxidizing storage buffer. Gel formulations may include, but are not limited to agar, silica, polyacrylic acid (for example Carbopol®), carboxymethyl cellulose, starch, guar gum, alginate or chitosan. In some embodiments, the formulation may be supplemented with an ammonia source including, but not limited to ammonium chloride or ammonium sulfate.

In some embodiments, an ammonia oxidizing microorganism, e.g. , N. eutropha composition is formulated to improve NO penetration, e.g., into the skin or other target tissue. A gel-forming material such as KY jelly or various hair gels would present a diffusion barrier to NO loss to ambient air, and so improve the skin's absorption of NO. The NO level in the skin will generally not greatly exceed 20 nM/L because that level activates GC and would cause local vasodilatation and oxidative destruction of excess NO.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the formulations as described herein may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question.

The formulation, e.g. , preparation, e.g. , composition may be provided in a container, delivery system, or delivery device, having a weight, including or not including the contents of the container, that may be less than about 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, or 2000 grams.

Suitable unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as hereinbefore recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of ammonia oxidizing

microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha.

A therapeutically effective amount of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., N. eutropha may be administered as a single pulse dose, as a bolus dose, or as pulse doses administered over time. Thus, in pulse doses, a bolus administration of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., N. eutropha is provided, followed by a time period wherein ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., N. eutropha is administered to the subject, followed by a second bolus administration. In specific, non-limiting examples, pulse doses are administered during the course of a day, during the course of a week, or during the course of a month.

In some embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , a formulation, e.g. , a composition, may be applied for a pre-determined number of days. This may be based, for example, at least in part, on the severity of the condition or disease, the response to the treatment, the dosage applied and the frequency of the dose. For example, the preparation may be applied for about 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 5-10, 10-14, 12-18, 12-21, 21-28, 28- 35, 35-42, 42-49, 49-56, 46-63, 63-70, 70-77, 77-84, 84-91 days., for about 1 month, for about 2 months, for about 3 months. In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing bacteria is administered for an indefinite period of time, e.g., greater than one year, greater than 5 years, greater than 10 years, greater than 15 years, greater than 30 years, greater than 50 years, greater than 75 years. In certain aspects, the preparation may be applied for about 16 days.

In some embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , a formulation, e.g. , a composition, may be applied a pre-determined number of times per day. This may be based, for example, at least in part, on the severity of the condition or disease, the response to the treatment, the dosage applied and the frequency of the dose. For example, the preparation may be applied 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 times per day.

In some embodiments, the preparation may be applied one time per day. In other embodiments, the preparation may be applied two times per day. In some embodiments, the preparation may be applied a first pre-determined amount for a certain number of days, and a second pre-determined amount for a certain subsequent number of days. In some

embodiments, the preparation may be applied for about 16 days.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, the preparation may generally be compatible with a physiological environment associated with the subject. In at least some embodiments, compositions are formulated to have a substantially neutral pH or a physiological pH, for instance a pH that normally prevails in the target site for intended delivery, administration, or desired effect. Compositions may be formulated to have a pH between about 5.5 and about 8.5. Compositions may be formulated to comprise compatible conditions, e.g., pH, tonicity, with the target site of physiological environment associated with the subject.

The preparation may be formulated for transmucosal delivery and/or circulation, e.g. locally or systemically. In some embodiments, the preparation may be formulated such that ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, products thereof, or byproducts thereof (e.g., nitrate, nitrite, NO, or CoQ8) penetrate a deposit or target tissue at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%. The preparation may be formulated such that 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, products thereof, or byproducts thereof, penetrate a deposit or target tissue or enter circulation.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, the preparation may be in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion, cream, ointment, gel, hydrogel, or liquid, e.g. drop, spray, aerosol, or mist, tablet, capsule, or device for administration to a subject.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a preparation, composition, formulation, or product comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may undergo quality control and/or testing while it is being made and/or upon its completion. International (PCT) Patent Application Publication No. WO2015/179669 (International (PCT) Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2015/032017 as filed on May 21, 2015) which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes describes various methods of preparing materials with ammonia oxidizing microorganisms and of testing such materials. For example, one or more parameters such as OD level, pH level, waste level, nutrient level, contaminant level, oxidation rate, nitrite level, protein concentration may be compared against a predetermined value to assess or evaluate a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms.

The present disclosure provides, inter alia, a kit comprising preparations of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, as disclosed herein. Formulations may comprise discrete units, e.g., solid, liquid, or gas formulations of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. Formulations, e.g., solutions, aerosols, sprays, and mists, may be presented in multi-dosage form (multiple use), e.g., packaged units including a predetermined number of dosages, or single dosage form (single use), e.g., packaged units including a single dose. Preparations of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be packaged in devices or containers configured to hold a volume of at least about less than 1 ml, 1 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml, 25 ml, 40 ml, 50 ml, 60 ml, 70 ml, 80 ml, 90 ml, 100 ml, or more than about 100 ml.

Kits may further comprise one or more device for administration of the preparation, for example, syringe, needle, catheter, enema, bulb, pipette (eye or ear dropper), and other devices for drug administration as known in the art. Kits may comprise instructions for use, for example instructions for administration of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms as disclosed herein or instructions for combination therapy including administration of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. Kits may comprise a second or subsequent composition for administration in conjunction with an ammonia oxidizing preparation, as disclosed herein. For instance, kits may comprise a supplement or composition comprising a product or byproduct of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, a composition that promotes growth or metabolism of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, a composition that promotes production of products or byproducts of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, a composition that promotes urease activity, or a composition that has a synergistic effect with ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, or a composition or pharmaceutical agent that treats, e.g., is approved to treat or commonly used to treat, a relevant disease, disorder, or a symptom of a relevant disease or disorder, for example an anti-inflammatory composition. Kits may comprise "biome-friendly" or "biome-compatible" products as disclosed herein, for example one or more microbiome-compatible cosmetic products. Any of the products contained in the kit may be specifically formulated to treat a target indication and/or formulated for a desired mode of delivery, as described herein.

Natural Products; Consumer Products

In some specific embodiments, a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms as discussed herein may be a natural product or a consumer product. In other embodiments, a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganism may instead be used in conjunction with a natural product or consumer product.

Ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha may be associated with a variety of natural products, and examples of such products are set out below. These natural products may be comprised of formulations, compositions, or preparations disclosed throughout this disclosure.

Natural products may be or comprise products for commercial purposes, and may refer to cosmetics, dietary supplements, and foods, e.g., food, food supplements, medical food, food additive, nutraceutical, or drink, produced from natural sources. Natural products may have pharmacological or biological activity that may be of therapeutic benefit, e.g. , in treating disease or conditions. Natural products may be included in traditional medicines, treatments for cosmetological purposes, and spa treatments. A natural product referred to herein may comprise any one or more of the components described as a natural product to be incorporated into a preparation or formulation comprising one or more other components, e.g. , excipients. The preparation or formulation referred to as a natural product may comprise a natural product defined herein and one or more additional components or ingredients. Any of the compositions, preparations, or formulations discussed throughout this disclosure may be or comprise one or more natural products.

In some embodiments, the natural product or the fortified natural product may comprise at least one of mud, water, food-derived products, plant-derived products, extracts, and oils. The natural product or the fortified natural product may be used in a spa treatment. In some embodiments, the natural product or the fortified natural product may be incorporated into at least one of a powder, cream, lotion, wrap, scrub, eye mask, facial mask, body mask, aerosol, e.g., mist, spray, salve, wipe, stick, bandage, or soak.

