Cross-Reference to Related Appl ications

[0001 ]

This application claims priority to and claims the benefit of U.S. S.N. 15/638,052 filed June 29. 201 7, which claims priority to prov isional appl ication U. S. S.N. 62/356,734 fi led June 30, 2016, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Technical Field

[0002]This invention relates to the improvement of the efficiency of electrically small antennas.

Background

[0003] Techniques for improving the efficiency of electrically small antennas have existed for many years, however these techniques have relied one several different schemes to counteract the capitative reactance exhibited by an electrically short antenna. One technique relies heavily on the use of inductors, such as traditional coiled inductors, to load the antenna structure. Another technique suggests the use of negative capacitors. See, for example, Stephen E. Sussman-Fort and Ronald . Rudish, "Non-Foster Impedance Matching of Electrically Smal l Antennas", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, No. 8, Aug. 2009, pp. 2230-224 1 and U S Patent No. 9,054,798 entitled "Non-foster Circuit Stabilization Method" by Xu et. al. Due to losses and size/weight constraints, traditional coi led inductors are l im ited in their achievable quality factor. The proposed invention surpasses these previous demonstrations by using electromechan ical resonators off-resonance to achieve higher qual ity factors and thus improve the efficiency of electrical ly smal l antennas. [0004] US Patent No. 8,958,766 by To 1 gay Ungan and a paper A. Nimo, D. Grgic, Tolgay Ungan, and Leonhard M. Reindl (see "A New Family of Passive Wireless RF Harvesters based on R-C -Quartz Osci llators" published in the Proceedings of the 43 ^rd European Microwave Conference 2013) propose the use of quartz resonators as effective high Q inductors to transform the impedance of a 50Ω antenna to the impedance of a rectifying circu it. However, this patent makes no mention of using these resonators to match the reactance of an electrically small antenna or to load the body of an antenna for the purpose of increasing radiation resistance. This patent also does not mention the use of parasitic antennas or distributed loading with electromechanical resonators to allow for higher power operation.

[0005] Many locations, such as dense urban areas, forests, and underwater environments present significant challenges for the reception and transmission of wireless signals. Low frequency electromagnetic waves (< 30 MHz) are more efficient than their high frequency (> 1 GHz) counterparts at penetrating these difficult environments but the systems required to generate and receive these waves are often large, heavy, and inefficient, making them impractical for many smal l and/or mobile platforms. In the case of systems operating at or below the HF frequency band (3-30 MHz), the root cause of the large size and inefficiency of these systems is the size of the antenna relative to the wavelength. At very low frequencies, it is d ifficult, if not impractical, to build antennas which are on the order of the radiating wavelength. This design limitation causes these antennas to be electrically smal l and in the case of dipole antennas have large reactances and small radiation resistances. One technique to improve the radiation effic iency of these antennas is to place inductors in the arms of an electrical ly smal l dipole. See R. C. Hansen, "Efficiency and Matching Tradeoffs for

Inductively Loaded Short Antennas" IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. Com-23, No. 4, Apr. 1975. This loading not only cancels the reactance of the antenna but also increases the radiation resistance of the antenna by redistributing and increasing the current d istribution on the dipole. The effectiveness of this loading is directly related to the qual ity factor or Q of the inductors. These inductors typically comprise thin metal lic w ires coiled around h igh permeabil ity materials, such as iron or ferrites. Due to ohmic losses as well as size and weight constraints, Q values for compact inductors typically do not exceed 1 00. Alternatively electromechanical resonators can be operated between their series and parallel resonances to present an impedance which appears inductive with a very high Q (> 1 0 ³ ), however due to heating and nonl inear effects these devices are l im ited in ho much power they can handle previously confining their application to receive only systems.

[0006] A purpose of some embodiments is to utilize the high effective inductive Q present in electromechanical resonators to load electrically small dipole antennas or arrays of antennas to improve efficiency beyond what is achievable with conventional compact inductors, while allowing for high power handling. While large inductor Q's ( 1000-2000) and high power handl ing are achievable below l QOkl lz using Litz wire inductors, these elements are too large to be loaded into compact antennas. Alternatively the proposed invention uti l izes compact electromechanical resonators (preferably < 1 cm ^" ) to achieve large inductor Q's (preferably > 1 0 ³ ) and enable compact and efficient lo frequency antennas for sma l l and mobile platforms.

[0007] In one application this invention can be leveraged to create efficient transceivers at VLF and LF frequencies for submerged platforms and sensors. Th is may be useful for exfiltration of data collected from autonomous underwater vehicles and sensor networks. This invention can also be leveraged at higher frequencies to reduce the size, weight and power of tactical 2-way communications at HF and VI IF frequencies. This can be of particular interest to the military. The proposed invention also has dual use in the commercial sector. For example, the proposed antenna structure could be leveraged at VLF and LF frequencies to develop improved sensors for geological surveys as wel l as communications systems for subterranean environments. At higher frequencies this technology may also be used to reduce the size of amateur radio and CB antennas.

