APPARATUS FOR THE CREATION AND EMISSION OF ACOUSTIC SOUND WAVES CAPABLE OF INFLUENCING THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OR BEHAVIOR OF A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM SUCH AS A HUMAN, ANIMAL OR PLANT

Technical field

The present invention relates to a method and device that enables the creation and diffusion of structured sound waves that have the ability influence the physiological or behavioural aspects of biological systems.

Background Concepts

Definitions

The designation bioharmonic signal is used to identify a natural wave phenomenon, or in other words, a low frequency electrical waveform that is related to the physical and or behavioral state of a biological system. Wherein the origin of the term bio is used as a short form for the term biology or biological, relating to the properties of living systems, and the term harmonic is used in relation to individual frequency components of a complex waveform.

The term biological system is used to signify any living or biological organism or system such as a protein, cell, organ, plant, animal, or human.

The term triphonic sound treatment system is used to signify a novel sound amplification and reproduction system that uses three dephased audio transducers to emit a focused sound field towards a subject, typically a human, animal or plant.

The term bioharmonic detection system is used to signify a novel electronic device that is capable of detecting low frequency electric field changes in a biological system such as a human, animal or plant.

Vibration and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

A spectrum is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. The term refers to a plot of intensity or power as a function of frequency or wavelength, also known as a spectral density, and now applies to any signal that can be measured or decomposed along a continuous variable. Some typical examples include: the energy in electron spectroscopy, the mass to charge ratio in mass spectrometry, or the harmonic content of sound waves. The term spectrum is also used to refer to a graphical representation of the frequency components that make up a complex waveform. Electromagnetic Fields

The electromagnetic field is defined as the field produced by moving charges. Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is a form of energy emitted and absorbed by charged particles, which exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through a medium (i.e. space). At different frequency bands we have unique manifestations of energy:

At the upper end of the electromagnetic spectrum, the gamma range (10 ^-12 m), we have the vibrations of atomic nuclei. In the x-ray band (10 ^-10 nm) we find the vibrations of atoms. In the ultra-violet range (10 ^_8 nm), the vibrations of molecules and ions. In the visible range (0.5 x 10 ^-6 ) energy manifests as light.

An electron in an excited molecule or atom that descends to a lower energy level emits a photon of light equal to the energy difference. Since the energy levels of electrons in atoms are discrete, each element and each molecule emits and absorbs its own characteristic frequencies.

In the infra-red band (10 ^-5 ) energy manifests as heat. Lower still in the gigahertz and microwave band (10 ^-2 ) we have, what is commonly misquoted as «electromagnetic radiation" of communication systems, radar, mobile phones, wireless networks, etc., lower still along the electromagnetic frequency spectrum, we find radio waves.

The region of vibrational frequencies lower than the radio band, less than 500 kHz, we can call the «extended audio frequency range». In this region we have the ultrasonic band (frequencies greater than 20 kHz), audible sound (16 Hz - 20 kHz), and infrasound (less than 16 Hz). Over this range, energy manifests as a mechanical force, whereby it moves the molecular and atomic position of matter in space without disturbing it ^' s structure. The extended audio frequency range consists of a wide bandwidth which includes the vibrations generated by mechanical action, tectonic movement, weather and ocean currents, the movement of planets, stars and galaxies, and biological systems (i.e. speech, birdsong, animal sounds, heartbeat, respiration, etc.).

The lower frequency band of the electromagnetic spectrum, less than 500 kHz, can generate a field of physical or mechanical influence on matter, which for example may be observed by moon ^' s effects on ocean tides caused by gravitational waves, and ultrasound can be applied to modify the mechanical properties of cells used in biological research or to eliminate tartar buildup on tooth enamel.

The common approach in defining phenomena across the electromagnetic spectrum is based in principle by our interest in a specific application. We are more or less tied to a particular range of the energy spectrum, and the perception we have in our frame of reference regarding that interest is somehow limited to this particular range. Such particular range is for example the electromagnetic spectrum as applied to communications systems, the visible light band, the X-ray band, the gamma range, the sound spectrum, etc. It is very rare to find references related to interactions that involve multiple ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fig 1 . The Electromagnetic Spectrum Waves, Oscillations and Vibrations

Waves, also known as oscillations or vibrations, are disturbances that travel through space and matter, accompanied by a transfer of energy. Waves are prevalent throughout the natural world and their frequency bandwidth extends across the entire electromagnetic spectrum encompassing all know phenomena ranging from the interactions of atoms and molecules to visible light, heat, radio waves, sound, mechanical vibrations, seismic waves to the gravitational effects of planetary bodies. While a single definition of waves or vibrations is not straightforward, it is generally understood that they are caused by the movement of potential or energy, originating from or propagating through an object or system, and refers to the transport of disturbances over time and space.

In physics, a wave is a disturbance (an oscillation) that travels through space in time, accompanied by the transfer of energy. Waves travel and the wave motion transfers energy from one point to another, often with no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium— in other words, with little or no associated mass transport. They consist, instead, of oscillations or vibrations around generally fixed locations. An example is a cork on rippling water that is moving up and down, staying in about the same place while the wave itself moves onwards.

An oscillation is a repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. Familiar examples include a swinging pendulum and AC power. The term vibration is sometimes used more narrowly to mean a mechanical oscillation but sometimes is used to be synonymous with «oscillation». Oscillations occur not only in physical systems but also in biological systems and in human society.

One type of wave is a mechanical wave, which propagates through a medium in which the substance of this medium is deformed. The deformation reverses itself owing to restoring forces resulting from its deformation. For example, sound waves propagate via air molecules bumping into their neighbors. This transfers some energy to these neighbors, which will cause a cascade of collisions between neighboring molecules. When air molecules collide with their neighbors, they also bounce away from them (restoring force). This keeps the molecules from continuing to travel in the direction of the wave.

Another type of wave can travel through a vacuum, e.g. electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, gamma rays, X-rays, and radio waves). This type of wave consists of periodic oscillations in electrical and magnetic fields. A main distinction can be made between transverse and longitudinal waves. Transverse waves occur when a disturbance creates oscillations perpendicular (at right angles) to the propagation (the direction of energy transfer). Longitudinal waves occur when the oscillations are parallel to the direction of propagation. Waves are described by a wave equations which set out how the disturbances proceeds over time. The mathematical forms of these equation vary depending on the type of wave.

General Features of Waves

A single, all-encompassing definition for the term wave is not straightforward. A vibration can be defined as a back-and-forth motion around a reference value. However, a vibration is not necessarily a wave. An attempt to define the necessary and sufficient characteristics that qualify a phenomenon to be called a wave remains unclear.

The term wave is often intuitively understood as referring to a transport of spatial disturbances that are generally not accompanied by a motion of the medium occupying this space as a whole. In a wave, the energy of a vibration is moving away from the source in the form of a disturbance within the surrounding medium. However, this notion is problematic for a standing wave (for example, a wave on a string), where energy is moving in both directions equally, or for electromagnetic / light waves in a vacuum, where the concept of medium does not apply and the inherent interaction of its component is the main reason of its motion and broadcasting. There are water waves on the ocean surface; light waves emitted by the Sun; microwaves used in microwave ovens; radio waves broadcast by radio stations; and sound waves generated by radio receivers, telephone handsets and living creatures (as voices).

It may appear that the description of waves is closely related to their physical origin for each specific instance of a wave process. For example, acoustics is distinguished from optics in that sound waves are related to a mechanical rather than an electromagnetic wave transfer caused by vibration. Concepts such as mass, momentum, inertia, or elasticity, become therefore crucial in describing acoustic (as distinct from optic) wave processes. This difference in origin introduces certain wave characteristics particular to the properties of the medium involved. For example, in the case of air: vortices, radiation pressure, shock waves etc.; in the case of solids: Rayleigh waves, dispersion etc.; and so on.

Other properties which are usually described in an origin-specific manner, may be generalized to all waves. For such reasons, wave theory represents a particular branch of physics that is concerned with the properties of wave processes independently from their physical origin. For example, based on the mechanical origin of acoustic waves, a moving disturbance in space-time can exist if and only if the medium involved is neither infinitely stiff nor infinitely pliable. If all the parts making up a medium were rigidly bound, then they would all vibrate as one, with no delay in the transmission of the vibration and therefore no wave motion. This is impossible because it would violate general relativity. On the other hand, if all the parts were independent, then there would not be any transmission of the vibration and again, no wave motion. Although the above statements are meaningless in the case of waves that do not require a medium, they reveal a characteristic that is relevant to all waves regardless of origin: within a wave, the phase of a vibration (that is, its position within the vibration cycle) is different for adjacent points in space because the vibration reaches these points at different times.

Similarly, wave processes revealed from the study of waves other than sound waves can be significant to the understanding of sound phenomena. A relevant example is Thomas Young's principle of interference (Young, 1802, in Hunt 1992, p. 132). This principle was first introduced in Young's study of light and, within some specific contexts (for example, scattering of sound by sound), is still a researched area in the study of sound.

Waveform means the shape and form of a signal such as a wave moving in a physical medium or an abstract representation. In many cases the medium through which the wave propagates does not permit a direct visual image of the form. In these cases, the term 'waveform' refers to the shape of a graph of the varying quantity against an axis of time or distance. By extension, the term 'waveform' also describes the shape of the visual graph of any varying quantity over time.

Examples of Waveforms

Sine wave: sin (2 π t). The amplitude of the waveform follows a trigonometric sine function with respect to time. The sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical function that describes a smooth repetitive oscillation. Its most basic form as a function of time (t) is:

Figure 4 where: A, the amplitude, is the peak deviation of the function from its center position. ω, the angular frequency, specifies how many oscillations occur in a unit time interval, in radians per second φ, the phase, specifies where in its cycle the oscillation begins at t = 0. When the phase is non-zero, the entire waveform appears to be shifted in time by the amount φ/ ω seconds. A negative value represents a delay, and a positive value represents an advance.

The sine wave is important in physics because it retains its wave shape when added to another sine wave of the same frequency and arbitrary phase and magnitude. It is the only periodic waveform that has this property. This property leads to its importance in Fourier analysis and makes it acoustically unique.

Square wave: saw(t)— saw (t— duty). This waveform is commonly used to represent digital information. A square wave of constant period contains odd harmonics that fall off at -6 dB/octave. Triangle wave: (t— 2 floor ((t + 1 ) 12)) (— 1 )floor ((t + 1 ) 12) . It contains odd harmonics that fall off at - 12 dB/octave.

Sawtooth wave: 2 (t— floor(t)) — 1 . This looks like the teeth of a saw. Found often in time bases for display scanning. It is used as the starting point for subtractive synthesis, as a saw tooth wave of constant period contains odd and even harmonics that fall off at—6 dB/octave.

Other waveforms are often called composite waveforms and can often be described as a combination of a number of sinusoidal waves or other basis functions added together.

Harmonics

A harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. Complex waveforms with a base vibration frequency contain a series of harmonics and sub-harmonics. The harmonics of a signal as defined as related vibrations that are integer multiples of the fundamental oscillation. Theoretically, the harmonic series extends to infinity in both the upper frequency range, multiplying the fundamental frequency for the upper partials, and dividing the fundamental frequency for the lower partials which are called sub-harmonics. We can illustrate this as follows for a fundamental frequency of 440 Hz:

Upper Harmonics (in Hz) : 880, 1320, 1760, 2200, etc.

Fundamental Frequency: 440 Hz

Lower Harmonics (sub-harmonics): 220, 110, 55, 27.5, etc.

The fundamental frequency is the reciprocal of the period of a periodic function.

It is thought that any phenomena occurring at one band of the electromagnetic spectrum may have influences across multiple other ranges (i.e. the heating effects on cells via electromagnetic radiation; the creation of resonant low frequency standing waves in acoustic environments caused by sound vibrations).

Any complex waveform an be described as a vibration composed of a series of simple periodic waves (sine waves) each with its own frequency, amplitude, and phase. A harmonic (or a harmonic partial) is any of a set of vibrations that are whole number multiples of a common fundamental frequency and is any of the sine wave components by which a complex waveform is described. Inharmonicity is a measure of the deviation of a partial from the closest ideal harmonic.

A harmonic of a wave is a frequency component of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. For example, if the fundamental frequency is f, the harmonics have frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, etc. The harmonics have the property that they are all periodic at the fundamental frequency; therefore the sum of harmonics is also peri- odic at that frequency. Harmonic frequencies are equally spaced by the width of the fundamental frequency and can be found by repeatedly adding that frequency. For example, if the fundamental frequency is 25 Hz, the frequencies of the harmonics are: 50 Hz, 75 Hz, 100 Hz etc.