In some embodiments, the natural product or fortified natural product may be provided as, or may be disposed in at least one of a baby product, e.g. , a baby shampoo, a baby lotion, a baby oil, a baby powder, a baby cream; a bath preparation, e.g. , a bath oil, a tablet, a salt, a bubble bath, a bath capsule; an eye makeup preparation, e.g. , an eyebrow pencil, an eyeliner, an eye shadow, an eye lotion, an eye makeup remover, a mascara; a fragrance preparation, e.g. , a colognes, a toilet water, a perfume, a powder (dusting and talcum), a sachet; hair preparations, e.g. , hair conditioners, hair sprays, hair straighteners, permanent waves, rinses, shampoos, tonics, dressings, hair grooming aids, wave sets; hair coloring preparations, e.g. , hair dyes and colors, hair tints, coloring hair rinses, coloring hair shampoos, hair lighteners with color, hair bleaches; makeup preparations, e.g. , face powders, foundations, leg and body paints, lipstick, makeup bases, rouges, makeup fixatives;

manicuring preparations, e.g. , basecoats and undercoats, cuticle softeners, nail creams and lotions, nail extenders, nail polish and enamel, nail polish and enamel removers; oral hygiene products, e.g. , dentrifices, mouthwashes and breath fresheners; bath soaps and detergents, deodorants, douches, feminine hygiene deodorants; shaving preparations, e.g. , aftershave lotions, beard softeners, talcum, preshave lotions, shaving cream, shaving soap; skin care preparations, e.g. , cleansing, depilatories, face and neck, body and hand, foot powders and sprays, moisturizing, night preparations, paste masks, skin fresheners; and suntan

preparations, e.g. , gels, creams, and liquids, and indoor tanning preparations.

Ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha may be associated with a variety of consumer products, and examples of such products are set out below and be comprised of formulations, compositions, or preparations disclosed throughout this disclosure. In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha associated with a product is admixed with the product, for example, spread evenly throughout the product, and in some embodiments, ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , the N. eutropha associated with a product is layered on the product.

In some embodiments, the preparation may be disposed in, or provided as, a powder, cosmetic, cream, stick, aerosol, e.g., mist, salve, wipe, or bandage.

In some embodiments, ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha is associated with a powder. Powders are typically small particulate solids that are not attached to each other and that can flow freely when tilted. Exemplary powders for consumer use include talcum powder and some cosmetics (e.g. , powder foundation).

In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing bacteria is associated with a cosmetic.

The cosmetic may be a substance for topical application intended to alter a person's appearance, e.g. , a liquid foundation, a powder foundation, blush, or lipstick, and may be referred to as a preparation. The cosmetic may be any substance recited in the Food and Drug Administration regulations, e.g. , under 21 C.F.R.§ 720.4.

In some embodiments, ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha is associated with a cosmetic. The cosmetic may be a substance for topical application intended to alter a person's appearance, e.g. , a liquid foundation, a powder foundation, blush, or lipstick. Other components may be added to these cosmetic preparations as selected by one skilled in the art of cosmetic formulation such as, for example, water, mineral oil, coloring agent, perfume, aloe, glycerin, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, pH buffers, UV blocking agents, silicone oil, natural oils, vitamin E, herbal concentrates, lactic acid, citric acid, talc, clay, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, zinc oxide, starch, urea, and erythorbic acid, or any other excipient known by one of skill in the art, including those disclosed herein.

The preparation, e.g., the cosmetic, may be at least one of a baby product, e.g. , a baby shampoo, a baby lotion, a baby oil, a baby powder, a baby cream; a bath preparation, e.g. , a bath oil, a tablet, a salt, a bubble bath, a bath capsule; an eye makeup preparation, e.g. , an eyebrow pencil, an eyeliner, an eye shadow, an eye lotion, an eye makeup remover, a mascara; a fragrance preparation, e.g. , a colognes, a toilet water, a perfume, a powder (dusting and talcum), a sachet; hair preparations, e.g. , hair conditioners, hair sprays, hair straighteners, permanent waves, rinses, shampoos, tonics, dressings, hair grooming aids, wave sets; hair coloring preparations, e.g. , hair dyes and colors, hair tints, coloring hair rinses, coloring hair shampoos, hair lighteners with color, hair bleaches; makeup

preparations, e.g. , face powders, foundations, leg and body paints, lipstick, makeup bases, rouges, makeup fixatives; manicuring preparations, e.g. , basecoats and undercoats, cuticle softeners, nail creams and lotions, nail extenders, nail polish and enamel, nail polish and enamel removers; oral hygiene products, e.g. , dentrifices, mouthwashes and breath fresheners; bath soaps and detergents, deodorants, douches, feminine hygiene deodorants; shaving preparations, e.g. , aftershave lotions, beard softeners, talcum, preshave lotions, shaving cream, shaving soap; skin care preparations, e.g. , cleansing, depilatories, face and neck, body and hand, foot powders and sprays, moisturizing, night preparations, paste masks, skin fresheners; and suntan preparations, e.g. , gels, creams, and liquids, and indoor tanning preparations.

In some embodiments, the formulations, compositions, or preparations described herein, may comprise, be provided as, or disposed in at least one of a baby product, e.g. , a baby shampoo, a baby lotion, a baby oil, a baby powder, a baby cream; a bath preparation, e.g. , a bath oil, a tablet, a salt, a bubble bath, a bath capsule; a powder (dusting and talcum), a sachet; hair preparations, e.g. , hair conditioners, rinses, shampoos, tonics, face powders, cuticle softeners, nail creams and lotions, oral hygiene products, mouthwashes, bath soaps, douches, feminine hygiene deodorants; shaving preparations, e.g. , aftershave lotions, skin care preparations, e.g. , cleansing, face and neck, body and hand, foot powders and sprays, moisturizing, night preparations, paste masks, skin fresheners; and suntan preparations, e.g. , gels, creams, and liquids.

In some embodiments, ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , the N. eutropha is associated with an aerosol, spray, or mist and these terms may be used interchangeably. An aerosol is typically a colloid of fine solid particles or fine liquid droplets, in a gas such as air. Aerosols may be created by placing the N. eutropha (and optionally carriers) in a vessel under pressure, and then opening a valve to release the contents. The container may be designed to only exert levels of pressure that are compatible with N. eutropha viability. For instance, the high pressure may be exerted for only a short time, and/or the pressure may be low enough not to impair viability. Examples of consumer uses of aerosols include for sunscreen, deodorant, perfume, hairspray, and insect repellant. The aerosol may be referred to as a spray or mist.

The compositions comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha may also comprise one or more of a moisturizing agent, deodorizing agent, scent, colorant, insect repellant, cleansing agent, or UV-blocking agent.

In some embodiments, ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha are associated with cloth, yarn, or thread. Articles of clothing such as, for example, shoes, shoe inserts, pajamas, sneakers, belts, hats, shirts, underwear, athletic garments, helmets, towels, gloves, socks, bandages, and the like, may also be treated with ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha. Bedding, including sheets, pillows, pillow cases, and blankets may also be treated with ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha. In some embodiments, areas of skin that cannot be washed for a period of time may also be contacted with ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha. For example, skin enclosed in orthopedic casts which immobilize injured limbs during the healing process, and areas in proximity to injuries that must be kept dry for proper healing such as stitched wounds may benefit from contact with the ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha.

