5 This invention relates to the earthing of electrostatic charges on a person in a safe and convenient way by means of

footwear. It is an accepted scientific fact that friction caused by

movement between insulating materials will result in the generation of electro-static charges. These charges may cause a voltage build-up

10 of many thousands of volts. Because of their inherent insulating properties, the increasing use of synthetic fibres and materials is

presenting increasing danger risks and discomfort problems due to

the build-up of electro-static voltages.

It has been established that static electricity can be

15 reduced by applying an anti-static finish to materials and by wearing footwear with anti-static soles. It should be noted, however, that anti-static finish on materials is effective when they are new, but its effectiveness will become less after washing and pressing.

One danger associated with static-electricity is that of

20 explosion and fire from ignition of flammable vapour or gas,

however, there is also a growing awareness of the personal discomfort problem associated with electro-static voltages.

Simply, every day examples of the discomfort of static

"shock" are as follows:

25 1. Persons can receive a shock when getting out of a motor vehicle by sliding over the plastic seat and earthing

themselves on the metal door handle or bodywork of the

vehicle. 2. An unexpected static shock is often experienced when touching door handles and lift buttons after walking on synthetic carpets. Other means of causing a build-up of an electro-static charge on persons are:

1. The wearing and taking off of synthetic clothing.

2. When getting up from a chair which is covered in a plastic or synthetic material. 3. Nurses in hospitals often become "charged" when making beds.

Natural fibres, such as wool, cotton etc cannot become statically "charged" due to their inherent moisture content and make-up, and their continuing ability to both absorb and retain moisture.

Conversely, silk and synthetic fibres are well-known for their ability to generate and accumulate electro-static charges. This is often demonstrated by the "crackling" or "sparkling" that occurs when removing synthetic clothing.

This increasing use of synthetic fibres and materials, such as nylon, orlon, polyester, etc. and plastics generally, in

clothing, carpets furnishings, upholstery and soles on footwear, is presenting increasing discomfort and safety risks to the community

and industry around the world.

Static electricity can also be generated by equipment, solid objects, liquids, dusts and gases.

Depending on the situation, static electricity can be

uncomfortable, inconvenient, harmful and dangerous.

One of the many uncomfortable side effects produced by the build-up of electro-static charges in a person is when the

person experiences discomfort due to an unexpected static "shock".

The use of insulating rubber and synthetic soles on footwear, instead of normal leather soles which is a natural material and has anti-static properties, has produced a high incidence of "hot foot" discomfort

and other side effects as well as static "shock" to the wearer of shoes

with insulating soles of "synthetic" material. This is caused by the lack of anti-static properties in rubber and synthetic footwear soles,

which will not allow the charge "build-up" on a person to be "earthed" through an insulating rubber or synthetic sole.

An electrical path through which static from the body may pass can consist of various forms of conductive materials, which

are now commercially available, such as fibrous type insoles of a

type sold under the trade names of TEXON and BONTEX and

others. Moisture absorbing materials make excellent static dissipating conductors.

Static electricity is also inconvenient, and a good

example of this problem is articles sticking to each other or

neighbouring objects and also the attraction of dust and foreign

materials.

It is well-known that synthetic materials will soil more quickly than materials of natural fibres. This is because the synthetic

fibres become statically "charged" and therefore they attract dust and dirt.

Static electricity is also a health hazard, for instance a person who is statically "charged" is more easily able to attract air born dusts, germs and bacteria, such as may be the cause of colds,

flu and hay fever and many other respiratory tract ailments.

Static electricity is also a danger hazard, for instance operators and workers in a wide range of industrial situations who become statically "charged", present a very dangerous problem. In this case, a "discharge" of a static "spark" from a person in industrial

areas containing flammable materials, can cause an explosion. Such areas, include Hospital Operating Theatres where flammable anaesthetics are still used, Chemical Laboratories, Petroleum and Gas Plants, Grain Storage Elevators, Initiating Explosives sections, Dry

Cleaning plants, Mining, etc.

Considerable danger exists in certain areas within the

aircraft industry, particularly during the refuelling operation and an explosion can occur if a static "discharge" takes place in the presence

of flammable vapours during uncoupling of fuel lines.

