Anti-Theft Device

Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates to an antitheft device that is

particularly well suited for use with wheels, e.g. , bicycles, motorcycles and automobiles having at least one wheel that can be secured by an unbreakable device passing therethrough.

Background of the Invention

[0002] The loss of a bicycle to theft is an economic loss as well as a substantial inconvenience to the now-stranded cyclist. The loss of a favorite, customized or bicycle of exotic manufacture can also represent a substantial emotional loss from the time and energy associated with selecting just the right combination of features for the rider.

[0003] A number of anti-theft devices have been proposed that are intended to secure a bicycle or motorcycle and thereby prevent or impede theft. See, e.g. , US Patent Nos. 3,747,376; 3,908,414; 5,092 , 142; 5,475,993; 5,487,285; 5,732,577; 5,913,906; 6,820,448; 7,437,898; 7,481 ,048; 7,712,339;

8,621 ,898; 8,881 ,559; US 2014/ 036233; and US D579,756.

[0004] Despite such devices, those individuals with intent continue to find methods and techniques to defeat such anti-theft devices. Many of those techniques include the use of a handheld bolt cutter with hardened cutting jaws, a portable angle grinder or even a conventional hacksaw to cut through the antitheft device. Such cutters fail the target material in tension, but they induce the tension via the lateral component of the wedge-shaped blades. This means that a bolt cutter is a battle between the compressive strength of the cutting blades versus the compressive strength of the locking device. If both have near-equal hardness, it is difficult to predict which one will win. The battle becomes one of the quantum of pressure that can be applied on the device by the cutting jaws.

[0005] Typical, commercially available bolt cutters exhibit hardened blades of about 62 HRC and can cut 6mm 48 HRC wire but only HRC 19 rods of 1 1 mm. This means why traditional chains of interlinked, connected wire stock, even if hardened and/ or made of unique alloys, must be made so large and heavy: the bolt cutter acts on the individual wire stock diameter, not the overall chain width.

[0006] Surveillance videos show that members of the public rarely question or interfere with a thief in the act of breaking or cutting through a bicycle locking device, even when obviously using a bolt cutter or cut-off saw. Thus, cyclists cannot rely on help from passersby who might witness acts of theft in progress. The locking device must do more than just buy time - it must actually work.

[0007] It would be desirable to have an anti-theft device that was made from a material that could not be cut, melted, ground or drilled with handheld tools.

[0008] Some antitheft devices, such as the popular U-shaped devices, are defeated because they are large enough to secure only one wheel and the bike frame to a support. This leaves the other wheel vulnerable to removal and theft unless two such devices are carried and used together. This would double the cost and inconvenience of securing a bicycle against theft.

[0009] It would be desirable to have an anti-theft device that was sufficiently long in reach to secure both wheels and the frame to a stationary support.

[0010] Many locking systems are designed with a plurality of flat leg segments joined at a riveted joint that allows one leg segment to rotate and stack closely with the adjacent segments so as to fold into a compact unit that can be stored in a seat bag or on a frame clip. Such design considerations are visually appealing to consumers because they are easy to carry. Unfortunately, all of the currently known designs of this type are made from some version of steel, hardened steel or hard aluminum.

[0011] While titanium may have been suggested for bicycle locks (see, e.g. , US Patent Publication Nos. 2014/ 0109631 and 2014/ 0260439) , no specific grade or type of titanium is specified.

[0012] Titanium is available in various grades, based on the material properties. Commercially pure titanium is available in increasing hardness from Grade 1 to grade 4. These grades of titanium can be formed, engraved with conventional machines, and cut so that they can even be used as rings and similar jewelry. Stronger grades of titanium are alloys that have been mixed with one or more Group Ill-Group VIII materials (e.g. , vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, ruthenium, palladium, chromium, zirconium,

molybdenum, and aluminum) to increase their hardness. Sometimes referred to as "aircraft grade" titanium alloys, such materials are so hard that they are almost impossible to engrave, form or cut.

Summary of the Invention

[0013] It is an objective of the invention to provide an antitheft device that cannot be cut by handheld bolt cutters.