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a wearable article comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms as described herein. A wearable article may be a light article that can be closely associated with a user's body, in a way that does not impede ambulation. Examples of wearable articles include a wristwatch, wristband, headband, hair elastic, hair nets, shower caps, hats, hairpieces, and jewelry. The wearable article comprising an ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha strain described herein may provide, e.g. , at a concentration that provides one or more of a treatment or prevention of a skin disorder, a treatment or prevention of a disease or condition associated with low nitrite levels, a treatment or prevention of body odor, a treatment to supply nitric oxide to a subject, or a treatment to inhibit microbial growth.

In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha are associated with a product intended to contact the hair, for example, a brush, comb, shampoo, conditioner, headband, hair elastic, hair nets, shower caps, hats, and hairpieces. Nitric oxide formed on the hair, away from the skin surface, may be captured in a hat, scarf or face mask and directed into inhaled air.

Articles contacting the surface of a human subject, such as a diaper, may be associated with ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha. Because diapers are designed to hold and contain urine and feces produced by incontinent individuals, the urea in urine and feces can be hydrolyzed by skin and fecal bacteria to form free ammonia which is irritating and may cause diaper rash. Incorporation of bacteria that metabolize urea into nitrite or nitrate, such as ammonia oxidizing bacteria, e.g. , N. eutropha, may avoid the release of free ammonia and may release nitrite and ultimately NO which may aid in the maintenance of healthy skin for both children and incontinent adults. The release of nitric oxide in diapers may also have anti-microbial effects on disease causing organisms present in human feces. This effect may continue even after disposable diapers are disposed of as waste and may reduce the incidence of transmission of disease through contact with soiled disposable diapers.

In some embodiments, the product comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha is packaged. The packaging may serve to compact the product or protect it from damage, dirt, or degradation. The packaging may comprise, e.g. , plastic, paper, cardboard, or wood. In some embodiments the packaging is impermeable to bacteria. In some embodiments, the packaging is permeable to oxygen and/or carbon dioxide.

Methods of Treatment with Ammonia Oxidizing Microorganisms In accordance with one or more embodiments, a subject may be treated via administration of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. As used herein, treatment of a subject may comprise administering an ammonia oxidizing microorganism composition for a cosmetic or therapeutic result. For instance, treatment may comprise treating or alleviating a condition, symptom, or side effect associated with a condition or achieving a desired cosmetic effect.

Subjects may include an animal, a mammal, a human, a non-human animal, a livestock animal, or a companion animal. The subject may be female or male. The subject may have various skin types. The subject may have various health-related profiles, including health history and/or genetic predispositions. The subject may generally have a normal microbiome, e.g., a physiological microbiome, or a disrupted microbiome. The subject may be characterized as one of the following ethnicity/race: Asian, black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, white, or multi-racial. The subject may be of an age of less than 1, or between 1-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, or over 60 years.

The ammonia oxidizing microorganisms that may be used to treat a subject include all the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , N. eutropha compositions described in this application, e.g. a purified preparation of optimized ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, for instance strain D23.

The methods may be provided to administer, or deliver a therapeutic product or a cosmetic product. The methods may comprise administering or introducing a preparation comprising live ammonia oxidizing microorganisms to a subject. The preparation may be formulated to treat a target indication and/or formulated for a desired mode of delivery.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a preparation comprising live ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be administered to a first tissue of a subject. The first tissue may be a deposit tissue. The first tissue may be a target tissue or a tissue other than a target tissue. The live ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, or a product thereof, e.g., nitrite and/or nitric oxide, may then move or be transported to a second tissue, e.g., via diffusion. The second tissue may be a target tissue. The target tissue may be associated with a desired local or systemic effect. The target tissue may be associated with an indication, disorder, or condition to be treated.

Ammonia oxidizing microorganism preparations may be administered, for example to the skin, for a cosmetic or therapeutic effect. For instance, administration may provide a cosmetic treatment, benefit, or effect. In some embodiments, administration may provide for treatment or improvement of one or more of oily appearance, pore appearance, radiance, blotchiness, skin tone evenness, visual smoothness, and tactile smoothness. In some embodiments, a cosmetic appearance of a subject may be altered such as may result from improved skin health. Signs of aging may be reduced, delayed, or reversed. Administration may result in a qualitative improvement in skin and/or scalp condition and/or quality. Skin smoothness, hydration, tightness, and/or softness in a subject may be improved. The present disclosure also provides a method of reducing body odor.

Administration may provide a therapeutic treatment, benefit, or effect. The present disclosure provides a method of supplying nitrite and nitric oxide to a subject. The present disclosure provides various methods for the suppression, treatment, or prevention of diseases, disorders, infections, and conditions using ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. Ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be used, for instance, to treat various diseases associated with low nitrite levels, skin diseases, and diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. In some embodiments, administration may provide for a reduction in inflammation. Indeed, a local or systemic anti-inflammatory effect may be demonstrated. In at least some embodiments, microbial growth may be inhibited. Skin and overall health may be improved. Inadequate circulation may be augmented. Endothelial function may be promoted. A change in level of nitrite or NO at a target tissue or in circulation may be demonstrated. In some embodiments, administration, e.g., administration of an effective amount, may modulate, change, or alter a level of nitrite or NO at a target tissue or in circulation. In some embodiments,

administration, e.g., administration of an effective amount, may result in an increased level of nitrite or NO at a target tissue or in circulation.

Administration of the compositions disclosed herein may provide transmucosal delivery and/or circulation, e.g. locally or systemically. In some embodiments, administration may provide that ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, products thereof, or byproducts thereof (e.g., nitrate, nitrite, NO, or CoQ8) penetrate a deposit or target tissue at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%. In at least some embodiments, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, products thereof, or byproducts thereof, penetrate a deposit or target tissue or enter circulation upon administration of the compositions disclosed herein.

The preparations and methods of the present disclosure may provide for reducing an amount of undesirable microorganisms from an environment associated with a subject. The ammonia oxidizing microorganisms described herein may out-compete other organisms by, e.g. , consuming scarce nutrients, or generating byproducts that are harmful to other organisms, e.g. , changing a pH level that is not conducive to the undesirable organism's growth.

The present disclosure also provides a method of promoting wound healing, including of chronic wounds, such as in a patient that has an impaired healing ability, e.g. , a diabetic patient. A bandage including ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may optionally be applied to the wound.

It is appreciated that many modern degenerative diseases may be caused by a lack of NO species, and that AOM may be administered to supply those species, directly to a target tissue or via diffusion to a target tissue. Application of AOM may resolve long standing medical conditions. In certain embodiments, AOM are applied to a subject to offset modern bathing practices, especially with anionic detergents which remove AOM from the external skin.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, AOM convert ammonia to nitrite, an anti-microbial compound, and nitric oxide, a well-documented signaling molecule in the inflammatory process.

The present disclosure provides, inter alia, a method of modulating a composition of a microbiome, e.g., modulating or changing the proportions of a microbiome in an environment, e.g. , a surface, e.g. , a surface of a subject. This may, in turn, exhibit a health- related benefit. The method may comprise administering a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms to a subject. In some embodiments, the amount and frequency of administration, e.g. , application, may be sufficient to reduce a proportion of pathogenic microorganisms.

Application of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms to a subject, e.g. , a human subject may lead to unexpected changes in the microbiome. It may lead to increases in the proportion of normal commensal non-pathogenic species and reductions in the proportion of potentially pathogenic, pathogenic, or disease causing organisms.

