ANIMAL FOOD AND ITS APPEARANCE

FIELD

The present invention generally relates to animal food and its appearance and more particularly relates to a pet food comprising a distinctive kibble.

BACKGROUND

Kibble-type animal feeds, such as dog and cat foods, are dried, ready-to-eat pet food products. The kibbles can be formed by an extrusion process where the kibble raw materials are extruded under heat and pressure to form the pelletized kibble form. Extrusion technology provides a cheap and efficient method for formulating animal feed kibbles, such as those having a starch matrix. During the extrusion process, the starch matrix typically becomes gelatinized under the extrusion conditions.

The defense mechanisms to protect the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract from colonization by pathogenic bacteria are highly complex. The GI tracts of most mammals are colonized by native microflora and invasive pathogenic micro-organisms. In a healthy individual, these competing microflora are in a state of equilibrium. Modification of the intestinal microflora equilibrium can lead to or prevent many GI disorders, both in humans and other mammalian species, such as companion animals, including, for example, cats, dogs, and rabbits. The well being of companion animals is closely related to their feeding and GI health, and maintenance of the intestinal microflora equilibrium in these animals can result in healthier pets.

The number and composition of the intestinal microflora tend to be stable, although age and diet can modify it. Gastric activity, bile, intestinal peristalsis, and local immunity are factors thought to be important in the regulation of bacterial flora in the small intestine of human beings and various other mammals. Often, pet GI disorders, including those found in canines and felines, are linked to bacterial overgrowth and the production of enterotoxins by pathogenic bacteria. These factors disrupt the intestinal microflora equilibrium and can promote inflammation and aberrant immune response.

Research has begun to highlight some valuable strains of bacteria and their potential uses as Probiotic agents. Probiotics are typically considered to be preparations of live bacteria. Probiotic related substances include constituents of Probiotics, such as proteins or carbohydrates, or purified fractions of bacterial ferments. Probiotics and/or their constituents may promote mammalian health by preserving and/or promoting the natural microflora in the GI tract and reinforcing the normal controls on aberrant immune responses.

Thus, a desired goal of improving the health of companion animals exists. However, many of these ingredients can be costly, sensitive to effects of extrusion or other production methods, and/or sensitive to product stability, such as exposure to oxygen or moisture. Identifying new product designs where these challenges can be overcome can enable products to be made that satisfy the goal of consumers to provide improved health benefits to their companion animals. Thus, a need exists for Probiotic kibbles and kibble animal feeds for companion animals. Further, consumer cues, identification, recognition, and connection with Probiotic-containing kibbles can also be desirable.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a pet food kibble is provided. The pet food can comprise a core having a water content less than 12% and a coating or dusting on the core. The coating or dusting can comprise an active component. The pet food can intuitively communicate by a psychologically matched color a health benefit of the kibble. The active component can comprise a Probiotic.

In one embodiment, an animal feed is provided that can comprise a first kibble comprising an extruded core having a water content less than 12% and a second kibble comprising a dusting comprising a Probiotic component. The dusting can be substantially free of a binder. The second kibble can be distinctive from the first kibble.

In one embodiment, an animal feed is provided that can comprise a first kibble comprising an extruded core having a water content less than 12%, a second kibble comprising a Probiotic component, and a third kibble comprising an extruded core having a water content less than 12%. The third kibble can be distinctive.

In one embodiment, a kit can include a package of the animal feed of kibbles as described herein. The package can comprise an opaque portion and a transparent portion, wherein the transparent portion can comprise a viewing aperture wherein the kibbles are viewable through the viewing aperture when the package is in a customary position on a retail store shelf. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of an animal feed with kibbles.

FIG. 2 depicts another embodiment of an animal feed with kibbles.

FIG. 3 depicts another embodiment of an animal feed with kibbles.

FIG. 4 depicts another embodiment of an animal feed with kibbles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

As used herein, the articles including "the", "a", and "an", when used in a claim or in the specification, are understood to mean one or more of what is claimed or described.

As used herein, the terms "include", "includes" and "including" are meant to be non- limiting.

As used herein, the term "plurality" means more than one.

As used herein, the term "consumer" means a purchaser of animal feed.

As used herein, the term "kibble" includes a particulate pellet like component of animal feeds, such as dog and cat feeds, typically having a moisture, or water, content of less than 12% by weight. Kibbles may range in texture from hard to soft. Kibbles may range in internal structure from expanded to dense. Kibbles may be formed by an extrusion process. In non- limiting examples, a kibble can be formed from a core and a coating to form a kibble that is coated, also called a coated kibble. It should be understood that when the term "kibble" is used, it can be referred to as an uncoated kibble or a coated kibble.

As used herein, the terms "Probiotic", "Probiotic component", "Probiotic ingredient, or "Probiotic microorganism" mean bacteria or other microorganisms, typically preparations of live bacteria, including those in the dormant state, that are capable of promoting mammalian health by preserving and/or promoting the natural microflora in the GI tract and reinforcing the normal controls on aberrant immune responses. Probiotics can include constituents of Probiotics, such as proteins or carbohydrates, or purified fractions of bacterial ferments.

As used herein, the terms "animal" or "pet" mean a domestic animal including, but not limited to, domestic dogs, cats, horses, cows, ferrets, rabbits, pigs, and the like. Domestic dogs and cats are particular examples of pets.

As used herein, the terms "animal feed", "animal feed compositions", "animal feed kibble", "pet food", or "pet food composition" mean a composition intended for ingestion by a pet. Pet foods can include, without limitation, nutritionally balanced compositions suitable for daily feed, such as kibbles, as well as supplements and/or treats, which can or can not be nutritionally balanced.

As used herein, the term "core", or "core matrix", means the particulate pellet of a kibble and is typically formed from a core matrix of ingredients and has a moisture, or water, content of less than 12% by weight. The particulate pellet may be dusted to form a dusting on a core, which can be a dusted kibble. The core may be without a dusting, may be with a dusting completely surrounding the core, or may be with a dusting partially surrounding the core. In an embodiment without a dusting, the particulate pellet may comprise the entire kibble. Cores can comprise farinaceous material, proteinaceous material, and mixtures and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the core can comprise a core matrix of protein, carbohydrate, and fat.

As used herein, the term "coating" means a partial or complete covering, typically on a core, that covers at least a portion of a surface, for example a surface of a core. In one example, a core may be partially covered with a coating such that only part of the core is covered, and part of the core is not covered and is thus exposed. In another example, the core may be completely covered with a coating such that the entire core is covered and thus not exposed. Therefore, a coating may cover from a negligible amount up to the entire surface. A coating can also be coated onto other coatings such that a layering of coatings can be present. For example, a core can be completed coated with coating A, and coating A can be completely coated with coating B, such that coating A and coating B each form a layer. When used herein, unless specifically stated, a coating means a coating that comprises a Probiotic or other active. Thus, for example, an amount of fat that is normally enrobed or applied to a kibble would not be considered a coating within the present definition unless specifically provided for as a coating.

As used herein, the term "nutritionally balanced" means that the composition, such as pet food, has known required nutrients to sustain life in proper amounts and proportion based on recommendations of recognized authorities, including governmental agencies, such as, but not limited to, Unites States Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinarian Medicine, the American Feed Control Officials Incorporated, in the field of pet nutrition, except for the additional need for water.

As used herein, the term "extrude" means an animal feed that has been processed by, such as by being sent through, an extruder. In one embodiment of extrusion, kibbles are formed by an extrusion processes wherein raw materials, including starch, can be extruded under heat and pressure to gelatinize the starch and to form the pelletized kibble form, which can be a core. Any type of extruder can be used, non-limiting examples of which include single screw extruders and twin-screw extruders.

As used herein, the term "higher melting point temperature component" means the component has a melting point temperature higher than 30 ⁰ C.

As used herein, the term "water activity" is defined as the vapor pressure of water above a sample, such as a pet food, divided by that of pure water at the same temperature and generally refers to the amount of free water available to participate in chemical reactions. Water activity is often times represented by the mathematical equation a _w = p/po, where p is the vapor pressure of water in the sample, and p ₀ is the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature.

Unless otherwise noted, all component or composition levels are in reference to the active portion of that component or composition, and are exclusive of impurities, for example, residual solvents or by-products, which can be present in commercially available sources of such components or compositions.

All percentages and ratios are calculated by weight unless otherwise indicated. All percentages and ratios are calculated based on the total composition unless otherwise indicated.

It should be understood that every maximum numerical limitation given throughout this specification includes every lower numerical limitation, as if such lower numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every minimum numerical limitation given throughout this specification will include every higher numerical limitation, as if such higher numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every numerical range given throughout this specification will include every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein.

All lists of items, such as, for example, lists of ingredients, are intended to and should be interpreted as Markush groups. Thus, all lists can be read and interpreted as items "selected from the group consisting of ... list of items ... "and combinations and mixtures thereof."

Referenced herein can be trade names for components including various ingredients utilized in the present disclosure. The inventors herein do not intend to be limited by materials under any particular trade name. Equivalent materials (e.g., those obtained from a different source under a different name or reference number) to those referenced by trade name can be substituted and utilized in the descriptions herein. In the description of the various embodiments of the present disclosure, various embodiments or individual features are disclosed. As will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled practitioner, all combinations of such embodiments and features are possible and can result in preferred executions of the present disclosure. While various embodiments and individual features of the present invention have been illustrated and described, various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. As will also be apparent, all combinations of the embodiments and features taught in the foregoing disclosure are possible and can result in preferred executions of the invention.

Kibbles

Various non-limiting embodiments of the present invention include an animal feed kibble comprising a core and at least one coating on the core. Various embodiments describing the specific ingredients that can comprise the core and coating are described hereinafter, and it should be understood that embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the specific ingredients that are used for the core and the coating, as any variety of ingredients can be used. For example, a protein-based core matrix can be used in one embodiment. Additional non- limiting examples of cores can include starch-based cores, such as a matrix of gelatinized starch, and cores comprising protein, fat, and carbohydrate. Additional non-limiting embodiments of the core can be vegetable based cores and are provided hereinafter.

According to one embodiment, an animal feed comprising a kibble comprising a core and a coating, wherein the coating comprises an active, such as a Probiotic component, is disclosed. As described hereinafter, the animal feed can comprise a plurality of kibbles. The coating of one kibble can comprise a distinctly different color than the core and/or the coating of another kibble of the animal feed comprising the plurality of kibbles. The terms "distinctly different" means easily distinguishably to an ordinary consumer's eye and not the same. For example, red and blue are distinctly different colors, as are brown and white. However, white and off-white can not be considered distinctly different colors, from each other, if they are not easily distinguishable to an ordinary consumer's eye.

In one embodiment, the coating can be the outermost portion of the kibble and thus can be visible to an ordinary consumer in its final product form, as in a food package. The coating can comprise a single color or even many, or a plurality of, colors. "Color" as used herein means a visual effect resulting from a human eye's ability to distinguish the different wavelengths or frequencies of light. The apparent color of an object depends on the wavelength of the light that it reflects. All colors are envisioned as being within the scope of embodiments of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of colors include white, red, green, blue, yellow, purple, tan, brown, beige, black, gray, orange, pink, lavender, lights, darks, and "offs" of the colors listed herein (such as, for example "lights" such as light blue, "darks" such as dark green, and off-white) and combinations and mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, kibbles can be dusted with an active. Thus, wherever within this disclosure the term coating is used, it should be understood that dusting can also be used. For example, a kibble can have a core and a coating, wherein the coating contains a fat and an active. In another non-limiting example, a kibble can be dusted with an active ingredient, such as a Probiotic, wherein the kibble is a dusted kibble. The dusted kibble can be colored or made distinctive in similar ways as coated kibbles.

When color is used for distinction of the kibble, such as when a kibble is colored such that it is visible to a consumer, as mentioned above, it can be utilized to indicate that a health benefit is being provided by the animal feed. A color can be associated with, or connote, a certain health benefit provided by the animal feed, or kibble. For example, white can be used to indicate that a gastrointestinal benefit can be provided by the animal feed, such as through a Probiotic component contained in a kibble, a non-limiting example which can be the Probiotic contained in the coating of the kibble. Red can be used to indicate that an anti-stress benefit can be provided by the animal feed, such as through a Probiotic component contained in a kibble, a non-limiting example which can be the Probiotic contained in the coating of the kibble. Or, in another embodiment, red can be used to indicate that a cardiac health benefit can be provided by the kibble. Any color can be used, and any color can be matched with a specific health benefit. Other non- limiting examples can include blue kibbles that connote a mobility health benefit.

As disclosed herein, in one embodiment of the present invention, the kibbles can be colored. The kibbles can be colored any color, as disclosed herein. In one non-limiting example, the kibbles can be colored white. The kibbles can be colored white using any known colorants or coatings as known in the art. In non- limiting examples, coatings such as KLX (available from Loders Croklaan, Channahon, IL) or white kreemy chocolate (available from Blommer, Chicago, IL) can be used. These coatings can be applied in any desirable amounts to impart the particular color that is desired. In one embodiment, the coating is applied at from about 1% to 70% by weight of the kibble. In another embodiment, the coating is applied at from about 5% to about 70% by weight of the kibble. In another embodiment, the coating is applied at from about 10% to about 70% by weight of the kibble. In another embodiment, the coating is applied at from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the kibble. In another embodiment, the coating is applied at from about 20% to about 50% by weight of the kibble. All integer value ranges therebetween are also included as embodiments of coatings that can be applied. Other non-limiting examples of components used for color can include titanium dioxide, which can be used for a white color, stearine, which can be used for a white color, caramel, which can be used for brown, all natural colorants, and specific examples such as CSL 37542 Brown Dispersion OB, available from Sensient Colors of St. Louis, MO. However, it should further be understood than any fat soluble colorant can be used, including natural or non-natural. As non-limiting examples, the compositions herein may comprise about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, or about 0% to about 1% colorant, all by weight of the composition.

