BACKGROUND ART In the field of medical implantation, a reduction in the size and weight of implanted devices is the major challenge for many reasons. The size of an implanted device directly affects the comfort of the patient.

Particularly, if an implant is large it will require that much large opening in the living body either to insert or remove it, possibly causing an excessive bleeding and increasing vulnerability to infection during the implantation.

A battery occupies 50 to 80 % of volume in most of implanted medical devices. But, batteries have a limited life span so that they have to be replaced periodically.

The replacement also requires a surgical operation to make an opening in the body, which is very inconvenient to and can be dangerous for some patients.

To solve the problem, researchers have been studying how to supply power to implanted medical devices non-surgically. A solution was a transcutaneous power transmission (non-contact type power transmission).

However, known charging devices have failed to satisfy some of the basic requirements such as miniaturization and stability under a harsh environment.

A prior art charger for implanted medical device is

disclosed in U. S. patent No. 4,143,661. It discloses implanting a very large coil in a human body so as to surround a leg or the waist to use it as the secondary coil. Implanting such a large coil adversely affects the patient's condition. In addition, a large coil inserted into a human body could cause damages to the body.

Another prior art charger is disclosed in U. S. patent No. 5,358,514. The charger disclosed therein includes a secondary transformer, a battery and other supplemental circuitry. For magnetic flux supplied from outside of a human body to reach the charger, the charger cannot be enclosed in a metal case, which imposes restrictions on the design of the implanted device.

Since ferromagnetic core surrounded by a coil is used as a component of a secondary transformer, it is bulky and vulnerable to impact from outside.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an objective of the present invention to provide a transcutaneous power transmission apparatus for use in an implantable medical device.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is disclosed an apparatus for providing power to an implantable medical device in a living body, comprising a means for receiving power in the form of magnetic flux from an external power source and providing the received power to said implantable medical device, wherein said means includes a flexible coil.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is disclosed an apparatus for providing power to an implantable medical device, comprising: a first circuit for transmitting power in the form of magnetic flux; and a second circuit for receiving said power from said first circuit and for providing the received power to

said implantable medical device, wherein said first and second circuits are not physically coupled and said second circuit includes a flexible coil.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an implatable medical device, comprising : a first circuit for receiving power in the form of magnetic flux and providing the received power; and an electrical device using the power provided from said first circuit, wherein said first circuit comprises a flexible coil.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for providing power to an implantable medical device, comprising a first circuit for receiving power in the form of magnetic flux and providing the received power to said implanted medical device, wherein said first circuit includes a substantially flat coil.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a medical device including a flat type coil in accordance with the present invention; Figs. 2A and 2B are diagrams illustrating front and sectional views of a primary coil in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 3A through Fig. 3D are diagrams illustrating front and sectional views of a secondary coil in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 4A, Fig. 4B and Fig. 4C are diagrams illustrating embodiments of transformers in which primary

and secondary coils are coupled together; Fig. 5A is a schematic diagram of an experimental circuit for confirming an operation of a transformer used in the present invention; Fig. 5B shows voltage waveforms obtained from a test for confirming an operation of a transformer used in the present invention; Fig 6. is a functional block diagram of one embodiment of a charging system in accordance with the present invention; Fig 7. is a functional block diagram of another embodiment of a charging system in accordance with the present invention; Fig 8. is a functional block diagram of yet another embodiment of a charging system in accordance with the present invention; Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating a first embodiment of a supplementary tool for using the charging system according to the present invention; and Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating a second embodiment of a supplementary tool for using the charging system according to the present invention.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION An embodiment of the present invention will now be described in details with reference to the accompanying drawings.

A top view of an implantable medical device is shown in Fig. 1, having a concentrically-wound coil ("flat coil") that is inductively coupled to an external coil (not shown in Fig. 1). The two coils, acting as primary and secondary windings, form a transformer such that power from an external source connected to the external coil can be inductively transferred to a battery coupled to the flat coil.

In accordance with the present invention, the flat coil 20 is made small so that it can be attached onto an exterior surface of often small implantable medical device. Known methods for forming a flat coil on a printed circuit board, preferably a flexible PCB, can be utilized. However, the present invention is not confined to these methods but one may utilize any other method for arranging a substantially flat coil onto a surface of an implanted medical device.

Flexible PCBs are widely used in small devices such as wristwatches and cameras. Flexible PCBs are made, for example, by pressing plastic material at both sides of metal wire (s).

There are various methods for making flat type coils by mounting a coil on a flexible PCB. One of such methods is the patterning of a coil on a substrate. This method comprises printing a coil and other circuit components and thereafter removing remaining parts by chemical processes. In this method, it is possible to mount related control circuits on the same circuit board concurrently with patterning the coil.