The Fourier series describes the decomposition of periodic waveforms, such that any periodic waveform can be formed by the sum of a (possibly infinite) set of fundamental and harmonic components. Finite-energy and non-periodic waveforms can also be analyzed into sinusoids by the Fourier transform.

Waveforms that contain a regular and ordered harmonic content are said to be coherent, while waveforms with an unordered harmonic content are said to be incoherent or chaotic.

The harmonic content of complex waveforms is equivalent to information. Emission Spectrum

The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the element's atoms or the compound's molecules when they are returned to a lower energy state. The emission spectrum of each element is unique, thus spectroscopy can be used to identify the various elements in matter of unknown composition. Similarly, the emission spectra of molecules can be used in chemical analysis of substances.

Emission is a process by which a higher energy quantum mechanical state of a particle becomes converted to a lower one through the emission of a photon, resulting in the production of light. The frequency of light emitted is a function of the energy of the transition. The energy states of the transitions can lead to emissions over a very large range of frequencies. For example: the coupling of electronic states in atoms and molecules produces visible light (a phenomenon called fluorescence or phosphorescence); nuclear shell transitions can emit high energy gamma rays; nuclear spin transitions emit low energy radio waves. Precise measurements at many wavelengths allow the identification of a substance via emission spectroscopy.

Absorption Spectrum

The absorption spectrum is a spectroscopic technique that measures the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and a sample. As a sample is exposed to a radiating field, the intensity of energy (photon) absorption will vary as a function of frequency or wavelength. A material's absorption spectrum is the fraction of incident radiation absorbed by the material over a range of frequencies.

The frequencies where absorption lines occur, as well as their relative intensities, primarily depend on the electronic and atomic structure of the molecule. The frequencies will also depend on the interactions between molecules in the sample, the crystal structure in solids, and on several environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of electromagnetic fields. The lines will have a width and shape that are primarily determined by the spectral density or the density of states of the system.

Absorption lines are typically classified by the nature of the quantum mechanical change induced in the molecule or atom. Rotational lines, for instance, occur when the rotational state of a molecule is changed. Rotational lines are typically found in the microwave spectral region. Vibrational lines correspond to changes in the vibrational state of the molecule and are typically found in the infrared region. Electronic lines correspond to a change in the electronic state of an atom or molecule and are typically found in the visible and ultraviolet region. X-ray absorptions are associated with the excitation of inner shell electrons in atoms. These changes can also be combined (e.g. rotation-vibration transitions), leading to new absorption lines at the combined energy of the two changes.

Electric Charge

Electric charge is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when it is near other electrically charged matter. Electric charge comes in two types, called positive and the other negative. Two positively charged substances, or objects, experience a mutual repulsive force, as do two negatively charged objects. Positively charged objects and negatively charged objects experience an attractive force.

The electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields. The interaction between a moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the source of the electromagnetic force, which is one of the four fundamental forces.

Charge is the fundamental property of forms of matter that exhibit electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other matter. Electric charge is a characteristic property of many subatomic particles. The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the elementary charge e, we say that electric charge is quantized, that is, it comes in multiples of individual small units called the elementary charge, e, (approximately equal to 1.602x10 ^~19 coulombs). The proton has a charge of e, and the electron has a charge of -e. The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C).

Coulomb's law quantifies the electrostatic force between two particles by asserting that the force is proportional to the product of their charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The electric charge of a macroscopic object is the sum of the electric charges of the particles that make it up. This charge is often small, because matter is made of atoms, and atoms typically have equal numbers of protons and electrons, in which case their charges cancel out, yielding a net charge of zero, making the atom and thus the object electrically neutral. Atoms and Ions

An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that has lost one or more electrons, giving it a net positive charge (cation), or that has gained one or more electrons, giving it a net negative charge (anion). Monatomic ions are formed from single atoms, while polyatomic ions are formed from two or more atoms that have been bonded together, in each case yielding an ion with a positive or negative net charge.

During the formation of macroscopic objects, usually the constituent atoms and ions will combine in such a manner that they form structures composed of neutral ionic compounds electrically bound to neutral atoms. Thus macroscopic objects tend toward being neutral overall, but macroscopic objects are rarely perfectly net neutral.

There are times when macroscopic objects contain ions distributed throughout the material, rigidly bound in place, giving an overall net positive or negative charge to the object. Macroscopic objects made of conductive elements, can take on or give off electrons, and then maintain a net negative or positive charge indefinitely. When the net electric charge of an object is non-zero and motionless, the phenomenon is known as static electricity.

Non-conductive materials can be charged to a significant degree, either positively or negatively. Charges can be taken from one material and moved to another material, leaving an opposite charge of the same magnitude behind. The law of conservation of charge always applies, giving the object from which a negative charge has been taken a positive charge of the same magnitude, and vice-versa.

Even when an object's net charge is zero, charge can be distributed non-uniformly in the object (e.g., due to an external electromagnetic field, or bound polar molecules). In such cases the object is said to be polarized. The charge due to polarization is known as bound charge, while charge on an object produced by electrons gained or lost from outside the object is called free charge. The motion of electrons in conductive metals in a specific direction is known as electric current.

Molecules, Charge and Chemical Reactions

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by cova- lent chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge, however, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is also applied to polyatomic ions. A molecule may consist of atoms of a single chemical element, as with oxygen (02), or of different elements, as with water (H20). Molecules as components of matter are common in organic substances and are widely discussed in the field of biochemistry. In molecular sciences, a molecule consists of a stable system (bound state) comprising two or more atoms, polyatomic ions may be thought of as electrically charged molecules. The term unstable molecule is used for very reactive species, i.e., short-lived assemblies (resonances) of electrons and nuclei, such as radicals, molecular ions, Rydberg molecules, transition states, van der Waals complexes, or systems of colliding atoms as in Bose-Einstein condensate. Ions are atoms or molecules in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving them a net positive or negative electrical charge. An anion (-) is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge. A cation (+) is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge. Since the charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron, the net charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.

We can illustrate this electrical force phenomena if we take two materials, for example, which are made of atoms, and subject them to an activating force (i.e. water, heat, chemical compound, etc.) and cause the release of the «activation energy», the energy required for a chemical reaction, or in biological systems the «action potential" which are potentials generated by voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane. The activating force begins a process whereby, on an atomic level, the transfer of electrical charges between the substances ensues. It is commonly known that electrical charges either attract or repulse among themselves depending on them being positive or negative. Once this process is activated and sustained, the flow of energy is moved from one substance to another. When a sufficient amount of energy is displaced (i.e. electrons or protons), we have a transformation of matter: this is what is called a chemical reaction. The wave-like effects of these transformations in complex systems, and in turn their harmonic frequency components may spread across multiple ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Living Systems

Life is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have signaling and self-sustaining processes from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased (death), or else because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate. Defining life is difficult because life is a process, not a pure substance.

Any contiguous living system is called an organism. These animate entities undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means.

Biological definitions of life are generally based upon chemical systems. From the perspective of biophysics, living processes can be viewed as a delay of the spontaneous diffusion or dispersion of the internal energy of biological molecules towards more potential microstates. Living systems are a member of the class of phenomena that are open or continuous and able to decrease their internal entropy at the expense of substances or free energy taken in from the environment and subsequently rejected in a degraded form. It can also be stated that living beings are thermodynamic systems that have an organized molecular structure. Hence, life is a self-sustained chemical system (matter) that can reproduce itself and evolve as survival dictates. It is thought that the process by which atoms and molecules are organized in living systems involves some sort of electrical or force phenomena that is linked with this process.

All biological systems and living organisms in turn, rely on a specific manner of physical organization of essentially inert or non-living material. The difference between «living» systems and «ηοη-living» systems has to do with the specific spatial and temporal organization of essentially inanimate atoms and molecules that are the building blocks of biological matter. In biological systems, we generally find the presence of macro- molecules whose size and complexity are many orders of magnitude larger than the molecules of inanimate matter.

While it has been scientifically established that all biological systems contain DNA and RNA macro-molecules, at the same time, it cannot be affirmed that the source of life is found in this integrant. Even in the most advanced genetic laboratories, rather than being able to make living matter from the basic inanimate constituents, scientists are required to work with biological material which is already alive.

The fundamental underlying process by which the atoms and molecules are organized in biological systems is of yet largely unknown. In other words, it appears impossible to determine the fundamental mechanisms related to the organization of biological systems when applying standard concepts in physics, chemistry and biology, as life is not a thing but a process.

Organization and Biological Matter

An organism is any contiguous living system (such as animal, fungus, micro-organism, or plant). In at least some form, all types of organisms are capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole. An organism may either be unicellular (containing a single cell) or multicellular (containing many cells). The scientific classification in biology considers organisms synonymous with life on Earth. The word organism may broadly be defined as an assembly of molecules functioning as a more or less stable whole that exhibits the properties of life.

Biological matter is able to not only generate energy and preserve energy but also to build upon it. A biological system is working largely on inert un-animated matter, is exchanging electrons and protons, transforming them and creating complex molecular structures that allow the organism to survive, thrive and reproduce. In a cell, for example, which is made up of many molecules that are carefully combined in complex structures, there is a continual exchange of information. There is an exchange of not only random electrical charges but also of electrical charges in the form of information. This process, the aspect of information, has only recently become the object of studies in biological systems. As of yet, the publications that speak about this process mostly adopt a theoretical approach and discussion, however there is no practical presentation of this process. Biological Cycles

In biological systems, we also find many cyclic processes and periodic functions which occurs at very different frequency ranges. If we look at many processes inside a biological system, we will encounter cycles that are ranging anywhere from several seconds to several hours to several days. In humans, we see that some of these cycles are actually even longer. A woman undergoes a regular menstrual cycle of approximately 28 days. Here we are looking at a cyclic periodic function of a biological system. And even though many chemical processes are involved as well, they operate at a very different timeframes. Generally, it is not possible to compare the timeframes occurring on a molecular level with the timeframes of biological phenomena that extend over very long periods of time.

Hence in biological systems we have cyclic processes that have periods of varying duration which usually correspond to vibrations in the extremely low frequency range (XULF). The study of low frequency cyclic processes in biological systems is called chronobiology.

In biological systems, there are several ranges of vibrations. On the upper end of the frequency spectrum are the vibrations of biochemical reactions caused by a constant exchange of ions, electrons, and protons, including interactions with light and heat. On the opposite end of the spectrum we can find «biological vibrations», these are periodic or cyclic processes related to the functioning of the organism, some examples of periodic functions in biological systems include: heart beat, respiration, cell division, digestion, etc. While these biological processes involve an extremely large number of chemical reactions, they occur as unified processes and possess vibrations that are many orders of magnitude lower than the atomic, molecular and ionic frequencies of which they are comprised. Biological cycles are currently subject of study in the fields of chronobiology, circadian rhythms, and behavioural psychology.

Reference:

This subject is discussed in the book "la vie oscillatoire" from Albert Golbeter, which describes many of these processes from the perspective of organisms, cells, and macroscopic biological events.

The Role of Water

In all biological systems, water plays an important role in the organization of molecules and macromolecules as a great majority of them are bound with water. In chemistry water is described with the formula H20. Water is a bipolar molecule containing opposing charges. As a result, biological systems exhibit a constant electrical dynamic due to the push and pull of positive and negative charges that are part of not only local biochemical and biological processes but also variations in the environment of the organism.

In a discrete water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom connected by covalent bods. Two or more molecules of water can form a hydrogen bond between them because the oxygen of one water molecule has two lone pairs of electrons, each of which can form a hydrogen bond with another water molecule.

A hydrogen bond is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine, that comes from another molecule or chemical group. The hydrogen has a polar bonding to another electronegative atom to create the bond. These bonds can occur between molecules (inter-molecularly), or within different parts of a single molecule (intra-molecularly). The hydrogen bond (5 to 30 kJ/mole) is stronger than a van der Waals interaction, but weaker than covalent or ionic bonds. This type of bond occurs in both inorganic molecules such as water and organic molecules like DNA.

The hydrogen bond is often described as an electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction. However, it also has some features of covalent bonding: it is directional and strong, produces inter-atomic distances shorter than sum of van der Waals radii, and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners, which can be interpreted as a type of valence. These covalent features are more substantial when acceptors bind hydrogen from more electronegative donors.

