ANTI-REFLECTIVE PHOTOVOLTAIC SHINGLES

AND RELATED METHODS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[1] This application claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/403,245, filed September 1 , 2022 and entitled “ANTI-REFLECTIVE PHOTOVOLTAIC ROOFING SHINGLES AND RELATED METHODS,” the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD

[2] This disclosure generally relates to photovoltaic shingles and related methods.

BACKGROUND

[3] Photovoltaic modules are installed on roofing structures. Reflection reduces the performance of photovoltaic modules.

SUMMARY

[4] Some embodiments relate to a roofing system. In some embodiments, the roofing system comprises a roof deck. In some embodiments, the roofing system comprises a plurality of photovoltaic shingles installed on the roof deck. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of photovoltaic shingles comprises an encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of photovoltaic shingles comprises a glass layer located above the encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of photovoltaic shingles comprises an anti-reflective coating located above the glass layer. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of photovoltaic shingles comprises a plurality of protrusions located above the glass layer. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions.

[5] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating covers an entire surface of the glass layer. [6] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating having a thickness of 5 nm to 200 nm.

[7] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises at least one a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal fluoride, a polymer, or any combination thereof.

[8] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating is attached to the glass layer by a first adhesive layer.

[9] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer comprises at least one of thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof.

[10] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions extends above the anti-reflective coating.

[11] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is attached to the glass layer by a second adhesive layer.

[12] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer comprises at least one of polyvinyl butyrate, acrylic, silicone, polycarbonate, thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrid thereof, or any combination thereof.

[13] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions covers 10% to 90% of the glass layer.

[14] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is attached to the anti-reflective coating.

[15] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions covers 10% to 90% of the anti- reflective coating.

[16] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions comprises at least one of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), tetrafluoroethylenehexafluoropropylene copolymers (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene- vinylidene fluoride copolymers (THV), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyaryletherketone (PAEK), polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide (PEI), polyarylsulfone (PAS), polyethersulfone (PES), polyamideimide (PAI), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), polyolefin, cyclic olefin copolymers (CPCs), polyimide, or any combination thereof.

[17] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.

[18] Some embodiments relate to a photovoltaic shingle. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle comprises an encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle comprises a glass layer above the encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle comprises an anti-reflective coating above the glass layer. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle comprises a plurality of protrusions above the glass layer. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions.

[19] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating covers an entire surface of the glass layer.

[20] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating having a thickness of 5 nm to 200 nm.

[21] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises at least one a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal fluoride, a polymer, or any combination thereof.

[22] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating is attached to the glass layer by a first adhesive layer.

[23] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer comprises at least one of thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof.

[24] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions extends above the anti-reflective coating.

[25] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is attached to the glass layer by a second adhesive layer.

[26] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer comprises at least one of polyvinyl butyrate, acrylic, silicone, polycarbonate, thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrid thereof, or any combination thereof.

[27] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions covers 10% to 90% of the glass layer.

[28] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is attached to the anti-reflective coating.

[29] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions covers 10% to 90% of the anti- reflective coating.

[30] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions comprises at least one of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), tetrafluoroethylenehexafluoropropylene copolymers (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene- vinylidene fluoride copolymers (THV), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyaryletherketone (PAEK), polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide (PEI), polyarylsulfone (PAS), polyethersulfone (PES), polyamideimide (PAI), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), polyolefin, cyclic olefin copolymers (CPCs), polyimide, or any combination thereof.

[31] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.

[32] Some embodiments relate to a method of manufacturing. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises obtaining an encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises obtaining a glass layer. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises obtaining an anti-reflective precursor material. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises obtaining a polymeric material. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises attaching the glass layer to the encapsulated solar cell. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises applying the anti-reflective precursor material to the glass layer, so as to form an anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises applying the polymeric material to the glass layer or the anti- reflective coating, so as to form a polymer layer. In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing comprises forming a plurality of protrusions in the polymer layer, so as to form a photovoltaic shingle. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first edge extending from the first end to the second end, and a second edge opposite the first edge and extending from the first end to the second end.

[33] In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied to a portion of a surface of the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating.