[0008] Traditional compact low frequency antennas suffer from poor radiation efficiency making them impractical transmitters. A century of innovation has not yet fu lfilled the long- felt need for compact efficient low-frequency transmitters. For dipole and monopole antennas this inefficiency is primari ly due to the low Q associated with coiled inductors. US

8958766B2 does teach using electromechanical resonators to achieve inductors with much higher Q's (for use in low-power rectifiers, not electrically-small antennas). However conventional off-the shelf resonators (used for timing circuits) cannot be used in small transm it antennas because the amount of power these devices can handle is too low due to non linearities and thermal effects. From prior art. it is therefore not obvious how to how to use electromechanical resonators such as quartz tuning forks and MEMS devices to improve the efficiency of a dipole antenna or array of dipole antennas, while allowing these antennas to handle the large powers required for transm it appl ications.

Brief description of the invention

[0009] In one aspect the present invention provides an antenna system comprising: at least one active element having a first end for connection to a radio receiver, transmitter or transceiver; and at least one electromechanical resonator connected in series with (i) at least a portion of said at least one active element and at least another portion of said at least one active element or (ii) said at least one active element and said radio receiver, transmitter or transceiver.

[0010] In another aspect the present invention provides a dipole antenna having two arms, each arm having at least one opening therein defining at least first and second portions of the arm in which the at least one opening is located, each opening being occupied by at least one electromechanical resonator connected to the at least first and second portions of the arm whose opening it occupies.

[001 1 ] In sti ll yet another aspect the present invention provides an antenna comprising an array of dipole antenna elements, each of the dipole antenna elements having two arms with at least one opening therein, each said open ing being occupied by an electromechanical resonator, at least one of said dipole antenna elements in said array being adapted to be electrically excited by a radio transm itter, the remaining dipole antenna elements in said array surrounding, at least in part, said at least one of said dipole antenna elements in said array, each of the electromechanical resonators in said openings presenting a positive reactance to those portions of the dipole antenna element on either side of said opening at intended frequencies of ^" operation of the antenna.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[001 2] Fig. l a depicts an electrically short dipole antenna loaded with an electromechan ical resonator. [-001 3] Fig. l b depicts an electrically short dipole antenna loaded with two electromechanical resonators.

[00 14] Fig. l c depicts an electrically short monopole antenna loaded with an

electromechanical resonator.

[001 5] Fig. 2a depicts an embodiment of an electromechanical resonator, this particular embodiment being a quartz shear mode M icro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) device.

[001 6] Fig, 2b depicts the equivalent circu it of an electromechanical resonator.

[001 7] Fig. 3 has two graphs of simulations done for an antenna designed to operate at about 67.5 kHz in the LF band, the upper graph showing the inductance and quality factor of a suitably built electromechanical resonator (versus frequency) and the lower graph comparing the efficiency of the antenna versus the length of an active element thereof for both an embodiment utilizing the electromechanical resonator according to the upper graph with a sim ilar antenna using a state of the art (SOA) conventional off the shelf (COTS) ch ip inductor (having a Q of 50).

[001 8] Fig. 4 has two graphs of simulations done for an antenna designed to operate at about 1 .006 MHz in the MF band, the upper graph showing the inductance and quality factor of a suitably bu ilt electromechanical resonator (versus frequency) and the lower graph comparing the efficiency of the antenna versus the length of an active element thereof for both an embodiment util izing the electromechanical resonator according to the upper graph with a similar antenna using a state of the art (SOA) conventional off the shelf (COTS) chip inductor (having a Q of 50).

[00 1 9] Fig. 5 has two graphs of simulations done for an antenna designed to operate at about 3 1 .88 M Hz in the VI IF band, the upper graph showing the inductance and qual ity factor of a suitably built electromechanical resonator (versus frequency) and the lower graph comparing the efficiency of the antenna versus the length of an active element thereof for both an em bodiment utilizing the electromechanical resonator according to the upper graph with a sim i lar antenna using a state of the art (SOA) conventional off the shelf (COTS) chip inductor (having a Q of 50).

[0020] Fig. 6 has two graphs of simulations done for an antenna designed to operate at about 2.005 GHz in the UHF band, the upper graph showing the inductance and quality factor of a suitably built electromechanical resonator (versus frequency) and the lower graph comparing the efficiency of the antenna versus the length of an active element thereof for both an em bodiment utilizing the electromechan ical resonator according to the upper graph with a similar antenna using a state of the art (SOA) conventional off the shelf (COTS) chip inductor (having a Q of 50).

[0021 ] Fig. 7 shows a plot of the voltage gain for a 0.05m monopole antenna matched with the MF quartz extensional mode resonator.

[0022] Figs. 8a and 8b depict embodiments where an electromechanical resonator is placed in an antenna element along the active element(s) of the antenna as opposed to at an input end of the antenna element.