The length of hydrogen bonds depends on bond strength, temperature, and pressure. The bond strength itself is dependent on temperature, pressure, bond angle, and environment (usually characterized by local dielectric constant). The typical length of a hydrogen bond in water is 197 pm. The ideal bond angle depends on the nature of the hydrogen bond donor. Where the bond strengths are more equivalent, the atoms of two interacting water molecules are partitioned into two polyatomic ions of opposite charge.

Water is unique because its oxygen atom has two lone pairs and two hydrogen atoms, meaning that the total number of bonds of a water molecule is up to four. The exact number of hydrogen bonds formed by a molecule of liquid water fluctuates with time and depends on the temperature. Because water forms hydrogen bonds with the donors and acceptors on solutes dissolved within it, it inhibits the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules of those solutes or the formation of intra-molecular hydrogen bonds within those solutes through competition for their donors and acceptors. Consequently, hydrogen bonds between or within solute molecules dissolved in water are almost always unfavorable relative to hydrogen bonds between water and the donors and acceptors for hydrogen bonds on those solutes. So at any point in time the molecules of water are in a constant state of transferring energy or receiving energy. These characteristics are a crucial part of the uniqueness of water.

Fig 2 . Example of the structural effects of water that is exposed to sound vibrations. Qualities of Sound

A sound wave is a movement of pressure which is transmitted through a medium. It is a sequence of mechanical pressure waves that propagate through a compressible me- dium such as air, water, and solid objects including wood, stone, metal, and plastic, etc. During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium.

The qualities of sound propagation are generally affected by the various properties and conditions of and within the transmission environment also known as the medium. The speed of sound within a medium is determined by the relationship between density, pressure, temperature, and humidity, in other words, the environmental conditions that are present in the medium. The propagation of sound is also affected by the motion of the medium itself, and by the viscosity of the medium. When sound moves through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, it may be reflected, refracted, dispersed, focused, attenuated or amplified.

Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also called compression waves. Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating pressure deviations from the equilibrium pressure, causing local regions of compression and rarefaction, while transverse waves in solids are waves of alternating shear stress at right angles to the direction of propagation.

Matter in the medium is periodically displaced by a sound wave, and thus oscillates. The energy carried by the sound wave converts back and forth between the potential energy of the extra compression in case of longitudinal waves or lateral displacement strain in case of transverse waves of the matter and the kinetic energy of the oscillations of the medium.

The Speed of Sound

The speed of sound depends on the medium the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material. In general, the speed of sound is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the elastic modulus (stiffness) of the medium to its density. Those physical properties and the speed of sound change with ambient conditions.

At an ambient temperature of 20 °C, at the sea level, the speed of sound in air is approximately 343 m/s, using the formula "v = (331 + 0.6 zj T) m/s". In fresh water, also at 20 °C, the speed of sound is approximately 1 ,482 m/s. In metals such as steel, the speed of sound is approximately 5,960 m/s. The speed of sound also varies with the sound amplitude, meaning that there are nonlinear propagation effects, such as the production of harmonics and mixed tones not present in the original sound.

Sound Pressure

Sound pressure is the difference, in a given medium, between average local pressure and the pressure of the sound wave. A square of this difference, a square of the deviation from the equilibrium pressure, is usually averaged over time and/or space, and a square root of this average provides a root mean square (RMS) value. Sound pressure is generally measured as a level on a logarithmic decibel scale. Without a specified reference sound pressure, a value expressed in decibels cannot represent a sound pressure level.

A sound pressure of 1 Pa RMS (94 dBSPL) in atmospheric air implies that the actual pressure in the sound wave oscillates between 101323.6 atm Pa and 101326.4 atm Pa. Such a small variation in air pressure, relative to that of the atmosphere, at an audio frequency is perceived as a deafening sound, and can cause permanent hearing damage. Commonly used reference sound pressures, defined in the standard ANSI S1 .1 -1994, are 20 μΡθ in air and 1 μΡθ in water.

Acoustic Impedance

Acoustic absorption is that property of any material that changes the acoustic energy of sound waves into another form, often heat, which it to some extent retains, as opposed to that sound energy that the material conducts or reflects. The absorptive character of a given material is frequency-dependent and is affected by geometric and environmental factors such as size, shape, volume, density, temperature, etc.

Acoustic impedance indicates how much sound pressure is generated by the vibration of molecules of a particular acoustic medium at a given frequency. The acoustic impedance Z (or sound impedance) is frequency dependent.

Mathematically, it is the sound pressure p divided by the particle velocity v and the surface area S, through which an acoustic wave of frequency f propagates. If the impedance is calculated for a range of excitation frequencies the result is an impedance curve. Planar, single-frequency traveling waves have acoustic impedances equal to the characteristic impedance divided by the surface area, where the characteristic impedance is the product of longitudinal wave velocity and density of the medium. Acoustic impedance can be expressed in either its constituent units (pressure per velocity per area) or in rayls per square meter.

Standing Waves

Two waves with the same frequency, wavelength and amplitude traveling in opposite directions will interfere and produce a standing wave. A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that remains in a constant position. This phenomenon can occur when the medium is moving in the opposite direction to the wave, or it can arise in a stationary medium as a result of interference between two waves traveling in opposite directions. In the second case, waves of equal amplitude traveling in opposing directions, produce no net propagation of energy. In a resonator, standing waves occur during the phenomenon known as resonance. The frequencies of these waves all are multiples of the fundamental, and are called harmonics or overtones. The distance between two conjugative nodes or anti-nodes is λ/2.

Standing waves occur in two and three-dimensional resonators. On two dimensional membranes, the nodes become nodal lines that separate regions vibrating with oppo- site phase. These nodal line patterns are called Chladni figures. Three-dimensional resonators produce nodal surfaces.

In physical media waves traveling along the medium will reflect back when they reach the end or boundary of the medium where, at various multiples of a natural frequency, standing waves called harmonics are produced. Nodes occur at fixed ends and anti- nodes at open ends of the medium. The density of the medium will affect the frequency at which harmonics are produced. The greater the density of the medium, the lower the frequency needs to be to produce a standing wave of the same harmonic.

A standing wave in a transmission line is a wave in which the distribution of current, voltage, or field strength is formed by the superposition of two waves of the same frequency propagating in opposite directions. This results in a series of nodes having zero displacement, and anti-nodes having maximum displacement, at fixed points along the transmission line.

Standing waves are also observed in optical media where the transmitted and reflected waves superpose, and form a standing-wave pattern.

Standing waves can be mechanically induced into solid medium using resonance. This will form regular patterns containing nodes and antinodes that appear to be stationary and can be used to track changes in frequency or phase of the resonance of the medium.

Resonance

Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others, these are known as the system's resonant frequencies. At these frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude oscillations, because the system stores vibrational energy. Resonance occurs when a system is able to store and easily transfer energy between two or more different storage modes such as kinetic energy and potential energy.

Most systems have multiple, distinct, resonant frequencies and resonance phenomena occur with all types of vibrations or waves which include: mechanical resonance, acoustic resonance, electromagnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron spin resonance (ESR) and resonance of quantum wave functions. Resonant systems can be used to generate vibrations at a specific frequency, or to select specific components from a complex vibration containing many frequencies.

The resonant response of a system, especially for frequencies that are distant from the natural resonant frequency, depends on the details of the physical system, and is usually not exactly symmetric about the resonant frequency.

In many physical situations involving resonant systems the resonant intensity is defined as the square of the amplitude of the oscillations. The resonant line width is a parame- ter dependent on the damping of the oscillator. Heavily damped oscillators tend to have broad line widths, and respond to a wider range of driving frequencies around the resonant frequency. The line width is inversely proportional to the Q factor, which is a measure of the sharpness of the resonance.

A physical system can have as many resonant frequencies as it has degrees of freedom; each degree of freedom can vibrate as a harmonic oscillator. As the number of coupled harmonic oscillations grows, the time for the transfer energy from one to the next becomes significant. The vibrations in these systems travel through coupled harmonic oscillations in the form of waves, from one resonant node to the next.

Mechanical resonance is the tendency of a mechanical system to absorb more energy when the frequency of its oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration than it does at other frequencies. Overstimulation at resonant frequencies may cause violent swaying motions and even catastrophic failure in physical systems.

Resonance occurs widely in nature, and is exploited in many man-made devices such as oscillators, transmitters, machines, lasers, musical instruments, etc. Many sounds we hear, such as when objects of metal, glass, or wood are struck, are caused by brief resonant vibrations in the object. Light and other short wavelength electromagnetic radiation is produced by resonance on an atomic scale, such as electrons in atoms. Resonance occurs in electric circuits when the transfer function is at a maximum, in other words, when the impedance of the circuit is at a minimum in a series circuit or at a maximum in a parallel circuit. Orbital resonances occur when orbiting celestial bodies exert regular, periodic gravitational influences on each other due to their orbital periods being related by ratios of small integers.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical resonance phenomenon involving the specific quantum mechanical magnetic properties of atomic nuclei in the presence of externally applied magnetic fields. A key feature of NMR is that the resonant frequency of a particular substance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field.

In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, resonances may appear under similar circumstances as in classical physics, however, they can also be thought of as unstable particles.

Sound Forms

The observation and study of the displacement and deformation of physical systems induced by sound waves is the principal subject of research in various scientific fields.

Cymatics is a generic term for the field of science that studies visible sound, vibration and modal phenomena, retitled Cymatics by Swiss physicist Hans Jenny.

Figure Cymatics Example of the organizing effects of sound vibration on sand on a vibrating plate.

Solitons are self-reinforcing solitary wave packets or pulses that maintain their shape while traveling at constant speed. Solitons are caused by a cancellation of nonlinear and dispersive effects in the medium. Dispersion and non-linearity can interact to produce permanent and localized wave forms. There are three primary properties to solitons: i) They are of permanent form

ii) They are localized within a region

iii) They can interact with other solitons

Solitons may experience a shift in phase from the collisions with other waves, otherwise, they emerge from the collisions unchanged. Solitons can be found in many physical systems including atmospheric and ocean currents, electromagnetic phenomena, and low-frequency solitons occur in biological systems in proteins and DNA as a result of the collective motion of molecules.

The Perception of Sound

In the case of biological systems such as humans and animals, sound has not only a mechanical effect on the body, that is felt in the case, for example, of an animal or a human experienceing the sound and feeling a physical sensation, but it is also related to the process of perception.

Audible sound is composed of vibrations having frequencies within the range of human hearing and amplitudes that are sufficiently loud to be heard. Sound is perceived as a sensation which is stimulated through the action of the human nervous system as it responds to mechanical vibrations. The perception of sound by an organism is limited to a certain range of frequencies. For humans, hearing is normally limited to frequencies between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.

Typically, the bandwidth of audible sound lies in the frequency range between 20 Hz to 20Ό00 Hz. This range limit is inspired by the capabilities and limitations of human audition. However, the frequency bandwidth of sound can in fact be widened to encompass frequencies that are below 20 Hz, which can be perceived by animals such as fish, whales and other animals capable of perceiving extremely low frequency vibrations. At the same time, a similar observation can be made at the opposite end of the spectrum as there are animals that can perceive frequencies which are much higher than 20Ό00 Hz. For example dogs, birds, insects and other animals are capable of perceiving sound vibrations that are much higher then 20Ό00 Hz, including certain species of bats can hear frequencies upwards of 200Ό00 Hz.

Hence in our definition of sound we need to consider frequencies that extend beyond the human ear's limited acoustic range of 20 - 20Ό00 Hz, where sound, as a mechani- cal force, may produce audible effects over what we can term as the extended audio frequency range.

The scientific study of human sound perception is known as psychoacoustics. As a signal perceived by one of the major senses, sound is used by many species for detecting danger, predation, as well as supporting navigation and communication. The earth's atmosphere, water, and virtually any physical phenomenon, such as fire, rain, wind, ocean surf, the movement of trees or the onset of earthquakes or volcanoes, produces and is characterized by its unique sounds.

The human ear does not have a flat spectral response, sound pressures are often frequency weighted so that the measured level matches perceived levels more closely. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has defined several weighting schemes. A-weighting scheme attempts to match the response of the human ear to noise and are labeled dBA. C-weighting schemens are used to measure peak levels and labeled dBC.

Neural Oscillations and Brain Waves

Neural oscillation is a rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity that is driven by mechanisms localized within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of postsynaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG).

Alpha waves are neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8 - 12 Hz arising from synchronous and coherent (in phase and constructive) electrical activity of thalamic pacemaker cells in humans. Alpha waves are present at different stages of the wake- sleep cycle. The most widely-researched is during the relaxed mental state, where the subject is at rest with eyes closed, but is not tired or asleep.