It is well-known that normal methods used for earthing

of persons by means of footwear includes:

1. Use of black carbon composites in the shoe soles which provide a conductive path to earth.

2. Conductive garters which are strapped in contact with the skin

of the wearers leg and which makes electrical contact with a sufficiently large area on the sole of the footwear.

3. Incorporation of a conductive carbon plug by means of moulding in the soles of a normally insulating shoe.

4. Use of copper nails driven through the soles of normally insulating soles of rubber or other synthetic type materials.

5. Wearing of leather soled shoes which do not incorporate rubber solutions for bonding soles to the upper, but utilise

stitching as in the case of the Goodyear welt method.

It is an object of the invention to overcome one or

more of the abovementioned problems. In accordance with the invention, footwear is provided which is made at least partly with an intrinsically conductive polymer

(ICP).

Suitably the footwear is provided with a sole which is made at least partly with an ICP.

The human body is a conductor and when insulated from earth it can become electro-statically "charged".

This improved anti-static footwear invention through the means of the anti-static properties incorporated in the footwear, is scientifically designed in such a way as to provide:

1 . The safe dissipation, or "earthing" of electro-static charges in the body; and

2. Protection against electric shock from supply mains, in case

the wearer accidentally touches a source of high voltage. This improved footwear invention, by means of the anti-static properties provided in the normally insulating soles, creates a solution to the above problems.

This improved anti-static footwear invention, through the means of the anti-static properties incorporated in the footwear components is scientifically designed in such a way as to be a significant improvement over prior art. This is because of the

nature, or composition of the synthetic, normally insulating materials used in the footwear, particularly in regard to the construction and composition of the synthetic polymers used in the soles of the footwear.

Such anti-static footwear is an effective means of controlling undesirable static electricity.

In particular, such anti-static footwear provides a safe and more effective path to earth for body static through the use of

intrinsically conductive polymers - ICPs. Intrinsically conductive polymers do not use conductive compounds, such as carbon, or

metallic fillers, such as metal powders, or other such conductive materials, but instead use the conductive properties of ICPs which are

inherent in the processed polymers. The process is a relatively

simple technique which entails subjecting the polymer to a small

positive voltage that "pops" positively charged hydrogen ions off the molecule, leaving negatively charged groups behind. As a result, the

polymer becomes electrically conductive and thus provides a conductive path through the polymer for static in the wearers body to pass through the sole of the footwear to earth.

Full details relating to intrinsically conductive polymers are outlined in Modern Plastics International, August 1991 edition and contained in an article headed "Tapping the Power of

Intrinsic Conductivity".

Suitably, the ICP is an ICP based on polyaniline, and

in particular the raw material necessary for the manufacture of the blend is polyaniline in powder form.

Other ICPs include polydiphenylamine, polypyrrole, polythioprene, polythiophene, polythienylenevinylene, bithiophene and polycroconaine dosed with iodine.

Further thermoplastic blends and other dispersions are currently being developed.

In spite of their insolubility and infusibility, ICPs are processable. Furthermore, the conductivity of ICPs approach that of copper and other metals, at a fraction of the weight.

These polymer blends are particularly suitable, because

they combine the cost effectiveness and utility of plastics with

electrical properties approaching those of metals. The polymer is

environmentally stable, so it will not lose its properties under typical

use conditions.

Suitably the ICP has a conductivity greater than 10 ^"5 Siemens/cm (S/cm), more preferably a conductivity greater than 10 ^"2

S/cm, and most preferably a conductivity greater than 1 S/cm.

Anti-static properties provided by the intrinsically conductive polymers may be incorporated in any component of the

footwear made of a polymer. It is particularly suitable for use in the shoe soling components and materials, such as used in the insoles,

throughsoles and outersoles. It should be noted that ICP materials may be sued in conjunction with any type of other footwear products and components which are moisture absorbing so as to provide an effective path to earth for static build-up in a persons body.

The use of ICPs in footwear components, however, particularly in insole, throughsole or outersole construction provides significant improvement over prior art.

Improvements include some very tangible performance

benefits, including superior conductive and mechanical properties and improved processing procedures over previously used and known materials. They contain no metal or fibres to breakdown in processing. They are also highly suitable for extrusion, injection, compression and other forms of process moulding.