Other coatings that can impart color can be used. For example, coating materials for use in the active coatings, such as a Probiotic-enriched coating, described herein may demonstrate characteristics and features, such as, providing stability (as described in detail herein) to the active ingredient(s) in the coating. Further, as described herein, when the coating is a Probiotic- enriched coating, the coating may also be formulated to ensure sufficient amount of the Probiotic microorganisms are released in the digestive system of the animal (i.e., the Probiotics become bioactive). Suitable coating compositions include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, palm kernel oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, butter oil, hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated derivatives of oils and fats (including those listed herein), wax, paraffin, paraffin wax, paraffin oil, liquid paraffin, solid paraffin, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, microcrystalline wax, beeswax, long chain fatty acids and esters thereof, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, behenic acid, adipic acid, acetyl acyl glycerols, acetylated monoglyceride, shellac, dewaxed gumlac, triolein, chocolate, chocolate liquor, sweet milk chocolate, cocoa solids, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, glycerol monostearate, polyethylene glycol, pectin, wheat gluten, soy lecithin, sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, olestra, tristearin, animal fat, poultry fat, and mixtures of any thereof. In other embodiments, the at least one additional coating may comprise one or more partially hydrogenated plant oils or plant oils high in saturated fats (i.e., plant oil that is substantially solid at room temperature). In another embodiment an additional coating can comprise a coating comprising partially hydrogenated plant oil on at least a portion of a surface of the active coating or a coating on at least a portion of a surface of one or more intermediate coatings on the surface of the active coating. A coating comprising partially hydrogenated plant oil may assist in the stability of the kibble and the Probiotic, thereby increasing shelf life of the animal feed. For example, partially hydrogenated plant oil, such as soybean oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, cocoa butter, palm kernel oil, palm oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, butter oil, and the like (including oil mixtures), may prevent transmission of water, oxidation or other degradation processes. Suitable examples of higher melting point temperature components, such as fats, which can be used as a coating agent include, but are not limited to, waxes such as, but not limited to, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, microcrystalline wax, and bees wax; fatty acids and esters thereof such as, but not limited to, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and behenic acid; hydrogenated oils and fats, such as, but not limited to, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated palm oil, hydrogenated peanut oil, hydrogenated rapeseed oil, hydrogenated corn oil, hydrogenated poultry fat, hydrogenated tallow, hydrogenated lard, and hydrogenated fish oil; partial glycerides of hydrogenated fats and oils, such as, but not limited to all those listed herein; fatty alcohols, such as, but not limited to, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, and behenyl alcohol; and combinations of any thereof. In certain embodiments, the partially hydrogenated plant oil or other coating composition disclosed herein can have a melting point ranging from 25 ⁰ C to 70 ⁰ C, or in certain embodiments ranging from 45 ⁰ C to 70 ⁰ C. In certain embodiments, the kibble can comprise from 0.01% to 20% by weight of the coating comprising partially hydrogenated plant oil or one of the other coating compositions disclosed herein.

Various other embodiments of the animal feed kibbles described herein may further comprise at least one additional coating. For example, the at least one additional coatings may include one or more coatings containing additional active ingredients (including those described herein) or one or more Probiotic-enriched coatings. In other embodiments, the one or more additional coatings may comprise only the coating material, wherein the one or more additional coating may increase the stability of the food composition.

The colors as disclosed herein can be represented by the Hunter Lab color space. As is well known in the art, the Hunter values are a measure of reflected light and use three parameters: L, a, and b. Generally, "L" denotes the level of white/black, or lightness, and the "a" and "b" values are termed the opponent color axes. The "a" opponent color axis represents, approximately, the redness or greenness (positive or negative) while the "b" opponent color axis represents the yellowness or blueness (positive or negative). The color white can be represented by an "L" value of 100 while the color black is represented by an "L" value of 0. The color gray can be represented by "L" values between 0 and 100 at a and b values of zero. The color red can be represented by a positive "a" value while the color green can be represented by a negative "a" value. The color yellow can be represented by a positive "b" value while the color blue can be represented by a negative "b" value. All values included and therebetween for each of the colors associated with the Hunter values are within the scope of the embodiments of this invention and can be represented as red, green, blue, yellow, purple, tan, brown, beige, black, white, gray, oroange, pink, lavender, pink and combinations and mixtures thereof based on their particular Hunter Lab values as understood in the art.

The present compositions, including the Probiotic compositions, as mentioned, can be used to deliver a health benefit or health benefits following oral consumption in animals, such as a pet. This benefit generally maintains and improves the overall health of the animal. Non- limiting elements of animal health and physiology that benefit, either in therapeutically relieving the symptoms of, or disease prevention by prophylaxis, or improvement of overall health, include treatment of the immune system, treatment of the gastrointestinal system, treatment of skin or coat, treatment of stress, treatment or improved physical abilities, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples include inflammatory disorders, immunodeficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, cancer (particularly those of the gastrointestinal and immune systems), otitis externa, diarrheal disease, antibiotic associated diarrhea, appendicitis, autoimmune disorders, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, amyloidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, arthritis, joint mobility, hip dysplasia, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections, periodontal disease, urogenital disease, idiopathic cystitis, interstitial cystitis, surgical associated trauma, surgical- induced metastatic disease, sepsis, weight loss, weight gain, excessive adipose tissue accumulation, anorexia, fever control, cachexia, wound healing, ulcers, gut barrier infection, allergy, asthma, respiratory disorders, circulatory disorders, coronary heart disease, anemia, disorders of the blood coagulation system, renal disease, disorders of the central nervous system, hepatic disease, ischemia, nutritional disorders, treatment or prevention of disorders involving the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, osteoporosis, endocrine disorders, and epidermal disorders. Preferred are treatment of the gastrointestinal tract, including treatment or prevention of diarrhea; immune system regulation, preferably the treatment or prevention of autoimmune disease and inflammation, maintaining or improving the health of the skin and/or coat system, preferably treating or preventing atopic disease of the skin (e.g., dermatitis or eczema), treatment or prevention of disorders involving the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, ameliorating or reducing the effects of aging, including mental awareness and activity levels, and preventing weight loss during and following infection. Treatment of the various disorders described herein, and additional disclosed thereof, can be measured using techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, those methods of measurement disclosed in U.S. Published Application No. US 2006/0228448 Al.

The coating can comprise a singular color or even mixtures of colors and can be used over the entire coating or coatings in the case of multiple coatings, or portions thereof. Thus, in one embodiment the coating can be entirely white. In another embodiment the coating can be half red and half white. Any combination and/or mixture of colors is envisioned for the coating, and the coating can comprise these combinations and mixtures in any arrangement, such as half and half in the case of two colors. The color can be used in the form of other indicia as well. For example, the color can be a stripe, or multiple stripes, going across any portion of the kibble, or coating thereon. The color can be in the form of other shapes, stripes, and combinations of colors. These specific indicia can be used to indicate other health benefits provided by the animal feed.

Thus, as mentioned, the appearance of a kibble in the form of a colored coating can be associated with, connote, or communicate, to a consumer, a health benefit that is provided by the kibble. Such communication can be intuitive. For example, after usage of a particular animal feed, such as a kibble or a supplement, a consumer can relate a particularly colored kibble with a particular health benefit. Any other indicia described above can be related by a consumer with a particular health benefit. Thus, at a point, the animal feed and/or the package can intuitively communicate with a consumer such that the consumer readily identifies the animal feed and/or the package with a certain health benefit, and such identification by the consumer can be based on the indicia related to the animal feed and/or the package. "Communicate" as used herein means conveying information to a consumer about a product through indicia, including the color of animal feed. In one example, the information about the product can be conveyed to a consumer by color, such as a colored coating of a kibble, and wherein a cue or other information can be used to inform the consumer about the color. "Intuitively communicate" as used herein means conveying information using the indicia that a consumer interprets, including the color of animal feed. In one example, intuitively communicate can be a consumer interpreting and thus associating a colored coating of a kibble with a health benefit that can be provided by the kibble. In another example, intuitively communicate can be a consumer interpreting a colored coating of a kibble with a particular ingredient included in the colored coating, such as a white colored coated kibble that contains a Probiotic ingredient. In turn, that particular ingredient, for example the Probiotic, can then connote a health benefit that is provided by the kibble. Thus, in both examples, the colored coating of the kibble connotes something additional and beyond just a coated kibble. The consumer intuitively makes the connection between either the white coating and the health benefit with the use of other cues such as written language or between the white coating and the Probiotic ingredient and then to the health benefit. In both cases, the animal feed can be communicating to the consumer, through the use of a colored coating, that a health benefit is being provided.

Such communication can result in the consumer matching a certain color to a certain health benefit. For example, certain colors inherently are recognized as, or connote, a particular health benefit to a consumer. Thus, the consumer already has psychologically matched a particular color with a particular health benefit. "Psychologically matched" as used herein means that indicia itself connotes (i.e., serves as a symbol for; signifies; represents something) a property of the animal feed. For example, the color white can connote a gastrointestinal health benefit property of the kibble. Therefore, a consumer of the animal food can identify and/or select a package animal feed that provides a health benefit of their choosing. The psychologically matched indicia can aid the consumer in selecting which health benefit that they want to provide to their animal. The consumer is able to interpret the intuitive communication from the indicia to be consistent with the health benefit provided by the animal feed.

Psychologically matching a particular color to a particular health benefit can be performed by consumers so that they choose a particular animal feed based on the benefit that they desire for their pet. Such testing of the intuitive communication and psychologically matching, as described above, is described in further detail hereinafter.

Moreover, other sensory attributes of the animal feed beyond that of color can also intuitively communicate. For example, a white coated kibble with a particular luster can connote a health benefit related to the gastrointestinal tract of a dog. Consumers can psychologically match a white coated kibble with a healthy gastrointestinal tract, or improved digestive health, because they connote these kibble properties with yogurt, which is well known to the general public to provide digestive health benefits to humans. The present inventors have determined that consumers have extended that learning associated with yogurt, or psychologically matching, into the animal food arena. Thus, visual properties of animal feed can intuitively communicate to consumers, resulting in them psychologically matching colors to health benefits. Moreover, in at least one embodiment of the present invention, a kibble can look, appear, resemble, or give the impression that it is yogurt covered, such as like a yogurt covered raisin. Thus, one embodiment includes a yogurt-looking kibble. As used herein, "yogurt-looking" means resembling the appearance or giving the impression that the thing, such as a kibble, is covered with yogurt, such as a yogurt covered raisin.

It is well known by most consumers that Probiotics can be an important ingredient in animal feed as it can provide health benefits. It has been found that while using Probiotics in animal feed, and marketing the animal feed as such, is becoming a familiar consumer idea, it can still be important to clearly explain and define Probiotics. However, some embodiments of animal feed that include a Probiotic component can intuitively communicate with consumers, as explained above. Thus, animal feed that comprises a kibble with a white coating that resembles yogurt can intuitively communicate with a consumer.

Thus, in at least one embodiment, the appearance of the kibble, in particular the white coated kibble, can connote a digestive health benefit to consumers. Remarkably, the white coated kibble can communicate to a consumer by psychologically matching the appearance of the kibble, namely the kibble having a colored white coating, to a health benefit, namely a digestive health benefit, as described above. Thus, the consumer, when observing the appearance of the animal feed as a white colored kibble, can perceive a health benefit that can be provided by the kibble based on their knowledge of other food products, such as yogurt. In sum, the appearance of the kibbled dog food can connote to the consumer a health benefit that is perceived or recognized based on their experience with human food.

In addition to the appearance of the kibble, in one embodiment the kibble can be sold in a package that includes text on the package that highlights the benefits of the kibble, including the active kibble. This text can increase or enhance the connotation, psychologically matching, and intuitive communication described herein. Thus in one embodiment, the following text can be included on packages or marketing materials to increase or enhance the connotation, psychologically matching, and intuitive communication described herein. Non-limiting examples include:

For digestive health:

• Protects and enhances digestive health.

• Quickly relieves pets' diarrhea while establishing a balance of natural gut flora.

• Soothes gastrointestinal tract (GI) discomfort in pets caused by change of diets, excess gas and irregularity.

• Prevents stress-induced digestive disorders in pet.

• Soothes inflammation in the bowels caused by GI disorders and restores proper digestive balance.

• Helps lessen reliance on antibiotic therapy during GI upset while promoting and maintaining digestive health.

• Continued use will improve pets' overall GI health and lessen future instances of diarrhea, flatulence, constipation and other digestive complications.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that naturally heals and protects your dog's (cat's) digestive system.

• Continued use of a daily regime will maintain the proper balance of natural gut flora for healthy digestion.

• Fortified with active canine/feline probiotic cultures to increase natural flora in the lower intestinal tract.

• Fortified with active canine/feline probiotic cultures to provide a natural, safe, gentle way to promote healthy digestion.

• Fortified with active canine/feline cultures for better nutrient absorption and to enhance intestinal health.

• Gentle enough for puppies and kittens because it works to restore and maintain a natural balance within the digestive system.

• Prevents pathoegenic bacteria from adhering to the intestinal and colonic walls in order to reduce inflammation of the bowels and improve stool consistency

• It's inevitable— pets will eat things they shouldn't from time to time and experience GI distress such as gas pains, bloating, constipation and diarrhea. • It's hard on my clients when their pets are constantly sick or prone to re-occurring illness. I want to provide a natural therapy which will strengthen their pets' immunity and improve their quality of life.

• Seventy-percent of a pet's immune system is in the digestive tract. This means that the digestive tract is the pet' s first line of defense in keeping healthy.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that restores digestive health and family balance faster.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that can nutritionally manage your dog's digestive tract.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that manages stress diarrhea in your pet, restoring GI and family balance

For immunity, which can be related to digestive health:

• Not only manages GI problems, it helps to build the pet's immune system.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that actually activates every part of your dog's (cat's) immune system.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that increases your dog's (cat's) resistance to sickness and infection.

For j oints/mobility :

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that reduces stress on your dog's joints.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that promotes your dog's mobility and flexibility.