Beta wave, or beta rhythm, is the term used to designate the frequency range of human brain activity between 12 and 30 Hz (12 to 30 transitions or cycles per second). Beta waves are split into three sections: Low Beta Waves (12.5 - 16 Hz, "Beta 1 power"); Beta Waves (16.5 - 20 Hz, "Beta 2 power"); and High Beta Waves (20.5 - 28 Hz, "Beta 3 power"). Beta states are the states associated with normal waking consciousness.

Theta oscillations are EEG oscillations in the 4 - 7 Hz frequency range and can be recorded from both the hippocampus and neocortex. The hippocampal oscillations are associated with REM sleep and the transition from sleep to waking. Cortical theta oscillations are observed during the transition from sleep and during quiet wakefulness. A delta wave is a high amplitude brain wave with a frequency of oscillation between 0.1 - 4 hertz. Delta waves, like other brain waves, are recorded with an electroencephalogram (EEG) and are usually associated with the deepest stages of sleep (3 and 4 NREM), also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), and aid in characterizing the depth and quality of sleep.

The functions of neural oscillations are wide ranging and vary for different types of oscillatory activity. Examples are the generation of rhythmic activity such as a heartbeat and the neural binding of sensory features in perception, such as the shape and color of an object. Neural oscillations also play an important role in many neurological disorders, such as excessive synchronization during seizure activity in epilepsy or tremor in patients with Parkinson's disease. Oscillatory activity can also be used to control external devices in brain-computer interfaces, in which subjects can control an external device by changing the amplitude of particular brain rhythmics.

Sonication and Sonochemistry

Two emerging subjects in science, particularly in the fields of chemistry, is called sonifi- cation and sonochemistry.

The enhancement of chemical reactions by ultrasound has been explored and has beneficial applications in mixed phase synthesis, materials chemistry, and biomedical uses. In chemical kinetics, it has been observed that ultrasound can greatly enhance chemical reactivity in a number of systems by as much as a million-fold, effectively acting as a catalyst by exciting the vibrational, rotational, and translational modes of atoms and molecules in a system. The field of sonification, is concerned in understanding the physical and chemical effects of sonic waves, such as sound and ultrasound, on physical systems.

Sonication has numerous observed effects on both physical and chemical systems and can be used in many practical instances. A partial list of sonification uses is as follows: the production of nanoparticles, such as nanoemulsions, nanocrystals, liposomes and wax emulsions, as well as for wastewater purification, degassing, extraction of plant oil, production of biofuels, crude oil desulphurization, cell disruption, polymer and epoxy processing, adhesive thinning, and many other processes. It is applied in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, water, food, ink, paint, coating, wood treatment, metalworking, nano- composite, pesticide, fuel, wood product and many other industries.

Sonication can be used to speed dissolution, by breaking intermolecular interactions. It is especially useful when it is not possible to stir the sample, as with NMR tubes. It may also be used to provide the energy for certain chemical reactions to proceed.

Sonication can be used to remove dissolved gases from liquids (degassing) by sonicating the liquid while it is under a vacuum. This is an alternative to the freeze-pump-thaw and sparging methods. In biological applications, sonication may be sufficient to disrupt or deactivate a biological material. For example, sonication is often used to disrupt cell membranes and release cellular contents. This process is called sonoporation. Sonication is also used to fragment molecules of DNA, in which the DNA subjected to brief periods of sonication is sheared into smaller fragments.

Background to the Invention

Sound is a vibration, i.e. a manifestation of energy as a mechanical force propagating across a particular frequency band on the electromagnetic spectrum. As a sound wave penetrates a medium, specifically a gas, liquid or solid, it may alter the mechanical properties of the medium without altering its inherent composition. Sound may produce unique effects on the emission or absorption spectra of electronic bonds in atomic and molecular configurations.

In nature, energy manifests across the electromagnetic spectrum, at different vibrational frequency bands, as a diverse and unique natural phenomena. Some examples are: atoms and molecules, ions, ionizing radiation, light, heat, electromagnetic radiation, radio waves. The natural phenomenon we call sound, at the lowest end of the electromagnetic spectrum, is a manifestation of energy producing mechanical force.

As a mechanical force, sound may cause atoms to enter in motion. Sound becomes audible to the ear because the atmosphere in which it propagates is not empty. It is filled with molecules of air, water, and dust. Acoustic waves are a succession of gas regions either compressed or decompressed. The audible signal is caused by molecules that are colliding against one another. The audible signal corresponds to a mechanical vibration which reaches and moves the follicles within an inner hear. These mechanical vibrations that displace the follicles in the ear, and then displace the tympanic membrane, which cause nerves in the ear to react producing a cascade of molecular reactions, and transmitting signals via these molecular reactions that reach the brain where this information is interpreted in several different ways.

Sound requires a medium for it to be transmitted, such as, for example, air, biological material, a solid or liquid medium. The reason for this is that sound is a material mechanical pressure wave.

In the pressure wave, the molecules are compressed along the wave front. In the sound vibration corresponding to the pressure wave, there are positive nodes and negative nodes, or in other words compression nodes and decompression nodes. After the compression wave front passes, which is in a determined phase, the other phase of the wave arrives, and the molecular gas decompresses. Hence we have here (see figure 1 ), a zone of high pressure, and on the decompression wave, we have low pressure. This phenomena is extremely powerful and can be used to affect matter.

It is physically possible to change the state of matter by applying a specific (acoustic) vibration to it. We don't change any chemical properties but we change its structural property. Hence for example wood stays wood, metal stays metal, and a cell stays a cell, but an object's mechanical properties become different because its molecules and atoms are displaced in space according to the duration, intensity and harmonic content of the wave.

More precisely, it is thought that by applying continuous audio frequency vibrations, the molecular bonds inside a material or system are influenced in a manner that is different than a chemical reaction. The applying of continuous vibrations and thus compressing and decompressing the molecular structure of a material, eventually establishes a particular state that produces an electrical current in the system. In other words, by moving the molecules back and forth, we are also moving the molecular charges and producing electrical current.

Classical uses of sound, based on the mechanical perspective, include, for example the use of ultrasound for medical imaging. During a prenatal check up, the probe of an ultrasound imaging device is placed on the mother's belly, and the system projects a sound wave, with which it is possible to obtain a representation of the baby inside. In another very different example, sound can be used to open cell walls, and specific signals are used in laboratories in genetic research to open the molecular bonds within cell walls, at which point, either a probe can be inserted into the cell, the chromosome can be extracted and/or can be replaced.

Classical use of sound further includes cleaning (ultrasonic cleaning), in laboratories, storage tanks, boats, and even in buildings. Ultrasonic cleaning is also used for disinfecting medical instruments. So, sound can be used in very useful applications. The effect of sound may in some cases be undesired. For example, the famous example of the soldiers that are marching across a bridge and the bridge collapses. The bridge collapses because the marching of the soldiers has created a mechanical resonance of the bridge, that begins to sway as a consequence. In general, it is well known that when the point of resonance is reached in a system, based on the resonant properties of any material, the system as a whole begins to oscillate crating an energy potential that is infinite. Any material, molecule or atom has a resonance frequency which may be a single frequency component or it may be a series of different frequency components. Because of the fact that the energy potential is infinite, any sustained vibration within a system that is at the resonant frequency of the system may cause a catastrophic collapse of the system.

Since the energy potential at a resonance frequency is potentially infinite, there is no physical form nor material that can withstand induced resonance over a long period of time. Under certain conditions, any material subjected to a resonant excitation will fall apart. And this is no matter whether the material is a window pane, a bridge, a cell, a bacteria or a virus. Sustained resonance within a system can be used to destroy the system. A further sound induced phenomena is known as sonoluminescence that is caused by molecular cavitation. The basic experiment is relatively simple: we take a glass of water at room temperature, put it on the table, apply some sounds and we find that there are small bubbles of light that form inside this glass of water. The inventor has been performing tests during which the temperature at the point where these bubbles are created was measured at 5000 Kelvin. Furthermore the pressure during this point is close to 1000 atmospheres. This means that potentially, if one could sustain this effect and collect the released energy, one liter of water could provide us with an incredible amount of energy, without the production of any hazardous side effects.

Resonance is part of the mechanical property of matter, because it is related to geometry. The structures of atoms and molecules exhibit a 3-dimensional geometry, thus the electric intra and extra molecular bonding is spatially positioned as well.

Every material has a resonant property and different propagation characteristics. This is called the damping factor. The damping factor indicates for the case that we apply a force, how the force is affected, slowed down, and interrupted. The phenomena investigated by the inventor is different from damping. When we look at the human body, on the surface layer, we have some skin, then muscle and connecting tissue, fat, we have organs, and eventually the skeletal structure. Each of these materials has a different and unique mechanical property. As each material has a different density, it will also have a specific damping factor. When a sound wave penetrates the system, it will not only affect the material, but it itself will be affected in return by the mechanical properties of the tissue. As as sound wave penetrates from one tissue through to another, if the density is different, the system will experience thermal effect at the transition point. This means that we will have heating, which is represented by loss of energy of the wave itself. Depending on the material and the characteristics of the sound wave itself the transition point will become hot. Under specific conditions, the temperature induced in a material may rise to thousands of degrees.

Thus in the presence of multiple layers of materials, sound waves will propagate in a unique manner. Depending on the layer density it will move faster or slower. While in air, sound travels at approximately 336 m/sec, in water, the sound travels approximately 10 times as fast. In metal, the speed of sound propagation is even faster. The speed of sound is proportional to the density of the material and to the mechanical characteristics of the material it passes through. Sound may pass through air, penetrate water, but also pass through wood, and through the human body. And as it penetrates through the human body, and through any other material, it creates various effects consisting of molecular compression and decompression, thermal heating, physical separation and changes in spatial orientation.

State of the Art

Sound therapy is recognized as a valid therapeutic modality and has been successfully applied to treat generally psychological health problems, at the same time classical "sound treatment" is accomplished using various acoustic instruments and devices such as gongs, rattles, bells, tuning forks, and Tibetan bowls. There is scant information available with respect to highly precise electronic systems that are specifically designed for the purposes of therapeutic or wellness related sound treatments of humans, animals or plants.

Summary Of The Invention

In a first aspect the invention provides a triphonic sound treatment system that diffuses a focused sound field creating complex standing wave patterns.

In a second aspect the invention provides a triphonic sound treatment system that radiates sound towards a central focus point.

In a third aspect the invention provides a triphonic sound treatment system that uses three dephased loudspeakers ordered in a triangular arrangement.

In a preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment systememits a sustained sound wave at a sound pressure level ranging from fifty-five (55) to one hundred and fifteen (115) decibels (dB A).

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system emits sustained sound waves lasting between three (3) and twenty (20) minutes.

In a fourth aspect the invention provides a triphonic sound treatment system comprising three loudspeakers whose electrical configuration feeds the left channel input polarity to the triphonic channel one output, and the right channel input polarity to the triphonic channel two output, and where the positive polarity of the triphonic one output is connected to the positive terminal of the triphonic channel three output, and where the negative polarity of the triphonic channel two output is connected to the triphonic channel three output negative terminal.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system uses acoustic equivalents of visible light wavelengths that are algorithmically transposed into audible frequencies.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows an audible equivalent of visible light colors.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows an audible equivalent of a molecular mass to charge ratio to be represented as an audible signal. In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a complex waveform, containing a fundamental frequency and subsequent harmonic content, that is an audible equivalent of visible light.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a complex waveform, containing a fundamental frequency and subsequent harmonic content, that is an audible equivalent of complex molecules, such as organic molecules.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a complex waveform, containing a fundamental frequency and subsequent harmonic content, that is an audible equivalent of complex molecules, such as biological molecules.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a complex waveform, containing a fundamental frequency and subsequent harmonic content, that is an audible equivalent of inaudible frequencies, such as high frequencies that can be divided down to an audible range.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a complex waveform, containing a fundamental frequency and subsequent harmonic content, that is an audible equivalent of inaudible frequencies, such as very low frequencies that can be multiplied up to an audible range.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a complex waveform, containing a fundamental frequency and subsequent harmonic content that is logarithmically organized.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a complex waveform, containing a fundamental frequency and subsequent harmonic content that is geometrically organized.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a complex waveform, containing a fundamental frequency and subsequent harmonic content that is logarithmically and geometrically organized, and where the logarithmic value or the geometric value of each harmonic can be individually controlled.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a low frequency control signal that can be additively superimposed on any one or several individual harmonics.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a low frequency control signal that resembles the signals produced by neural oscillations. In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the generation of a low frequency control signal that resembles signals produced by neural oscillations that can be additively superimposed on any one or several individual harmonics.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, and molecular structures towards human subjects such as men, women and children.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, and molecular structures towards animal subjects such as horses, dogs, cats, rats, mice, birds, apes, cows, chickens, pigs, ducks, geese, sheep, goats, elephants, amphibians, reptiles, fish.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, and molecular structures towards plant subjects such as aloe vera, herbs, grains (wheat, barley, oats), lettuce, bamboo, legumes (beans, lentils, peas), corn, soy beans, potatoes, onions, peppers, trees, bushes, fruits, bananas.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, and molecular structures towards industrial processes where chemical reactions are used such as metal foundry, pharmaceuticals, agronomic chemicals, plastics production, electronic components and silicon wafer production, paint and dye systems, food industry processing, environmental processes such as water filtration and water treatment.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to induce feelings of relaxation an wellbeing.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to reduce the perception of pain.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system that allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, and molecular structures towards human subjects to reduce blood pressure and heart rate. In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to increase vitality and energy.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to induce dream states and sound induced waking dreams.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to induce a sensation of mind - body disassociation.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, and molecular structures towards human subjects to improve circulation.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, and molecular structures towards human subjects to improve respiration.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, and molecular structures towards human subjects to improve digestion.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, and molecular structures towards human subjects to improve audition.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to improve visual perception.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to enhance locomotion. In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to accelerate post-surgical interventions.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to modify psychological functions.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to modify psychological behavior.