[0023] Fig. 9 is a graph showing that the efficiency of 12" dipole antenna center loaded with a quartz shear mode resonator is better than the same antenna base loaded with a quartz shear mode resonator.

[0024] Figs. 10a and 10b depict embodiments where an electromechanical resonator is placed in an antenna element along the active element of the antenna and additionally at an input end of the antenna element.

[0025] Figs. 1 l a and 1 l b depict embodiments where an array of electromechanical resonators is placed in an antenna element along the active element(s) of the antenna instead of a single electromechanical resonator as in the embodi ments of Figs. 8a and 8b and Fig. 1 l c depicts an embodiment of an array of electromechan ical resonators to be used with the embodiments of Figs. 1 l a and 1 l b. [0026] Figs. 12a and 1 2b depicts still additional embodiments where a single dipole or monopole antenna comprising thin metallic rods or metal sheets connected to a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver. I n the case of the dipole antenna embodiment both thin metallic bodies are broken at multiple points along their length. In the case of the, monopole antenna embodiment multiple breaks are placed somewhere along the length of the singular metall ic body. Across the breaks one of the aforementioned electromechanical resonator types is placed.

[0027] Fig. 13 depicts an embodiment of th is invention wherein a central d ipole or monopole antenna surrounded by multiple parasitic dipole or monopole antennas spaced <λ/4 away from the central element.

Detailed Description

[0028] The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and to incorporate it in the context of particular applications. Various modifications, as well as a variety of uses in different applications will be readily apparent to those skil led in the art and the general principles defined herein may be applied to a wide range of embodiments. Thus, the presen t invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments presented, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[0029] In the following detailed description, numerous specific detai ls are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skil led in the art that the present invention may be practiced without necessarily being l im ited to these specific details. In other instances, well- known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the present invention.

[0030] The reader's attention is directed to all papers and documents which are filed concurrently with th is specification and which are open to public inspection with this specification, and the contents of all such papers and documents are incorporated herein by reference. All the features disc losed in this specification, (including any accompanying claims, abstract, and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same. equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or sim i lar features.

[003 1 ] Furthermore, any element in a claim that does not explicitly state "means for" perform ing a spec ified function, or "step for" performing a specific function, is not to be interpreted as a "means" or "step" clause as specified in 35 U.S.C. Section 1 12(f). In particular, the use of "step of or "act of" in the claims herein is not intended to invoke the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 1 12(f).

[0032] This invention, in one embodiment thereof depicted by Fig. l a, comprises an antenna 10. The particular antenna in this embodiment is a dipole antenna 10D of electrical ly small size, but the invention is not limited to dipole antennas. The d ipole antenna has two thin metallic rods or metal sheets (often called arms) 12 which are connected, in use, to a transm itter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8. The arms 12 of the dipole antenna 10 of Fig. l a are also known by those skilled in the art as active elements 12 of the antenna 1 0. Between the transmitter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8 and one of the two thin metal lic rods or metal sheets or arms or active elements 12 is connected an electromechanical resonator 1 6 tuned to present a positive reactance at the intended frequency of operation of the antenna I OD. Since the antenna I OD is of electrically small size, it presents a negative reactance (that is it exhibits capacitance) at its intended frequency of operation. Ideally, the negative reactance of the antenna is at least partial ly offset by the positive reactance of the electromechan ical resonator 1 6. Those schooled in this art realize that antennas used in practical applications often must function over a range of frequencies and also realize that RF signals transmitted by (or received by) the antenna have a bandwidth associated with them, so the term "the intended frequency of operation" in practice really refers to a range or band of frequencies at which the antenna 10 will be ut ilized. In the antenna art, one qual ity which relates to the suitability of an antenna for practical use is the Standing Wave Ratio (SWR). A SWR of one is ideal. That means all of the power sent by the transmitter 18 to the antenna I OD is being radiated by the antenna. A SWR of say 3.0 is often unacceptable. Placing the electromechan ical resonator 1 6 in series with the antenna wi ll improve the SWR of the antenna/resonator combination compared to the antenna 10D alone without the electromechanical resonator 1 6. [0033] The electromechanical resonator 1 6 can either be embodied with one of the antenna elements or it may be an added component. When the antenna is intended to be connected to a transmitter or transceiver, an antenna junction is provided which often called an antenna feed point and the two thin metal lic rods or metal sheets are often called driven elements. The feed point may be considered to be either upstream or dow nstream of the electromechanical resonator 16 of figure 1 a depending on, for example, whether the electromechanical resonator 16 is embodied with the antenna 10 or provided as an add-on element.

[0034] The transmitter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8 may be remotely located relative to the antenna in which case a transmission line 1 7, wh ich may be many feet in length, connects the transm itter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8 to the antenna 1 O . On the other hand the transm itter, receiver, or transceiver 18 may be located very close to the antenna 10D if the transmitter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8 is embodied as a hand held com m unication apparatus. In such an embodiment, the transmission line 17 may be very short (and thus effectively omitted) and may be embodied mostly as conductive traces on a printed circuit board disposed within the aforementioned hand held communication apparatus.