For skin/coat:

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that protects your dog's skin and coat from the environment.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that decreases skin inflammation in your pet.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that strengthens your pet's first line of defense.

• Introducing a new Probiotic product that improves the barrier function of your pet' s skin.

As can be observed from the prototypes as represented by the figures herein, in one embodiment the animal feed can be colored in varying amounts and using varying colors. Thus, in non-limiting examples, one embodiment of an animal feed can comprise traditional kibbles and white colored kibbles, as a first kibble and a second kibble, respectively. These first kibbles and second kibbles are described in more detail herein. However, it is particularly noted that in one embodiment, the white colored kibble can comprise up to 1%, or up to 5%, or up to 10%, or up to 20%, or up to 30%, or up to 40%, or up to 50%, or up to 60% or up to 70%, or up to 80%, or even up to 90% of the animal feed, including all ranges therebetween. Thus, in one embodiment, an animal feed can comprise 100 kibbles, of which 90 of the kibbles can be kibbles not white coated while 10 of the kibbles can include a white coating. Of course, as described herein, any color can be used. Alternatively, the white colored kibble can be included in a specific ratio with the other kibbles of the animal feed, such as, for example, in a ratio of 1:20 to 20:1, and all ratios therebetween. Even more specifically, the animal feed, when sold in retailer stores in one embodiment, can be in traditional packaging, such as dog food bags, which are well known in the art. When packaged in the dog food bags, the white colored kibbles can be present in the amounts or ratios as disclosed hereinabove. Thus, in one embodiment, the white colored kibbles can be present as 10% of the mixture of kibbles in the dog food bag, such as 100 white colored coated kibbles and 900 not white colored kibbles, or uncoated kibbles with respect to the white coating. However, it should be understood that the white colored kibbles can be present in any amount or ratio as disclosed herein. Thus, in this specific embodiment, when the animal feed is purchased by a consumer and fed to the pet, about 10% of each portion fed to the pet can be the white colored kibble. Therefore, if the consumer uses a pet food bowl, the pet food bowl can have in it an animal feed with about 10% white colored kibbles when dispersed by the consumer. Of course, these amounts will not be exact as variations in the distribution and mixing of the white colored kibbles in the bag will undoubtedly take place and result in a random amount of white colored kibbles being dispersed by the consumer into a food bowl. However, the manufacturer of the kibbles can set specific target levels of the number of white coated kibbles to be packaged in a food package, such as 10% of the kibbles in this embodiment.

Active Kibble

In addition, in one embodiment, an animal feed can comprise traditional, non-active kibbles and kibbles containing an active, such as a Probiotic, as described in any of the embodiments herein. Non-active kibbles can be those kibbles that do not include an enriched amount of an active. Thus, a non-active kibble can be a first kibble, and a Probiotic-enriched kibble can be a third kibble. These first kibbles and third kibbles are described in more detail herein. However, it is particularly noted that in one embodiment, the active kibble can comprise up to 1%, or up to 5%, or up to 10%, or up to 20%, or up to 30%, or up to 40%, or up to 50%, or up to 60% or up to 70%, or up to 80%, or even up to 90% of the animal feed, including all ranges therebetween. Thus, in one embodiment, an animal feed can comprise 100 kibbles, of which 90 of the kibbles can be traditional non-active kibbles while 10 of the kibbles can comprise active kibbles, such as Probiotic containing kibbles. Of course, as described herein, any active can be used, and any ratio of active to non-active kibbles can be used. In one embodiment, the active kibble can be included in a specific ratio with the other kibbles of the animal feed, such as, for example, in a ratio of 1:20 to 20:1, and all ratios therebetween, such as 1:9 in the case of a 10% active and 90% non-active kibble blend. Even more specifically, the animal feed, when sold in retailer stores in one embodiment, can be in traditional packaging, such as dog food bags, which are well known in the art. When packaged in the dog food bags, the active can be present in the amounts or ratios as disclosed hereinabove. Thus, in one embodiment, the active kibbles can be present as 10% of the mixture of kibbles in the dog food bag, such as 100 active kibbles and 900 non-active kibbles. However, it should be understood that the active kibbles can be present in any amount or ratio as disclosed herein. Thus, in one specific embodiment, when the animal feed is purchased by a consumer and fed to the pet, about 10% of each portion fed to the pet can be the active kibble. Therefore, one embodiment, if the consumer uses a pet food bowl, the pet food bowl can have in it an animal feed with about 10% active kibbles when dispersed by the consumer. Of course, these amounts will not be exact as variations in the distribution and mixing of the active kibbles in the bag will undoubtedly take place and result in a random amount of active kibbles being dispersed by the consumer into a food bowl. However, the manufacturer of the kibbles can set specific target levels of the number of active kibbles to be packaged in a food package, such as 10% of the kibbles in one non- limiting example.

In one embodiment, kibbles can be distinctive. In one embodiment, active kibbles can be distinctive from the non-active kibbles. In one embodiment, non-active kibbles can be distinctive from other non-active kibbles. In one non-limiting example, the active kibbles can be colored, such as colored white or any other color that is different than the non-active kibble, as described herein. Thus, in one embodiment, an animal feed can comprise active kibbles and non-active kibbles, wherein the non-active kibbles can be any color, such as brown, and wherein the active kibbles can be generally a white color, or any other color that is distinctive from the color of the non-active kibble. As used herein, the term "distinctive" means capable of being distinguished by the human eye, such as being perceived to being different. Thus, in one embodiment wherein the non-active kibbles are brown and the active-kibbles are white, the white colored kibbles can be considered distinctive from the brown kibbles. Any colors, such as those disclosed herein, can be used for the non-active kibbles and for the active kibbles. Other points of distinction to form a distinctive kibble, in addition or alternative to color, can be the size of the kibble, the shape of the kibble, particular markings on the kibble, difference in texture of the kibbles, embossing or debossings on the kibble, sprinkling of components on the kibble, among others that could make active kibbles distinctive from non-active kibbles. Distinctive kibbles, in one embodiment, result in diversity of the appearance of the pet food kibbles, for example in a dog food bowl. In a non-limiting sprinkling embodiment, the kibbles can be sprinkled with a component, such as any of the components, ingredients, and/or actives herein. Such a sprinkling can be with or without an adhesive for adhering to the kibble. The sprinkling can result in a kibble with sprinkles of components, ingredients, and/or actives that make the kibble distinctive compared to non-sprinkled kibbles. In a non-limiting example, carrots could be chopped and sprinkled onto the kibbles, such that they adhere to the kibble, with or without an adhesive. Thus, in one embodiment, the active kibbles can be distinctive from the non-active kibbles. This distinctive characteristic can be indicative of the kibble containing an active component, as described herein. The distinctive characteristic, such as being colored white, can be indicative that the kibble contains an active component, and thus can indicate, or be a visual cue, to a consumer which kibbles are active and thus contain an active ingredient.

In another embodiment, an animal feed can comprise three types of kibbles: 1) non- active, non-distinctive kibbles, T) non-active, distinctive kibbles, and 3) active, non-distinctive kibbles. Thus, in one embodiment, an animal feed can comprise: a first kibble, which can be a non-active, non-distinctive kibble; a second kibble, which can be a non-active, distinctive kibble, and a third kibble, which can be an active, non-distinctive kibble. Any combination or mixture of active and non-active and distinctive and non-distinctive kibbles can be used. Thus, in one embodiment, the animal feed can comprise three different types of kibbles. It is envisioned that certain processing limitations may limit or restrict the ability to make distinctive the active kibbles, such as, for example, if the active component of the active kibble is not able to be made distinctive, such as by coloring. Thus, in at least one embodiment, another kibble that is not the active can be made distinctive. This distinctive kibble therefore is the visual cue to a consumer that the animal feed as a whole contains active ingredients, such as an animal feed in packaging on a store shelf. Therefore, in one embodiment, an animal feed contains a mixture of a first kibble, a second kibble, and a third kibble, as described herein. These first kibbles, second kibbles, and third kibbles can be present in any particular ratios or blends. Thus, in one embodiment, the active, non-distinctive kibble can comprise up to 1%, or up to 5%, or up to 10%, or up to 20%, or up to 30%, or up to 40%, or up to 50%, or up to 60% or up to 70%, or up to 80%, or even up to 90% of the animal feed, including all ranges therebetween; the non-active, non-distinctive kibble can comprise up to 1%, or up to 5%, or up to 10%, or up to 20%, or up to 30%, or up to 40%, or up to 50%, or up to 60% or up to 70%, or up to 80%, or even up to 90% of the animal feed, including all ranges therebetween; the non-active, distinctive kibble can comprise up to 1%, or up to 5%, or up to 10%, or up to 20%, or up to 30%, or up to 40%, or up to 50%, or up to 60% or up to 70%, or up to 80%, or even up to 90% of the animal feed, including all ranges therebetween. In another embodiment, the amount of distinctive kibbles can be about the same as the amount of active kibbles. Thus, in one embodiment, an animal feed can comprise 100 kibbles, of which 80 of the kibbles can be traditional non-active, non- distinctive kibbles while 10 of the kibbles can comprise active, non-distinctive kibbles, such as Probiotic containing kibbles, and 10 of the kibbles can be non-active, distinctive kibbles, such as while colored kibbles. Of course, as described herein, any active can be used, and any ratio of active to non-active to distinctive kibbles can be used. In one embodiment, the active kibble can be included in a specific ratio with the other kibbles of the animal feed, such as, for example, in a ratio of 1:20 to 20: 1, and all ratios therebetween, such as 1:8:1 in the case of a blend of: 10% active, non-distinctive; 80% non-active, non-distinctive; and 10% non-active, distinctive kibble blend. In another embodiment the first kibble, second kibble, and third kibble can be present in a ratio from between about 20:1:1 to about 1:20:20.

Properties of the kibble

In some embodiments, more than one color can be used to indicate more than one health benefit being provided. Furthermore, other certain indicia can be used, particularly consumer conscious indicia. Consumer conscious indicia can include, for example, a picture, or outline, of a companion animal, such as a dog. As non-limiting examples, the outline of a dog can include target areas. Target areas can be areas or body parts of the dog that are highlighted, pointed to, or emphasized in any way and can signal the area of the dog, or other companion animal, that the type of health benefit that is being provided by the kibble. For example, a target area can generally be located in or around the gastrointestinal tract of the dog. The location can then signify to a consumer that the kibble contained within the package can be a kibble that is associated with or for treating the gastrointestinal health of the dog. Other non-limiting areas of the dog that can be used, for example, would include skin and coat, eye health, diarrheal, and all other areas or body parts of the dog or companion animal that can be represented by health benefits for which an animal feed can provide health benefits. Moreover, the actual target can be exemplified by any indicia. Non-limiting examples include trademarks, logos, stars, targets, highlighting, colors, etc. For example, a trademark can be used at the point of treatment, such as a paw print on the gastrointestinal tract. Of course, any animal can be used, and any combination of these indicia can be used for a specific health benefit and can be used in combination.

A color sleeve or meter can also be included, such as on the package. For example, any package containing a kibble sold by a specific company can include a color meter. Such a color meter can include an identification of all of the health benefits and their associated color indicia used on the packaging. In a non-limiting example, a color meter can be rectangular, or any other shape, and can have color strips. Color strips can be an actual color. Color strips can be labeled in any fashion with a health benefit that is associated with that color. Such a color strip can be included on all packages such that a consumer can be informed, or communicated with, of the animal feed offerings for particular health benefits of a particular company and can then best locate the particular animal feed and health benefit easily by using the color associated with that health benefit.

Packaging

The animal feed of the embodiments described herein can be packaged in any suitable package or container. At least one embodiment of a package or container can comprise a bag. The bag can include an opaque portion and a transparent portion, wherein the transparent portion comprises a viewing aperture. The viewing aperture can be such that a kibble of the animal feed can be viewable by a consumer through the viewing aperture when the package is in a customary position on a retail store shelf. A viewing aperture can comprise a transparent film or window allowing a customer to see the contents inside the package. A customary position can be the normal position and location of a package when it is on a retail store shelf, such as on a shelf in an aisle of a Wal-Mart store. Such a viewing aperture can allow a consumer to notice the color and form of the animal feed inside the package. Thus, the consumer can recognize that a kibbled feed is provided that is colored, such as having a colored coating. Therefore, in one embodiment, a bag can provide a pet food in the form of kibbles, the kibbles can include kibbles that are distinctive and kibbles that can contain an active, such as kibbles that are white and kibbles that are active. The white kibbles can be the same as the active kibbles. In one embodiment, such kibbles can be provided in a 90:10 ratio of non-active kibbles to active kibbles. As above, the consumer then can associate the color with a health benefit. This additional ability of the consumer to view the animal feed through the transparent viewing aperture can result in increased awareness of the particular animal feed being provided by a particular pet food product on a store shelf. Further, consumer identification, recognition, and connection with kibbles, especially Probiotic kibbles, can occur.

According to one embodiment, a kit is provided. The kit can comprise a package as disclosed herein and an animal feed inside the package, wherein the animal feed can comprise kibbles as disclosed herein. The kibbles can comprise a first kibble, a second kibble, and even a third kibble, all as disclosed herein The kibbles can include an active kibble that can be a distinctive kibble, such as a white coated kibble. Any of the packages as disclosed herein can be a package that can comprise an opaque portion and a transparent portion, wherein the transparent portion comprises a viewing aperture that allows a consumer to view the animal feed, or kibbles, inside the package.

Kibbles

Kibble-type animal feeds, such as dog and cat foods, can be dried, ready-to-eat pet food products. The kibbles can be formed by an extrusion process where the kibble raw materials are extruded under heat and pressure to form the pelletized kibble form or core. Extrusion technology can provide an inexpensive and efficient method for formulating animal feed kibbles, such as those having a starch matrix. During the extrusion process, the kibble raw materials, which can comprise the starch matrix, typically results in the starch matrix becoming gelatinized under the extrusion conditions, forming a gelatinized starch matrix.