An increase in the proportion of non-pathogenic bacteria may occur with a predetermined period of time, e.g. , in less than 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or 4 weeks, or in less than 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 5-10, 10-14, 12-18, 12-21, 21- 28, 28-35, 35-42, 42-49, 49-56, 46-63, 63-70, 70-77, 77-84, 84-91 days.

A decrease in the proportion of pathogenic bacteria may occur with a pre-determined period of time, e.g. , in less than 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or 4 weeks, or in less than 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 5-10, 10-14, 12-18, 12-21, 21-28, 28-35, 35-42, 42-49, 49-56, 46-63, 63-70, 70-77, 77-84, 84-91 days.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a subject may be evaluated for need of treatment. In some embodiments, a subject may be selected on the basis of the subject being in need of a treatment. The present disclosure may further provide obtaining a sample from a subject and analyzing the sample.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, administration may be performed before, during, or subsequent to occurrence of a health-related condition, or in response to a warning sign, trigger, or symptom thereof. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a second amount of the preparation may be administered to the subject, e.g., a second dose.

In certain aspects, the present disclosure provides combination therapies comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , a N. eutropha and a second treatment, e.g. a therapeutic. For instance, the disclosure provides physical admixtures of the two (or more) therapies are physically admixed. In other embodiments, the two (or more) therapies are administered in combination as separate formulation. The second therapy may be, e.g., a pharmaceutical agent, surgery, diagnostic, or any other medical approach that treats, e.g., is approved to treat or commonly used to treat, the relevant disease, disorder, or a symptom of the relevant disease or disorder. The second treatment may be administered before or after the administration. The effective amount can be administered concurrently with the second treatment. The second treatment may be administered via the same or a different mode of delivery. The subject may have a therapeutic level of the second treatment upon

administration of the preparation. In certain embodiments, the second treatment may provide an anti-inflammatory effect or be administered to reduce inflammation at the target site. In at least some embodiments, the preparation may be administered concurrently or in conjunction with a product or byproduct of the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., nitrite, nitrate, nitric oxide, CoQ8. In at least some embodiments, the preparation may be administered concurrently or in conjunction with a composition that promotes growth or metabolism of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, promotes production of products or byproducts of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, promotes urease activity, or has a synergistic effect with ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., ammonia, ammonium salts, urea, and urease.

The preparation may be administered with a microbiome cleansing preparation, for example a local or systemic antibiotic. The preparation may be administered after administration of a cleansing preparation or a bowel cleanse. The preparations may be administered pre- or post-surgical procedure, diagnostic procedure, or natural event, e.g., giving birth. The preparations may be administered before, during, or after deposit of an implantable or invasive device.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, the preparation may be administered as an analgesic or prophylactic. The preparation may be self-administered. The administration of the preparation may be device-assisted.

In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g. , a preparation of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, are administered at a dose of about or greater than about 10 ³ - 10 ⁴ CFU, 10 ⁴ - 10 ⁵ CFU, 10 ⁵ - 10 ⁶ CFU, 10 ⁶ - 10 ⁷ CFU, 10 ⁷ - 10 ⁸ CFU, 10 ⁸ - 10 ⁹ CFU, 10 ⁹ - 10 ¹⁰ CFU, 10 ¹⁰ - 10 ¹¹ CFU, 10 ⁿ -10 ¹² CFU, 10 ¹² -10 ¹³ CFU, or 10 ¹³ -10 ¹⁴ CFU per application, per day, per week, or per month. In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms are administered at a dose of about 10 ⁹ -10 ¹⁰ CFU, e.g. , about 1 x 10 ⁹ - 5 x 10 ⁹ , 1 x 10 ⁹ - 3 x 10 ⁹ , or 1 x 10 ⁹ - 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU per application or per day.

In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms are administered in a volume of about 1-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-15, 12-18, 15-20, 20-25, or 25-50 ml per dose. In some embodiments, the solution is at a concentration of about 10 ⁸ -10 ⁹ , 10 ⁹ -10 ¹⁰ , or 10 ¹⁰ -10 ⁿ CFU/ml. In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms are administered as two 15 ml doses per day, where each dose is at a concentration of 10 ⁹ CFU/ml.

In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms are administered once, twice, three, or four times per day. In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing

microorganisms is administered once, twice, three, four, five, or six times per week. In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms is administered shortly after bathing. In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms is administered shortly before sleep.

In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms are administered for about 1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 5-10, 10-14, 12-18, 12-21, 21-28, 28-35, 35-42, 42-49, 49-56, 46-63, 63-70, 70-77, 77-84, 84-91 days, e.g. , for about 1 month, for about 2 months, for about 3 months. In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms is administered for an indefinite period of time, e.g., greater than one year, greater than 5 years, greater than 10 years, greater than 15 years, greater than 30 years, greater than 50 years, greater than 75 years. Administration of Ammonia Oxidizing Microorganisms for the Regulation of Blood Pressure

In accordance with one or more embodiments, the preparations and methods disclosed herein may be used for the regulation of blood pressure in a subject. An amount and/or frequency of administration, e.g., application, may be sufficient to regulate, e.g., modulate or reduce, blood pressure in the subject. The amount may be a therapeutically effective dose of AOM.

The guidelines of the American Heart Association indicate that normal systolic blood pressure (amount of pressure in arteries during heart muscle contraction) is generally between 90 and 120 mm Hg, while diastolic blood pressure (amount of pressure in arteries between heart beats) is generally between 60 and 80 mm Hg.

The present disclosure provides for certain non- limiting preparations comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms for use in the treatment of high blood pressure, wherein the preparation may be one or more of the following: self-administered (e.g., 1-2 times daily), odorless, colorless, invisible, not associated with increased sensitivity, safe, non-toxic, well tolerated on the skin (e.g., adjacent mucous membranes and eyes), suitable for children under 12, and suitable for both treatment and maintenance therapy without the risk of fostering antibiotic resistance.

An effective amount of a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be administered to a subject, thereby regulating the subject's blood pressure. The preparation may be administered in accordance with the various modes disclosed herein, e.g., intranasally, enterally, topically, or via inhalation. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, in at least some embodiments regulating may generally involve reducing a state of inflammation in the subject. In some specific non-limiting embodiments, a level of nitrite or NO in the subject may be modulated.

An effective amount of the preparation may be administered to the body of the subject. The preparation may be applied to one or more of the forehead, eye region, neck, scalp, head, shoulder, arm, hands, leg, underarm, torso, chest, feet, knee, ankle, or buttocks of the subject. In some embodiments, administration comprises topical application to the subject. Microorganisms may be administered topically to the scalp, neck, face, and/or torso of the subject. Microorganisms may be administered topically to at least two of the scalp, neck, face, and/or torso. An effective amount of the preparation may be administered to the face of the subject. For instance, a target percentage of AOM may be applied to the face of the subject. In some embodiments, at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% of the AOM applied to the subject may be applied to the face of the subject. An effective amount of the preparation may be administered to one or more of the face, neck, or torso of the subject. An effective amount of the preparation may be administered to a region of the body other than the scalp. In alternate embodiments, an effective amount of the preparation, e.g., the AOM or a target percentage of the AOM, may be applied to the scalp of the subject. The effective amount of AOM may be a therapeutically effective dose in a range of about 4xl0 ⁹ cells/ml to about 8xl0 ⁹ cells/ml. In some embodiments, the effective amount comprises a dose of about 4xl0 ⁹ cells/ml. In some embodiments, the effective amount comprises a dose of about 8xl0 ⁹ cells/ml.