[34] In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied in a plurality of strips from the first end of the photovoltaic shingle to the second end of the photovoltaic shingle.

[35] In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied to an entire surface of the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating.

[36] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by removing a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.

[37] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by etching a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.

[38] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by scraping a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.

[39] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by ablating a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[40] Reference is made to the drawings that form a part of this disclosure, and which illustrate embodiments in which the materials and methods described herein can be practiced.

[41] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a cross-section of a photovoltaic shingle, according to some embodiments.

[42] FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic shingle, according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[43] Some embodiments relate to photovoltaic shingles and related methods. In some embodiments, photovoltaic shingles having at least one of increased flash power, increased energy production, or any combination thereof, are provided. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingles disclosed herein overcome challenges relating to the presence of a polymeric layer in a photovoltaic shingle and corresponding increased reflection at an air-polymer interface, which can reduce flash power and which can reduce energy production, among other things. In some embodiments, a roofing system comprises one or more photovoltaic shingles installed on a roof deck.

[44] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a cross-section of a photovoltaic shingle 100, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle 100 comprises a frontsheet 102, a backsheet 104, and an encapsulated solar cell 106 between the frontsheet 102 and the backsheet 104. In some embodiments, the frontsheet 102 is juxtaposed with a first surface of the encapsulated solar cell 106. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 is juxtaposed with a second surface of the encapsulated solar cell 106, wherein the second surface of the encapsulated solar cell 106 is opposite the first surface of the encapsulated solar cell 106.

[45] In some embodiments, the frontsheet 102 comprises a glass layer 108 juxtaposed with the first surface of the encapsulated solar cell 106. In some embodiments, the frontsheet 102 comprises an anti-reflective coating 110 located above the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 is adhered to the glass layer 108 by an adhesive layer. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 is attached to the glass layer 108 by a first adhesive layer 114. In some embodiments, the anti- reflective coating 110 is attached to the glass layer 108 by thermal bonding. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 is attached to the glass layer 108 by chemical bonding. In some embodiments, the frontsheet 102 comprises a plurality of protrusions 112 located above glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 is attached to the glass layer 108 by a second adhesive layer 116. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 is attached to the anti-reflective coating 110 by the second adhesive layer 116. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 is attached to the glass layer 108 or the anti-reflective coating 110 by thermal bonding. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 is attached to the glass layer 108 or the anti-reflective coating 110 by chemical bonding. In some embodiments, the frontsheet 102 does not comprise the first adhesive layer 114. In some embodiments, the frontsheet 102 does not comprise the second adhesive layer 116. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 directly contacts the encapsulated solar cell 106.

[46] In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1 mm to 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1 mm to 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

[47] In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 2 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 2 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 2 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 2 mm to 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 3 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 3 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 3.5 mm to 4 mm.

[48] In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 1 .5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the glass layer 108 has a thickness of 4 mm.

[49] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises a coating that minimizes or reduces reflection of light. In some embodiments, the reduction in the reflection of light is in reference to the amount of light that would be reflected in the absence of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises a coating that does not reflect light. In some embodiments, at least some light is reflected when at least a portion of incident radiation is redirected. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises a coating that transmits light. In some embodiments, at least some light is transmitted when at least a portion of incident radiation passes through a substance. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises a coating that absorbs light. In some embodiments, at least some light is absorbed when at least a portion of incident radiation is transformed from electromagnetic energy to another type of energy (e.g., thermal energy). In some embodiments, the light that is transmitted, absorbed, or any combination thereof is light in at least one of the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., at least one of the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the far-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, or any combination thereof), the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises a coating for maximizing absorption of solar radiation. In some embodiments, a photometer is used to measure at least one of light absorption, light reflection, light transmission, or any combination thereof.

[50] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises an anti-reflective component. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective component comprises at least one of a metal oxide, a nitride compound, a metal fluoride, a polymer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises a metal oxide. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises at least one of tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, vanadium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, cerium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises silicon oxide. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises a metal nitride. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises silicon nitride. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises carbo-nitrides. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises carbo-oxy-nitrides. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises a metal fluoride. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 comprises a polymer.