A process of manufacture of the pet food product can generally include mixing components to form a core material mixture, extruding the core material mixture to form a core pellet, drying the core pellet, and optionally applying a dusting component to the dried core pellet to form a food pellet, and packaging the food pellets. In one embodiment, the food pellet can be the final desired food product. In one embodiment, the food pellet can undergo dusting steps to form the food product as desired.

The components used to form a core material or core matrix can be any individual starting components, including, but not limited to, farinaceous material, proteinaceous material, and combination thereof. In one embodiment, the core material can include, but is not limited to, protein materials, starch materials, fiber materials, fat materials, mineral materials, vitamin materials, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Protein materials can include, but are not limited to, chicken meal, chicken, chicken by-product meal, lamb, lamb meal, turkey, turkey meal, beef, beef by-product, viscera, fish meal, entrails, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Starch materials can include, but are not limited to, cereals, grains, corn, wheat, rice, oats, corn grits, sorghum, grain sorghum, wheat bran, oat bran, amaranth, durum wheat, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Fiber materials can include, but are not limited to, fructooligiosaccharides, beet pulp, mannanoligosaccharides, oat fiber, citrus pulp, carboxymethylcellulose, gums such as gum Arabic guar gum and carrageen, apple and tomato pomaces, citrus fiber, fiber extracts, fiber derivatives, dried beet fiber, distillers dried grain solids, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Fat materials include, but are not limited to, poultry fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, pork fat, lard, tallow, beef fat, vegetable oils, corn oil, soy oil, cotton pellet oil, rape pellet oil, fish oil, menhaden oil, anchovy oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and mixtures and combinations thereof, and partially or fully hydrogenated versions of any of the aforementioned oils. Mineral materials can include, but are not limited to, sodium selenite, monosodium phosphate, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, zinc oxide, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese oxide, potassium iodide, cobalt carbonate, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Vitamin materials can include, but are not limited to, choline chloride, vitamin E supplement, ascorbic acid, vitamin A acetate, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, biotin, thiamine mononitrate, vitamin B 12 supplement, niacin, riboflavin supplement, inositol, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin D3 supplement, folic acid, vitamin C, and mixtures and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the core material can comprise additional components including, but not limited to, beef broth, brewers dried yeast, egg, egg product, flax meal, amino acids such as DL methionine, leucine, lysine, tryptophan, arginine, cysteine, aspartic acid, taurine, and mixtures and combinations thereof. The core can comprise several ingredients that form a core matrix. In one non-limiting example, the core can comprise a carbohydrate source, a protein source, and/or a fat source. In one embodiment, the core can comprise from 20% to 100% of a carbohydrate source. In one embodiment, the core can comprise from 0% to 80% of a protein source. In one embodiment, the core can comprise from 0% to 15% of a fat source. The core can also comprise other ingredients as well. In one embodiment, the core can comprise from 0% to 80% of other ingredients.

The carbohydrate source, or starch ingredient or materials, can, in non-limiting examples, comprise cereals, grains, corn, wheat, rice, oats, corn grits, sorghum, grain sorghum/milo, wheat bran, oat bran, amaranth, Durum, and/or semolina. The protein source, ingredient, or materials, can, in non-limiting examples, comprise chicken meals, chicken, chicken by-product meals, lamb, lamb meals, turkey, turkey meals, beef, beef by-products, viscera, fish meal, enterals, kangaroo, white fish, venison, soybean meal, soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate, corn gluten meal, corn protein concentrate, distillers dried grains, and/or distillers dried grains solubles. The fat source, ingredient, or materials, can, in non-limiting examples, comprise poultry fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, pork fat, lard, tallow, beef fat, vegetable oils, corn oil, soy oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, linseed oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, menhaden oil, anchovy oil, and/or olestra.

According to another embodiment, the present disclosure provides an animal feed kibble comprising a protein-based core matrix that is greater than 70% by weight of a vegetable protein, wherein the protein-based core is substantially free of a matrix of gelatinized starch; and at least one coating comprising a fat and at least one additive, wherein the coating is on a surface of the protein-based core. In specific embodiments, the protein-based core matrix can comprise greater than 80% by weight of a vegetable protein. In still other embodiments the protein-based core matrix can comprise greater than 85%, 90%, or even 95% by weight of a vegetable protein. Specific examples of vegetable proteins include any vegetable derived protein that is substantially free or can be modified or manufactured to be substantially free of gelatinized starch. Examples of vegetable proteins suitable for use in the various embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, distiller's dried grains ("DDG"), distiller's dried grain solubles ("DDGS"), corn protein concentrate ("CPC"), corn gluten meal ("CGM"), soy protein isolate ("SPI"), soy protein concentrate ("SPC"), wheat gluten ("WG"), rice protein isolate ("RPI"), rice protein concentrate ("RPC"), sorghum protein concentrate ("SorgPC"), oat protein concentrate ("OPC"), barley protein concentrate ("BPC"), and combinations of any thereof.

In specific embodiments, the kibble comprises from 25% to 99.99% by weight of the core matrix. In other embodiments, the kibble comprises from 50% to 99% by weight of the core matrix. Specific embodiments of the kibbles according to the present disclosure can include a core matrix that can further comprise one or more other ingredients, such as ingredients that can improve processing, stability, and/or palatability, or provide specific nutritional requirements. For example, the core matrix can further comprise at least one of corn syrup solids, minerals, vitamins, prebiotics (e.g., fructo-oligosaccharides, oligofructosaccharides, inulin, chicory, xylo-oligosaccharides, mannan-oligosaccharides, lactosucrose, galacto-oligosaccharides, or resistant starch), vegetable oils, animal fats, fish oils, mineral oils, amino acids, fibers, animal proteins, fish proteins, emulsifiers, processing aids, humectants, and dextrins.

In many applications, starch can be added to the protein component of the kibble feed to improve stability, such as by holding the components in the kibble form. In certain applications, it can be desirable to provide a kibble that is substantially free of starch. However, formulation of a kibble, such as a protein based kibble without starch is not straight forward since the kibble stability without starch is reduced. The inventors of the various embodiments of the present disclosure have developed methodologies to produce an extruded protein-based core matrix kibble that is substantially free of a matrix of gelatinized starch and where the kibble is greater than 70% by weight of a vegetable protein. Thus, one embodiment of the present disclosure provides a protein-based core matrix, wherein the protein-based core is substantially free of a gelatinized starch matrix. Specific embodiments can comprise a protein-based core that has less than 5%, 2%, 1%, or even 0.5% by weight of gelatinized starch. Still other embodiments, the protein-based core matrix can be essentially free of gelatinized starch. As used herein, the term "essentially free" when used in reference to concentration of a specific component in a composition means less than a measurable amount using methods of concentration measurements common in the art.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure can provide for an animal feed kibble comprising at least one coating or dusting comprising at least one additive. As described herein, when a coating or dusting is said to be on a surface of the core matrix, the coating can be either directly in contact with the core matrix or in contact with one or more other intermediate coatings on the core matrix (i.e., as a specific layer in a series of coating layers on the surface of the core matrix). In specific embodiments, the coating can comprise a fat in addition to the at least one additive. In other embodiments, a powder can be dusted onto the core, as disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, the at least one coating or dusting can comprise at least one active coating or dusting on the surface of the core matrix. Examples of active components that can be incorporated or added into the active coatings or powder for dusting include, but are not limited to, sources of fiber ingredients, mineral ingredients, vitamin ingredients, polyphenols ingredients, amino acid ingredients, carotenoid ingredients, antioxidant ingredients, fatty acid ingredients, glucose mimetic ingredients, Probiotic ingredients, prebiotic ingredients, and still other ingredients, any of which can be considered a first component, a second component, a third component, etc. (out to any number of components). Suitable other actives can include biologies, for example, but not limited to, biologies selected from the group consisting of enzymes, antibodies, immunoglobulins, cytokines, epigenetic agents, vitamins, and Probiotic microorganisms, and mixtures and combinations of these. Sources of fiber ingredients can, in non-limiting examples, include fructooligosaccharides (FOS), beet pulp, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), oat fiber, citrus pulp, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), guar gum, gum arabic, apple pomace, citrus fiber, fiber extracts, fiber derivatives, dried beet fiber (sugar removed), cellulose, α-cellulose, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, and oligo derivatives from starch, inulin, chicory, psyllium, pectins, citrus pectin, guar gum, xanthan gum, alginates, gum arabic, gum talha, beta-glucans, chitins, lignin, celluloses, non-starch polysaccharides, carrageenan, reduced starch, soy oligosaccharides, trehalose, raffinose, stachyose, lactulose, polydextrose, oligodextran, gentioligosaccharide, pectic oligosaccharide, and/or hemicellulose. Sources of mineral ingredients can, in non-limiting examples, include sodium selenite, monosodium phosphate, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, zinc oxide, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, manganous oxide, potassium iodide, and/or cobalt carbonate. Sources of vitamin ingredients can, in non-limiting examples, include choline chloride, vitamin E supplement, ascorbic acid, vitamin A acetate, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, biotin, thiamine mononitrate (source of vitamin Bl), vitamin B 12 supplement, niacin, riboflavin supplement (source of vitamin B2), inositol, pyridoxine hydrochloride (source of vitamin B 6), vitamin D3 supplement, folic acid, vitamin C, and/or ascorbic acid. Sources of polyphenols ingredients can, in non-limiting examples, include tea extract, rosemary extract, rosemarinic acid, coffee extract, caffeic acid, turmeric extract, blueberry extract, grape extract, grapeseed extract, and/or soy extract. Sources of amino acid ingredients can include 1- Tryptophan, Taurine, Histidine, Carnosine, Alanine, Cysteine, Arginine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Lysine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Histidine, Leucine, Glycine, Glutamine, Taurine, Tyrosine, Homocysteine, Ornithine, Citruline, Glutamic acid, Proline, peptides, and/or Serine. Sources of carotenoid ingredients can include lutein, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, bixin, lycopene, and/or beta-carotene. Sources of antioxidant ingredients can, in non-limiting examples, include tocopherols (vitamin E), vitamin C, vitamin A, plant-derived materials, carotenoids (described above), selenium, and/or CoQlO (Co-enzyme QlO). Sources of fatty acid ingredients can include arachidonic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, gamma linolenic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA), and/or fish oils as a source of EPA and/or DHA. Sources of glucose mimetic ingredients can include glucose anti-metabolites including 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 5-thio-D-glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, anhydrosugars including 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, and 2,5-anhydro-D- mannitol, mannoheptulose, and/or avocado extract comprising mannoheptulose. Still other ingredients can, in non-limiting examples, include beef broth, brewers dried yeast, egg, egg product, flax meal, DL methionine, amino acids, leucine, lysine, arginine, cysteine, cystine, aspartic acid, polyphosphates such as sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate; zinc chloride, copper gluconate, stannous chloride, stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, triclosan, glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate, green lipped mussel, blue lipped mussel, methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM), boron, boric acid, phytoestrogens, phytoandrogens, genistein, diadzein, L-carnitine, chromium picolinate, chromium tripicolinate, chromium nicotinate, acid/base modifiers, potassium citrate, potassium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, sodium bisulfate; eucalyptus, lavender, peppermint, plasticizers, colorants, flavorants, sweeteners, buffering agents, slip aids, carriers, pH adjusting agents, natural ingredients, stabilizers, biological additives such as enzymes (including proteases and lipases), chemical additives, coolants, chelants, denaturants, drug astringents, emulsifiers, external analgesics, fragrance compounds, humectants, opacifying agents (such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide), anti-foaming agents (such as silicone), preservatives (such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, benzalkonium chloride, EDTA, benzyl alcohol, potassium sorbate, parabens and mixtures thereof), reducing agents, solvents, hydrotropes, solublizing agents, suspending agents (non- surfactant), solvents, viscosity increasing agents (aqueous and non-aqueous), sequestrants, and/or keratolytics.

In one embodiment, the active can comprise a Probiotic. According to specific embodiments, the active can comprise one or more bacterial Probiotic microorganism suitable for pet consumption and effective for improving the microbial balance in the pet gastrointestinal tract or for other benefits, such as disease or condition relief or prophylaxis, to the pet. Various Probiotic microorganisms known in the art are suitable for use in the present invention. See, for example, WO 03/075676, and U.S. Published Application No. US 2006/0228448A1. In specific embodiments, the Probiotic component can be selected from bacteria, yeast or microorganism of the genera Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus (e.g., Enterococcus faecium DSM 10663 and Enterococcus faecium SF68), Lactobacillus, Leuconostroc, Saccharomyces, Candida, Streptococcus, and mixtures of any thereof. In other embodiments, the Probiotic can be selected from the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and combinations thereof. Those of the genera Bacillus can form spores. In other embodiments, the Probiotic does not form a spore. In another embodiment, the Probiotic can be freeze-dried or lyophilized. Non-limiting examples of lactic acid bacteria suitable for use herein include strains of Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus diacetylactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus (e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus strain DSM 13241), Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus bifidus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus delbrukii, Lactobacillus thermophilus, Lactobacillus fermentii, Lactobacillus salvarius, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, and Pediococcus cerevisiae, or mixtures of any thereof. In specific embodiments, the Probiotic-enriched coating can comprise the bacterial strain Bifidobacterium animalis AHC7 NCIMB 41199. Other embodiments of the Probiotic- enriched coating can include one or more microorganisms identified in U.S. Published Application Nos. US 2005/0152884A1, US 2005/0158294A1, US 2005/0158293 Al, US 2005/0175598A1, US 2006/0269534A1 and US 2006/0270020A1 and in PCT International Publication No. WO 2005/060707 A2.