Methods may comprise administering a first and subsequent application of the preparation, e.g., AOM, to the subject. In some embodiments, the first and subsequent applications may be separated by a plurality of days between applications. The first and subsequent applications may be separated by at least 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days. In an exemplary embodiment, the first and subsequent applications may be separated by at least 4 days. For instance, if the first application is provided on day 1, a subsequent application may be provided on day 6. In some embodiments, the preparation, e.g., AOM is applied at least once per day for at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 days. In some embodiments, the preparation, e.g., AOM is applied at least twice per day for at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 days.

In some embodiments, the subject is, or has in the past, been administered, e.g., in the last 30, 60, 90, or 120 days, a second treatment for modulating, e.g., reducing blood pressure. The second treatment may comprise administration of a drug, e.g., a dug that treats, is approved to treat or is commonly used to treat, high blood pressure. The preparation may be administered when the subject has a therapeutic level of the drug. For instance, the preparation may be administered in combination with a blood pressure treatment or medication. The blood pressure treatment may comprise one or more nonpharmacological treatment, e.g., a lifestyle change including, e.g., weight loss, exercise, reduction in salt intake, reduction in alcohol intake, or ceasing smoking. The subject may have been advised to adopt a lifestyle change.

Administration of AOM may be added to a treatment regime that comprises a blood pressure, e.g., antihypertensive drug or medication. The blood pressure medication may comprise a diuretic, e.g., a thiazide diuretic (e.g., chlorothiazide sodium, e.g., Diuril), a loop diuretic (e.g., furosemide, ethracrynic acid, torsemide, bumetanide), and a potassium-sparing diuretic (e.g., epithelial sodium channel blocker, e.g., Amiloride or Triamterene) or (e.g., aldosterone antagonists, e.g., a spironolactone or eplerenone); an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-i), e.g., enalapril (e.g., Vasotec), lisinopril (e.g., Prinivil, Zestril) or ramipril (Altace); an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), e.g., valsartan (e.g., Diovan) or losartan (e.g., Cozaar); a calcium channel blockers, e.g., amlodipine (e.g., Norvasc), diltiazem (e.g., Cardizem, Tiazac, others) ornifedipine (e.g., Adalat CC, Afeditab CR, Procardia); a beta blocker, e.g., metoprolol (e.g., Lopressor, Toprol-XL), nadolol (e.g., Corgard) or atenolol (e.g., Tenormin); a renin inhibitor, e.g., aliskiren (e.g., Tekturna); an alpha blocker, e.g., doxazosin (e.g., Cardura), prazosin (e.g., Minipress) or terazosin; an alpha-beta blocker, e.g., carvedilol (e.g., Coreg) or labetalol (e.g., Trandate); a central- acting agent, e.g., an agent that inhibits signals from the brain to the nervous system that speed heart rate or narrow your blood vessels, e.g., clonidine (e.g., Catapres, Kapvay), guanfacine (e.g., Intuniv, Tenex) or methyldopa; a vasodilator, e.g., hydralazine or minoxidil; or an aldosterone antagonist, e.g., spironolactone (e.g., Aldactone) or eplerenone (e.g., Inspra).

The subject, e.g., patient, may have received a blood pressure medication within 1, 10, 50, or 100 days of being administered the microorganism. The subject may have received two or more, e.g., two different, blood pressure medications within 1, 10, 50, or 100 days of being administered the microorganism. In some embodiments the subject may not have received a blood pressure medication within 1, 10, 50, or 100 days of being administered the

microorganism. The subject may not have received two different blood pressure medications within 1, 10, 50, or 100 days of being administered the microorganism.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of using ammonia oxidizing microorganisms as described herein to prevent a disease or disorder, e.g., high blood pressure. Prevention, in certain embodiments, may include reducing the risk of a subject developing high blood pressure, compared to a similar untreated subject. The risk need not be reduced to zero.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the subject may have a normal blood pressure or be selected on the basis of having a normal blood pressure, for example, as defined by the American Heart Association (AHA) or the American College of Cardiology (ACC). The subject may have or be selected for having a systolic blood pressure of between 90 and 119 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure of between 60 and 79 mm Hg. The preparation may be administered to a subject having or being selected on the basis of having a normal blood pressure in combination with a nonpharmacological treatment, e.g., if the subject is otherwise predisposed for developing high blood pressure. Nonpharmacological treatment may include weight loss, salt reduction, increasing aerobic exercise, limiting or reducing alcohol consumption, or eliminating cigarette smoking.

In some embodiments, the subject may have a pre-hypertensive blood pressure, for example, as defined by AHA or ACC. The subject may be selected on the basis of having a pre-hypertensive blood pressure. The subject may have or be selected for having a systolic blood pressure of between 120 and 129 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure of between 60 and 79 mm Hg. The preparation may be administered to a subject having or being selected on the basis of having a pre-hypertensive blood pressure in combination with a

nonpharmacological treatment.

In some embodiments, the subject may have a hypertensive blood pressure, for example, as defined by AHA or ACC. The subject may have stage 1 hypertension or stage 2 hypertension. The subject may be selected for having a hypertensive, e.g., stage 1 or stage 2 hypertensive, blood pressure. The subject may have or be selected for having a systolic blood pressure greater than 129 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than 79 mm Hg.

Generally, a systolic blood pressure between 130 and 139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure between 80 and 89 mm Hg may be determined to be stage 1 hypertension. A systolic blood pressure between 140 and 179 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 119 mm Hg may be determined to be stage 2 hypertension. A systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than 120 mm Hg may be determined to a critical hypertensive crisis.

The subject may not be responsive, or may be selected for not being responsive, to a blood pressure treatment or medication. A hypertensive subject may be selected for insufficient response to nonpharmacological treatment. The preparation may be administered in combination with a first treatment for blood pressure, for example, a treatment that comprises administration of a medication selected from an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, a diuretic, or a calcium channel blocker. The subject may be selected for insufficient response to a first treatment for blood pressure. The preparation may be administered in combination with a second treatment for blood pressure, for example, a treatment that comprises administration of first and second medications for blood pressure. The subject may be selected for insufficient response to first and second treatments for blood pressure. The preparation may be administered in combination with a third treatment for blood pressure, for example, a treatment that comprises administration of first, second, and third medications for blood pressure.

The preparation may be administered to a subject having or being selected on the basis of having a hypertensive blood pressure in combination with a nonpharmacological treatment. A subject having a stage 1 hypertensive blood pressure who is otherwise without cardiovascular risk factors, may be administered the preparation in combination with a nonpharmacological treatment. The preparation may be administered in combination with at least one blood pressure treatment or medication that was alone insufficient. In some embodiments, the subject is selected for insufficient response to treatment, in the absence of administration of the preparation. A stage 1 hypertensive subject may be selected for insufficient response to first, second, or third treatments for high blood pressure. In some embodiments, a stage 1 hypertensive subject is administered the preparation in combination with one, two, or three medications for high blood pressure. A stage 2 hypertensive subject may be selected for insufficient response to two or more concurrent treatments for high blood pressure, for example, administration of two or three medications for high blood pressure. In some embodiments, a stage 2 hypertensive subject is administered the preparation in combination with two or three medications for high blood pressure.