[51] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 99% by weight of the anti-reflective component based on a total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 90% by weight of the anti-reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 80% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 70% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 60% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 50% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 40% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 30% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 20% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 10% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 1 % to 5% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. [52] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 10% to 99% by weight of the anti-reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 20% to 99% by weight of the anti-reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 30% to 99% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 40% to 99% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 50% to 99% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 60% to 99% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 70% to 99% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 80% to 99% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating comprises 90% to 99% by weight of the anti- reflective component based on the total weight of the anti-reflective coating.

[53] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

190 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

180 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

170 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

160 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

150 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

140 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

130 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

120 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

110 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to [54] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

90 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

80 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

70 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

60 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

50 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

40 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

30 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

20 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 5 nm to

10 nm.

[55] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 10 nm to

200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 20 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 30 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 40 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 50 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 60 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 70 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 80 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 90 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 100 nm to 200 nm.

[56] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 110 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti -reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 120 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 130 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 140 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 150 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 160 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 170 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 180 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 has a thickness of 190 nm to 200 nm.

[57] As used herein, the term “covers” refers to a percentage of a surface area of a surface which is covered.

[58] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least a portion of a top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 10% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 20% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 30% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 35% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 40% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 45% of the top surface of the glass layer 108.

[59] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 50% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 55% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 60% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 65% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 70% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 75% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 80% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 85% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 90% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers at least 95% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers an entire surface of the glass layer 108. [60] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 10% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 10% to 90% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 10% to 80% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 10% to 70% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 10% to 60% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 10% to 50% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 10% to 40% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 10% to 30% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 10% to 20% of the top surface of the glass layer 108.

[61] In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 20% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 30% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 40% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 50% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 60% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 70% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 80% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 110 covers 90% to 100% of the top surface of the glass layer 108.

[62] As used herein, the term “exposed” refers to a percentage of a surface area of a surface which is not covered.

[63] In some embodiments, 10% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 10% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 10% to 80% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 10% to 70% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 10% to 60% of the anti- reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 10% to 50% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 10% to 40% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 10% to 30% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 10% to 20% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 1 % to 99% of the anti- reflective coating is exposed between the plurality of protrusions 112.

[64] In some embodiments, 20% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 30% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 40% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 50% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 60% to 100% of the anti- reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 70% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 80% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112. In some embodiments, 90% to 100% of the anti-reflective coating is exposed between at least a portion of the plurality of protrusions 112.

[65] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 extend from the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 extend from a top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 extend from the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 extend from a top surface of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 extend above the top surface of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 extend above the top surface of the anti- reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 extends across the top surface of the glass layer 108, from a first end of the glass layer 108 to a second end of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 extends across the top surface of the glass layer 108, from a first end of the glass layer 108 to a second end of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 is adhered to the anti-reflective coating 110 by an adhesive. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 directly contacts the anti-reflective coating 110.

[66] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.5 mm. As used herein, the term “height” refers to a dimension of the plurality of protrusions measured from a first end to a second end. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm to 0.05 mm.

[67] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm to 0.1 mm.

[68] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.1 mm to 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.15 mm to 0.2 mm.

[69] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.2 mm to 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.25 mm to 0.3 mm.

[70] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.3 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.3 mm to 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.35 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.35 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.35 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.4 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.4 mm to 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.45 mm to 0.5 mm.

[71] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.01 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.05 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.1 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.35 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 has a height of 0.5 mm.

[72] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 90% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 85% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers

10% to 80% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 75% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 70% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 65% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 60% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 55% of the glass layer 108.

[73] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 50% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 45% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 40% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 35% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 30% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 25% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 20% of the glass layer 108. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 15% of the glass layer 108.

[74] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 1% to 99% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 10% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 15% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 20% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 25% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 30% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 35% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 40% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 45% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 50% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110.

[75] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 55% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 60% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 65% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 70% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 75% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 80% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 covers 85% to 90% of the anti-reflective coating 110.