In certain embodiments, the active or Probiotic-enriched coating or dusting can have a viable Probiotic microorganism count of at least about 10 ⁴ colony forming units (CFU) per gram of the kibble, or at least about 10 CFU per gram of kibble, or at least about 10 ⁷ CFU per gram of kibble. For example, the coating or dusting can have a viable Probiotic microorganism count of up to about 10 ¹¹ CFU per gram of kibble, up to about 10 ¹¹ CFU per gram of kibble, or up to about 10 ⁹ CFU per gram of kibble, or up to about 10 ⁸ CFU per gram of kibble. Enumeration as defined by CFU is determined using methods such as disclosed in U.S. Publication No. US 2006/0228448A1. Advantageously, the Probiotic enriched coatings or dustings provided herein having a shelf life of at least about three months, alternatively at least about six months, alternatively from about three months to about twenty-four months, alternatively from about six months to about eighteen months. In specific embodiments, the Probiotic enriched coatings or dustings can have a shelf life of at least 16 months. As used herein, the term "shelf life" refers to that property of the second component whereby about 1% or more, alternatively about 5% or more, alternatively about 10% or more, alternatively about 25% or more, alternatively about 50% or more, alternatively about 75% or more, of the Probiotic microorganisms of the Probiotic-enriched coating are viable at the referenced time period after exposure to ambient environmental conditions.

In specific embodiments, the active or Probiotic-enriched coating or dusting can comprise a yeast. Any of a variety of yeast can be utilized, and will be well-known in the art, such as those of the Saccharomyces genera (including, for example, Saccharomyces cervisiae (sometimes referred to as "Baker's yeast"), and Candida utilis (which can also be referred to as Torulopsis utilis). As used herein, yeast includes but is not limited to those incorporating one or more components incorporated from the environmental media upon which it is cultivated, such as mineral-enriched yeast. Various fermentation processes are well-known in the art.

In other embodiments, the active or Probiotic-enriched coating or dusting can comprise one or more enzymes. Enzymes particularly include those having beneficial biological activity in a pet, such as digestive or other therapeutic enzymes. Non-limiting examples include proteases, collagenases, lipases, amylases, cellulases, lysozymes, candidases, lactases, kinases, invertases, galactosidases, pectinases, ribonucleases (including deoxyribonucleases) and combinations thereof.

In other embodiments, the active or Probiotic-enriched coating or dusting can comprise one or more antibodies. Antibodies to viruses, pathogenic bacteria, parasites, or the like can be used in the coatings herein. Non-limiting examples include antibodies to feline rhinotracheitis, feline panleukopenia, feline calicivirus, feline pneumonitis, feline leukemia, canine distemper, canine parvovirus, coronavirus, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease), Toxoplasma gondii, E. coli, Campylobacter, salmonella, Clostridia, bacteriodes, giardia, tapeworm, roundworm, coccidian, Cryptosporidium, and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the active or Probiotic-enriched coating or dusting can comprise one or more immunoglobulins. Non-limiting examples include immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the Probiotic-enriched coating can comprise one or more cytokines. Non-limiting examples include transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-4, interleukin-10, interleukin-12, and combinations thereof.

The active or Probiotic-enriched coating or dusting can also comprise a prebiotic. "Prebiotic" includes substances or compounds that are fermented by the intestinal flora of the pet and hence promote the growth or development of lactic acid bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract of the pet at the expense of pathogenic bacteria. The result of this fermentation can include a release of fatty acids, in particular short-chain fatty acids in the colon. This can have the effect of reducing the pH value in the colon. Non-limiting examples of suitable prebiotics include oligosaccharides, such as inulin and its hydrolysis products, oligofructose, fructo- oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides or oligo derivatives of starch. The prebiotics can be provided in any suitable form. For example, the prebiotic can be provided in the form of plant material which contains the fiber. Suitable plant materials include asparagus, artichokes, onions, wheat or chicory, or residues of these plant materials. Alternatively, the prebiotic fiber can be provided as an inulin extract, for example extracts from chicory are suitable. Suitable inulin extracts can be obtained from Orafti SA of Tirlemont 3300, Belgium under the trade mark RAFTILINE. Alternatively, the fiber can be in the form of a fructo-oligosaccharide such as obtained from Orafti SA of Tirlemont 3300, Belgium under the trade mark RAFTILOSE. Otherwise, the fructo-oligosaccharides can be obtained by hydrolyzing inulin, by enzymatic methods, or by using micro-organisms.

In specific embodiments, the animal feed kibble of the present disclosure can comprise from 0.01% to 75% by weight of the Probiotic-enriched coating. In other embodiments, the kibble can comprise from 0.3% to 50% or from 0.4% to 25% by weight of the Probiotic- enriched coating. The amount of Probiotic-enriched coating used in a particular embodiment of the animal feed kibble can depend on a variety of factors, such as, but not limited to, Probiotic type(s), animal diet, animal nutritional needs, and/or formulation of the animal feed. For example, in certain embodiments, the animal feed or animal diet can comprise primarily the kibbles according to present disclosure. In such a case, the kibble can comprise lower percent (by weight) concentrations of the Probiotic enriched coating. In other embodiments, the animal feed or diet can comprise one or more other ingredients. For example, in one embodiment, an animal feed can comprise two or more kibble-type ingredients, including an active kibble having a vegetable protein-based core matrix that is substantially free of gelatinized starch and at least one Probiotic enriched coating (as described in detail herein), and one or more traditional kibbles. In such a case, the active kibble can comprise a higher percent (by weight) concentration of the Probiotic-enriched coating. The concentration of the Probiotic coating included on the kibble can be readily determined from the amount of Probiotic (or other active ingredient) that is desired to be administered to the animal.

Coating materials for use in the active coatings, such as a Probiotic-enriched coating, are described hereinabove.

Specific embodiments of the present disclosure provide for an animal feed kibble comprising a core matrix; and at least one active coating on at least a portion of a surface of the core matrix. In certain embodiments, the at least one active coating comprises at least one Probiotic-enriched coating, such as a coating enriched in one or more Probiotic microorganisms described herein.

In certain embodiments, the animal feed kibbles of the various embodiments described herein include a kibble comprising from 25% to 99.99% by weight of core matrix and comprising from 0.01% to 75% by weight of at least one active coating. Other embodiments of the animal feed kibbles can comprise from 50% to 99.7% by weight of core matrix and 0.3% to 50% by weight of the at least one active coating. Still further embodiments of the animal feed kibbles can comprise from 75% to 99.6% by weight of core matrix and 0.4% to 25% by weight of the at least one active coating. The animal feed kibbles according to these embodiments can additionally comprise at least one additional coating on at least a portion of a surface of the active coating (or on one or more intermediate coatings on the active coating), as described herein.

Dusting

One embodiment of the present invention provides a pet food in the form of a dusted kibble comprising a core, which can be extruded as described above, a dusting dusted onto the core. In one embodiment, the core can comprise from 50% to 100% of the entire dusted kibble. In one embodiment, the core can have a moisture content less than 12% and can comprise a gelatinized starch matrix, which can be formed by way of the extrusion process described herein. In one embodiment, the core can be nutritionally balanced.

In one embodiment, the dusted kibble comprises a core and a dusting. The core can comprise several ingredients that form a core matrix. In one non-limiting example, the core can comprise a carbohydrate source, a protein source, and/or a fat source. In one embodiment, the core can comprise from 20% to 100% of a carbohydrate source. In one embodiment, the core can comprise from 0% to 80% of a protein source. In one embodiment, the core can comprise from 0% to 15% of a fat source. The core can also comprise other ingredients as well. In one embodiment, the core can comprise from 0% to 80% of other ingredients.

Embodiments of the present disclosure can comprise animal feed kibbles comprising a kibble comprising a core matrix, as described herein, and a dusting. The dusting can comprise at least one active ingredient dusting on the surface of the core matrix and can be referenced as an active dusting, or a dusting comprising actives, or active components. Suitable actives are disclosed herein and include, for example, but not limited to, enzymes, antibodies, immunoglobulins, cytokines, epigenetic agents, vitamins, and Probiotic microorganisms and materials. Additionally, the dusting can comprise any of the active ingredients listed herein.

In specific embodiments, the active dusting can comprise at least one Probiotic enriched dusting. The Probiotic enriched dusting can, in non- limiting examples, comprise a Probiotic selected from the group consisting of a Probiotic component having a Probiotic microorganism activity of at least 10 ⁵ CFU/gram, yeast, enzymes, antibodies, immunoglobulins, cytokines, epigenetic agents, and mixtures and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the Probiotic can be measured in reference to the weight of the kibble. As used herein, the terms Probiotic, Probiotic ingredient, Probiotic microorganism, and Probiotic agent are all used synonymously and interchangeably.

As mentioned above, the dusting can comprise a first component, such as an active as described above, which can be, but is not limited to, a Probiotic microorganism. In one embodiment, the first component can comprise the entire dusting such that the dusting is substantially free of other substances. In one embodiment, the dusting can comprise a second component, such as a second active as described above, which can be, but is not limited to, a vitamin. In still another embodiment, the dusting can comprise a third component, such as third active as described above, which can be, but is not limited to, a glucose mimetic. Other embodiments can include any number of components, such as additional actives as described above. Thus, the dusting can comprise any number of components, such as actives.

In one embodiment, the dusting and/or core can be free of or substantially free of a binding agent, binder, and/or carrier/carrier substrate for the dusting to be dusted on the core or other dustings in the case of multiple dustings. In one embodiment, a binder, binding agent, or carrier means a substance or composition that is used primarily for, or assisting in, securing, cohering, affixing, binding, adhering, or sticking a substance or composition to another substance or composition. For example, a fat ingredient, protein, water, flavor coatings can be used as a binder, binding agent, or carrier/carrier substrate for a Probiotic to adhere, or stick to, an animal feed, such as a pet food kibble. Thus, in one embodiment, a dusted kibble can comprise a core and a dusting, wherein substantially no binding agent, binder, or carrier is used. The dusting, as described herein, can in one non-limiting example comprise a Probiotic.

Dusting

In one embodiment, an active can be applied to a core using a dusting process, resulting in a dusted kibble. The active can comprise a Probiotic. While the dusting embodiment will be described in terms of dusting a Probiotic component onto a core, it should be understood that any ingredient conducive to dusting can be used and so the present Applicants are not meant to be limited to only Probiotics. Without being bound by theory, it is thought that Van der Waals forces provide for the appropriate adhesion between the Probiotic particles and the core such that the dusting comprising Probiotic particles can be substantially free of a binder or binding agent. Without being bound by theory, it is thought that the Van der Waals forces provide the attractive force between the dusting and the core. Additionally, and without being bound by theory, it is also thought that hydrogen bonds play a role in the adhesion. A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine, and another electronegative atom of a separate molecule. The electronegative atoms have a greater electron pull making the vicinity around these atoms negatively charged. This uneven distribution of electrons makes the hydrogen region carry a positive charge allowing the dipole intermolecular interaction between the two molecules. The bond is stronger than Van der Waals bonds but weaker than covalent, intramolecular bonds. Most proteins and carbohydrates contain several groups which are able to form hydrogen bonds. Thus, in one embodiment, the dusting can comprise Probiotics and be substantially free of a binder or binding agent. Thus, the dusting process can comprise dusting the dusting onto the core, wherein the dusting comprises Probiotics and is substantially free of a binder or binding agent.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a process for dusting a pet food kibble comprises providing a pet food kibble in the form of a core matrix having a surface, providing a powder comprising a first component, dusting the powder onto the surface of the pet food kibble or core matrix, or kibble, wherein the dusting occurs substantially free of a binding agent or carrier. As used herein, the term "dusting" or "dusted" or "to dust" means to apply with a powder, fine particle, or dust-like material, such as applying a powder comprising Probiotic microorganisms, and/or its constituents, and/or any stability/preservative aids, that are in the form of solid particles. In one embodiment, dusting can be a dry mixing of a powder, such as an active such as a Probiotic, onto an animal food, such as a kibble as disclosed herein. The dry mixing process can also be performed substantially free of a binder, binding agent, and/or carrier substrate, as disclosed herein. Dusting can be performed in one embodiment such that its purpose can ensure substantially homogenous application throughout a group of kibbles being dusted. In one embodiment, most or substantially all of the surface area of a kibble can be exposed to the Probiotic powder. In one embodiment, distribution of the powder can be substantially even over the surface of a kibble. As used herein, dusting can be with the intent to disperse the powder, or dust, over at least the majority of the surface. In one embodiment of dusting, a mechanical mixer can be used, as disclosed herein. Sprinkling, on the other hand, can be scattered or random arrangement of the powder on the kibbles and does not expose substantially all of the surface area of the kibble to the powder. Sprinkling also is a form of topical application over only a portion or a limited surface of a substance. Additionally, sprinkling is usually a manual operation, such as a human sprinkling powder over a mass of animal food. In one embodiment, when comparing sprinkling to dusting, dusting results in a much higher level of adhesion of the powder then does sprinkling. Dusting of the Probiotic microorganisms can occur using a mixture, such as a mixture in a powder form that can be applied with mixing equipment as described herein to ensure near homogenous application throughout a batch of kibbles. Thus, the mixture or powder can comprise a count of Probiotic microorganisms, which can be only Probiotic microorganisms or can be mixed with another ingredient or ingredients, such as a stability aid and/or preservative aid, as described herein. In certain non-limiting examples, including embodiments as disclosed herein, the Probiotic powder can comprise between about 1 gram per 10,000,000 grams of kibble to about 1 gram per 10 grams of kibble, and all whole numbers ranges therebetween. These weights of powder can include the stability aids and preservative aids as described herein, such as maltodextrin and ascorbic acid, for example. In some embodiments, the dusting can be substantially even over the surface of the core. In other embodiments, the dusting is not substantially even over the surface of the core.