[0014] It is further an objective to provide a portable antitheft device that can be carried on or by a bicycle without materially compromising the weight and handling of the bicycle in transit when so laden.

[0015] In accordance with these and other objectives of the invention that will become apparent from the description herein, an antitheft device according to the invention comprises an antitheft device comprising a plurality of interlinked titanium alloy arm members, each of which exhibits a hardness of HRC 30 or more and a cross sectional distance of 8 mm or more.

[0016] The security device according to the invention is sufficiently light to be suitable for use with and carried on a bicycle while also exhibiting a high degree of resistance to breach by bolt cutters, saws and angle grinders. Such robust resistance makes the device also suitable for use with motorcycles and automobiles.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0017] Figure 1 shows an isometric view of an antitheft device according to the invention with two extension members, a locked arm and a lockable arm.

[0018] Figure 2 is a side view of the device shown in Figure 1.

[0019] Figure 3 illustrates additional details of an extension arm member.

[0020] Figure 4 depicts a lockable arm member.

[0021] Figure 5 is an isometric view of a saddle-shaped washer. [0022] Figure 6 is an end view of a connection between extension arm members in which opposing saddle-shaped spacers form a pivot plane and a deformed rivet permanently connects the arm members.

[0023] Figure 7 is a side view of the connection shown in Figure 6.

[0024] Figures 8- 10 depict side, bottom and isometric views, respectively, of a saddle washer used in the invention.

[0025] Figure 1 1 presents a saddle washer having two bevels or chamfers to round off the upstanding edges of the arcuate side.

[0026] Figure 12 is a view of a joint connection using two, opposing, rounded off saddle washers to form a planar connection between an extension arm and the locking arm.

[0027] Figure 13 is a cross sectional view showing the connection of Figure 12.

[0028] Figure 14 is a sectional view of the lock connecting the locked arm and the lockable arm.

[0029] Figure 15 is an external view of the connection shown in Figure 14.

[0030] Figure 16 depicts a security washer that may be used between opposing saddle washers to shield the space between saddle washers from insertion of a blade or prying tool.

[0031] Figure 17 is a cross sectional view of the security washer of Figure 16.

[0032] Figure 18 shows the security washer in place between opposing saddle washers at a pivotable connection of the invention.

[0033] Figures 19 and 20 show two views of a joint connection according to the invention having spring wave washers to apply a bias force at each connection.

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0034] The present device uses a plurality of connected extension arm members (the number of which determine the overall length available of the device), a locking arm that has a locking device permanently connected thereto, and a lockable arm with a bore through the leading edge thereof. In use, the leading edge of the lockable arm is inserted into a transverse opening in the lock housing and a leading rod member on the lock device is secured into the lock housing so that it passes through the bore in the leading edge of the lockable arm.

[0035] For the present invention, a hard titanium alloy is preferred. One way to measure the hardness of titanium or alloys thereof is with a Rockwell test. Such a test determines the hardness by measuring the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load compared to the penetration made by a preload. There are different scales, denoted by a single letter, that use different loads or indenters. The result is a dimensionless number noted as HRA, HRB, HRC, etc. , where the last letter is the respective Rockwell scale. See Table 1.

[0036] Table 1 - Rockwell Hardness Scales

] Scale I Abbreviation j Load (kgF) Indenter

l A I HRA 60 il20° diamond spheroconical ^†

i½6-inch-diameter (1.588 mm steel

B HRB 100

isphere

j C I HRC 150 i l20° diamond spheroconical

I D I HRD 100 i l20° diamond spheroconical

iVs-inch-diameter (3.175 mm) steel

E HRE 100

isphere

i½6-inch-diameter (1.588 mm steel

F HRF 60

isphere

iV^-inch-diameter (1.588 mm steel

G HRG 150

isphere

[0037] Materials tested with the HRC protocol are generally harder than those tested with the HRB protocol. There is, however, some overlap between the upper end of the HRB (100 kg) scale and the lower end of the HRC (150 kg) scale, e.g. , an HRB (100 kg) of 97 corresponds generally to an HRC (150 kg) of about 20, and an HRB (100 kg) of 120 corresponds with an HRC (150 kg) of about 55 for non-austenitic steels. HRC values of less than 20 are said to have questionable accuracy.