In a further preferred embodiment the triphonic sound treatment system allows the emission of amplified sound signals containing the audible equivalent of visible light wavelengths, geometric forms, molecular structures and neural oscillations towards human subjects to modify cognitive functions and processes.

Brief description of the figures

The invention will be discussed below in a more detailed way with examples illustrated by the following figures:

Figure 1 Electromagnetic Spectrum.

Figure 1A Sound as a mechanical pressure wave with compression and decompression regions.

Figure 1 B Examples of vibration patterns in a Diatom (left), effect of sound on sand (Center), atomic photograph of a metal pinpoint (Right).

Figure 1 C Effect of sound.

Figure 2 Example of the structural effects of water that is exposed to sound vibrations.

Figure 3 Examples of vibration patterns obtained by Ernst Chladni in the 18th century.

Figure 4 Example representation of a of a triphonic system schematic.

Figure 5 Electronic wiring of the representation.

Figure 6 Schematic of triphonic installation with three speakers and six speakers.

Figure 7 Spatial position of speakers.

Figure 8 Sensors placed to capture six body zones.

Figure 10 Active molecular substances of lavender represented as tetrahedral and octahedral structures.

Figure D1 contains a schematic representation of an example triphonic system. Fiaure D2 contains a detailed view of the triphonic sound field. Figure D3 Sound Forms.

Figure D5 Triphonic Sound Treatment Methods Overview.

Figure D6 Color Spectrum Generator.

Figure D7 Harmonic Amplitude Controls.

Figure D8 Audio Oscillator Array.

Figure D9 Harmonic Geometry.

Figure D10 Neutral Oscillation Method.

Figure D11 Neural Oscillation Generator and Controller.

Figure D12 Triphonic Position Control.

Figure D13 Triphonic Spatial Position Sliders.

Figure D14 Triphonic Interface Block Diagram and Electrical Connections.

Figure D15 Room Configuration.

Figure D16 Human Treatment with Sensors.

Figure D17 Diagnostic Results of a Triphonic Sound Treatment.

Figure D18 Surface Spectrum of a human subject with a strong coherent reaction to a triphonic sound treatment.

Figure D19 Surface Spectrum of a human subject with a weak coherent reaction to a triphonic sound treatment.

Figure D20 Frequency Response of a human subject with a coherent response to six triphonic test sounds.

Figure D21 Frequency Response of a human subject with an incoherent response to six triphonic test sounds.

Figure D22 Spectral Amplitude of a human subject in response to six triphonic test sounds.

Figure D23 Spectral Phase of a human subject in response to six triphonic test sounds.

Figure D24 Average Spectral Phase of a human subject in response to six triphonic test sounds.

Figure D25 Mechanical Resonances of the Human Body.

Figure D26 Triphonic Sound Treatment System Main Components.

Figure D27 Color Spectrum Generator.

Figure D28 Conversion of Molecular Spectra into Audible Equivalents.

Figure D29 Harmonic Geometry Modifiers.

Figure D30 Neural Oscillation Modifiers.

Figure D31 Triphonic Spatial Position Modifiers.

Figure D32 Triphonic Interface Inputs and Outputs.

Figure D33 Triphonic Installation.

(Please note that there are no figures 9 and D4)

Same reference numbers will be used throughout the figures and the whole description to designate same or similar features.

Basic Principles

Examples The properties of sound propagation can be used in very practical and useful ways. In a biological system, or in fact in any physical system, we can for example, apply sound for cleaning or for mechanical sorting. When harvesting potatoes, they are unloaded from the truck, and they go down a chute towards a vibrating table. The mechanical vibrations on the table will separate the potatoes, the smaller potatoes go to one side, while the bigger potatoes go to another side while the medium potatoes go down in the middle. This mechanical separation is also commonly applied for fruits, vegetables, mined materials and other industrial applications.

A rather different use of sound results from its application on the human body. A sound wave may be used to stimulate a muscle or an organ. Inside the human body, there are generally fibers and tissues that interconnect muscles, organ tissues and bones. However in some cases there may also be polluting molecules that contaminate the organ or tissues and are to be considered as foreign substances. If we stimulate the human tissue, by inducing a natural resonant vibration, we will likely mechanically separate out the foreign substance from this stimulation because the mechanical properties, thus resonant frequencies, of the foreign substances are different from those of the human tissue. As a result of the vibration of tissue, the foreign substance will not be synchronized to the vibration of the tissue or organ and will thus be forced out of the tissue or organ. Applying sound stimulation on human tissue, including for example muscles tissue, kidney tissue, liver tissue, nerve tissue, etc., will result in the foreign substances being separated from normal tissue through a force comparable to centrifugal force. And these foreign substances will be flushed out of the body by the body's natural elimination processes.

People who have taken medications for a long time, or have lived in cities for a long time and are breathing pollutants such as heavy metals and toxins, when exposed to stimulation by sound of the entire body, may suffer the effect of intoxication as the foreign substances are released from the body tissue. As an example, some people who have received exposure to sound waves applied in a manner according to the invention herein described, developed a rash all over the body. Blood tests on these people generally revealed high doses of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead or mercury, and in certain cases high doses of molecules found in prescription medications. It is thought that these reactions are due to the toxins being flushed out of the contaminated organs and tissues in the body.

In another example of applying sound waves in a manner according to the invention, a young boy who had been on Ritalin for five years, couldn't walk after having received the sound wave treatment. Medical investigation on his muscles revealed that the muscles contained a particular chemical substance, which is found in Ritalin, in a concentration 300 times higher in his blood stream than normal.

Many more examples have confirmed the effect of sound waves on biological systems. One other example is that of a man who had a replaced artery. Following surgery, a small piece of plastic tube was implanted in his body. According to a medical checkup in the hospital, it was diagnosed that there were small deposits of cholesterol on the tube. However no concern was emitted because by the rate of adaptation, it should take between two to three years before the tube needed to be cleaned. The person was then subjected to a series of 10 treatments, and eventually suffered a heart attack following the tenth treatment. While the person could be treated and saved in hospital, the doctors found out that the piece of tube was completely blocked with cholesterol. However and surprisingly, the rest of the person's system was completely normal. It is thought that due to stimulation by sound, foreign substances were released from the body tissues, veins and arterial walls that were then caught with cholesterol which in turn clogged the tube. As a positive effect after this intervention, the man who had had hypertension all of his life, saw this hypertension disappear.

As discussed herein, it is apparent that vibration is a phenomena that is linked to structure. Structural organization may be found throughout nature. Figure 2 illustrates examples of structures of plants, snow flakes, and water, whereby the in the example of water, this is a pattern induced in water that was subjected to sound vibrations. These photos in figure 1 B show clear geometric shape and structure.

Figure 1 B further shows 3 dimensional structure whereby the water rises off the surface to create this 3 dimensional structure. By analogy, a particular sound wave passing through a body would be causing similar effects however, inside body tissues, organs, at the level of cells, and on a molecular level, e.g., proteins, enzymes, etc,

The figure 1 C contains examples of vibration pattern obtained according to works of the 18th century German mathematician Ernst Chladni. He vibrated a plate having sand on it with a violin bow and found as he vibrated that the sand and the little particles on the plate created geometric patterns. These examples nicely illustrate how certain sounds create forms that we also find in nature, as structures of plants, structures of flowers, structure of shells, cross-section of a plant's stem, half cross-section of an orange. It appears that there are some geometric patterns, common to the ones created with the bow on the plate and in nature. It is possible also according to the invention to generate a sound that creates a very particular geometric phenomena, because, in effect, what do we see in figure 3 are concentrations of materials. The black color represents relatively empty areas while the bright areas represent concentrated material. And as this phenomena is three dimensional, as well, we can actually shape materials. It is, for example, possible to use sound to shape some sort of biological, base material, and to create an environment for cells or molecules to attach themselves in a particular arrangement.

More importantly, these sound induced phenomena may be used for example in crystallization processes (chemical industry), pharmacological industry, metals industry, or glass industry where by applying specific sounds it becomes possible to change the inherent links between molecules. Hence inside metals, it becomes possible to create metals with special properties. In chemistry it may be possible to create chemical compounds that have other types of properties than molecules obtained from mixing them randomly inside a large recipient. Such creations become possible when we apply a reactant with a base material but we give a particular type of information to the entire reaction using structured sound waves.

Coming back now to the previously mentioned effect of perception induced by sound: sound is a phenomena that is perceived, just like smells or light. In this sense sound affects biological processes, creating series of chemical cascades in the body. The chemical cascades induced by sound inside the ear are sending specific signals to the brain, which then interprets this information. In all mammals, the first sensory organ that is developed and functions within the uterus, is the sense of hearing. During the entire development phase of a fetus, even when the brain is only a few dozen cells, the auditive systems already begins to send information. Hence the heart beat of the mother, or other internal sounds inside the mother, but also external sounds penetrate the belly and are perceived by the fetus. When any mammal is born, sound plays a very important role and serves several different functions.

The first function that sounds serves, from the perspective of a perceived phenomena is the perception of space. For example, even with eyes closed, and merely listening, it is possible to determine from the sound what is around of us, left or right, front or back, and even above below. So the sense of space is perceived through this way. Secondly, within space, it is possible to localize objects and to determine whether they are moving in relation to us. We can also tell if we are moving in relation to the object, estimate a distance from an object, or the size of the object. Most of this is determined automatically by the brain through aural perception. Even with closed eyes, when walking into a space, for example in a cathedral, or sitting in a car, we have already a sense of space, of volume, without having to see it. So the sense of space, direction, movement, volume, size, are the first perceptive aspects of sound.

The second function that sounds serves is related to memory. When hearing a sound, it can immediately be associated to the nature of the source, e.g. a bird, a clock, a lion, or water. The brain is able to establish an association of sound and an experience related to it. Sounds generally serve communication purposes, in the animal kingdoms, whether for example it is insects, birds, or other animals, they communicate with sound. This can be considered to be language. Human acoustic communication is not based on the pronunciation of symbols, but on the use of sounds.

As a further example of sound perception and its effects on the human biological system, let's consider that a person hears a woman who is speaking, standing at the left of the person. She is about three meters away, but she is speaking Chinese and the person does not speak Chinese. Hence the person has no idea of what she is saying. On the other hand the person has an idea of space, location, distance, of who is making the sound and to what the sound corresponds, that the sound comes from a woman, that she is speaking or she is singing, but she is speaking Chinese. While the person has no experience with those sounds, the person does not understand. Yet, all other information resulting from the perception of sound is generated through an automatic process in the person. The moment we hear a sound, we don't have to consciously process this information. However any text printed on a page needs to be consciously processed, and hence requires us to focus on it, to trigger mental processes in order to decode this text information and to extract it. As opposed to reading, with sound, the perception is automatic.