Additionally, in one embodiment of the present invention, the dusting can occur substantially free of a binder, binding agent, or carrier. In one embodiment, the binder, binding agent, or carrier does not include the particles or constituents included in the Probiotic powder, such as the stability and/or preservative aids as described herein. In other embodiments, the Probiotic powder can be substantially free of the stability and/or preservative aids. In one embodiment, substantially free of means less than 5 parts per million of the dusting. Non- limiting examples of binders, binding agents, and carriers can include liquefied agents that are applied to the surface of a kibble for the use of adhering dried particulates or substances. Non- limiting examples can include fats and fat matrices such as, but not limited to, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, poultry fat, tallow, partially hardened fats, winterized fats, partial glycerides such as mon-, di-, and trigylcerides and mixtures and combinations thereof; waxes; proteins or proteinaceous materials such as, but not limited to, chicken broth, whey, egg white, hydrolyzed proteins, corn zein, and gelatin; sugars and sugar matrices; starches and/or modified starches, and/or. These binders can typically be applied to a surface using a liquid or solvent that the binder is dissolved or suspended in.

It should be understood that the Probiotic powder that can be dusted can include stability and/or preservative aids. Stability aids can be considered to scavenge free water. Preservative aids can be considered to scavenge free radicals. For example, in the case of Probiotics, the powder can contain stability aids, such as, but not limited to, maltodextrin and/or sugars, and/or preservative aids, such as, but not limited to, ascorbic acid. Thus, in one embodiment, the powder comprises Probiotic microorganisms, a stability aid, and a preservative aid. In one embodiment, the powder can comprise 100% Probiotic microorganism. In another embodiment, the powder can comprise between about 50% and about 99% Probiotics, between about 60% and about 90% Probiotics, between about 65% and about 85% Probiotics, between about 65% and about 75% Probiotics, between about 1% and 50% stability aid, between about 10% and 40% stability aid, between about 15% and 35% stability aid, between about 25% and 35% stability aid, non-limiting example such as maltodextrin, and between about 0% and about 5% preservative aid, between about 0% and about 3% preservative aid, between about 0% and about 2% preservative aid, between about 0.5% and about 1.5% preservative aid, non-limiting example such as ascorbic acid, and all combinations and mixtures thereof, including all ranges therebetween. These stability aids and preservative aids, in one embodiment, are not considered binders, binding agents, or carriers, and no additional carrier or binder is being added to the powder for the purpose of binding, such as binding to the pet food kibble. These stability and/or preservative aids can be added for the stability of the Probiotic microorganism. Thus, in one embodiment, the dusting powder contains greater than 20% Probiotic with a CFU that can be greater than 10 ⁹ CFU per gram, 10 ¹¹ CFU per gram, and greater than 10 ¹³ CFU per gram. In another embodiment, the powder can comprise Probiotic microorganisms, maltodextrin, and ascorbic acid.

The particle size of each Probiotic microorganism, or mixture in powder form, can be any size that results in adherence of at least one Probiotic microorganism, for however long, to the base material, such as the core matrix of a kibble. In one embodiment, a mixture of Probiotic microorganisms can comprise Probiotic microorganisms having a particle size of less than 100 micrometers. In one embodiment, a mixture of Probiotic microorganisms can comprise Probiotic microorganisms having a particle size of less than 75 micrometers. In one embodiment, a mixture of Probiotic microorganisms can comprise Probiotic microorganisms having a particle size of less than 75 micrometers but greater than 10 micrometers. In another embodiment, a mixture of Probiotic microorganisms can comprise Probiotic microorganisms having varying particle sizes, such as a portion less than 100 micrometers and a portion greater than 100. In at least one embodiment, the portion of Probiotic microorganisms having a particle size greater than 500 micrometers may not be conducive to dusting in that adherence to a kibble does not readily or easily occur. In any of these embodiments, the mixture of Probiotic microorganisms can include Probiotic microorganisms having particle sizes outside of the specific range or can include only Probiotic microorganisms having particle sizes only within the specific range. Particle sizes conducive to dusting can include particle sizes such as less than 500 micrometers, less than 400 micrometers, less than 300 micrometers, less than 200 micrometers, less than 100 micrometers, and as low as 10 micrometers, and all ranges therebetween. In one embodiment, the particle size can be from 10 micrometers to 75 micrometers.

With further reference to size, and appreciating that in some embodiments particle sizes can take multiple shapes, irregular shapes, and dimensions, whenever the size of the particles is discussed, it should be understood that the sizes can be determined or measured by way of mesh screens using ASTM E 11-70 (1995). Thus, the less than 75 microns size as described herein can be determined by those particles that pass through a No. 200 mesh. Accordingly, the appropriate mesh size can be used to determine or measure the particle size as needed as described herein.

To assist in understanding particle sizes of the Probiotic microorganisms described herein, the following description is provided. The Probiotic powder can be made, in one embodiment, by fermenting the Probiotic bacteria in a nutrient-rich broth in very large stirred tanks. When the fermentation is complete, the broth is dried off, until only a solid remains. This solid is then ground up to a powder, which can be freeze dried, or lyophilized, and which can be used in embodiments of the present invention disclosed herein for dusting. This powder can be the dried fermentation broth and can have nutrients, bacteria byproducts, and/or dormant Probiotic bacteria/microorganisms. The powder can contain stability aids, such as, but not limited to, maltodextrin and/or sugars, and/or preservative aids, such as, but not limited to, ascorbic acid. Thus, in one embodiment, only a portion of the powder comprises Probiotic microorganisms. Additionally, the powder particles generally can be comprised of irregular shape particles and measured or determined as described herein. It should be understood that the above is only one process of making a Probiotic, and any Probiotic that is conducive to dusting can be used, no matter the process of making it.

In one embodiment, the mixture to be dusted can comprise any of the other and/or active ingredients as described herein. Other ingredients can, in non-limiting examples, comprise actives or active ingredients/components, as described herein, such as sources of fiber ingredients, mineral ingredients, vitamin ingredients, polyphenols ingredients, amino acid ingredients, carotenoid ingredients, antioxidant ingredients, fatty acid ingredients, glucose mimetic ingredients, Probiotic ingredients, prebiotic ingredients, and mixtures or combinations thereof. The mixture to be dusted can comprise particles of the appropriate size that are best suitable for dusting such that they adhere to the kibble. Thus, various other embodiments of the animal feed kibbles described herein can further comprise at least one additional active that can be dusted. The additional active can also be coated, in one embodiment, using a binder. For example, the at least one additional dusting or coatings can include one or more dustings or coatings containing additional active ingredients (including those described herein) or one or more Probiotic-enriched coatings or dustings. In other embodiments, the one or more additional coatings or dustings can comprise only the coating material, wherein the one or more additional dustings or coatings can increase the stability of the food composition.

It should be understood that although within this disclosure sizes of Probiotics particles are disclosed, those sizes in no way are meant to be limiting in that any size of particles can be used for dusting. Moreover, any mixtures of sizes of particles can be used. Thus, the mixture can include particles of multiple sizes. Mixtures can include particles of substantially the same size or of differing sizes, all or some of which are conducive to dusting. Other mixtures can include particles of the mixture that can be conducive to dusting while other particles of the mixture may not be conducive to dusting. Of course, different types of particles can be used, as described herein.

Thus, embodiments of the present invention can comprise adhering a solid Probiotic microorganism, or any other active, onto a kibble, such as by dusting the Probiotic microorganism onto the surface of the kibble core substantially without the use of a binding agent or carrier to form a dusted kibble. In one embodiment, the dusted kibble comprises a kibble comprising a core matrix, as described hereinabove, a powder comprising Probiotic microorganism particles, wherein the powder comprises a dusting on the core matrix to form a dusted pet food kibble that is substantially free of a binder, binding agent, and/or carrier. In one embodiment, the dusting adheres to the surface of the kibble. However, it should be understood that the surface of a kibble is generally not a uniform, smooth surface. In most circumstances, the surface of a kibble can be generally rough and thus have many nooks, depressions, recesses, indentions, impressions, and the like. Thus, in at least one embodiment, when the powder described herein is dusted onto the kibble, the particles of the powder can adhere to not only the surface of the kibble but also into these nooks, depression, recesses, indentions, impressions, and the like.

As described above, in one embodiment, the kibble can be substantially free of a binder, binding agent, or carrier. Thus, in this embodiment, the dusting can be performed substantially without the use of a binder, binding agent, or carrier for use in binding or in adhering the Probiotic microorganisms to the kibble. Binders or carriers can typically be used for assisting in adhering or protecting the active ingredient, such as Probiotic microorganisms, to the kibble. For example, a fat coating can be applied to the core, which can assist in applying the Probiotic microorganisms in that the core has been made more receptive to receiving and adhering the Probiotic microorganisms since it is more adhesive from the properties of the fat. Alternatives include encapsulation of the Probiotic microorganisms, other coatings, carriers in the Probiotic mixture that adhere to the coating of the core, among others.

Thus, in embodiments wherein the dusting can be substantially free of a binder or carrier agent, many variables exist that can affect the adhesion properties of the powder during the dusting process. Moreover, without being limited to theory, it is thought that many of the variables can be adjusted, either during the dusting process or to the core itself, to result in a commercially feasible pet food kibble having a dusting of powder. Among the variables that can affect adhesion properties of the powder can be the particle size of particles in the powder, the surface area of the core that is available for powder adhesion, temperature of the core when dusting, surface roughness of the core, amount of powder that is used, the method of application of the powder to the core, electrostatic charges, and the relative humidity of the local environment at the time of powder application to the core. Each of these variables is now taken in turn.

As described above, in one embodiment, the particle size of the particles in the powder can affect the adhesion properties of the powder onto the core. In one embodiment, the powder can comprise Probiotic microorganisms having a particle size less than 100 micrometers. In another embodiment, the powder can comprise Probiotic microorganism having a particle size less than 75 micrometers. In one embodiment, the Probiotic microorganism can have a particle size of between about 10 micrometers and about 75 micrometers. In any of these embodiments, the Probiotic powder, which can contain stability aids and/or preservative aids, can also have particles sizes that match the particles sizes for Probiotics, as described herein. As described before, particle size is defined as particle size as measured by laser diffraction analysis under ISO 13320. The present inventors have found that, in at least one embodiment, when using a powder comprising Probiotic microorganisms as described herein, as particle size of the powder decreases, or gets smaller, gravitational forces that predominate on larger particles become less pronounced, and Van der Waals forces predominate. In general, Van der Waals forces predominate for particles sizes less than 100 micrometers, which results in particle sizes less than 100 micrometers being particularly, but not exclusively, advantageous. It should further be understood that the particle sizes as disclosed herein can be for a portion of the particles of a powder. Thus, in one embodiment, a powder can be dusted, wherein a portion of the particles have particles sizes as disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the surface area of the core that is available for powder adhesion can also affect the adhesion properties of the powder onto the core. In one embodiment, the surface area of the core available is minimally enough so that each particle being applied can contact the surface of the core. In another embodiment, and as those of ordinary skill in the art are aware, extruded dry pet food cores can have irregular textured surfaces, resulting in large surface area and pits, pores, crevices, and the like, as described above, into which many particles can become lodged and thus deposited onto the kibble core. In one embodiment, kibble surface areas of between about 1 m ² /9L of volume and 10 m ² /9L of volume can be used and all whole number ranges therebetween. In another embodiment, a surface area of between about 4 m ² /9L and about 6 m ² /9L can be used.

In one embodiment, and as described in additional detail throughout this disclosure, multiple temperature variables can also affect the adhesion properties of the powder onto the core. For example, the temperature of the core, the temperature of the powder, and the temperature of the dusting process can all, individually and collectively, affect the adhesion properties of the powder onto the core. In one embodiment, the core temperature can be above 0 ⁰ C, or the freezing point of water. At temperatures below the freezing point of water, ice crystals may form on the surface of the core, resulting in an in increased surface hardness. This increased surface hardness can impede adhesion of the powder. In another embodiment, the core temperature is kept at between 0 ⁰ C and 20 ⁰ C during any part of the dusting process. In another embodiment, the core temperature is kept at between 0 ⁰ C and 80 ⁰ C, or between at between 0 ⁰ C and 60 ⁰ C, or at between 20 ⁰ C and 80 ⁰ C during any part of the dusting process. In another embodiment, the core temperature is kept at between 20 ⁰ C and 80 ⁰ C during any part of the dusting process. Additionally, in another embodiment, the core temperature can be lower than the deactivation point of the Probiotic microorganism or other active material.

In one embodiment, the humidity during dusting can be varied. In one embodiment, the humidity can be less than 20%. In another embodiment, the humidity can be less than 30%. In another embodiment, the humidity can be less than 40%. In another embodiment, the humidity can be less than 50%. In another embodiment, the humidity can be less than 60%. In another embodiment, the humidity can be less than 70%. In another embodiment, the humidity can be less than 80%. In another embodiment, the humidity can vary depending on the temperature of the core during dusting. In one embodiment wherein the temperature of the core is about 4OC, the humidity can be no more than 30%. In another embodiment wherein the temperature of the core is above 4OC, the humidity is no more than 30%.

In another embodiment, the water activity of the kibble can affect dusting. In one embodiment, dusting can occur on a kibble having a water activity of about 0.1 or less. In one embodiment, dusting can occur on a kibble having a water activity of about 0.2 or less. In one embodiment, dusting can occur on a kibble having a water activity of about 0.3 or less. In one embodiment, dusting can occur on a kibble having a water activity of about 0.4 or less. In one embodiment, dusting can occur on a kibble having a water activity of about 0.5 or less. In one embodiment, dusting can occur on a kibble having a water activity of about 0.6 or less. In another embodiment, the core can be at a water content of less than 12% during dusting.

In another embodiment, the dusting of Probiotic powder can occur wherein the loss of activity of the Probiotic can be reduced. In one embodiment, the dusting can result in a log loss of activity of about 0. In another embodiment, the dusting can result in a log loss of activity of less than 0.5. In another embodiment, the dusting can result in a log loss of activity of less than 1.0. In another embodiment, the dusting can result in a log loss of activity of less than 1.5. In another embodiment, the dusting can result in a log loss of activity of less than 2.0. The dusting and associated log loss of activity can occur with any sized Probiotic as disclosed herein.

Thus, embodiments of the present invention can include any combination or mixtures of the above variables.