[76] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a plurality of pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a plurality of square pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a plurality of non-rectangular quadrilateral pillars (e.g., lozenges). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a plurality of circular pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a plurality of hexagonal pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a plurality of rectangular pillars. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a plurality of polygonal pillars, wherein the polygonal pillars include at least one of triangular pillars, quadrilateral pillars, pentagonal pillars, rectangular pillars, hexagonal pillars, etc., or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a plurality of stripes. It will be appreciated that the plurality of protrusions 112 may have other geometric or non-geometric shapes. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 may be arranged in a uniform pattern (e.g., periodic ordered array), a non-uniform pattern (e.g., a random pattern), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 have a size gradient (e.g., including similarly shaped elements of different sizes, such as different sized triangles, etc.). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 is a textured surface. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises textured ETFE.

[77] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a fluoropolymer. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymers (FEP). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises tetrafluoroethylene- hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymers (THV). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises polyvinyl fluoride (PVF). In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises blends of fluoropolymers. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises at least one of fluoropolymers, acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polycarbonates, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions comprises at least one of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyaryletherketone (PAEK), polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide (PEI), polyarylsulfone (PAS), polyethersulfone (PES), polyamideimide (PAI), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), polyolefin, cyclic olefin copolymers (CPCs), polyimide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises a crosslinked polymeric material. In some embodiments, 50% to 99% of the polymer chains of the polymeric material are crosslinked.

[78] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 9,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 8,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 7,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 6,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 5,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 4,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 3,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 2,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 1 ,000 protrusions.

[79] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 900 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 800 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 700 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 600 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 500 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 400 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 300 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 200 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 100 protrusions.

[80] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 90 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 80 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 70 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2 to 60 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from

2 to 50 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from

2 to 40 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from

2 to 30 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from

2 to 20 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from

2 to 10 protrusions.

[81] In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 100 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 1000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 2000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 3000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 4000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 5000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 6000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 7000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 8000 to 10,000 protrusions. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions 112 comprises from 9000 to 10,000 protrusions.

[82] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 comprises at least one of thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof.

[83] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 .5 mm to 2 mm.

[84] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 4 mm.

[85] In another embodiment, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 m to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 450 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 400 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 350 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 300 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 250 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 200 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 150 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 100 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm to 50 pm.

[86] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

450 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

400 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

350 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

300 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

250 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to

200 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to 150 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm to 100 pm.

[87] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

450 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

400 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

350 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

300 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

250 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

200 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm to

150 pm.

[88] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

450 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to 400 m. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

350 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

300 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

250 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm to

200 pm.

[89] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

450 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

400 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

350 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

300 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm to

250 pm.

[90] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to 450 m. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

400 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

350 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm to

300 pm.

[91] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

450 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

400 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm to

350 pm.

[92] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

450 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm to

400 pm. [93] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 m to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm to

550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm to

500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm to

450 pm.

[94] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm to

550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm to

500 pm.

[95] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 500 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 500 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 500 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 500 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 500 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 500 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 500 pm to

600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 500 pm to

550 pm. [96] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 550 m to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 550 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 550 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 550 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 550 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 550 pm to

650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 550 pm to

600 pm.

[97] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 600 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 600 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 600 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 600 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 600 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 600 pm to

650 pm.

[98] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 650 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 650 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 650 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 650 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 650 pm to

700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 700 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 700 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 700 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 700 pm to

750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 750 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 750 pm to

850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 750 pm to

800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 800 pm to

900 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 800 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 850 pm to

900 m.

[99] In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 50 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 100 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 1 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 150 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 200 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 250 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 300 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 350 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 400 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 450 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 500 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 550 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 600 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 650 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 700 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 750 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 800 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 850 pm. In some embodiments, the first adhesive layer 114 has a thickness of 900 pm.

[100] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 may include polyvinyl butyrate, acrylic, silicone, or polycarbonate. In another embodiment, the second adhesive layer 116 may include pressure sensitive adhesives.

[101] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 comprises at least one of thermosetting polyolefin, thermosetting polyolefin encapsulant material, thermosetting ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), EVA encapsulants, thermoplastic olefin, thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), any hybrids thereof, any combinations thereof. [102] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 .5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 .5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 .5 mm to 2 mm.

[103] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.2 mm.

In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 4 mm.

[104] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 m to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 450 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 400 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 350 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 300 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 250 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 200 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 150 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 100 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm to 50 pm.

[105] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 450 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 400 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 350 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 300 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 250 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 200 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 150 m. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm to 100 pm.

[106] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 450 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 400 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 350 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 300 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 250 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 200 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm to 150 pm.