[0038] Titanium alloys having a hardness of HRC 30 or more are preferred for use in the present invention, e.g. , titanium exhibiting HRC (150 kg) hardness within the range of 30-68 or HRB within the range of 105- 120 or more. Even more preferably, the titanium hardness is within the range of HRC (150 kg) 33-50. Such high hardness is generally beyond the ability of hand tools to cut, saw or grind away. Table 1 lists suitable materials and includes unalloyed titanium by way of comparison.

[0039] Table 2

Material Name HRC

Titanium Grade 7 1 1.0

Titanium Grade 7, Annealed 1 1.0

Titanium Grade 12 1 1.0

Titanium Grade 18 Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.05Pd 15.0

Titanium Grade 3 16.0

Titanium Grade 4 23.0

Titanium Grade 4, Annealed 23.0

Titanium Ti-3A1-2.5V (Grade 9), alpha 24.0

annealed

ATI Allvac® 3-2.5 Titanium Alloy, Heat 24.0

Treatment: 704°C (1300°F) Anneal

ATI Allegheny Ludlum Grade 9 Titanium 25.0

(UNS R56320)

ATI Allegheny Ludlum Grade 18 Titanium 25.0

(UNS R56322)

Titanium Grade 3, Annealed 26.0

ATI Allvac® 6-2-4-2-Si UNS R54620 modified 28.0

Titanium Alloy Material Name HRC

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Nb- lTa-0.8Mo (Ti-621 / 0.8), 30.0 as-rolled

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Nb- lTa-0.8Mo (Ti-621 / 0.8), 30.0 Alpha- Annealed

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Nb- lTa-0.8Mo (Ti-621 / 0.8), 30.0 STA- 1

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Nb- lTa-0.8Mo (Ti-621 / 0.8), 30.0 STA

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Nb- lTa- lMo 30.0

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Nb- lTa- lMo, Annealed 30.0

Titanium Ti- 13V- 1 1 Cr-3A1 (Ti- 13- 1 1 -3) 30.0 Solution Treated

ATI Allvac® 6-4ELI Titanium Alloy, Heat 30.0 Treatment: 704°C (1300°F) Anneal

ATI Allegheny Ludlum Grade 23 (6-4 ELI) 30.0 Titanium (UNS R56401)

Titanium Ti- 15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn ST 850°C 31.0 (1560°F), Aged 545°C

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Ti-6-2-4-2), 32.0 Duplex Annealed

Titanium IMI 829 (Ti-5.5Al-3.5Sn-3Zr- lNb- 32.0 0.25Mo-0.3Si)

Titanium Ti- 10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti 10-2-3), Anneal 32.0 1 hr. 760°C

Titanium Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) 32.0 Solution Treated 815°C

ATI Allvac® 6-4 Titanium Alloy, Heat 32.0 Treatment: 704°C (1300°F) Anneal

ATI Allvac® 6-7 UNS R56700 Titanium Alloy 32.0 Material Name HRC

ATI Allvac® Grade 15-3-3-3 UNS R58153 32.0 Titanium Alloy

ATI Allvac® 38-644 UNS R58640 Titanium 32.0 Alloy

Titanium Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, ELI, Annealed 33.0

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0. ISi; Duplex 34.0 Annealed

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Ti-6-2-4-2), 34.0 Sheet

Titanium Ti- 13V- 1 1 Cr-3A1; (Ti- 13- 1 1 -3) 34.0 Annealed 800°C, 30 min.

Titanium Ti-8Mn, Annealed 34.0

Titanium Ti-7Al-4Mo Annealed 34.0

ATI Allvac® 6-2-4-2 Titanium Alloy, Heat 34.0 Treatment: 982°C (1800°F) + Age

Titanium Ti-8Al- lMo- IV (Ti-8- 1- 1) Duplex 35.0 Anneal

Titanium IMI 834 35.0

Titanium Ti-6A1-4V ELI {Grade 23), Annealed 35.0

ATI Allvac® 8- 1- 1 Titanium Alloy, Heat 35.0 Treatment: 982°C (1800°F) + Age

ATI Allvac® 6-6-2 Titanium Alloy, Heat 35.0 Treatment: 718°C (1325°F) Anneal

ATI Allegheny Ludlum Grade 5 Titanium 6A1- 35.0 4V (UNS R56400)