In a further example of effect that sounds produces, we have emotional effects on humans. Humans have developed this area to an art form known as film scoring. As such, certain musical passages and certain type of sounds will evoke a certain kind of emotional response. Typically music can be described to be sad, happy, exciting or scary. Part of this perception is conditioning, because we are taught from childhood that a particular type of progression, melody, or sound combination corresponds to a situation wherein you are either happy, scared or sad. One use of this psychological conditioning is found in movies where the spectator is being prepared psychologically, by the sound track, and the types of sounds employed, to expect a particular emotion.

In the 1930's two scientists from Bell Labs, Fletcher and Munson studied the psychological effects of sound and sound perception. Their work is the first time in history that sound became a subject of scientific research. This was also the beginning of a research field called psychoacoustics. Psychological effects of sounds are readily used in films, advertising, on the radio, in order to achieve psychological manipulation. This use of psychological manipulation works in all countries and cultures, and therefore no matter what radio channel one listens to, one will still hear that certain things sound the same. For example publicity consistently uses very similar types of sound. Persons speaking on the radio need to have a very specific type of voice, inflection, and sound. It doesn't matter what they are saying, but it is the way they are saying it. They are able to create the effects, no matter what they are saying, and in the way they are saying it they may succeed in exciting the audience, or to generate other emotions. It becomes apparent that sound may effectively induce psychological phenomena in humans. Sound can be applied to evoke emotions because sound is connected to our experiences. It can be noted that people who have suffered from traumas, will always have that trauma associated with a specific sound, such as for example the screeching of tires, the crash of a car, breaking glass, sirens, people screaming, explosions, gun fire, the sound of burning buildings, the sound of tanks and trucks driving down the street.

Further experiments, done by the US army showed that when sounds of war and battle are played to soldiers who are suffering post dramatic stress disorder, they become extremely stressed. There is no need to show any images related to war in order to achieve the stress. Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments The Triphonic System System Use

The triphonic sound treatment system refers a novel configuration of an audio amplification and playback system in which three speakers are arranged in a particular dephased configuration. The invention is referred to as a triphonic system, because the configuration implements three sound sources. The configuration, using three dephased loudspeakers focuses a sustained sound field towards a centre point of the installation. By focusing the amplified sound waves, a unique acoustic energy compression phenomenon occurs within the region where the three wave fronts collide, i.e., towards a central focal point. The subject to be treated, which may be a person, an animal, a plant or other biological or physical system or object, is placed on a table or stand arranged towards the centre or focal point with respect to the arrangement of the three speakers.

Figure D1 contains a schematic representation of an example triphonic system. Figure D2 contains a detailed view of the triphonic sound field.

With the triphonic sound treatment system, the superposition of sustained sound waves creates specific regions of acoustic energy compression and decompression. This unique sound field results in a three dimensional mechanical force within which acoustic nodes and antinodes can be controlled by varying the frequency, harmonic content, harmonic phase and sound amplitude. The triphonic sound treatment system provides an effect distinctly different from a 2 speaker or a surround sound system configuration, because the superposition of waves can be precisely controlled. Contrary to a stereo sound configuration which emits sound in a flat plane and a surround sound system that gives an impression of three dimensional space, the purpose of the triphonic sound treatment system is to create a controlled acoustic energy node and antinode structure, which we may call acoustic geometry, through the superposition of sound waves.

Figure D3 Sound Forms

In order to achieve the desired geometric structure using the triphonic sound treatment system, the arrangement of the speakers, the angles between the direction of propagation of sound from each speaker and the intensity of the sound need to be carefully considered. In addition, it is necessary to take into consideration the acoustic properties of the room, or in other words the sound environment, in which the triphonic treatment system is installed, and to adjust, i.e. tune, the system accordingly. Once the triphonic sound treatment system is installed and effectively tuned for the environment it is installed in, one can thus apply and control a structured sound field in a precise manner. The Triphonic Sound Treatment Methods

The triphonic sound treatment system incorporates a computing platform, which can be any generic desktop, laptop or tablet computer or may also be a specially designed computer processing board that is configured to run the triphonic sound treatment application. The triphonic sound treatment method is operating system independent and thus may be used with multiple operating systems such as: Apple OS, Apple iOS, Windows, Android, Java, Linux or Unix with equal results.

Fig D5 Triphonic Sound Treatment Methods Overview.

The Triphonic Sound Treatment Sound Generation Method

The triphonic sound treatment sound generation method is a special purpose computer software process that is specifically designed to calculate, generate and control the triphonic sound field. The triphonic sound treatment software application consists of several methods that are intended to generate a specific series of acoustic signal vibrations that are amplified and emitted by the triphonic sound treatment system. The methods are described as follows:

The Light to Sound Conversion Method

The Frequencies of Visible Light

The purpose of the light to sound conversion method is to calculate specific wavelengths of visible light into a direct sound equivalent. Visible light is a series of electromagnetic waves that have wavelengths extending from approximately 380 nanometers (nm), or 380x10 ^-9 m, to about 740 nanometers (nm) 740x10 ^-9 m. The speed of light in a vacuum, 299,792,458 meters per second, is one of the fundamental constants of nature. The wavelength and the frequency are interchangeable, based on the following standard equations: v ^■ - — ' ~

λ ' ~ v where v is the frequency, c is the speed of light (299,792,458 meters per second), and A is the wavelength.

Based on these formulas, the frequency range of the visible light spectrum in a vacuum can be defined as following: Visible Light Color Wavelength (nM) Frequency (THz)

Red 740 - 620 400 - 480

Orange 620 - 590 480 - 505

Yellow 590 - 570 505 - 525

Green 570 - 520 525 - 575

Blue 495 - 450 610 - 670

Violet 450 - 380 715 - 800

Obviously we can not hear the actual frequencies of light as they are in the terahertz range, we thus need to transpose them into the audible frequency range.

Transposition

The conversion of visible light frequencies into audible sound frequencies is accomplished through a musical paradigm known as transposition. The method consists of the transposition of a visible light frequency as a function of a musical octave. An octave difference in musical terminology is a doubling or halving of the effective frequency, depending if one is moving upwards or downwards along the musical scale. In our case, we are transposing down the musical scale and thus halving the effective frequency with each musical octave transposition. We use the formula for the calculation of frequency as follows: v=c/A where v = the frequency, c = the speed, and λ = the wavelength

In order to convert the wavelengths of light into sound we must substitute the speed of light, which is 299,792,458 meters per second, with the speed of sound at 20 degrees Celsius, which is 343 meters per second.

As the speed of sound is temperature dependent, and as a 1 °C change of temperature is equivalent to a 60 cm/s change in the speed of sound in air, based on the formula: c = 331.3 * (1+(£°C / 273.15)) where θ is the temperature in °C

The speed of sound in air can also be shown as: c = 331.3 + 0.606 x £ Therefore, in our transposition of light wavelengths into sound frequencies, the temperature must be considered as a factor affecting the speed of sound, and thus our final result.

A table showing the speed of sound in air in relation to temperature is presented as follows:

Example for Converting a Specific Visible Light Wavelength into the Lowest Audio Frequency

An example of the procedure is illustrated here:

We begin with a visible light frequency of the perceived color Red having a wavelength of 740 nM and a frequency of 400 THz. We will make the calculation based on an ambient temperature of 20° C where the speed of sound is 343 m/s.

Starting Frequency: 400,000,000,000,000 Hz

1 st Octave Transposition (12) : 200,000,000,000,000 Hz

2nd Octave Transposition (12) : 1 00,000,000,000,000 Hz

3rd Octave Transposition (12) : 50,000,000,000,000 Hz

41 st Octave Transposition = 42.1 563084740695 Hz

Thus, the equivalent lowest audible frequency for a specific wavelength of visible light, perceived as the color red, is 42.15 Hz.

The above described process, converting visible light wavelengths into audible sound, can be applied for any visible light wavelength. Audible Equivalents of Visible Light Wavelengths

The visible light wavelengths converted as audible frequencies as the median frequency of the colors Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue and Violet.

Generation of Logarithmic Harmonic Content

Once the lowest audible frequency has been obtained, by dividing the frequency of visible light by the process of musical octave transposition, the harmonic content used for the triphonic sound treatment system can be calculated. A harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. Natural also known as logarithmic harmonic progression is illustrated as follows:

Frequency Order Name

1 ^■ f = 100 Hz n = 1 1st harmonic

2 ^■ f = 200 Hz n = 2 2 nd harmonic

3 ^■ f = 300 Hz n = 3 3rd harmonic

4■ f = 400 Hz n = 4 4th harmonic

n ^■ f = nf Hz n = n nth harmonic

For the purposes of the triphonic sound treatment system, generally the first thirteen harmonics are used, although higher order harmonics (13 +) may also be applied. The specific values of the harmonic content is stored in a harmonic frequency table.

The harmonic content of the triphonic sound is controlled via a visual computer interface that allows the precise harmonic control of each visible light audible equivalent that can be selected from a list. A logarithmic or geometric distribution of frequency components can be applied to each harmonic via a series of movable sliders, shown as follows:

Figure D6 . Color Spectrum Generator Furthermore, the amplitude of each harmonic can be individually controlled via the mixer module, shown here:

Figure D7. Harmonic Amplitude Controls

Generation of Spherical Geometry Harmonic Content

In addition to the natural harmonic progression, that is based on an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency, the triphonic sound treatment system can also apply a spherical geometric relationship to each harmonic. Spherical geometry is the geometry of the two-dimensional surface of a sphere and is an example of a geometry which is not Euclidean.

Other than the harmonic factors Pi and Phi, the spherical geometric factor used for the calculation of subsequent harmonics is based on the vertex solid angle, also known as the steradian, of any particular geometric form. The solid angle is equal to the area of the segment of a unit sphere, centered at the angle's vertex, that the object covers. A solid angle equals the area of a segment of unit sphere in the same way a planar angle equals the length of an arc of a unit circle.

This spherical geometric harmonic progression is accomplished by substituting a factor value for each integer value. The most common harmonic spherical geometries that are used with the triphonic sound treatment system are illustrated as follows:

While spherical geometry is commonly used with the triphonic sound treatment system, any other type of geometric from may be used.

Frequency tables of the first thirteen harmonics based of the spherical geometry of the Pi, Phi and the five Platonic Solids are presented in Figs x - n.

Harmonic Content and the Triphonic Sound Treatment System

With the triphonic sound treatment system, a selection of harmonic values, based on the harmonic frequency table, are placed into an audio oscillator array where each audio oscillator generates a sine wave at a specific frequency. The output of the each oscillator in the array is fed to an audio mixer where the amplitude of each harmonic may be manually or algorithmically adjusted and controlled.

Figure D8. Audio Oscillator Array

The harmonic content of the triphonic sound is controlled via a visual computer interface that allows the precise harmonic control of each geometry type that can be selected from a list. A geometric distribution of frequency can be applied to each harmonic via a series of movable sliders, shown as follows:

Fig D9. Harmonic Geometry

Audible Equivalents of Visible Light Wavelengths With An Applied Geometry The visible light wavelengths converted as the medial fundamental audible frequency of the colors Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue and Violet with a harmonic distribution based on the factor Pi, Phi, Tetrahedron, Cube, Octahedron, Dodecahedron and lcosahedron.

Harmonic Geometry - Pi

Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet

Geome- try

88.00 98.00 104.00 110.00 128.00 144.00 132.00 147.00 156.00 165.00 192.00 216.00 176.00 196.00 208.00 220.00 256.00 288.00 220.00 245.00 260.00 275.00 320.00 360.00 264.00 294.00 312.00 330.00 384.00 432.00 308.00 343.00 364.00 385.00 448.00 504.00 352.00 392.00 416.00 440.00 512.00 576.00 396.00 441.00 468.00 495.00 576.00 648.00

10 440.00 490.00 520.00 550.00 640.00 720.00

484.00 539.00 572.00 605.00 704.00 792.00 528.00 588.00 624.00 660.00 768.00 864.00 1144.00 1274.00 1352.00 1430.00 1664.00 1872.00

Harmonic Geometry - Phi

Harmonic Geometry - Tetrahedron

Color Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Geometry ^" etrahedron

in

136.51 152.03 161.33 170.64 198.56 223.39 204.77 228.04 242.00 255.96 297.85 335.08

273.03 304.05 322.67 341.28 397.13 446.77 341.28 380.07 403.33 426.60 496.41 558.46 409.54 456.08 484.00 511.92 595.69 670.16 477.80 532.09 564.67 597.25 694.98 781.85

;! 546.05 608.10 645.33 682.57 794.26 893.54

9 614.31 684.12 726.00 767.89 893.54 1005.23

! 682.57 760.13 806.67 853.21 992.82 1116.93

750.82 836.14 887.34 938.53 1092.11 1228.62 819.08 912.16 968.00 1023.85 1191.39 1340.31

13 887.34 988.17 1048.67 1109.17 1290.67 1452.00

Harmonic Geometry - Cube

Harmonic Geometr - Octahedron

Harmonic Geometry - Dodecahedron

Harmonic Geometr - lcosahedron

Neural Oscillation Modifiers

With the novel triphonic sound treatment system, it is possible to modify the triphonic sound treatment signal with the addition of neural oscillation frequencies. The generation of neural oscillations is accomplished through the use of a low frequency oscillator signal that is used as a modifier of the harmonic content in the sine wave audio oscillator array.