[0035] Fig. l b depicts another embodiment of an electrically smal l clipole antenna 1 0D2 that is similar to the embodiment of Fig. l a, but in this embodiment an electromechanical resonator 16 is placed in series with each of the two active elements 1 2 of a dipole antenna and a feed line (if present, see Fig. l a) and the transm itter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8.

[0036] In an another alternative embodiment depicted by f ig. I c _; the antenna 10 comprises a monopole antenna 10M having of a singular metallic rod or metal sheet or active element 1 2 disposed over a ground plane 14 and typically mounted in a direction normal to the ground plane 14. An antenna feed point occurs between (i) the monopole where it approaches, but often does not contact, the ground plane and ( ii) the ground plane. Connected across the terminals of the aforementioned monopole antenna is a transm itter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8 connected in series with an electromechanical resonator 1 6 tuned to present a positive reactance aMhe intended frequency of operation for the antenna 1 0. The ground plane 16 can be earthen ground (i.e. the earth 's surface ... perhaps augmented w ith ground radials ... or it may be a metallic surface(s) such as can be found on equipment and/or vehicles of many different types, includ ing, but not l imited to cars, trucks, recreational vehicles, ships, boats, submarines, satel lites, and m ilitary equipment.

[0037] In these embodiments, the tuning of the electromechanical resonator 1 6 to present a positive reactance at the intended frequency of operation of the antenna 1 0 is achieved either by modifying the construction or geometry of die resonator 1 6 before installation into or adjacent the antenna 10 or by using external capacitive tuning elements to shift its resonant frequency. Fig. 2a shows the electromechanical resonator 1 6 being embodied as a quartz shear mode MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System) device made by HRL Laboratories LLC of Matibu, California. Other possible embodiments of the electromechanical resonator 1 6 are d iscussed below.

[0038] The embodiments of Figs, l a - l c show the use of the present invention with simple antennas: dipoles and monopoies. The invention, however, may be used with other antenna types, such as: slot antennas, Vivaldi antennas. Yagi-Uda antenna, etc. The present invention is particularly useful when the antenna is electrically short. When an antenna is electrically short it exhibits capacitive reactance (the value of its reactance is negative according to how reactance is conventionally measured). Those ski l led in the art recognize i f an antenna is reactive that causes an impedance m ismatch between the antenna and the transmitter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8 to which it is connected. A small amount of impedance mismatch can normal ly be tolerated by the transm itter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8 to which the antenna is connected without di fficulty. But a large m ismatch (resulting in a VSWR is greater than 2.0 to 4.0 for example) can result in a receiver function ing much less efficiently or in a transm itter shutting itself dow n as a mean of self protection from the power reflected by the antenna 10 in an impedance m ismatch situation.

[0039] For hand held transceivers, the size of the antenna can be much bigger than the size of the electronics in the transceiver itself. So reducing the size of the antenna has many advantages for the user in terms of user conven ience, if nothing else, but reducing the size of the antenna will cause the antenna to exh ibit capacitive reactance and hence an impedance mismatch if step are taken to deal with that capacitive reactance. [0040] I n the following discussions, an ideal situation will be d iscussed where in reactance of the antenna is "cancelled" or "offsef by the electromechanical resonator(s) 16. But in real life, the electromechanical resonator(s) 1 6 may present (a) not quite enough positive reactance (inductive reactance) to completely offset the negative reactance (capacitive reactance) of the antenna or present (b) perhaps a little more positive reactance (inductive reactance) than needed to offset the negative reactance (capacitive reactance) of the antenna. But so long as the resulting impedance mismatch resulting from situations (a) or (b) above can be tolerated by the transceiver 18, then the total reactance of the antenna 1 0 plus the electromechanical resonators) 16 has been reduced to an acceptable level, even if not completely cancelled.

[0041 1 In mathematical terms it is easier to talk about the ideal situation of cancel ling the reactance of an electrically short antenna, but it should be borne in mind, that getting close to cancel lation (so that the VSWR is reduced to an acceptable level) is a highly desirable result of utilizing the present invention.

[0042] Table 1

[0043] The electrical properties of a electromechan ica l resonator 1 6 can be modeled as a series inductor L| , capacitor C | , and resistor Ri, in parallel with another capacitor CQ. This equivalent circuit 1 9 (see Fig. 2b), also known as the Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) model, has both a series and parallel resonance. Exemplary BVD parameter values are listed in table I above along with a suggested electromechan ical resonator type to be used in the frequency bands identified in that table. At frequencies between the series and parallel resonance frequencies, the reactance of this circuit of Fig. 2b is positive causing the electromechanical resonator to effectively behave l ike an inductor over a narrow frequency range (< 1 % bandwidth). Because the resistance associated with this reactance is much lower than a comparable prior art coiled inductor, the effective inductor Q is much higher than a comparable prior art coiled inductor. When placed in series with the aforementioned dipole or monopole antenna 1 0, this high Q inductance serves to improve efficiency by canceling the capacitive reactance of the electrical ly short antenna 10 and improving impedance matching to transmitter, receiver, or transceiver modules 16. The electromechanical resonator 16 used in these embodiments is selected such at its BVD parameter values place the aforementioned series and paral lel resonance vlues on either side of the intended frequency of operation of the antenna and its transmitter, receiver, or transceiver 18.