Process

Processes common to making dry pet foods can include milling, batching, conditioning, extrusion, drying, and dusting. Milling can encompass any process used to reduce whole or partial ingredients into smaller forms. Whole or partial formulations can be created in the process step for batching by mixing dry and/or liquid ingredients. Often these ingredients are not in the most nutritious or digestible form, and thus processes are needed to further convert these ingredients to a digestible form via a cooking process. During the milling process, the individual starting components of the core material can be mixed and blended together in the desired proportions to form the core material. In one embodiment, the resulting core material can be screened to remove any large agglomerate of material therefrom. Any sort of conventional solids mixer can be used for this step including, but not limited to, plough mixers, paddle mixers, fluidizing mixers, conical mixers, drum mixers, and mixtures and combinations thereof. One skilled in the art of solids mixing would be able to optimize the mixing conditions based on the types of materials, particle sizes, and scale, from any one of a number of widely available textbooks and articles on the subject of solids mixing. The core material mixture can then be fed into a conditioner. Conditioning can be used to pre-treat the ingredients and can include hydration, addition/mixing of other ingredients, partial cooking, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Cooking can often be accomplished by the addition of heat in the form of steam and can result in discharge temperatures of about 113 to about 212°F. Pressurized conditioning can be used when temperatures need to be elevated above standard atmospheric conditions, such as those greater than about 212°F. Conditioned ingredients can then be transferred to an extruder for further processing.

The core material can then be subjected to an extrusion operation in order to obtain an expanded core pellet. In one embodiment, the core material can be routed to a hopper prior to the extrusion operation. The extruder can be any suitable single or twin screw, cooking extruder. Suitable extruders can be obtained from Wenger Manufacturing Inc., Clextral SA, Buhler AG, and the like. Conditions of the extruder can vary depending on the particular product to be made. For example, the texture, hardness, or bulk density of the extruded product can be varied using changes in the extruder operating parameters. Similar to conditioning, extrusion can be used to incorporate other ingredients (such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and preservatives) by having dry and/or liquid ingredient streams added anywhere along the length of the extruder feed port, barrel, or die. Extruders can be, but not limited to, single- or twin-screw in design and designed to operate up to 1700 rpm, or even more. The extrusion process can be often accompanied with high pressure (up to 1500 psig) and high temperature (up to 250 ⁰ C). Extrusion can be used to accomplish the making of continuous ropes or sheets but also discrete shapes and sizes of edible food. These forms, shapes, and sizes can be often the result of forcing the materials through a die or set of die openings and cutting or breaking into smaller segments. Extruded ropes, sheets, shapes, or segments can be transferred to post-extrusion operations. These can include crimping, shredding, stamping, conveying, drying, cooling, and dusting in any combination or multiple of process flow. Crimping can be any process that pinches food together. Shredding is any process that reduces the size of the food upon extrusion, preferably by tearing. Stamping can be any process that embosses a surface or cuts through a food. Conveying can be used to transport food from one operation to another and can change or maintain the state of the food during transport, often being a mechanical or pneumatic process. Drying can be used to reduce process moisture to levels suitable for shelf- life in the finished product. The expanded moist pellets can be typically transported from the extruder outlet to the dryer by a conveying, airveying or augering system. After expansion and transport to the entrance to the dryer, the kibbles have typically cooled to 85-95 ⁰ C and have had the moisture reduce by evaporation from about 25-35% to about 20-28%. The temperature of the drying oven can be from about 90 ⁰ C to about 150 ⁰ C. The temperature of the core pellets exiting the drying oven can be from about 90 ⁰ C to about 99°C. Dusting processes can then be performed to add carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, vitamins, minerals, actives, and other nutritional or health benefit ingredients to the food to make an intermediate or finished product, as described in more detail hereinafter. Cooling of the food can be used to reduce the temperature from extrusion and/or drying.

An alternative drying process can be as follows. For typical pet food drying, kibble cores of about 24% moisture content enter a continuous belt dryer for a specific a dwell time to dry to about 6 to about 10% moisture content and a water activity of about 0.3 to about 0.6 when measured at about 25 ⁰ C. To reduce moisture content and water activity, higher drying temperatures can be used. To further reduce moisture content and water activity, increasing the drying time can be done. Even further drying can be achieved by increasing drying time and temperature. In one embodiment, continuous drying can be achieved in single or multiple air zones and/or single or multiple pass dryers. For example, drying in multiple air zones with multiple passes can further reduce the moisture content and water activity, such as to less than about 6% moisture, or from about 1% to about 6%, and all ranges therebetween. The water activity can be reduced to less than 0.5, even less than 0.1., and can be between 0.05 to about 0.5, and all ranges therebetween. In another embodiment, batch drying can be used. Kibble bed depth, temperature, and drying time can be varied to reach a moisture content and water activity similarly as described with respect to continuous drying. In one non-limiting example, a bed depth of 3.5 inches and a temperature of 310 ⁰ F can be used to reach a water activity of 0.1. Additionally, drying belt width and belt speed can be modified.

In one embodiment, the powder can then be dusted onto the core. In one embodiment, the powder may be applied to the cores using a fluidizing paddle mixer. The core pellets can be fed to a fluidizing mixer for the application of the powder in the manufacture of a dusted pet food kibble.

In one embodiment, the fluidizing mixer can be a counter-rotating dual-axis paddle mixer, wherein the axes are oriented horizontally with paddles attached to the counter-rotating axes. A suitable counter-rotating dual-axis paddle mixer can be obtained from Forberg International AS, Larvik, Norway; Eirich Machines, Inc, Gurnee, 111., USA, and Dynamic Air Inc., St. Paul, Minn., USA. The motion of the paddles in-between the shafts can constitute a converging flow zone, creating substantial fluidization of the particles in the center of the mixer. During operation of the mixer, the tilt of paddles on each shaft can create opposing convective flow fields in the axial directions generating an additional shear field in the converging flow zone. The downward trajectory of the paddles on the outside of the shafts can constitute a downward convective flow. Thus, in one embodiment, the fluidizing mixer has a converging flow zone located in-between the counter-rotating paddle axes.

In one embodiment, the powder can be introduced into the counter-rotating dual-axis paddle mixer such that the powder component is directed upward into the converging zone between the counter-rotating paddle axes. In one aspect, the counter-rotating dual axis paddle mixer can have a converging flow zone between the counter-rotating paddle axes and the swept volumes of the counter-rotating paddles axes do not overlap within the converging flow zone. The powder can be directed into the gap between the swept volumes of the counter-rotating paddle axes. In one aspect, the ingress of the powder into the dual-axis paddle mixer occurs through a distributor pipe located below the converging flow zone of the counter-rotating paddle axes. The distributor pipe can include at least one opening through which the powder passes into the dual-axis paddle mixer.

In one embodiment, the powder can be introduced into the counter-rotating dual-axis paddle mixer such that the powder is directed downward on top of the converging zone between the counter-rotating paddle axes.

In one embodiment, the gap between a paddle tip and fluidizing mixer wall can be greater than the largest dimension of the core pellet being dusted. While not being bound by theory, it is believed that such a gap clearance prevents the core pellets from becoming lodged between the paddle tip and the wall, possibly causing core pellet breakage.

In one embodiment the Froude number of the fluidizing paddle mixer is maintained between 0.1 and 1.5. The Froude number is defined as a dimensionless number (Fr) = (DN /g) and relates inertial forces to those of gravity; D is the length of the paddle, N is the rotational frequency of the propeller (rev/sec), and g is the gravitational constant. The Froude number is a dimensionless number comparing inertial forces and gravitational forces. In one embodiment, the inertial forces are the centrifugal forces that are whirling the kibbles and the powder around. At too high a Froude number, the cores and the powder may be over-fluidized resulting in less efficient application of the powder to the cores. At too low a Froude number, the mixing may be too slow to effectively apply the powder to the core.

In one embodiment, the length of application of the powder to the core using a mixer can be between 1 second and 10 minutes, and all ranges of seconds therebetween. In one embodiment, application times of between 10 and 60 seconds have been found to have improved levels of adhesion of powder to the cores, although those application times are not meant to be limiting.

In general, some of the powder may not adhere to the core during the application process as described herein. In one embodiment after the application of the powder to the core, the powder that has not adhered to the core can be removed from the dusted cores by any convenient method, a non-limiting example of which is sieving. This powder can then be used for the next batch of dusting. In one embodiment, the free powder and the dusted cores can both be sent together to the next step in the manufacturing process.

In one embodiment, the electrostatic charges of the powder can be varied to affect the adhesion of the powder to the cores. By electrostatic charges is meant the deliberate addition or subtraction of electric charges to the powder and/or the cores beyond what is present during ambient conditions. Electrostatic charges can be applied to the powder and/or the cores by any convenient method. Numerous types of equipment are commercially available for applying charges to particles for dusting purposes. Non-limiting examples of such equipment are the Nordson® Encore™, or the ITW Ransburg® No. 2 Gun/Deuce Unit™. The type of charge (positive or negative) and the amount of charge can be varied depending on the materials of composition of the core and the powder, and the amount of electrostatic adhesion required. In one embodiment, the method of application of the powder to the cores can be varied to affect the adhesion of the powder to the core. In one embodiment, the method of dispersing the powder among the kibbles can include, but is not limited to, manual application, non-limiting examples of which include sprinkling, spraying, or metering via a loss in weight feeder, auger or belt, and mixtures and combinations of these. Various types of equipment can be used to improve the dispersal and contact of the powder with the surface of the cores. Any sort of conventional solids mixer can be used for this step including, but not limited to, plough mixers, paddle mixers, fluidizing mixers, conical mixers, drum mixers, and mixtures and combinations of these. One skilled in the art of solids mixing could be able to optimize the mixing conditions based on the types of materials, particle sizes, and scale, from any one of a number of widely available textbooks and articles on the subject of solids mixing.

In one embodiment, the core, after being formed into a core but before being dusted as described herein, is not moistened. Thus, in one embodiment, the core can be at below 12% moisture content prior to, and/or during the dusting process. In another embodiment, the core is not treated in any other way to aid in adherence of the particles of the powder, except as provided for herein.

During the dusting process, in one embodiment, the core can be dusted with a first component, as described herein, such as an active as disclosed herein. The core can then be dusted, or coated, with a second component, as described herein. Additional components can be dusted, up to as many components as desired. Additionally, in one embodiment, the desired number of components can be dusted simultaneously, or in any order or timing possible. Thus, a first component and a second component can be dusted simultaneously; or a first component can be dusted for a first time period during which a second component and a third component can begin to be dusted. As one of skill in the art can see, any variation of timing and components can be envisioned.

It should additionally be understood after the dusting process occurs with any core kibble, additional layers, dustings, or even coatings can be applied as is known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Coatings of any component, such as a fat, can be provided. Other dustings, as disclosed herein, can be provided. Thus, any amount and number of coatings and dustings of components described herein and of components used in animal feed can be provided. Grinding/Milling of Active

In one embodiment, the active ingredient, such as a Probiotic microorganism, its constituents, preservative aids, and/or stability aids, can be ground or milled into a powder for use in dusting as described herein. Any grinding machine or mill can be used. Non-limiting examples of grinding processes and/or mills that can be used include compression grinding, jet mills, air classifying mills, universal mills, pin mills, hammer mills, and even mortar and pestal.

In one embodiment, it has been found that controlling temperature during milling can assist in not affecting the active ingredient, such as a Probiotic microorganism, deleteriously. For example, in some embodiments, high temperature can result from friction during grinding or milling, and the high temperature can negatively impact the active ingredient to the point of burning up and destroying the active. For example, some grinding and/or milling processes can have a screen that the active ingredient must pass through. However, if using an active that tends to be sticky or have particular adhesion properties, the screen can become plugged with agglomerated active ingredient, which can result in the build up of friction in the mill, which in turn can produce heat that kills off the active ingredient.

In one embodiment, the milling process can result in the active ingredient reaching a temperature of less than about 65 ⁰ C. In another embodiment, the active ingredient can reach a temperature of less than about 50 ⁰ C. In another embodiment, the active ingredient can reach a temperature of less than about 35 ⁰ C. In another embodiment, the active ingredient can reach a temperature of between about 25 ⁰ C and about 65 ⁰ C. In another embodiment, the active ingredient can reach a temperature of between about 25 ⁰ C and about 50 ⁰ C. In another embodiment, the active ingredient can reach a temperature of between about 25 ⁰ C and about 35 ⁰ C. In another embodiment, the active ingredient can reach a temperature of between about 30 ⁰ C and about 35 ⁰ C. In another embodiment, the grinding/milling is performed at ambient temperature and humidity, such as 20-25 ⁰ C and 20-30% relative humidity, respectively.

In another embodiment, the grinder or mill can be used with an air stream that helps to control temperature. In one embodiment, cool air can be blown over the active during the grinding/milling process. The cool air can be effective in preventing deleterious heat build-up of the active ingredient that results in killing off the active ingredient.

As disclosed herein, the water activity of the kibble, in some embodiments can be about 0.6 or less, 0.5 or less, 0.4 or less, 0.3 or less, 0.2 or less, and 0.1 or less. Some of these low water activities result from additional drying that is not normally used in conventional pet food kibbles. However, in some embodiments this additional drying can be utilized to ensure survival of the active ingredient, such as a Probiotic. In some embodiments, it has been found that this additional drying and thus these low water activities do not negatively impact food preference by the animal. Additionally, in some embodiments, it has been found that in fact the food preference by the animal can be increased.