[107] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 450 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 400 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 350 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 300 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 250 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm to 200 pm.

[108] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 450 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 400 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 350 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 300 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm to 250 pm.

[109] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 m to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 450 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 400 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 350 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm to 300 pm.

[110] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 450 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 400 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm to 350 pm.

[111] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 m to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 450 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm to 400 pm.

[112] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm to 450 pm.

[113] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm to 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm to 500 pm.

[114] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 500 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 500 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 500 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 500 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 500 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 500 m to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 500 pm to 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 500 pm to 550 pm.

[115] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 550 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 550 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 550 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 550 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 550 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 550 pm to 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 550 pm to 600 pm.

[116] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 600 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 600 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 600 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 600 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 600 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 600 pm to 650 pm.

[117] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 650 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 650 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 650 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 650 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 650 pm to 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 700 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 700 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 700 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 700 pm to 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 750 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 750 pm to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 750 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 800 pm to 900 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 800 m to 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 850 pm to 900 pm.

[118] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 50 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 100 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 1 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 150 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 200 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 250 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 300 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 350 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 400 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 450 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 500 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 550 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 600 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 650 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 700 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 750 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 800 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 850 pm. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 has a thickness of 900 pm.

[119] In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 covers at least a portion of the exposed portions of the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 permits at least a portion of the solar radiation or light to pass through the second adhesive layer 116 to the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 is transparent or at least partially transparent to solar radiation or light (e.g., at least one of infrared light, near-infrared light, far-infrared light, ultraviolet light, visible light, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 is transmissive or at least partially transmissive to solar radiation or light (e.g., at least one of infrared light, near-infrared light, far-infrared light, ultraviolet light, visible light, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 absorbs or at least partially absorbs solar radiation or light (e.g., at least one of infrared light, near-infrared light, far-infrared light, ultraviolet light, visible light, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 comprises an adhesive located between the plurality of protrusions 112 and the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 comprises an adhesive located between the plurality of protrusions 112 and the anti- reflective coating 110, such that the second adhesive layer 116 does not cover all or at least a portion of the exposed portions of the anti-reflective coating 110. In some embodiments, the second adhesive layer 116 comprises an anti-reflective adhesive layer. [120] In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 comprises a single layer. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 comprises a plurality of layers. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 comprises a first layer 128. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 comprises a second layer 130. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 comprises a third layer 132. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 is located between the encapsulated solar cell 106 and the third layer 132 of the backsheet 104. In some embodiments, the third layer 132 of the backsheet 104 is located between the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 and the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 is located between the third layer 132 of the backsheet 104 and the roof deck. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 directly contacts the encapsulated solar cell 106. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 directly contacts the third layer 132 of the backsheet 104. In some embodiments, the third layer 132 of the backsheet 104 directly contacts the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 directly contacts the roof deck. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 is juxtaposed with the encapsulated solar cell 106. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 is juxtaposed with the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 only comprises the first layer 128. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle 100 does not comprise the backsheet 104. In some embodiments, the third layer 132 of the backsheet 104 is an adhesive layer, including any of the adhesive layers disclosed herein.

[121] In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 comprises a polymeric material. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 comprises ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE). In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 comprises an acrylic such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 comprises thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO). In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 includes of a single ply TPO roofing membrane. In other embodiments, non-limiting examples of TPO membranes are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 9,359,014 to Yang et al., which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 comprises polyvinyl chloride. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 comprises ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 includes a flame retardant additive. In some embodiments, the flame retardant additive may be clays, nanoclays, silicas, carbon black, metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, metal foils, graphite, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 is white in color. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 is white TPO.

[122] In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In another embodiment, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm. In another embodiment, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm. In another embodiment, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.4 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the first layer 128 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 0.5 mm.

[123] In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 comprises a polymeric material. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 comprises thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO). In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 includes a single ply TPO roofing membrane. In other embodiments, non-limiting examples of TPO membranes are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 9,359,014 to Yang et al., which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In another embodiment, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 comprises polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”). In another embodiment, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 comprises styrene acrylic copolymer. In another embodiment, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 comprises ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (“ETFE”). In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 comprises an acrylic such as polymethyl methacrylate (“PMMA”). In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 comprises polyvinyl chloride. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 comprises ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 includes a flame retardant additive. In some embodiments, the flame retardant additive may be clays, nanoclays, silicas, carbon black, metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, metal foils, graphite, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 is white in color. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 is white TPO.