Typical neural oscillations in humans are presented in the table as follows: Neural Oscillation Frequency Range

Delta 0.01 - 4 Hz

Theta 4 - 7 Hz

Alpha 7 - 10 Hz

Mu 8 - 13 Hz

Beta 12 - 30 Hz

Gamma 25 - 100 Hz

The neural oscillation modifier method used with the triphonic sound treatment system employs a series of low frequency sine wave oscillators that can be individually adjusted for a specific neural oscillation frequency. In addition, the output amplitude of each low frequency oscillator output can be separately controlled.

Figure D10. Neutral Oscillation Method

As neural oscillations are directly related to different states of human activity, perception and consciousness, the application of equivalent external neural oscillation signals can be used as an effective method to affect human physical activity, perception, state of awareness and consciousness.

The neural oscillations are used to induce, via whole body exposure brain entrainment, various states in the treated subject. The states that can be achieved in the various ranges are listed as follows:

Delta Waves (0.01 - 4 Hz) - are usually associated with the deepest stages of sleep (3 NREM), also known as slow-wave sleep in mammals and all animals.

Theta Waves (4 - 7 Hz) - appear during drowsy, meditative, or sleeping states, but not during the deepest stages of sleep.

Alpha Waves (7 - 10 Hz) - predominantly originate from the occipital lobe during wakeful relaxation with closed eyes. They play an active role in neural network coordination and communication. Occipital alpha waves during periods of eyes closed are the strongest EEG brain signals.

Mu Waves (8 - 13 Hz) - An alpha-like variant called mu (μ) is found over the motor cortex (central scalp) and is reduced with movement, or the intention to move. Mu waves are synchronized patterns of electrical activity involving large numbers of neurons in the part of the brain that controls voluntary movement and are most prominent when the body is physically at rest. Beta Waves (12 - 30 Hz) - are the states associated with normal waking consciousness.

Gamma Waves (25 - 100 Hz) - help bring up memories and associations from the visual precept to other notions that brings a distributed matrix of cognitive processes together to generate a coherent, concerted cognitive act, such as perception, x

Neural Oscillations of Visible Light Derived Fundamental Frequency

The neural oscillations based on the lowest audible frequencies derived from visible light wavelengths are shown as follows:

Generating and Controlling Neutral Oscillations

The neural oscillation of the triphonic sound is controlled via a visual computer interface that allows the precise position control of each neural oscillation type that can be selected from a list. Neural oscillation signals can be additively applied to each harmonic via a series of movable sliders, shown as follows:

Figure D11 . Neural Oscillation Generator and Controller

Equivalents of Audible Visible Light Wavelengths With An Applied Neural Oscillation

The visible light wavelengths converted as a medial fundamental audible frequency of the colors Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue and Violet with a harmonic distribution based on the geometric factor Pi, Phi, Tetrahedron, Cube, Octahedron, Dodecahedron and lcosahedron.

Neural Oscillations of Harmonic Geometry - Pi

Color mm Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Geome- try Pi

2.58 2.87 3.04 3.22 3.75 4.21 2.79 3.11 3.30 3.49 4.06 4.57

Neural Oscillations of Harmonic Geometry - Phi

Color Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Geometry Phi

13 2.09 2.33I 2.47; 2.61 ; 3.04 3.42

12 2.27 2.52: 2.68; 2.83: 3.30 3.71

11 2.47 2.75: 2.92; 3.09; 3.60 4.05 10 2.72 3.03: 3.21 ; 3.40; 3.96 4.45

9 3.02 3.36: 3.57; 3.78: 4.39 4.94 o o

3.40 3.79 : 4.02 : 4.25 : 4.94 5.56 7 3.88 4.33; 4.59; 4.86; 5.65 6.36

6 4.53 5.05: 5.36; 5.67; 6.59 7.42 5 5.44 6.06 \ 6.43; 6.80 ; 7.91 8.90

4 6.80 1.57: 8.Ο3; 8.50; 9.89 11.12

3 9.06 IO.O9; 10.71 ; 11.33; 13.18 14.83

2 13.60 15.14: 16.07; 17.00; 19.78 22.25

Neural Oscillations of Harmonic Geometry - Tetrahedron

Color wm Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Geometry etrahedron

13 2.18 2.43 2.58 2.73 3.17 3.57

2.36 2.63 2.79 2.95 3.44 3.87

Neural Oscillations of Harmonic Geometr - Cube

Neural Oscillations of Harmonic Geometry - Octahedron

Color Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Geoine- try Cube

13 2.49 2.77: 2.94: 3.11 3.62 4.07

::1:2:: 2.70 3.00 ! 3.191 3.37 3.92 4.41

72

Neural Oscillations of Harmonic Geometry - Dodecahedron

Color Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Geometry )decahedron

13 2.61 2.91 3.09: 3.26 3.80 4.27 12 2.83 3.15! 3.34! 3.54! 4.11 4.63

3.09 3.44: 3.65: 3.86: 4.49 5.05

10 3.39 3.78: 4.01 : 4.24: 4.94 5.55 9 3.77 4.20 ! 4.46! 4.71 ! 5.49 6.17

4.24 4.73 5.01 ; 5.30 6.17 6.94 4.85 5.40! 5.73! 6.06! 7.05 7.94

Neural Oscillations of Harmonic Geometry - lcosahedron

Triphonic Position Method

Each sine wave oscillator in the oscillator array can be independently controlled permitting precise spatial positioning via the triphonic position method which involves the adjustment of amplitude between the channel one and channel 2 outputs. Using a algorithmic script, or potentiometer or slider if graphical user interface is used, the control of each individual audio oscillator position can be modified, altering the signal amplitude that is output to the triphonic sound treatment system outputs.

Figure D12. Triphonic Position Control

The spatial position of the triphonic sound is controlled via a visual computer interface that allows the precise position control of each harmonic via a series of movable sliders, shown as follows:

Figure D 13. Triphonic Spatial Position Sliders The Triphonic Sound Treatment Audio Interface

The triphonic sound treatment audio interface is a novel invention that is used for converting a standard stereo signal into a triphonic signal. It consists of a non powered and non grounded housing that accepts one pair of stereo inputs and contains three single channel audio outputs. The audio source, originating on a computing platform, is output via a USB port to a standard stereo audio interface. The output of the stereo audio interface is connected to the left and right inputs of the triphonic interface each having a positive and a negative polarity terminal. The left and right inputs of the triphonic sound treatment interface are connected respectively to the triphonic outputs one, two and three of the triphonic sound treatment interface, where the polarity of the terminals are connected as shown in the following chart: Source Terminal Destination Terminal

Stereo Channel 1 + Triphonic CH 1 +

Stereo Channel 1 - Triphonic CH 1 -

Stereo Channel 2 + Triphonic CH 2 +

Stereo Channel 2 - Triphonic CH 2 -

Triphonic CH 1 + Triphonic CH 3 -

Triphonic CH 2 - Triphonic CH 3 +

Figure D14 . Triphonic Interface Block Diagram and Electrical Connections Figure showing electronic wiring of the triphonic sound treatment audio interface.

In the case of balanced audio connectors the electrical configuration will be similar.

The connection of the negative polarity from triphonic channel 1 speaker to the positive pole of the triphonic channel 3 speaker and the connection of the triphonic channel 2 speaker positive polarity to the triphonic channel 3 speaker negative polarity is called de-phasing. By this simple process, it is possible to generate a unique audio field phenomena whereby controlling the phase position of the audio source signal, the positioning of the sound field in three dimensional space is possible.

Under this configuration, it is important to note that the sound pressure wave is manifested in physical space through the process of wave additions and cancellations that can produce complex standing waves that are used for sound treatment of persons, animals, plants or other physical materials.

If the triphonic system is used just to listen to music, compared to a conventional stereo system, the third speaker in this configuration gives the music the appearance of having much more depth, giving the impression of having a three dimensional sound scene.

In another preferred embodiment, the triphonic sound treatment system can be expanded by multiplying the configuration of speakers in groups of three, where the audio amplifying speaker geometry of the placement is in multiples of 3, 6, 9, 12... speakers. Each series of 3 speakers will have an equivalent computer software configuration related to the source audio and control signals as described above. By adding additional triphonic sound sources to an configuration, it is possible to achieve much higher resolution in the acoustic geometries of the generated sound forms. Room Environment Configuration

On the sound generating side, i.e. the sound source side, a computer based software application is used to control the source signal generators and modifiers, to alter the fundamental frequency, harmonic content, amplitude and to position the sound within a spherical space created in midst of the triphonic system's speaker configuration.

The speakers are arranged in a triangular configuration being equidistant from one another. The subject to be treated is positioned on a treatment table in a horizontal position in the centre of the space. A specific treatment program is launched on the computer and the sound waves are projected via the speakers towards the subject. For the sake of subject safety, the sound pressure level (SPL) of the projected sound is not to exceed 70 dBA.

The physical implementation of the triphonic sound treatment system should ideally be set-up in an environment, i.e. treatment room, in which there is minimal sound reflection from the floor, the walls, or the ceiling. Use can be made of acoustic treatment material, such as acoustic foam that will minimize reflections and standing waves in the environment, though in practice this is difficult to achieve. This acoustic treatment of the environment can be used to increase the precision and resolution of the created sound forms.

Figure D15 Room Configuration Triphonic Sound Treatment of Humans

By installing the triphonic sound treatment system installations in a therapy room and using computer based controls for the sound generators and modifiers, it is possible to affect human tissues and organs very precisely in the body, thereby being able to influence complex biological functions. This is useful because for example, the respiratory the system, consists of multiple organs that work synchronously such as the nose, mouth, lungs and also various muscle groups and the circulatory system.

The effect of sound produced by the triphonic system and applied to a biological system can be measured using a bioharmonic detection system, which is described in a separate patent application filed concurrently to the present application. While the bioharmonic detection system probe is connected to the subject being treated, the reaction of the individual to the applied sound program can be monitored, recorded and analyzed. Analyzing this signal with a spectrum analyzer, it is possible to determine the effects of the sound treatment response on specific zones in the body, or specific functions of the body. It is thus possible to induce an action to stimulate a specific zone or part of the body or organ, using the triphonic sound treatment system, and at the same time measure the body's reaction to this stimulation.

The source material used to feed information to the speakers are multiple signal generators. This process may, for example, be implemented using commercially available software that is programmed to generate the desired particular sounds. Specific pa- rameters required to program the generators must be obtained through calculations. Typically an acoustic wavelength corresponding to an optical wavelength must be calculated. In other words the aim is to use the equivalence of the wavelengths of light and render this audible for the speakers to reproduce. Light which is a vibration of very high frequency, is literally reduced to an audible frequency, preferably the lowest possible audible frequency. The equivalence and the relationship between what humans, or other animal species, perceive as colors, are then perceived and heard as sounds.

Fig D16. Human Treatment with Sensors Human Treatment With Bioharmonic Sensors

In this configuration, the subject is placed on a treatment table that is positioned appropriately in the centre of the triphonic sound field. The treatment table is equipped with multiple bioharmonic sensors. The six bioharmonic sensors are used to divide the body into six zones, which makes it possible to test the effects of the sound treatment. For example, a person's upper body (left and right), the central body (left and right), and the lower body (left and right). This measurement technique, using a six channel bioharmonic detection system makes it possible to extract a detailed view of the sound treatment effects on the whole body. One reason for making measurements in this manner is that in some cases, for example the pains in a subject's knees has nothing to do with the knee, but may instead have to do with a twisted muscle in the neck or it could be related with one of the discs in the spine, which respectively is causing pressure in the nervous system. The same thing may apply to any type of general biological system dysfunction, organic dysfunction, such as problems with the organs. In many cases, health related problems have little to do with the specific localization of the problem itself, but with other distributed aspects instead.