Titanium Ti-5Al-2.5Sn [Grade 6) 36.0

Titanium Ti-8Al- lMo- IV (Ti-8- 1- 1) 36.0

Titanium Ti-8Al- lMo- IV (Ti-8- 1- 1) Annealed 36.0 8 hr at 790°C (1450°F)

Titanium Ti-6A1-4V [Grade 5), Annealed 36.0 Material Name HRC

Titanium Ti-6A1-4V {Grade 5), Annealed Bar 36.0

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti-6-2-4-6) 37.0 Annealed

Titanium Beta C (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr ST 38.0 815°C, Aged 510°C

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti-6-2-4-6) 38.0 STOA

Titanium Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti-6-6-2) Annealed 38.0

Titanium Ti-7Al-4Mo, STA 38.0

ATI Allvac® 6-2-4-6 Titanium Alloy, Heat 38.0 Treatment: 885°C (1625°F) + Age

ATI Allvac® Ti- 17 Titanium Alloy, Heat 38.0 Treatment: 899°C (1650°F) + Age

Titanium Ti- 13V-2.7Al-7Sn-2Zr, ST 815°C, 39.0 Aged 540°C (1000°F)

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti-6-2-4-6) 39.0 STA- 1

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti-6-2-4-6) 39.0 STA-2

Titanium Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti-6-2-4-6) 39.0 BSTA

Titanium Ti-6A1-4V {Grade 5), STA Bar 39.0

Titanium Ti- 10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti 10-2-3) ST 40.0 760°C; Age 525°C (980°F)

Titanium Ti- l l .5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, ST 720°C, 40.0 Aged 495°C

Titanium Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al ST 800°C, Aged 40.0 540°C (1000°F)

Titanium Ti-5-5-8-3 (Ti-5Mo-5V-8Cr-3Al), 1 40.0 to 3 mm Sheet Material Name HRC

Titanium Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (Ti-17) 40.0

Alpha-Beta Processed

Titanium Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (Ti-17) 40.0

Beta Processed

Titanium Ti-6A1-4V {Grade 5), STA 41.0

Titanium Ti- 13 V- l lCr-3Al (Ti-13- 1 1-3) Aged 42.0

400°C

Titanium Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti-6-6-2) STA 42.0

870°C/ 565°C

Titanium Ti- 13V- 1 1 Cr-3A1; (Ti- 13- 1 1 -3) 43.0

Annealed 850°C (1560°F) + Aged 510°C 8 hr

Titanium Ti- 13V-2.7Al-7Sn-2Zr, ST 760°C, 44.0

Aged 440 °C

Titanium Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti-6-6-2) STA 44.0

910°C/ 540°C (1000°F)

Titanium Ti- 13V- 1 1 Cr-3A1 (Ti- 13- 1 1 -3) 46.0

SolnTreat; Age 450°C

Titanium Ti- 13 V- l lCr-3Al (Ti-13- 1 1-3) Aged 50.0

490°C

[0040] The most preferred titanium for use as the extension members, rivets, spacer elements, and wave spring washers in the present invention has a hardness of HRC 35 or higher. Such a material can be found in a Grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4V).

[0041] The specific shape of the rod member can exhibit a round or rectangular cross section, but a preferred shape exhibits a cross sectional diameter or length of 8 mm or more, preferably a diameter within the range of 10-20 mm. Such a shape and diameter are sufficiently hard and exhibit such a high tensile strength that they are not readily cut by bolt cutters or saws (hand-operated or battery-operated). Such dimensions and hardness are also a visual deterrent for those persons intent on using a portable angle grinder that may serve as a psychological deterrent and redirect the would-be thief toward other lock systems that do not have such a robust system.

[0042] The ultimate tensile strength of the titanium alloy can also be used as an indicator for suitability in the present invention. This tensile strength may help avoid potential variances due to surface adsorption of oxygen from annealing. An exemplary listing of the ultimate tensile strengths of various titanium alloys is found in Table 3.