[124] In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm to 5 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 2 mm to 5 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 2 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 2 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 3 mm to 5 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 3 mm to 4 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 4 mm to 5 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 4 mm. In some embodiments, the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 5 mm.

[125] In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm to 9 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm to 8 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm to 7 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 1 mm to 6 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 4 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 5 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 6 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 7 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 8 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 has a thickness of 9 mm to 10 mm.

[126] As used herein, the terms “encapsulating” and “encapsulates” mean to partially or fully envelope or enclose, and with respect to certain embodiments of the photovoltaic shingle 100, the at least one solar cell is fully enveloped by or enclosed within the encapsulant, or partially enveloped by or enclosed within the encapsulant.

[127] In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 comprises at least one solar cell 122 and an encapsulant encapsulating the at least one solar cell. In some embodiments, the encapsulant comprises at least one encapsulant layer. In some embodiments, the encapsulant comprises at least one of a first encapsulant layer 124, a second encapsulant layer 126, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 comprises at least one solar cell 122, a first encapsulant layer 124, and a second encapsulant layer 126, wherein the at least one solar cell 122 is located between the first encapsulant layer 124 and the second encapsulant layer 126. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 is located between the glass layer 108 and the at least one solar cell 122. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 is located between the at least one solar cell 122 and the backsheet 104. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 is located between the at least one solar cell 122 and the second layer 130 of the backsheet 104. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle 100 does not comprise the second encapsulant layer 126. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 encapsulates at least a portion of the at least one solar cell 122. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 is an encapsulant-backsheet layer.

[128] In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 60% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 65% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 70% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 75% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 80% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 85% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 90% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 95% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[129] In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 60% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 65% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 70% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 75% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 80% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 85% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 90% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[130] In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 60% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 65% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 70% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 75% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 80% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 85% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[131] In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 60% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 65% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 70% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 75% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 80% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[132] In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 60% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 65% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 70% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 75% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[133] In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 60% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 65% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 70% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[134] In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 60% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 65% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[135] In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 60% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[136] In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 50% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 55% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 60% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 65% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 70% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 75% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 80% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 85% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 90% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 95% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the first encapsulant layer 124 encapsulates 100% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[137] In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 60% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 65% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 70% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 75% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 80% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 85% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 90% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 95% to 99.9% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[138] In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 60% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 65% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 70% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 75% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 80% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 85% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 90% to 95% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[139] In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 60% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 65% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 70% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 75% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 80% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 85% to 90% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[140] In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 60% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 65% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 70% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 75% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 80% to 85% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[141] In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 60% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 65% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 70% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 75% to 80% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[142] In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 60% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 65% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 70% to 75% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[143] In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 60% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 65% to 70% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[144] In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 60% to 65% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% to 60% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[145] In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 50% of an exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 55% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 60% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 65% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 70% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 75% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 80% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 85% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 90% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 95% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122. In another embodiment, the second encapsulant layer 126 encapsulates 100% of the exterior surface area of the at least one solar cell 122.

[146] In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 3 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 .5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm.

[147] In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1 mm to 3 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of

1 mm to 2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1 .5 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1 .5 mm to 3 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1 .5 mm to 2 mm.

[148] In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 2 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 2 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 2 mm to 3 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of

2 mm to 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 2.5 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 3 mm to 4 mm. In another embodiment, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 3 mm to 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 3.5 mm to 4 mm.

[149] In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.5 mm.

In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.6 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.7 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.8 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 0.9 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the encapsulated solar cell 106 has a thickness of 4 mm.

[150] In some embodiments, a first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 1 mm to 1 .5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 1 .5 mm to 2 mm.

[151] In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.2 mm.

In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 0.6 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 has a thickness of 4 mm.

[152] In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 .5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 1 mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

[153] In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.4 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.45 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 1 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 2 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 3 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 has a thickness of 4 mm.

[154] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first encapsulant layer 124 is equal to the thickness of the second encapsulant layer 126. In another embodiment, the thickness of the first encapsulant layer 124 is different from the thickness of the second encapsulant layer 126.