In addition to the above patterning method, it is possible to concentrically wind a copper wire and attach the coil onto a substrate. Although the coil depicted in Fig. 1 is completely flat, it may not be so if a surface of an implantable device, onto which the coil is supposed to be attached or formed, is curved. In other words, the "flat"coil actually can follow the contour of a flexible circuit board. This flexibility of the flat coil provides an advantage because the shape of a medical device does not have to be restricted just in order to accommodate the coil.

The gauge, number of turns, length of a coil depend on factors such as desired power transmission, distance from the primary coil outside the living body and battery charging time.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the coil and a PCB onto which the coil is formed are covered with a medically-safe material such silicon or latex 10 as shown in Fig. 1 in order to prevent corrosion the coil and PCB circuits and also prevent a possible release of foreign materials from the device inside a living body.

To prevent magnetic flux generated from nearby electronic devices from affecting the medical device, a magnetic shield layer 40 may be placed between the coil- formed flexible substrate and the main body of an implantable medical device. The most common method for shielding magnetic flux is to surround the device with ferromagnetic materials or compounds.

In the present invention, ferrite compounds in liquid phase, film shape, or solid phase can be utilized as the shield layer 40. The ferrite compounds in liquid phase include a shielding paint that is a mixture of paint and ferrite powder for absorbing electromagnetic flux produced by, for example, computer monitors, and magnetic fluid for use with speakers. Examples of such liquid ferrite compound include SMF series products that are produced by Samhwa Electrics (See www. samhwa. co. kr/english/products/98. asp). Film type ferrite material includes ferrite polymer compound film supplied by Siemens of Germany (See www. epcos. de/inf/90/ap/e0001000. htm). Because materials in solid state are vulnerable to impact and difficult to handle, it is preferable to utilize materials in liquid state or film shape depending on the shapes of the medical device or the part in a human body where the device is inserted.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a coil is patterned on the housing of an implanted medical device, which simplifies the overall manufacturing process. In this case, a shield layer is constructed by coating a ferrite compound on the device, followed by

printing a coil pattern. Then, the entire outer surface of the apparatus is coated with a silicon material.

Fig. 2A and Fig. 2B are diagrams illustrating, respectively, front and cross-sectional views of the primary coil according to one embodiment of the present invention. It is preferable to construct the shape of the primary coil so as to efficiently transmit power to the secondary coil positioned in a human body. As one example, a primary coil of Fig. 2 is placed concentrically inside a hollow cylinder of magnetic having a center column in the coaxial direction. In other words, conductive wire is wound around the column inside the hollow cylinder. When a current is supplied to the coil 205, magnetic flux is produced in the coaxial direction. Thus, power transmission efficiency is enhanced by placing the flat coil inside the living body and the primary coil assembly such that they are in parallel.

Fig. 3A through Fig. 3D are diagrams illustrating front and cross-sectional views of an exemplary secondary coil. The coil may be printed onto one or both sides of the substrate, as shown in Figs. 3B and 3C. As described above, the substrate illustrated in Fig. 3B and Fig. 3C may be flexible. Fig. 3D depicts an embodiment that does not include a substrate. In place of the substrate, the separately-prepared coil is directly attached onto the housing of a medical device.

In Figs. 3, the secondary coil is depicted as a concentric winding. But the present invention is not limited to this shape. Other designs include meander and mesh shapes. What is important is that the overall shape of the secondary coil is determined depending on the shape of its target medical device and on a desired efficiency of transformer.

Figs. 4A, 4B, and 4C illustrate embodiments where the primary and secondary coils are inductively coupled

in various arrangements. The primary coil 405 is disposed outside of a human body and the secondary coil 425 is disposed inside of the human body 410 Fig. 4A illustrates an embodiment in which the secondary coil is attached to (or printed on) the substrate 430 and a shielding film 420 is disposed under the substrate. In Fig. 4B, the secondary coil 425 is coated with a protective material such as silicon. In Fig. 4C, two primary coils are disposed off both sides of the human body to increase power transmission.

Fig. 5A depicts a circuit modeling of power transmission according to the present invention. In operation, a current is provided from an external power source 505, and switches 515,517,520, and 522 are controlled by control signals sl, s2, s3, and s4 (See waveform 120 to 123) produced in a control means 532.

When AC current il flows in the primary coil 530 by the operation of the switches and a capacitor 525, current i2 is induced in the inductively-coupled secondary coil 535, having substantially the same waveform of current il.

The AC current i2 is rectified to a direct current by diodes 542,544,546 and 548. The resultant direct current is provided to charge a rechargeable battery of the medical device 560. Fig. 5B depicts waveforms of the control signals and the currents in the primary and secondary windings.