[0044] According to R.C. Hansen (see R. C. Hansen, "Efficiency and Matching Tradeoffs for Inductively Loaded Short Antennas" I EEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. Com-23, No. 4, Apr. 1975), the radiation efficiency of an electrically small dipole or monopole antenna is given by equation 1 (Eqn. 1 ) below:

R...

η

R.. ^• R, .,.. \- R (Eqn. 1 )

[0045] where R _r; ,d is the antenna radiation resistance for a monopole antenna, R| _0SS is the ohmic loss of the antenna, and R _match is the ohmic loss associated with the matching network. For monopole antennas, R _rac i ^:: 10k ² lr where k is the freespace wavenumber and h is the height of the monopole, ^'«« ^:" ^ ~ ^Ka where a is the diameter of the conductor and R _s is

R

the surface resistivity in ohms per square, and < ^««« * ^' " ^"" I X

r ^« II / o where X _a is the antenna reactance and Q is the quality factor of the inductor used to match the antenna reactance. Traditional match ing networks employing coiled inductors with low Q (-50) result in large ohmic losses and poor efficiency for electrical ly small antennas. Furthermore, as antennas become excessively small (and thus exhibits a high negative reactance) extremely large coi led inductors have been required to generate the reactances required for effective matching. This invention overcomes these lim itations by replacing coiled inductors used in the prior art with high Q electromechanical resonators 1 6.

[0046] The selection of particular type of electromechanical resonator 16 preferably used depends primari ly on the frequency band of operation. At VLF and LF bands tuning fork resonators are preferably uti l ized, while at M F and HF bands extensional mode resonators are preferably utilized, at VI 11· ^' and UI I P frequencies shear mode resonators are preferably uti lized and at I , - to C-band frequencies Bulk Acoustic Wave resonators are preferably utilized. Each of these resonators 16 employs a piezoelectric crystal for coupl ing appl ied of voltages to mechanical modes. In the preferred embodiments this crystal is quartz, although any variety of piezoelectric crystal can be utilized including AIN and Li bOj. The choice of crystal is governed by the desired temperature stabi lity, resonator Q, nonlinear characteristics under high drive levels, as well as the piezoelectric effective coupling coefficient k _e n ^? .

[0047] It should also be recognized that the resonator type suggested in the preceding paragraph and in Table I just suggestions as other electromechanical resonator types may be used instead, particularly when the desired frequency of operation at near a band edge as identified in the table. For example, the BVD model parameters for a 32 Hz extensional mode quartz resonator (instead of the suggested shear mode resonator) are listed in Table I I below:

[0048] Table II:

[0050] The antenna specification wil l include such items as resonant frequency, bandwidth, voltage out for a given input AC magnetic field, and output impedance. Once these specifications are determined the resonator design can be determ ined. For UI !F operation, a shear mode resonator will be the likely be the superior choice as noted above. For HF operation, an extensional mode resonator would be best choice to keep the th ickness of the resonator from becom ing excessively large to prevent the use of deep trench quartz etch ing. For LF applications, a tuning fork design will probably be the best choice, again due to thickness issues for an optimized design. [005 1 ] Now, to demonstrate the effectiveness of matching electrically small dipole antennas 10D and electrically small monopole antennas 1 0 with electromechanical resonators 16, simulations with various resonator types were performed at different frequency bands or ranges. Van-Dyke parameters for a quartz tuning fork at LF frequencies (30kHz to 300kHz) and a quartz shear mode resonator at VHF frequencies (30MFlz to 300 MHz) were obtained using multi-physics simulations performed using COMSOL simulation software. Van-Dyke parameters for a quartz extensional mode resonator at MF frequencies (300kHz to 3 MHz) and an A1N BAW resonator at S-band frequencies (2 to 4 GHz) were obtained from published measurements as noted in Table I. Using these Van-Dyke parameters, the effective

I X I f · ^■ ) Q ~ X I Jt

inductance ( '· ^'ι ' <' ^' ." ^< ' ^¾ *· ^Λ ) and inductor Q ( ^{A r} » ^* ' ^'e " ⁱ ** ^c *w>>** ) were calculated and used to determ ine the predicted efficiency for electrical ly smal l monopole antennas in the respective frequency range. Figs. 3 - 6 compare this efficiency ith the same antennas matched with a traditional prior art chip coil inductor of Q - 50.