[155] In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 comprises at least one of polyolefins, ethyl vinyl acetates, ionomers, silicones, poly vinyl butyral, epoxies, polyurethanes, any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the first encapsulant layer 124 is made from thermosetting polyolefin. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 comprises at least one of polyolefins, ethyl vinyl acetates, ionomers, silicones, poly vinyl butyral, epoxies, polyurethanes, any hybrids thereof, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the second encapsulant layer 126 is made from thermosetting polyolefin.

[156] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle 100 has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first surface extending from the first end to the second end, and a second surface opposite the first surface and extending from the first end to the second end. In some embodiments, the first surface is an upper, sun facing-side surface of the photovoltaic shingle 100, and the second surface is a lower surface configured to face a roof deck on which the photovoltaic shingle 100 is installed on the roof deck. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is installed on a roof deck. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is directly installed on a roof deck. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is fastened to a roof deck by at least one mechanical fastener. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is adhered to a roof deck by an adhesive layer. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle directly contacts a roofing deck. In some embodiments, an intervening layer is located between the photovoltaic shingle and the roof deck. In some embodiments, the backsheet 104 of the photovoltaic shingle directly contacts the roof deck.

[157] In some embodiments, the at least one solar cell 122 includes a plurality of the solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes two solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes three solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes four solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes five solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes six solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes seven solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes eight solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes nine solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes ten solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes eleven solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes twelve solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes thirteen solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes fourteen solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes fifteen solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes sixteen solar cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells includes more than sixteen solar cells.

[158] In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in one row (i.e. , one reveal). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in two rows (i.e., two reveals). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in three rows (i.e., three reveals). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in four rows (i.e., four reveals). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in five rows (i.e., five reveals). In another embodiment, the plurality of solar 138 is arranged in six rows (i.e., six reveals). In other embodiments, the plurality of solar cells is arranged in more than six rows.

[159] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 1 % less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 2% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 3% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 4% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti- reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 5% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 6% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 7% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 8% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti- reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 9% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 10% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating.

[160] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 20% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 30% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 40% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 50% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 60% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 70% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 80% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects at least 90% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. [161] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 90% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 80% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 70% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti- reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 60% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 50% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 40% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 30% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti- reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 20% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 10% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating.

[162] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 9% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 8% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 7% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 6% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti- reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 5% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 4% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1% to 3% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 1 % to 2% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti- reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 0.1 % to 1 % less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating.

[163] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 10% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 20% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 30% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 40% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 50% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 60% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 70% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 80% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle reflects 90% to 99% less of incident light, relative to a photovoltaic shingle without the anti-reflective coating.

[164] FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing 200, according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the method of manufacturing 200 may comprise one or more of the following steps: a step 202 of obtaining encapsulated solar cell; a step 204 of obtaining a glass layer; a step 206 of obtaining an anti-reflective precursor material; a step 208 of obtaining a polymeric material; a step 210 of attaching the glass layer to the encapsulated solar cell; a step 212 of applying the anti- reflective precursor material to the glass layer, so as to form an anti-reflective coating; a step 214 of applying the polymeric material to the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating, so as to form a polymer layer; and a step 216 of forming a plurality of protrusions in the polymer layer, so as to form a photovoltaic shingle. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle is formed by at least one of laminating, extruding, co-extruding, or any combination thereof.

[165] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic shingle has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first edge extending from the first end to the second end, and a second edge opposite the first edge and extending from the first end to the second end. In some embodiments, the glass layer has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first edge extending from the first end to the second end, and a second edge opposite the first edge and extending from the first end to the second end. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating has a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a first edge extending from the first end to the second end, and a second edge opposite the first edge and extending from the first end to the second end.

[166] In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied to a portion of a surface of the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied in a plurality of strips from the first end of the photovoltaic shingle to the second end of the photovoltaic shingle. In some embodiments, the polymeric material is applied to an entire surface of the glass layer or the anti-reflective coating. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by removing a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by etching a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by scraping a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions is formed by ablating (e.g., laser ablation) a portion of the polymeric material, the polymer layer, or any combination thereof.