Normal means of producing shoe sole components, such as by compression moulding, direct injection, unit sole

moulding, or sheet moulding and cut methods, or any other kind of construction, may be used.

One improvement by such footwear is that it will

control the risk of "cross-infection" and is specially recommended for use in infectious diseases areas.

Another improvement provided by this invention is that unlike the "black art" system used in conductive carbon composite

sole systems, the intrinsically conductive polymers does not create marking problems on floors or other surfaces, which is a common fault with black carbon sole materials.

One other aspect of this invention of providing anti¬

static and conductive properties in footwear by means of ICPs is that by a system of addition or subtraction the resistance values in the

shoe materials may be controlled within safe limits. Alternatively, the ICP materials may be in the form of an additive, often referred to as a masterbatch which could be used in association with any rubber, or non-rubber based compounds, such as the popular range

of polymers, eg Polyvinyl Chloride (PNC), Polyurethane (PU), ABS, PE, thermoplastic polyester, nylon, etc, and which would also allow

the finished product to obtain resistance values in the approved

"safety" range.

Another feature provided by the invention is that "conductive" or anti-static" shoes can be produced in almost any

colour without detracting from the performance properties provided

by the use of ICP materials.

The conductive properties provided by the invention may be varied according to the requirements, however, in the case

of safe wearing of the footwear only values relating to "anti-static" shoes should be used. For anti-static footwear, electrical resistance in the ICP material should preferably be no greater than 1 x 10 ⁸ ohms and no less than 5 x 10 ⁴ ohms when measured according to

British standard BS2050.

It should be understood, however, that resistance

values through the ICP material, or an additive thereof, may be varied. Amounts of ICP ranging from 5% to 25%, or other suitable

percentage - in blends with PVC, thermoplastic polymer, PU and other polymers, has been found to provide varying degrees of anti¬

static properties which are quite suitable for use in this invention. One particular soling material popularly used in the

construction of footwear is PVC and another, PU is also very suitable along with numerous other compounds of polymers, synthetic

rubbers, natural rubber and other forms of materials used in footwear construction. Two ICP materials which may be effectively use in the construction of the "anti-static" or "conductive" footwear invention, are marketed under the trade names VERSICON and INCOBLEND produced by Allied Signal Corp, USA and Zipperling Kessler & Co. (GmbH & Co.), Germany respectively.

Specific details of the ICP material sold under the

trade name VERSICON is as follows:

Chemical Characterization Polyaniline (intrinsically conductive polymer)

Appearance/Form dark green powder

Conductivity (compacted powder) 2-4 S/cm

Resistivity (compacted 0.5-0.25 Ω cm powder)

Moisture Content 3-4 wt/%

Particle Size Range 3 - 100 mic ron (undispersed)

Specific Gravity 1.36 g/cm ³

Bulk Density 230 g/1 Surface Area (BET) 5-20 m ² /g Temperature Limit long term (years) Service 100°C short term (minutes) Processing 240 °C

Solubility Insoluble in common solvents such as water, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons

Chemical Nature acidic, incompatible with most bases

Specific details of the ICP material sold under the trade name INCOBLEND is as follows:

Description : The product is a flexible

PVC blend based on an intrinsically conductive polymer (PAni). It o f f e r e l e c t r i c a l conductivity greater than 1 S/cm.

Electrical Properties : Bulk Conductivity greater than 1 S/cm

(upper limit being 5 S/cm)

Mechanical Properties : Tensile, (PST) - greater than 600

Elongation, % - greater than 250

Shore A Hardness - 82

Processing Guidelines : Compression

Moulding - 150°C Injection Moulding - Zones 135°C Die 150°C Mould 24 °C

Extrusion - 135-150°C

Processes of inducing high levels of conductivity in polyaniline and other polymers to produce ICPs include both photochemical (by electron-beam exposure) and thermal methods. Polyaniline is processed in a solution using organic and aqueous

solvents, and the polymer undergoes an insulator-to-conductor

transition on doping with reagents such as protonic acids, creating a metallic salt. Exposing this system to E-bcam radiation turns polyaniline into a conductor.