Any known circuits for charging a rechargeable battery may be used. Examples of such circuits are MAX745, MAX1679, MAX1736, MAX1879 provided by MAXIM and LTC1732-4/LTC1732-4.2 and LT1571 series provided by Linear technology.

(see http://dbserv. maxim-ic. com/quick view2. cfm? qv pk=2544, http://dbserv. maxim-ic. com/quick view2. cfm? qv pk=2094, http://dbserv. maxim-ic. com/quick view2. cfm? qv pk=2219, http://dbserv. maxim-ic. com/quick view2. cfm? qv pk=1661,

http://www. linear- tech. com/prod/datasheet. html? datasheet=606, http://www. linear. com/prod/datasheet? datasheet=575&produc t family=power).

Fig. 6 depicts a functional block diagram of one embodiment of a charging system in accordance with the present invention. The DC power from an external power source 605 is fed first to a DC/DC converter 610 in order to stabilize the voltage. The stabilized DC power is provided to a DC/AC converter 615. The AC current from the DC/AC converter is applied to the primary coil 620.

Generally, a high frequency AC voltage is supplied to the primary coil 620 in order to enhance efficiency of non- contact type power transmissions as well as to make the transformer smaller and lighter. Therefore, the DC/AC converter 615 used in the embodiment should be chosen such that it produces an AC current of with a frequency range of several hundreds kHz.

At the secondary side in a human body, power transmitted from the primary coil 620 is converted to direct current by a rectifier (an AC/DC converter 645) and then made constant voltage by a charging means 650 and a control means 660 so as to charge a battery 665.

It is preferable to use a small and stable battery in the medical device. Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries are examples of small and thin batteries.

Although the lithium-ion battery is more efficient, the lithium-polymer battery is preferable because it is more stable.

In the embodiment depicted in Fig. 6, the control means 625,660 can communicate wirelessly with each other.

Antennas 630,655 are coupled to the control means to transmit and receive radio frequency signals. For example, data related to the charging operation (for example, the battery voltage) may be transferred from the secondary side to the primary side. This data may be

used by the primary control means 625 to control the DC/AC converter 615 and can be displayed on a display 635 for an operator to monitor the charging process.

Fig. 7 is a functional block diagram of another embodiment of the charging device in accordance with the present invention. The embodiment depicted in Fig. 7 is similar to the embodiment of Fig. 6 except that the controller in the secondary side is integrated with a medical device 770; and an AC source 705 is utilized as a power source at the primary side. As explained above with reference to Fig. 6, high frequency current is preferably used for contactless power transfer. For this, the standard AC current of 60 Hz is first converted to a DC current by an AC/DC converter 710 before converted back to an AC current of a much higher frequency by DC/AC converter 715. The resultant AC current is fed to the primary coil 720.

Fig. 8 is a functional block diagram of another embodiment of a charging system in accordance with the present invention. The embodiment of Fig. 8 is similar to those in Figs. 6 and 7 except that filters are provided in primary and secondary sides instead of the antennas. The filters 810,820 superpose and retrieves a data signal on and from the power signal that is inductively transmitted form the primary winding to the secondary winding. Known methods of using power line for data communication can be utilized for embedding data in the power signal. For example, an information signal in a different bandwidth is combined with the power signal, transmitted to the other side and recovered by separating the information signal form the power signal.

Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating a first embodiment of a supplementary tool that a human user can wear according to the present invention. It is necessary to place the primary coil on the human body such that it is as close as possible to the secondary coil for efficient

power transmission. For this purpose, a belt or vest with the primary winding assembly built in is provided as shown in Figs. 9 and 10. The primary coil can be disposed at various points on the belt/vest. Power is transferred from an external power source C to the primary coil via a power cable D.

The transcutaneous power transmission apparatus according to the present invention can be utilized for various implantable medical devices that requires electrical power, such as an artificial heart, a pacemaker, an implantable cardiverter defibrillator, a neurostimulator, a GI stimulator, an implantable drug infusion pump, a bone growth stimulation device and many other device.

In accordance with the non-contact type power transmission apparatus of the present invention, electric power can be transmitted to the medical device repeatedly without having to take the implanted medical device out of a human body by making an incision in the body. Thus, it is possible to prevent various bad effects accompanied by the surgery. Further, the whole apparatus can be made lighter and smaller since the size of a battery can be reduced, thereby reducing the side effects caused by the implantation.

In addition, it is possible to substantially extend the life span of a medical device because of the use of rechargeable batteries. In addition, since the secondary coil can be formed in a variety of shapes, it is easy to design medical devices that accommodate the inside of a living body. Especially, the medical device can be made very thin.

While the invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variations and modifications are possible without deviating from the broad principles and teachings of the present invention which should be limited solely by the scope of the claims appended hereto.