[0043] Table 3

Alloy Designation Tensile Strength (MPa)

Commercially Pure ASTM Grade 1 241

Commercially Pure ASTM Grade 2 345

Commercially Pure ASTM Grade 3 448

Commercially Pure ASTM Grade 4 552

Ti-3%A1-2.5%V ASTM Grade 9 621

Ti-0.8%Ni-0.3%Mo ASTM Grade 12 483

Ti-3%Al-8%V-6%Cr-4%Zr- Beta C 1 172

4%Mo

Ti- 15%Mo-3%Nb-3%Al- Timetal 21 S ^a 792

0.2%Si

Ti-6%A1-4%V ASTM Grade 5 897

Ti-2.5%Cu IMI 230 540

Ti-4%Al-4%Mo-2%Sn-0.5%Si IMI 550 1 104

Ti-6%Al-6%V-2%Sn 1035

Ti- 10%V-2%Fe-3%Al 1241

Ti- 15%V-3%Cr-3%Sn-3%Al 1000

Ti-8%A1- 1 %Mo- 1 %V 897

Ti-6%Al-5%Zr-0.5%Mo- IMI 685 850

0.2%Si Alloy Designation Tensile Strength (MPa)

Ti-6%Al-2%Sn-4%Zr-2%Mo 931

Ti-6%Al-2%Sn-4%Zr-6%Mo 1 172

Ti- 5.5%Al-3.5%Sn-3%Zr- IMI 829 960

1 %Nb-0.3%Mo-0.3%Si

Ti- 5.8%Al-4%Sn-3.5%Zr- IMI 834 1030

0.7%Nb-0.5%Mo -0.3%Si

a = Solution treated

[0044] An ultimate tensile strength of 700 MPa or more (at 20° C) is preferred for the titanium members and parts use in the present invention. Even more preferable is a tensile strength of about 930 MPA or more.

[0045] The specific shape of the rod member can exhibit any number of potential geometric shapes in cross section, e.g. , round, triangular,

rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, etc. provided that the cross sectional distance is sufficiently large to be impractical to cut with handheld bolt cutters, e.g. , a cross sectional distance of at least 8 mm, preferably a cross sectional distance within the range of 9-20 mm, and even more preferably a cross sectional distance of 10- 14 mm. A preferred shape uses commercially available rod stock that exhibits a cross sectional diameter within the range of 8- 12 mm. Forged parts are preferably made with similar dimensions to discourage breach by destruction.

[0046] Turning now to the figures, Figures 1 and 2 show an antitheft device

1 according to the invention. Two extension rod members 3, 4 (also called "first rod members" herein) are interconnected with each other and with locked rod member 5 (referenced as "third rod member" herein) and lockable rod member

2 (referred to as "second rod member" herein) at first ends 6. Any number of extension rods 3, 4 may be used to provide additional length to antitheft device 1.

[0047] An opposing pair of saddle washers 7 have an arcuate side that contacts the round external surfaces of each rod and an opposing flat or planar side that provides a planar interaction surface 8 in which each rod can pivot relative to the rod with which it is connected by rivet 9, e.g. , between rod 2 and rod 3. Saddle washers 7 also serve to protect rivets 9 from attack using the connected rods as cutting guides by a saw blade or bolt cutter jaws.

Although not shown, it should be understood that at least one of saddle washers 7 may be made integral with an extension rod member 3, preferably made of a titanium alloy, by forging or otherwise forming extension rod member 3 and saddle washer 7 at a joint as a unitary piece. It may also be desirable to add a spring wave washer between opposing saddle-shaped washers to keep the joint in tension while also reducing friction in the joint.

[0048] Locked rod member 5 is permanently secured to lock 10. Lockable rod member 2 can become secured by lock 10 when lockable rod 2 is inserted into lock hole 1 1 and lock mechanism 12 is engaged. See also Fig. 13.

[0049] Figures 3 and 4 show additional details of extension rod 3. As shown extension rod 3 is cylindrical with a substantially circular cross sectional shape having a length 17 and rod diameter 18. Substantially parallel, transverse bores 13, 14 with countersink bores 15, 16 that exhibit greater diameter than bores 13, 14. Bore centers 19, 20 of bores 13, 14 respectively are desirably located at least one third and preferably at least one half of a rod diameter from the terminal ends 21 , 22 of rod 3.