Examples

Example 1

About 3000 g of core kibbles of an extruded and dried mixture of ground corn, chicken meal, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, fish oil, water, and beet pulp are introduced into the paddle mixer in a hopper located above the paddle mixer. The mixer is a model FZM-0.7 Forberg fluidized zone mixer manufactured by Eirich Machines, Inc., Gurnee, 111., USA. The higher melting point fat is Paramount B brand partially hydrogenated palm kernel oil manufactured by Loders Croklaan, Inc., Channahon, 111., USA. Paramount B has a complete melt point of about 36 C and has a solid fat content of about 77 at 20 C. The kibbles are pre- cooled with a chiller to about 0 C prior to adding them to the mixer. Once the kibbles have been added to the mixer, the paddles are rotated to fluidize the kibbles. The paddles are rotated at about 87 RPM and a Froude number of about 1.0. About 2 g of a dehydrated Bifidobacterium animalis are mixed thoroughly into about 900 g of fat as identified above using a kitchen mixer (Kitchen Aid, model K45SS stand mixer) to form a mixture. The fat-bifidobacteria mixture is added to the fluidizing mixer over the course of about one minute by pumping the mixture from a beaker through a silicone tubing line to a point about 20 cm above the fluidized zone in the center of the mixers using a Cole-Parmer model 07550-30 peristaltic pump using two parallel Masterflex L/S Easyload II pump heads. The temperature of the fat is about 37 C and is added to the center of the mixer over the fluidized zone. At the end of the addition of the mixture, the paddle mixing of the kibbles is continued for about 10 seconds, then the door at the bottom of the mixer are opened to dump the coated kibbles into a metal receiver. Visual examination of the kibbles shows that the mixture has been substantially evenly coated over the surface of the kibbles to form a solid fat layer. Slicing several of the kibbles in half confirms that the distribution of the solid fat around the surface of the individual kibbles is substantially even. Example 2

About 7000 g of core kibbles consisting of an extruded and dried mixture of ground corn, chicken meal, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, fish oil, water, and beet pulp are introduced into the paddle mixer in a hopper located above the paddle mixer. The mixer is a model Bella 32-liter capacity fluidized zone mixer manufactured by Dynamic Air Inc., St Paul, Minn., USA. The kibbles are pre-cooled with a chiller to about 0 C prior to adding them to the mixer. Once the kibbles have been added to the mixer, the paddles are rotated to fluidize the kibbles. The paddles are rotated at about 94 RPM and a Froude number of about 1.1. About 4.5 g of a dehydrated bifidobacteria animalis (NCIMB 41199) are mixed thoroughly into about 2300 g fat (higher melting point Paramount B) using a kitchen mixer to form a mixture. About half of the fat-bifidobacteria mixture is added to the fluidizing mixer over the course of about one minute by pumping the mixture from a beaker through a silicone tubing line to a point about 25 cm above the fluidized zone in the center of the mixers using a Cole-Parmer model 07550-30 peristaltic pump using two parallel Masterflex L/S Easyload II pump heads. The temperature of the fat is about 37 C and is added to the center of the mixer over the fluidized zone. At the end of the addition of the mixture, the paddle mixing of the kibbles is continued for about 10 seconds then the door at the bottom of the mixer are opened to dump the coated kibbles into a metal receiver. The coated kibbles are then returned to the chiller to be cooled to about 0 C. The cooled coated kibbles are returned to the paddle mixer, and the remaining fat-bifidobacteria mixture is added to the mixer in the same manner as the first half of the mixture. At the end of the addition of the mixture, the paddle mixing of the kibbles is continued for about 10 seconds then the door at the bottom of the mixer are opened to dump the coated kibbles into a metal receiver. Visual examination of the kibbles shows that the mixture is evenly coated over the surface of the kibbles to form a solid fat layer. Slicing several of the kibbles in half confirms that the distribution of the solid fat around the surface of the individual kibbles is substantially even. The product is stored for about 3 months under ambient conditions. Subsequent bacteria culture testing performed on the product shows a substantial activity of live bifidobacteria animalis in the cultures.

Example 2A

About 7000 g of core kibbles of an extruded and dried mixture of ground corn, chicken meal, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, fish oil, water, and beet pulp are introduced into a paddle mixer in a hopper located above the paddle mixer. The mixer is a model Bella 32-liter capacity fluidized zone mixer manufactured by Dynamic Air Inc., St Paul, Minn., USA. About 1750 g of 27 Stearine manufactured by Loders Croklaan, Channahon Illinois, is melted to about 65° C. The kibbles are cooled to about 25° C prior to adding them to the mixer. Once the kibbles have been added to the mixer, the paddles are rotated to fluidize the kibbles. The paddles are rotated at about 94 RPM and a Froude number of about 1.1. The melted 27 Stearine is sprayed over the center of the mixer over the fluidized zone over a period of about 30 seconds. At the end of the addition of the 27 Stearine, the doors at the bottom of the mixer are opened to dump the coated kibbles into a metal receiver. Visual examination of the kibbles shows that the mixture is evenly coated over the surface of the kibbles to form a white solid fat layer.

Example 3

A dog feed is made that contains two types of kibbles. The first kibble type is a traditional kibble that is made up of a core of extruded and dried mixture of ground corn, chicken meal, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, fish oil, water, and beet pulp. This first kibble is coated with fat and palatant and no active ingredient is included. The first kibble is generally brown in color. The second type of kibble is a traditional kibble of the first kibble type, but this kibble is coated with a Probiotic-enriched coating. The second kibble is then colored white with KLX (available from Loders Croklaan, Channahon, IL) at about 50% by weight. The first kibble and second kibble are blended together in a ratio of 90% first, non-active kibble and 10% second, active kibble and packaged in a traditional bag. The bag thus contains about 90% brown, non-active kibbles and about 10% white, active Probiotic-enriched kibbles.

Example 4

A dog food is made that contains three types of kibbles. The first kibble type is a traditional kibble that is made up of a core of extruded and dried mixture of ground corn, chicken meal, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, fish oil, water, and beet pulp. This first kibble is coated with fat and no active ingredient is included. The first kibble is generally brown in color. The second type of kibble is a traditional kibble of the first kibble type, but this kibble is colored white with white kreemy coating (available from Blommer, Chicago, IL). The third type of kibble is a traditional kibble of the first kibble type, this kibble is dusted with Probiotic powder. The third kibble is generally brown in color. The first kibble, second kibble, and third kibble are blended together in a ratio of 80% first, non-active kibble, 10% second, white colored kibble, and 10% third, Probiotic dusted kibble. The kibbles are packaged in a traditional bag. The bag thus contains about 80% brown, non-active kibbles, about 10% white, non-active kibbles, and about 10% brown, active Probiotic-enriched dusted kibbles.

Example 5

In one consumer test, interviews were conducted with 37 (thirty-seven) consumers from three segments of the pet food user population - Segment I, Segment II, and Segment III. The consumers were asked to sort a list of 26 (twenty-six) benefit statements into a top six (6) list based on what they wanted from their dog's pet food. The list of 26 benefit statements includes eight (8) related to digestive health, six (6) related to skin and coat, seven (7) related to mobility, two (2) related to immunity, two (2) related to overall wellness/longevity, and one (1) taste statement. The consumers reduced the list to the top three (3) desired benefits. They were then asked to react to kibble prototypes in the context of Probiotic ingredients. Four kibble prototypes were used, which can be found as FIGs 1, 2, 3, and 4.

FIG. 1 depicts a first prototype of animal feed as shown to the three segments of consumers in one consumer test identified above. The first prototype of animal feed resembles a bowl of traditional dog food in the form of kibbles. The cores of these kibbles are standard, traditional kibbles that are coated with an approximately 25% brown coating of Paramount B and 2% Sensient caramel and paprika colorant. FIG. 2 depicts a second prototype of animal feed as shown to the three segments of consumers. It resembles a bowl of traditional kibbled dog food with some of the kibbles coated with a 10% white-colored coating of white kreemy coating (available from Blommer Chocolate Company, Chicago, IL). FIG. 3 depicts a third prototype of animal feed as shown to the three segments of consumers. It resembles a bowl of traditional kibbled dog food with some of the kibbles with a 50% white-colored coating of KLX (available from Loders Croklaan, Channahon, IL). FIG. 4 depicts a fourth prototype of animal feed as shown to the three segments of consumers. It resembles a bowl of traditional kibbled dog food with some of the kibbles having a corn protein concentrate based core with a 25% KLX coating (available from Loders Croklaan, Channahon, IL). In FIGs. 2, 3, and 4, approximately 10% of the total number of kibbles in the bowl had the colored coating.

In the consumer test, it was determined through the results that in the second and third prototypes, represented by FIGs 2 and 3, respectively, consumers from all three segments consistently commented that the white-colored coating reminded them, or intuitively communicated to them, a yogurt-coated kibble. Specifically, seven of ten consumers from Segment I, six of seven consumers from Segment II, and five of six consumers from Segment III, associated the white coated kibble with a Probiotic containing, yogurt-looking pet food. The consumers also surprisingly stated that this colored kibble conveyed to them a yogurt-type benefit, such as a digestive benefit. Thus, based on these results, one of ordinary skill in the art can conclude that a kibbled dog food that comprises a white-colored coating intuitively communicates to consumers, resulting in them psychologically matching the white-colored coating with that of yogurt and also matching it with a digestive health benefit.

Methods

Activity of Probiotic

The test method of determining the activity level of Probiotic s in animal food can be performed as follows.

Sample Preparation: Into a sterile stomach bag (commercially available from Interscience Laboratories Inc., Weymouth, MA), the sample for measurement is aseptically weighed, and the weight is recorded. The sample is diluted by adding room temperature Butterfield's Phosphate Buffered Dilution Water (Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8 ^th Edition) until at a 1:10 dilution (meaning, if sample weighs 3 grams, add buffer until the scale reads 30 grams). The sample is allowed to soften for about 20 to 30 minutes, then it is flattened and broke into small pieces, then place into a MINIMIX stomacher (commercially available from Interscience Laboratories Inc., Weymouth, MA) for two minutes at a speed of 9.

Sample Dilution: Upon completion of stomaching, 1 milliliter of the mixed sample is transferred into a 9 milliliter dilution tube containing Butterfield's Phosphate Buffered Dilution Water (making a -2 dilution). Serial dilute the sample by transferring 1 milliliter from the -2 dilution into a different 9 milliliter dilution tube (making a -3 dilution). This step is repeated until the desired dilution for plating has been reached. Each tube is vortexed prior to performing the next dilution.

Sample Plating: The sample is plated in duplicate on Difco Lactobacilli MRS Agar (DeMan, Rogosa and Sharpe Agar) at -6, -7, and -8 dilutions. To plate the dilution of -8, 0.1 milliliters from the -7 dilution tube is transferred onto a room temperature MRS plate. Appropriate dilutions are repeated, vortexing the tube immediately prior to plating. Samples are spread evenly over the entire surface of the plate, using a sterile spreader. Plates are positioned, inverted, in a 7 liter anaerobic jar (Mitsubishi). An anaerobic indicator (Oxoid) is placed inside the jar. Three AnaeroPack (Mitsubishi) sachets are obtained and opened, with one sachet in one side compartment and two sachets in the other side compartment. The lid is placed on top of the jar and a good seal is ensured. The anaerobic jar is placed in an incubator at 37 ⁰ C +/- 2 ⁰ C for a 48 hour incubation period.

Probiotic Microorganism Enumeration: After incubating for 48 hours, the plates are removed from the incubator and typical bacterial colonies are counted manually using a Quebec Colony Counter to magnify the colonies. Plates are enumerated in the range of 25 - 250 colonies. Once a raw count (number of colonies counted on the plate) is completed, the dilution is accounted for; therefore, the raw count is multiplied by the reciprocal of the dilution to provide CFU / gram of sample.

Water Activity

Water activity may be determined using methods known to those skilled in the art. Water activity can be determined using a NovaSina TH200 Water Activity Meter at 25 ⁰ C or other suitable device as is known in the art. Briefly, the meter is calibrated using calibration salts. The sample to be measured is temperature equilibrated in the meter, following which the water activity is determined as the percent relative humidity (%RH) divided by 100 after equilibrium is reached (typically 10 to 20 minutes).

Particle Size

When determining particle size, the particle size can be defined as the particle size as measured by laser diffraction analysis, such as by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method 13320.

For particles of irregular shape and dimension, particle size can be defined as measured by way of mesh screens using ASTM E 11-70 (1995).

Hunter Lab Method

Many test methods for measuring the Hunter Lab color and its associated values are also well known in the color art. Any of those test methods can be used within embodiments of the present invention. One non-limiting example of a test method is disclosed hereinafter. Color-containing surfaces are tested in a dry state and at an ambient humidity of approximately 500%. +-.2%. Reflectance color is measured using the Hunter Lab LabScan XE reflectance spectrophotometer obtained from Hunter Associates Laboratory of Reston, Va. The spectrophotometer is set to the CIELab color scale and with a D50 illumination. The Observer is set at 10°. The Mode is set at 45/0°. Area View is set to 0.125". Port Size is set to 0.20" for films. Area View is set to 1.00", and Port Size is set to 1.20" other materials. The spectrophotometer is calibrated prior to sample analysis utilizing the black and white reference tiles supplied from the vendor with the instrument. Calibration is done according to the manufacturer's instructions as set forth in LabScan XE User's Manual, Manual Version 1.1, August 2001, A60- 1010-862.

If cleaning is required of the reference tiles or samples, only tissues that do not contain embossing, lotion, or brighteners should be used (e.g., Puffs ^® tissue). Any sample point on the externally visible surface of the element containing the imparted color to be analyzed should be selected. Sample points are selected so as to be close in perceived color. A sample of the material being tested is placed over the spectrophotometer's sample port. The sample comprising the color to be analyzed must be larger than the sample port to ensure accurate measurements. A white tile, as supplied by the manufacturer, is placed behind the externally visible surface. The L*, a*, and b* values are read and recorded. The externally visible surface is removed and repositioned so that a minimum of six readings are obtained for the externally visible surface. If possible (e.g., the size of the imparted color on the element in question does not limit the ability to have six discretely different, non-overlapping sample points), each of the readings is to be performed at a substantially different region on the externally visible surface so that no two sample points overlap. If the size of the imparted color region requires overlapping of sample points, only six samples should be taken with the sample points selected to minimize overlap between any two sample points. The readings are averaged to yield the reported L*, a*, and b* values for a specified color on an externally visible surface of an element.

The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as "40 mm" is intended to mean "about 40 mm." Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.