[0052] Fig. 3 has two graphs of simulations done for an antenna designed to operate at about 67.5 kHz in the LF band using the resonator having BVD parameters listed in the fourth containing data column (e.g., the right most column) in Table 1. Fig. 4 also has two graphs of simulations done for an antenna designed to operate at about 1 .006 MHz in the MF band, the resonator having BVD parameters l isted in the third column containing data in Table I . Fig. 5 has also two graphs of simulations done for an antenna designed to operate at about 1 .88 MHz in the VHF band, the resonator having BVD parameters l isted in the second column containing data in Table I . Finally, Fig. 6 has two graphs of simulations done for an antenna designed to operate at about 2.005 GHz in the UHF band, the resonator having BVD parameters listed in the first column containing data in Table 1 above.

[0053] For a given resonator design, the optimal operating point in frequency occurs when the effective inductor Q is maximum. The generated inductance value at this optimum, can be modified by changing the shape and size of the resonator to match the capacitive reactance of the antenna. In general, the higher the modal mass of the mechanical resonator, the larger the equivalent inductance. One potential l im itation of th is technique, is that the bandw idth over which this high Q inductance can be achieved is exceedingly narrow. [0054] Modal mass is the mass of a spring/mass resonator that is electrically equiva lent to the BVD model of the resonator. Thus, high LI is equivalent to high modal mass. The modal mass is only weakly determ ined by the modal confinement and hence the Q. One can easily vary the Q for a particular resonator by varying the electrode and plate geometry. However, for changing the modal mass one needs to change the size of the resonator wh ich usually produces a different optim ized operating frequency.

[0055] While each of the Figs. 3-5 show marked improvements in efficiency if an electromechanical resonator 1 6 is used rather than a prior art chip inductor, consider the marked improvement for the antenna represented by Fig. 5. This antenna is resonant at 3 1 .88 MHz. Those ski lled in the art wou ld immediately recognize that a full size (quarter wavelength) monopole antenna resonant at 3 1 .99 MHz would have a height of about 2.5 m. Of course, that dimension can be calculated exactly, but what is of interest is an electrical ly short antenna. A monopole having a height of only 1 in is very clearly electrically short if it is to be operated at 3 1 .88 MHz. If an electromechanica l resonator 16 is used (as depicted by Fig. 1 b) having the characteristics of the upper graph of Fig. 5, as can then be seen from the lower graph, the efficiency of the resulting antenna is about 95% (see point "A" marked on the lower graph). But if a prior art chip inductor is instead used (having a Q of only about 50), then the efficiency drops to about 30% (see point "B" marked on the lower graph). The advantage of using an electromechanical resonator 1 6 with a Q of abut 500 (see point "C" marked on the upper graph) instead of a prior art chip inductor in the monopole antenna 10 of Fig. l b is nothing less than remarkable.

[0056] It appears that the higher the Q of the electromechanical resonator 16 the greater the improvement in efficiency. Compare Figs. 3-6. The BAW electromechanical resonator of Fig. 6 has a Q between 50 and 100 and shows little improvement efficiency-wise over a chip inductor (with an assumed Q of 50). But using a BAW electromechanical resonator instead of a chip inductor can sti ll yield benefits since the BAW electromechanical resonator should be smaller in size and also the BAW electromechanical resonator should have series and paral lel resonances (and hence exhibit 2 poles), and this present a better match than would a single pole chip inductor. [0057] Fig. 7, shows a plot of the voltage gain for a 0.05 m monopole antenna matched with the MF quartz extensional mode resonator The efficiency is shown in Figure 4. It can be seen from this plot the 3-dB bandwidth of this voltage transfer is less than 10Hz.

[0058] In another embodiment this invention comprises a dipole antenna (see Fig. 8a) or monopole (see Fig. 8b) antenna 10 comprising two thin metallic rods or metal sheets (arms) connected to a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8 In the case of the dipole antenna both thin metallic bodies (arms) are formed to define two portions 12] and 12 ₂ which are separated from each at some point along their length (preferably at a point about 40% of the. total length of arm from the driven end). In the case of the, monopole antenna a single break or opening in placed somewhere along the length of the singular metallic body in that embodiment. Connected across the break or opening is one (or more) of the aforementioned

electromechanical resonators 16. This resonator 16 is once again tuned to present a positive reactance to cancel (or partially offset) the capacitive reactance of the dipole or monopole antenna. In addition to mathematically canceling the reactive impedance of the antenna, placement of the resonator into the body of the dipole or monopole serves to increase the radiation resistance of the antenna by redistributing current on the antenna structure. This effect is captured by the following modified radiation efficiency equation provided by R.C. Hansen along its body can be written as:

Q R _r +aX _a

(Eqn. 2)

[0059] where Qt is the quality factor of the loading inductor, β and are constants defined by Hansen, R _r is the radiation resistance of the antenna unloaded, and X _a is the reactance of the antenna unloaded.