[0050] Figures 5- 13 illustrate additional details of the saddle washers 7 and the pivotable connections between connected rods, e.g. , extension rods 3, 4. As shown, saddle washer 7 has a planar side 23 and an arcuate side 24. Arcuate side 24 preferably exhibits a radius of curvature 25 that is substantially the same as rods 3, 4 to provide a good fit. Washers 7 also exhibit a transverse bore 26 having a close tolerance fit for securing rivet 9 without undue play between rivet 9 and spacer 7 when assembled.

[0051] As shown in figures 6 and 7 , the ends of rivet 9 are exposed above the outer diameter of rods, 3, 4. While exposed ends are operative to secured rods 3, 4 together they also provide a potential vulnerability for attack by a portable angle grinder that might remove the deformation flanges 27 on either end of rivet 9. To that end, rivet 9 may also be set at or below the outer surface 31 of the connected rods, e.g. , rods 4 and 5, in countersink boring 32. [0052] The outer diameter 28 of spacer 7 may be the same or substantially the same as the rod diameter 18. The rising edges 29 of washer 7 can present a sharp edge for users. First and/ or second chamfers 30, 31 can be used to reduce incidents of cutting or snagging at edges 29 while also retaining the security and planar motion features of saddle washers 7 between connected rods.

[0053] Figures 14 and 15 illustrate additional details of lock 10. As shown, distal end 33 of lock body 35 extends through rod 5 and into countersink bore 32 where it is deformed in-situ to make enlarged end 34 that permanently holds lock body 35 to locking rod 5.

[0054] Within lock body 35, locking member 36 is able to be removed vertically and axially from within lock body 35 by operation of a key (not shown) in keyhole 37 from a secured position 38 to an unsecured position (not shown). Locking member 36 also exhibits a distal pin 39 that engages the transverse bore 14 of lockable rod 2 when in secured position 38 and disengages from rod 2 when moved axially within lock body 35 or removed completely from lock body 35. Secured bushings 40, 41 within lock body 35 are used to center and secure locking member 36 within lock body 35.

Preferably, the external surface 42 of locking member 39 and the

corresponding internal surfaces 43, 44 of bushings 40, 41 exhibit mating threads that allow locking member 36 to be threaded into and secured within lock body 35.

[0055] Figures 16- 18 illustrate the optional use of a security washer 45 between opposing saddle washers 7. Preferably, at least one security washer is used in the antitheft device according to the invention and even more preferably a security washer is used at each joint connection in the device. Security washer 45 preferably exhibits a shaped radial edge 46, such as counter-sloping sections 47, 48 that meet in an acute or obtuse angle 49 at substantially the vertical mid-point 50 of the height of security washer 45. Such a profile shape covers the intersection of the washers at the joint and makes it more difficult, substantially hinders or prevents a blade or saw edge from access to the rivet or pin within the joint at the intersection of the opposing saddle washers 7. The inner area 51 of security washer 7 preferably has opposing countersink portions 52 to receive saddle washers 7 and is centered on a central bore 53 for passing rivet 9 therethrough. Although not shown, it should be understood that security washer 45 may be may be made integral with one of the saddle washers 7 at a joint connection by forging or otherwise forming extension rod 3, saddle washer 7 and security washer 45 as a unitary piece.

[0056] Figures 19 and 20 show the optional use of spring wave washers 54 on top and bottom sides of security washer 45 biased against saddle washers 7. As shown in these figures, rivet 9 shown in the other figures may be replaced by pin 55 having expanded head 56 at a proximal end and groove 57 axially beyond chamfered distal end 58. Lock washer 59 is dimensioned to slip over chamfered distal end 58 and lodge in groove 57 so as to secure the joint. Optionally, distal end 58 may be pressed to expand and flatten end 58 and lock the connection.

[0057] The foregoing illustrations and descriptions are not intended to serve as limitations on the scope of the appended claims.

[0058] Each of the patents and published applications that have been cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.