The subject may be over the age of 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, or 95. The subject may have a resting heart rate of between 50 and 100 beats per minute (bpm), e.g., between 50 and 60, 60 and 70, 70 and 80, 80 and 90, or 90 and 100 bpm. The subject may have a resting heart rate between 73 and 86 bpm, e.g., 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, or 86 bpm. The resting heart rate of the subject may be evaluated at the outset of treatment, just prior to onset of treatment, after a week of treatment, after steady state of treatment, or after 1, 10, 50, or 100 days of treatment. The subject's resting heart rate may be over 50, over 60, over 70, over 80, over 90, under 100, under 90, under 80, under 70, or under 60 bpm at the outset of treatment, just prior to onset of treatment, after a week of treatment, after a steady state of treatment, or after 1, 10, 50, or 100 days of treatment. The subject may be characterized as one of the following ethnicity/race: Asian, black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, white, or multi-racial. In some embodiments, the subject is not black, African American, or of African descent. In alternate embodiments, the subject may be black, African American, or of African descent. As used herein, of African descent includes at least partially of African descent. The subject may have a disorder other or in addition to an elevated blood pressure, for example, a cardiovascular risk factor. The subject may be selected on the basis of having, or having an indication that the subject is at risk for, a cardiovascular risk factor. The cardiovascular risk factor may be selected from diabetes, e.g., type 1 or type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, elevated body weight (overweight, e.g., body mass index (BMI) over 24.9), obesity (e.g., having a BMI over 29.9), morbid obesity (e.g., having a BMI over 35), kidney dysfunction, e.g., chronic kidney disease, elevated lipid levels, e.g., a depressed high density lipoprotein (HDLP) level or an HDLP level of less than 40, 50, or 60 mg/dL, an elevated low density lipoprotein (LDLP) level or an LDLP level of more than 25, 50, 70, 100, 130, 160, or 200 mg/dL, thrombosis, narrowing or other dysfunction of the arteries or veins, coronary artery disease, enlargement or thickening of the left ventricular artery (left ventricular hypertrphy), or a history of one or more of stroke, heart failure, heart disease, heart attack, or hypertension. The subject may have one or more cardiovascular risk factors, a family history of one or more cardiovascular risk factors, or an indication that the subject is at risk for one or more cardiovascular risk factors. In some embodiments, the subject may have a pre-hypertensive or hypertensive blood pressure in combination with a cardiovascular risk factors, family history of a cardiovascular risk factor, or indication that the subject is at risk for a cardiovascular risk factor.

The methods disclosed herein may comprise receiving or acquiring information about the subject's blood pressure, for example, before or after administration of the microorganism or preparation. The subject may be evaluated by an evaluator other than the subject, e.g., a health care provider or physician. The evaluator may have determined that the subject is in need of treatment to reduce blood pressure. The subject may be identified as being in need of blood pressure regulation or reduction. The evaluator may have determined that the subject is in need of treatment with AOM. The preparation may be administered in response to a trigger or warning sign, e.g., a blood pressure related trigger or warning sign. The trigger or warning sign may comprise medical history, family history, blood pressure, and/or presence of a cardiovascular risk factor. In some embodiments, the preparation may be administered in response to a cardiovascular risk factor or indication that the subject is at risk for a cardiovascular risk factor. The evaluator may have determined that the subject has a normal, pre-hypertensive, hypertensive stage 1, hypertensive stage 2, or critical hypertensive blood pressure. The preparation may be administered in response to an insufficient response to one, two, or more blood pressure treatments or medications. In some embodiments, a preparation comprising AOM may be provided under prescription. The subject may have received a prescription for AOMs.

Generally, as a first guideline, a subject that is of African descent or of age 60 or older, has a pre-hypertensive or stage 1 hypertensive blood pressure (as defined by AHA or ACC), and does not exhibit any cardiovascular risk factors, may be administered the preparation without any other blood pressure medications. Such a subject may be administered the preparation in combination with a recommendation for nonpharmacological treatment. The subject that is of African descent or of age 60 or older and has either a stage 1 hypertensive blood pressure, a cardiovascular risk factor, or exhibits an insufficient response to nonpharmacological treatment, may be administered the preparation in combination with a first medication for blood pressure, for example, a calcium channel blocker or a diuretic. If such a subject exhibits an inefficient response to the nonpharmacological treatment or first medication for blood pressure, the subject may be administered the preparation in combination with a first and second medication for blood pressure, for example, a calcium channel blocker or a diuretic and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Furthermore, if such a subject exhibits an inefficient response to first and second medication for blood pressure, the subject may be administered the preparation in combination with first, second, and third medications for blood pressure, for example, a calcium channel blocker, a diuretic, and either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker.

As another general guideline, a subject that is not of African descent, younger than 60, has a pre-hypertensive or stage 1 hypertensive blood pressure (as defined by AHA or ACC), and does not exhibit any cardiovascular risk factors, may be administered the preparation without any other blood pressure medications. Such a subject may be administered the preparation in combination with a recommendation for nonpharmacological treatment. The subject that is not of African descent, younger than 60, and has either a stage 1 hypertensive blood pressure, a cardiovascular risk factor, or exhibits an insufficient response to nonpharmacological treatment, may be administered the preparation in combination with a first medication for blood pressure, for example, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker. If such a subject exhibits an inefficient response to the nonpharmacological treatment or first medication for blood pressure, the subject may be administered the preparation in combination with a first and second medication for blood pressure, for example, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker and a calcium channel blocker or a diuretic. Furthermore, if such a subject exhibits an inefficient response to first and second medication for blood pressure, the subject may be administered the preparation in combination with first, second, and third medications for blood pressure, for example, a calcium channel blocker, a diuretic, and either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker.

As yet another general guideline, a subject that has a stage 2 hypertensive blood pressure or a critical hypertensive crisis blood pressure (as defined by AHA or ACC), may be administered the preparation in combination with first and second blood pressure

medications, for example, one of a calcium channel blocker or a diuretic and one of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker. The above guidelines are merely exemplary, and may be modified according to physician's

recommendation or patient response to treatment.

The amount and or frequency of administration of the preparation may be sufficient to regulate, e.g., decrease blood pressure in a subject. The preparation may be administered in an amount sufficient to lower systolic blood pressure by at least about 6 mm Hg from baseline. For example, the preparation may be applied in a sufficient dosage to lower systolic blood pressure by at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 mm Hg from baseline. The preparation may be administered in an amount sufficient to lower diastolic blood pressure by at least 3 mm Hg from baseline. The preparation may be applied in a sufficient dosage to lower diastolic blood pressure by at least 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mm Hg from baseline. In some embodiments, the preparation may be administered in an amount sufficient to lower the combination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 mm Hg. The preparation may be administered in an amount sufficient to lower blood pressure in the absence of another blood pressure medication. The preparation may be administered in an amount sufficient to lower blood pressure in combination with one or more medications, e.g., blood pressure medications.

Any subject may be administered the preparation, optionally in combination with treatment or medication, until the subject has a systolic blood pressure of less than 150 mm Hg, less than 140 mm Hg, or less than 130 mm Hg. In particular, if the subject is of age 80 or greater, the subject may be administered the preparation until the subject has a systolic blood pressure of less than 150 mm Hg. If the subject is between age of 55 and 80, the subject may be administered the preparation until the subject has a systolic blood pressure of less than 140 mm Hg. If the subject is of an age of less than 55, the subject may be administered the preparation until the subject has a systolic blood pressure of less than 130 mm Hg. The subject may be administered the preparation, optionally in combination with treatment or medication, until the subject has a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg or less than 80 mm Hg. If the subject has an age of greater than 55, the subject may be administered the preparation until the subject has a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg. If the subject is of an age of less than 55, the subject may be administered the preparation until the subject has a diastolic blood pressure of less than 80 mm Hg. The target systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure may be determined by a physician, taking into account, e.g., age, race, family history, medical history, degree of hypertension, and cardiovascular risk factors. The subject's systolic, diastolic, or mean blood pressure may be measured at regular intervals and calculated according to the practice of one or ordinary skill in the art. For example, the subject's systolic, diastolic, or mean blood pressure may be determined by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).