[0060] To demonstrate the effect of loading electromechanical resonators into an electrically small dipole antenna, simulations of a 32 MHz sheer mode resonator were performed in COMSOL simulation software. The parameters of the BVD model extracted from this simulation are given in Table III below (and these parameters are also listed for a Vi I F device in Table I above): [0061 ] Table III

[0062] Around 3 1 .9 MHz this resonator exhibits an inductance of 3 1 .5μΗ along with a large quality factor of 520. See Fig. 9.which shows that the efficiency of 12" dipole antenna center loaded with a quartz shear mode resonator vs. the same antenna base loaded with a quartz shear mode resonator.

[0063] In additional embodiments this invention (see Figs. 1 0a and 10b) a dipole antenna 10D or monopole antenna 10M comprises one or more thin metallic rods or metal sheets or bodies 1 2 connected to a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8. In the embodiment of Fig. 10a a dipole antenna both thin metal lic bodies 12 are separated at some point along their length to define two portions 12| and 1 2- with an opening therebetween. In the embodiment of Fig. 10b, a monopole antenna 1 0M has a single break or opening in its thin metallic rod, metal sheet or body, forming or defin ing two portions 12 ] and 1 2i, the opening occuring somewhere along the length of the metall ic body (preferably about 40% along the length). Across these breaks or open ings, one of the aforementioned electromechanical resonators 1 6 (numbered 1 6-2 and 16-3 in the embodiment of Fig. 1 0a) is placed. The resoiiator(s) is(are) tuned to present a positive reactance to partial ly cancel the capacitive reactance of the dipole or monopole antennas 10rj, 1 0 _M . The remaining reactance may be cancelled (or further offset) by an additional electromechan ical resonator 1 6- 1 placed in series with the antenna 1 0D, 1 0M at its feed point. In this configuration some (but preferably not al l) of the electromechanical resonators 16. 16- 1 , 16-2 and 1 6-3 can be replaced with conventional inductors.

[0064] In yet other embodiments of th is invention (see Figs. 1 l a and 1 l b) a single dipole antenna or a monopole antenna may have its thin metall ic rod(s) or metal sheet(s) connected to a transm itter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8. In the case of the embodiment of Fig. 1 l a both thin metal lic bodies 1 2 are broken at some point along their length. In the case of the em bodiment of Fig. 1 l b, a single break or opening in placed somewhere along the length of the singular metallic body 12. Across the break(s) or opening(s) in elements 12 are placed multiple electromechanical resonators 1 6 arranged preferably as an array 16 _;irray of resonators 16. The resonators 1 6 in array 1 6 _arra v are all tuned to present a positive reactance to cancel (or partial ly reduce) the capacitive reactance of the dipole or monopole antenna 10D, 10 _m . These resonators are preferably configured in a network or as an array having an equal numbers of individual series and parallel connected resonators 16 connected in an array 16 _ar ray such as that shown by Fig. 1 l c. The array 16 _anay is connected across each aforementioned break(s) or opening(s). This network or array configuration serves to reduce the voltage and current seen across each resonator 1 6 whi le maintaining the same reactance value as if a single resonator were used in l ieu of array 1 6 _iUIin ·

[0065] In additional embod iments of this invention (see Figs, 12a and 12b) a single dipole or monopole antenna comprising two thin metallic arms or metal sheets connected to a transm itter, receiver, or transceiver 1 8. In the case of the dipole antenna both thin metallic, bodies are broken or separated at mu ltiple points along their length thereby defining portions 12 ) , 12-_ , 2j, and 12 ₄ of each arm 12. I n the case of a monopole antenna embodiment (see Fig. 12 b), multiple breaks or openings are occur somewhere along the length of the singular metal lic body. Connected across each of the breaks or openings is one (or an array— which may be a two dimensional array) of one (or more) of the aforementioned types of electromechanical resonators 1 6. These resonators 16 are all timed to present a positive reactance to cancel (or at least partially offset) the capacitive reactance of the dipole or monopole antenna 1 0. The reactance value which need to be presented by each of these resonators 16 at the intended frequency of operation for the antenna is preferably determ ined by ful l wave simulation and occurs— . This embodiment serves to reduce the voltage seen across each resonator 1 6 compared to those embodiments having a single resonator in an arm of a dipole or monopole antenna,

[0066] In a final embodiment of th is invention comprises a central dipole or monopole antenna surrounded by multiple parasitic dipole or monopole antennas spaced λ/4 away from the centra l element (see Fig. 1 3). In the case of the dipole array both the central antenna element and the parasitic elements are comprised of two thin metall ic rods or metal sheets. In the case of the, monopole array both the centra! antenna element and the parasitic elements are comprised of a single metall ic rod or metal sheet placed over a ground plane. I n both the dipole and monopole configurations, the central element is connected to a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver 18, whereas the surrounding parasitic dipoles are connected to some load value ZL which can be tuned using known methods to form directive beams in the radiation pattern of the array. Each element is broken at one or multiple locations along their length. Electromechanical resonators 1 6 tuned to present a positive reactance are placed across each break to cancel the negative reactance of the antenna as wel l as to alter the current distribution on the antenna.

[0067] The antenna elements are often described as being "'thin". Th inness can be a desirable attribute if the antenna element telescopes, for example, so that it can be pul led out of a hand held communication apparatus in a telescoping manner. The same is true for the d iameter of the antenna element. Telescoping antenna elements for hand held communication apparatus are often only around 1/4 inch in diameter. But antenna elements wh ich are th icker and/or have a larger diameter can be superior from a purely electrical performance perspective and/or from a mechanical suitability perspective. So in the context of the present invention, there is no need for the antenna elements to be thin or thick walled or of a smal l or large diameter. The antenna elements, as a practical matter, are preferably of circular cross section, but they can be of any suitable cross section. The antenna elements, as a practical matter, are made of metal.

[0068] This concludes the detailed description of embodiments of the present invention. The foregoing description of these embodiments and the methods of making same has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form or methods disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is intended that the scope of the invention be lim ited not by this detai led description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.

[0069]A11 elements, parts and steps described herein are preferably included. It is to be understood that any of these elements, parts and steps may be replaced by other elements, parts and steps or deleted altogether as will be obvious to those skilled in the art. [0070]Broadly, this writing discloses at least the fol lowing: An antenna system having at least one active element with a first end thereof for connection to a radio receiver, transmitter or transceiver and at least one electromechan ical resonator connected in series with (i) at least portion of said at least one active element and at least another portion of said at least one active element or (ii) said at least one active element and said radio receiver, transmitter or transceiver. The at least one active element exhibits capacitive reactance at an intended frequency of operation and the at least one electromechanical resonator exhibits inductive reactance at the intended frequency of operation, the inductive reactance of the at least one electromechanical resonator offsetting or partial ly offsetting the capacitive reactance of the at least one antenna element at the intended frequency of operation.

Concepts

[0070] The various concepts of this invention are as follows:

[0071 ] Concept 1 . An antenna system comprising: at least one active element having a first end for connection to a radio receiver, transmitter or transceiver; and at least one

electromechanical resonator connected in series w ith (i) at least portion of said at least one active element and at least another portion of said at least one active element or (ii) said at least one active element and said radio receiver, transmitter or transceiver.

Concept 2. The antenna system of concept 1 wherein said at least one active element of the antenna system exhibits capacitive reactance at an intended frequency of operation and wherein said at least one electromechan ical resonator exhibits inductive reactance at the intended frequency of operation, the inductive reactance of the at least one electromechanical resonator offsetting or substantially offsetting the capacitive reactance of the at least one antenna element at the intended frequency of operation.

Concept 3. The antenna system of concepts 1 or 2 wherein the electromechanical resonator exhibits both a series resonance and paral lel resonance, the series and parallel resonances having different resonant frequencies and wherein the electromechanical resonator is not resonant at an intended frequency of operation of the antenna system.

:: i Concept 4. The antenna system of concept 3 wherein one of said series and paral lel resonances is at a frequency higher than an intended frequency of operation of the antenna system and the other of said series and paral lel resonances is at a frequency lower than an intended frequency of operation of the antenna system.

Concept 5. The antenna system of any one of concepts 1 - 5 wherein said at least one electromechanical resonator comprises a two dimensional array of electromechanical resonators.

Concept 6. A dipole antenna having two arms, each arm having at least one opening therein defin ing at least first and second portions of the arm in which the at least one opening is located, each opening being occupied by at least one electromechanical resonator connected to the at least first and second portions of the arm whose opening it occupies.

Concept 7. The dipole antenna of concept 6 wherein the opening in each arm is electrically occupied by said at least one electromechanical resonator.

Concept 8. The dipole antenna of concepts 6 or 7 wherein the opening in each arm is also physically occupied by said at least one electromechanical resonator.

Concept 9. The dipole antenna of concept 6 wherein each arm has a plurality of openings therein, each one of the plurality of openings being occupied by at least one

electromechanical resonator connected to portions of the arm in which it is located.

Concept 1 0. The dipole antenna of concept 9 wherein each one electromechanical resonators presents a positive reactance across the opening in the arm in which it is located.

Concept 1 1 . An antenna comprising an array of dipole antenna elements, each of the dipole antenna elements having two arms with at least one opening therein, each said opening being occupied by electromechanical resonator, at least one of said dipole antenna elements in said array being adapted to be electrically excited by a radio transmitter, the remaining dipole antenna elements in said array surround ing, at least in part, said at least one of said dipole antenna elements in said array, each of the electromechanical resonators in said openings presenting a positive reactance to those portions of the dipole antenna element on either side of said opening at an intended frequencies of operation of the antenna.