In some embodiments, the amount or frequency of administration of the preparation may be sufficient to regulate, e.g., decrease a period-average blood pressure of the subject. As described herein, the period-average blood pressure refers to the average of a plurality of daily values of blood pressure over a period. Unless explicitly stated to be otherwise, methods described herein directed to reducing a period- average blood pressure do not require actually taking the blood pressure every day of the period, but rather that the effect is achieved, and if measured, would be seen. The period of the period- average may be at least 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days. The daily value of the period-average may be an average of a plurality of, e.g., at least 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 24, or 48 measurements. The measurements may be taken within a 24 hour period. The amount and/or frequency of administration may be sufficient to achieve a reduction in blood pressure for at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 days, as measured as an average of a plurality of individual measurements of blood pressure taken over a

predetermined time period. The plurality may be at least 2, 4, 10, 12, 24, or 48. The plurality may be taken over 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, or 72 hours. In some embodiments, the amount and/or frequency of administration may be sufficient to reduce a 24-hour blood pressure reading in the subject.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, any modulation or reduction in blood pressure may be associated with, ancillary to, or result in the treatment, suppression, or prevention of various local or systemic indications, both cosmetic and therapeutic. The ammonia oxidizing microorganism compositions can, for example, be administered in form suitable to provide various local therapeutic treatment or systemic therapeutic treatment. Suitable examples of local conditions that may be treated with compositions disclosed herein include local infection, inflammation, and symptoms associated therewith. Localized conditions may vary widely depending on the intended deposit or target tissue. Examples of systemic conditions that may be treated with compositions disclosed herein include headaches, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, immune responses and autoimmune disorders, liver diseases, infections, neurological diseases, psychiatric disorders, nitric oxide disorders, urea cycle disorders, congestion, vasodilation disorders, skin diseases, ophthalmic disorders, bowel disorders, auditory diseases, wound healing, reactions to insect bites, and certain viral, bacterial, and fungal infections.

For instance, systemic conditions that may be treated with compositions disclosed herein include cardiovascular diseases such as cardioprotection, heart failure, hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension; immune responses and autoimmune disorders such as alopecia and vitiligo; liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); neurological diseases and psychological disorders such as depression, insomnia, and diabetic neuropathy; nitric oxide disorders such as erectile dysfunction; wound healing, e.g. , from bed sores and nursing home care, burns, diabetic ulcers e.g. , foot ulcer, venous leg ulcer, biofilm, and mouth sores; skin diseases and disorders such as hyperhydrosis, pruritus, helomas, and subtypes of helomas; ophthalmic disorders such as blepharitis, dry eye, macular degeneration, and glaucoma; bowel disorders such as gluten sensitivity, irritable/inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, colitis, and necrotizing enterocolitis; auditory diseases such as tinnitus, reduced hearing, vertigo, pruritus, swimmer's ear, and congenital abnormalities; and vasodilation disorders such as Renaud's disease, thermoregulation, and migraines. Various connective tissue disorders may also be treated. Certain viral, bacterial, and fungal infections may be treated with formulations disclosed herein, including infections caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), yeast infections, tinea versicolor, tinea unguium, tinea pedis/fungus, tinea cruris, jock itch, onychomycosis, dandruff, athlete's foot, sinusitis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), staph, otitis media, swimmer's ear, and bacterial vaginosis. Additional systemic conditions that may be treated with compositions disclosed herein include systemic inflammation, such as eczema, e.g. , adult and pediatric eczema, hives, idiopathic uriticaria, lichen planus, insect bites including allergic reactions to insect bites, e.g. , mosquito and demodex folliculorum mite, reactions to poison ivy, itchiness, keratosis pilaris, laryngitis, pemphigus, psoriasis, rosacea, folliculitis and subtypes of folliculitis, hidradenitis supportiva, perioral dermatitis, lupus rash, seborrheic dermatitis, e.g., adult and infantile seborrheic dermatitis, acne, e.g. , adolescent acne, adult acne, and cystic acne, diaper rash, occupational hand dermatitis, sunburn, and dermatomyositis. Additionally, compositions disclosed herein may be delivered or applied to treat certain cosmetic indications, including but not limited to, contact dermatitis, diaper odor, e.g. , adult and pediatric, body odor, feminine odor, flaking, nail hardness, body odor, oily skin, razor burn, skin appearance, skit blotchiness, skin hydration, and sun spots. Compositions disclosed herein may be applied as a bug repellant or an antimicrobial agent.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, preparations, devices, and/or kits as disclosed herein may be provided for the regulation of blood pressure in a subject. These preparations, devices, and/or kits may be used in conjunction with the methods of regulating blood pressure as disclosed herein.

Use of Microbiome Compatible Products with Administration of Ammonia Oxidizing Microorganisms

Microbiome compatible products may be used in conjunction with the preparations and methods disclosed herein. Various products may be considered to be "biome-friendly" or "biome-compatible." Examples of biome-friendly products are disclosed in International (PCT) Patent Application Publication No. WO2017/004534 (International (PCT) Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US/2016/040723 as filed on July 1, 2016) which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Some biome-friendly products may be cosmetic or therapeutic in nature. In accordance with one or more embodiments, biome-friendly products may be used in combination with microorganisms, e.g., non-pathogenic microorganisms, e.g., ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, which may in turn be used in the form of a preparation or composition to be applied to a subject.

Ammonia oxidizing compositions disclosed herein may be administered for a cosmetic or therapeutic indication in conjunction with a biome-friendly or biome-compatible product.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a preparation, composition, formulation or product comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, e.g., for cosmetic or therapeutic use, may itself be considered biome-friendly. In other embodiments, a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be used in conjunction with a biome- friendly product. In some embodiments, a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be mixed with a biome-friendly product or otherwise administered concurrently. In other embodiments, a preparation comprising ammonia oxidizing microorganisms may be distinct or separate from a biome-friendly product although potentially used in conjunction therewith. In some embodiments, a biome-friendly product is used alone. Ammonia oxidizing microorganism composition preparations for use in conjunction with a biome-friendly product may be formulated for cosmetic or therapeutic use.

Biome-friendly or biome-compatible products may be used in conjunction with an ammonia oxidizing microorganism preparation formulated for any mode of delivery, e.g., formulated for targeted delivery to a subject, e.g., to a target tissue, region, system, or organ of a subject. For example, the ammonia oxidizing microorganism preparation to be used in conjunction with a biome-friendly product may be formulated for delivery to the eye, ear, nose, urogenital system, respiratory system, or gastrointestinal system of the subject. In some embodiments, the ammonia oxidizing microorganism composition for use with a biome- friendly product may be formulated for targeted delivery based on a condition or disorder of a subject. For instance, the formulation for targeted delivery may be based on a desired local or systemic effect to be achieved, e.g., a local or systemic therapeutic or cosmetic effect.

Biome-friendly cosmetic products that may be used with the present disclosure may be, or include, or be disposed in any one or more of a baby product, e.g. , a baby shampoo, a baby lotion, a baby oil, a baby powder, a baby cream; a bath preparation, e.g. , a bath oil, a tablet, a salt, a bubble bath, a bath capsule; an eye makeup preparation, e.g. , an eyebrow pencil, an eyeliner, an eye shadow, an eye lotion, an eye makeup remover, a mascara; a fragrance preparation, e.g. , a colognes, a toilet water, a perfume, a powder (dusting and talcum), a sachet; hair preparations, e.g. , hair conditioners, hair sprays, hair straighteners, permanent waves, rinses, shampoos, tonics, dressings, hair grooming aids, wave sets; hair coloring preparations, e.g. , hair dyes and colors, hair tints, coloring hair rinses, coloring hair shampoos, hair lighteners with color, hair bleaches; makeup preparations, e.g. , face powders, foundations, leg and body paints, lipstick, makeup bases, rouges, makeup fixatives;

manicuring preparations, e.g. , basecoats and undercoats, cuticle softeners, nail creams and lotions, nail extenders, nail polish and enamel, nail polish and enamel removers; oral hygiene products, e.g. , dentrifices, mouthwashes and breath fresheners; bath soaps, e.g. , foaming body cleansers, and detergents, deodorants, douches, feminine hygiene deodorants; shaving preparations, e.g. , aftershave lotions, beard softeners, talcum, preshave lotions, shaving cream, shaving soap; skin care preparations, e.g. , cleansing, depilatories, face and neck, body and hand, foot powders and sprays, moisturizing, night preparations, paste masks, skin fresheners; and suntan preparations, e.g. , gels, creams, and liquids, and indoor tanning preparations.

Products, e.g., microbiome-compatible cosmetic products, e.g., shampoos, conditioners, and cleansers, as described herein may be used in conjunction with the treatment of a condition, disease, or disorder. These cosmetic products may be used in conjunction with administration of the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes. For example, throughout the treatment period or cosmetic period of time of administering the ammonia oxidizing bacteria to a subject, the microbiome-compatible cosmetic products may be used. The microbiome-compatible cosmetic products may be used for a period of time prior to commencement of treatment of the therapeutic or cosmetic condition through administration of ammonia oxidizing bacteria to a subject. The

microbiome-compatible cosmetic products may be used for a period of time subsequent to commencement of treatment of the therapeutic or cosmetic condition through administration of ammonia oxidizing bacteria to a subject. The microbiome-compatible cosmetic products may be used for a period of time subsequent to discontinuation of therapeutic or cosmetic treatment of the condition through administration of ammonia oxidizing bacteria to a subject.

In some embodiments, the subject may apply one or more cosmetic product, and wait a period of time before administration of the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms. In other embodiments, the subject may administer the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms, and wait a period of time before applying one or more cosmetic products.

The period of time the subject may wait may be about 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 minutes, or 3 hours, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 18, 24 hours after applying one or more cosmetic product and prior to administration of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms.

The period of time the subject may wait may be about 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 minutes, or 3 hours, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 18, 24 hours after administering the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms and prior to applying one or more cosmetic products.

The function and advantages of these and other embodiments will be more fully understood from the following non-limiting examples. The examples are intended to be illustrative in nature and are not to be considered as limiting the scope of the embodiments discussed herein.

Examples

Example 1: Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled, Randomized Ascending 14-Day Multiple Dose Study of B244 (Nitrosomonas eutropha D23) delivered as a Topical Spray

The primary objective of the study was to assess the safety and tolerability of B244 relative to placebo in subjects with acne vulgaris.

Three doses of B244 were selected for this human clinical study. A total of 9 subjects were assigned to each of the 3 B244 dose groups, and 9 subjects were separately assigned to the Placebo group.

The subjects received a dose twice per day to the face for 14 days via topical spray. Washout occurred after 14 days. The three doses were applied as follows:

· Low dose: 2xl0 ⁹ cells/ml (3 micromolar nitrite)

• Mid Dose: 4xl0 ⁹ cells/ml (4 micromolar nitrite)

• High Dose: 8xl0 ⁹ cells/ml (11 micromolar nitrite)

The primary endpoint was met as all 3 dose-levels of B244 (and Placebo) were well tolerated and no safety issues were identified.

Related blood pressure data (systolic and diastolic for different Dose groups) is appended hereto as FIGS. 1-3. Blood pressure reduction that was significant, particularly in the High dose group, may represent a pharmacodynamic effect of B244 modifying NO/N02 on the skin. Blood pressure was measured at screening and Day 1/pre-dose (defined as baseline), during the treatment phase (Day 3, 7, 10, 15) and after 2-week washout on Day 28. In the High dose group, treatment phase systolic blood pressure was reduced by 6.1 mmHg from baseline (SD=5.9; p=0.014) and treatment phase diastolic blood pressure was reduced by 3.56 mmHg from baseline (SD=4.49; p=0.041). Notably, significant blood pressure reduction occurred both during treatment as well as post- washout.

By comparison, in the placebo group, the treatment phase systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes from baseline were -0.34 (SD=7.80; p=0.94) and -1.19 (SD=4.57; p=0.486) respectively.

The pharmacodynamic effect observed in terms of blood pressure reduction supports the proposed mechanism of modulating nitric oxide on the skin. These blood pressure results further support a confirmatory study of the use of B244 (particularly High dose) in pre- hypertensive and Stage 1 hypertensive patients.

Example 2: Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction with B244 (Nitrosomonas eutropha D23) delivered as a Topical Spray

A study was performed on 58 subjects having an average resting baseline heart rate between approximately 73 and 86 beats per minute (bpm). The subjects received a dose of either 4 or 8 sprays, each spray containing 150uL of 8xl0 ⁹ cells/ml of B244 twice per day for 28 days via topical spray. The subject's systolic blood pressure was measured throughout the study.

There was a mean estimated treatment effect of a 5.9 mm Hg reduction from baseline (-5.9 mm Hg) in daytime systolic blood pressure. The subjects experienced a reduction from baseline between approximately 10.0 to 1.9 mm Hg (-10.0 to -1.9 mm Hg). The subjects that received placebo did not experience a significant change in daytime systolic blood pressure (p = 0.005).

Example 3: Study of B244 (Nitrosomonas eutropha D23) delivered as a Topical Spray

A study was performed on 132 subjects. The subjects received a dose twice per day to the face or to the face and torso for 14 days via topical spray. The subject's daytime systolic, daytime diastolic, and daytime mean arterial blood pressures were measured via AMBP throughout the study. The subject groups were organized as follows:

• 8 sprays, each containing 150uL of 8xl0 ⁹ cells/ml of B244 to the face and torso

• 4 sprays, each containing 150uL of 8xl0 ⁹ cells/ml of B244 to the face · 8 sprays, each containing 150uL of placebo

• 4 sprays, each containing 150uL of placebo

Applications to the face and torso were well tolerated. Trends suggest that application to the face was more effective than application to the face and torso. Of the study

participants, the greatest reduction in daytime blood pressure was observed on hypertensive subjects, as compared to pre-hypertensive subjects. The most significant reduction of mean arterial blood pressure was observed in subjects of non- African descent who received a dose of 4 sprays each containing 150uL of 8xl0 ⁹ cells/ml of B244 to the face. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring measurements showed significantly higher nocturnal dipping of systolic BP at baseline than at Day 28 in the B244 4 spray group as compared with placebo, suggesting a lower increase in systolic BP from nighttime to daytime in this treatment group. High surges in BP from nighttime to daytime are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the claims below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations.

Certain embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.