When a human body is exposed to a steady state acoustic signal, the internal body resonances will eventually enter into a state of saturation, this is why the steady state sounds, when used for therapeutic purposes, have a duration that last between three (3) and 20 (twenty) minutes. Exposed to this sound, the body will in turn respond with the emission of an electrical signal. The emitted signal will contain information, related to the reaction of tissues and organs to the applied source sound, that is encoded in its waveform. The characteristics of the human bioharmonic signal can be analyzed using a special purpose spectral analyzer, that has been adapted for the analysis of bioharmonic signals, and various signal characteristics can be derived.

Analyzing the Effects of Triphonic Sound Treatment

Using a biological sensor system, such as a bioharmonic detection system, it is possible to extract the effects of the applied triphonic sound treatment on an individual. The applied sounds create a physical pressure wave that acts as a force on the body that in turn creates resonant reactions in the tissues, organs, or entire biological processes. These reactions in the biological system in turn may produce physical, chemical, electrical, or behavioral changes in the system. Using the bioharmonic detection system, it is possible to detect, record and analyze the effects of a triphonic sound treatment and to evaluate the state of vitality, health or condition.

A typical report derived from measurements of the human body during a triphonic sound treatment is shown as follows:

Figure D17. Diagnostic Results of a Triphonic Sound Treatment.

The aspects and characteristics that can be detected and derived in the human body based on the application of specific triphonic sounds are as follows:

Spectral Analysis of Action and Response of the Human Body

Spectral Response maps the reaction of the human body to an applied signal as part of an action - reaction response. The bioharmonic signal of the human body during a period of silence is compared to the reaction when the body is acted upon by a specific triphonic sound. The body is tested along different zones, each corresponding with a specific or a functional group of organs or biological processes.

Surface Spectrum and Frequency Response of two individuals showing a coherent spectral response and an incoherent spectral response when exposed to the same test signals.

Figure D 18 . Surface Spectrum of a human subject with a strong coherent reaction to a triphonic sound treatment.

Figure D19 . Surface Spectrum of a human subject with a weak coherent reaction to a triphonic sound treatment.

Figure D20. Frequency Response of a human subject with a coherent response to six triphonic test sounds.

Figure D21. Frequency Response of a human subject with an incoherent response to six triphonic test sounds.

Other information that can be derived form a bioharmonic signal as an individual is exposed to triphonic sound is spectral amplitude and spectral phase.

Figure D22. Spectral Amplitude of a human subject in response to six triphonic test sounds.

Figure D23. Spectral Phase of a human subject in response to six triphonic test sounds.

Figure D24. Average Spectral Phase of a human subject in response to six triphonic test sounds. Figure D25. Mechanical Resonances of the Human Body

It is noted that certain specific sound frequencies correspond to different mechanical vibrations in the human body. As such, with the triphonic sound treatment system, specific sound frequencies may be applied to treat a certain body zone. A table containing the main body zones is presented as follows:

When applying the triphonic sound treatment system to treat the physical body of the individual and particularly specific organs of the body, the speed of sound as it propagates through a medium must be considered. Sound travels faster in solid matter than it does in air, thus if we wish to focus the sound and localize it to specific human tissue, adjustments are made to the frequencies and amplitudes of the harmonic content that is emitted by the system.

If mechanical strain is applied to living cell tissue, the stress quantities result from coupled

longitudinal and transversal stiffness. The stiffness of individual cell membranes combines

with the incompressibility of intra- and extracellular water. (Levinson,S.F. et.al., Sonoe- lastic Determination of Human Skeletal Muscle Elasticity, Journal of Biomechanics 28, No. 10, (1995))

A chart corresponding to the speed of sound in various human tissues is presented as follows:

Speed of sound in human tissue in relation to mass density, absorption coefficient and characteristic impedance.

Wolbarst A.B., Physics of Radiology. Appleton & Lange, Norwark 1993.

P. Laugier and G. Ha ^' iat (eds.), Bone Quantitative Ultrasound, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0017-8 2,c Springer Science+Business Media B. V. 2011

Psychological Effects of Triphonic Sound Treatment

The sound generated by the triphonic sound treatment system produce not only a physical sensations and effects in the subject but may, as has been observed in many cases, also evoke a perceptual effect in the subject as the sound stimulates the auditory system. This may trigger a memory, corresponding to a good or difficult moment, or to a past or present situation in the subject's life. Very often it has been observed that triphonic sound treatments had evoked or reawakened long suppressed memories or emotions. The reason this occurs is related to the the field of psychoacoustics and the perception of sound.

When an individual hears a sound, the brain will respond automatically, triggering a cascading process neuro-biological processes that will evoke associations and memories related to the perceived sound. If the brain, which it is biologically programmed to automatically respond to hearing a sound, cannot make a connection, i.e., cannot link the sound to any known object or experienced memory, it remains obliged to resolve the stimulus. Thus, if the connection cannot be found in the short term memory, the brain will attempt to find a connection in mid-term memory. If not found there, the brain searches long term memory. When the brain performs its associative search, and cannot immediately identify the sound, it may awaken suppressed memories or in other cases, descend into the dream like memories of the human subconscious. A sound emitted by the triphonic sound treatment system may for example, reawaken a childhood memory or it may allow the individual to make a conscious connection to an event that was long suppressed, as in the case of trauma.

With the triphonic sound treatment is possible to evoke specific psychological effects in the subject by the application of neural oscillations.

Delta Waves (0.01 - 4 Hz) - are usually associated with the deepest stages of sleep (3 NREM), also known as slow-wave sleep in mammals and all animals.

Theta Waves (4 - 7 Hz) - appear during drowsy, meditative, or sleeping states, but not during the deepest stages of sleep.

Alpha Waves (7 - 10 Hz) - predominantly originate from the occipital lobe during wakeful relaxation with closed eyes. They play an active role in neural network coordination and communication. Occipital alpha waves during periods of eyes closed are the strongest EEG brain signals.

Mu Waves (8 - 13 Hz) - An alpha-like variant called mu (μ) is found over the motor cortex (central scalp) and is reduced with movement, or the intention to move. Mu waves are synchronized patterns of electrical activity involving large numbers of neurons in the part of the brain that controls voluntary movement and are most prominent when the body is physically at rest.

Beta Waves (12 - 30 Hz) - are the states associated with normal waking consciousness.

Gamma Waves (25 - 100 Hz) - help bring up memories and associations from the visual precept to other notions that brings a distributed matrix of cognitive processes together to generate a coherent, concerted cognitive act, such as perception.

With the triphonic sound treatment system it is possible to emit signals that correspond to specific neural oscillations. As the frequency of these waves are usually lower than the range of human hearing, i.e. under 20 Hz, the low frequency component of the neural oscillation and be encoded onto one single audible frequency harmonic that is emitted by the triphonic sound treatment system, for example, such as that of a frequency derived from the transposition of visible light wavelengths.

Sound Waves Information and Matter

Coming back now to the nature of the information that can be applied to the biological system by means of the triphonic system, one type of information is calculated from the wavelength of light. Considering now the frequency of a determined perceived color, for example it is possible to calculate a corresponding acoustic frequency by replacing the speed of light propagation with the speed of sound propagation in the medium under consideration and calculate an audible fundamental frequency through the process of transposition.

Using the method of transposition and calculation of triphonic sound treatment signals, it then becomes possible to obtain acoustic frequency equivalents for other wavelengths, e.g., for spectral line emissions of aromatic molecules. As is well known, carbon and part of carbon hydrogen, carbon oxygen, carbon lithium, as well as other chemical interconnections have very precise resonance frequencies. The triphonic sound treatment system can additionally be used to reproduce the spectral lines of chemical interconnections at the opposite side of the spectrum, in the sense that the acoustic frequencies are much lower than radio, electromagnetic, optical or molecular frequencies.

Using the triphonic sound treatment system and working with the sound spectrum where energies manifest themselves as mechanical force, it becomes possible to apply equivalent mechanical resonances, emitted as sound pressure waves, to those of chemical structures. By stimulation of a physical structure such as a solid or liquid, material with specific acoustic resonance frequencies, chemical reactions may be modified through the spatial rearrangement of molecules in a system that are caused by mechanical stimulation.

When applying triphonic sound treatment using harmonic information related to molecular structures with biological systems may result in benefits of such acoustic stimulation can be used to induce functional modifications with the absence of any chemical side effect, as no chemical substance needs to be administrated and subsequently transported out of the system. Thus the effect of a chemical substance can be obtained without actually physically introducing it into the biological system, and thus positive effects of a substance can be induced directly without its negative effects. This phenomenon is currently part of an emerging field in science called sonificaiton.

It is further possible to apply geometries by means of the triphonic sound treatment system. A certain geometric structure, such as for example a tetrahedron, a cube, or any kind of polyhedra, has a mathematical structure where the angular vertices contain specific arrangements. The inventor has processed this geometric information and created harmonic tables, with for example the tetrahedron values, cube values, octahedral values, etc.

The tables correspond to two specific effects that are produced by the applied triphonic sound sound. In the tables, the base frequency, also referred to as the lowest audible frequency, of a color, geometric form, molecular configuration, etc, is located in the center of the table and labelled as "Harmonic 1 ". The values on the lower part of the table, numbered as harmonics 2 through 13, are considered as frequencies that may evoke a physical effect on the subject. The values on the upper part of the table, num- bered as harmonics 2 through 13, are considered as frequencies that may evoke a psychological effect in the subject as these values represent values to neural oscillations in the form of of alpha, beta, theta, or delta signals. Applying these values during a sound treatment session may evoke a specific brain state through the process of en- trainment.

Multiple triphonic configurations may be installed as part of a trln a similar manner, a plurality of bioscope devices rather than a single Bioscope device may be used to monitor various parts of the body.

It appears possible to induce psychological states with relatively high precision. The scale developed by the inventor includes light, the list of basic aromatic molecules, essential oils and their configuration in terms of geometrical structures. All these may be projected inside the space of environment of the triphonic system, where the stimulation of human physical senses may be evoked and in turn induce changes in human brain function. While in the triphonic system entrainment is done with sound, it could also have been done with light, or with mechanical vibration.

Complete Example

The frequency result is related to the propagation of light through a vacuum. However as we are working with sound waves the formula will need to be adjusted to the speed of propagation of sound. As such we will modify the formula as follows and perform the calculation again:

where c = 343 m/s at 20°C (the speed of sound)

and λ=650 nm

we obtain a result of f = 5,276,923,076,923,08 Hz

Obviously we are not able to hear sound in the terahertz range thus we need do divide the result by multiple factors of 2 until we reach the lowest audible frequency. Each iteration of this operation lowers the frequency of the vibration by a musical octave, we thus have the following values:

5,276,923,076,923.08 Hz 12 = 2,638,461 ,538,461.54 Hz

2,638,461 ,538,461.54 Hz / 2 = 1 ,319,230,769,230.77 Hz

Dividing the original value down by 37 octaves we reach our goal, the lowest audible frequency for the colour red at 650 nm is thus 38.394668640997 Hz

The calculation establishes, for our purposes of sound treatment, a fundamental frequency value that is equivalent to light wavelength of 668 nm. Furthermore from this base frequency, we can then derive different geometries having unique harmonic relationships that are based on a harmonic progression. This is achieved by multiplying each standard harmonic, which is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency, with a multiplier related to the geometric form to obtain this value. An example of different geometries calculated form the six colours of the light spectrum can be seen in image XXX The calculation of the first derived frequency, and its subsequent harmonics, can be further refined depending on temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and also the speed of sound propagation values for different materials / media, e.g., water, lead, concrete wood, glass, steel, where the propagation speed is different from one medium to another. Using specialized but known tables of standard materials, it is possible to determine appropriate frequencies for practically any type of material acting as a medium for sound propagation.

Explanation:

It is believed that if we have an effect in one range of the electromagnetic spectrum, that there will be as influence in other regions as well that will be caused by resonant harmonic nodes. As an example, if we have a vibration in the acoustic range, that its harmonics will also have an effect, however small, across the entire spectrum, hence this effect may influence a molecular reaction. The slightest change in displacement of molecules that are induced by sound, will influence structural and mechanical change in an object.

Sound applied to a biological system through the triphonic system may penetrate the system comparatively deeper than light having a corresponding optical wavelength. In case the biological system is a human body, it is noted that light generally does not penetrate more than 1 cm into the body. Sound, however, because used at relatively low frequencies, penetrates the body, including all tissues, organs, bone, liquids, etc. capable of producing at least thirty-six channels of high quality audio. Each of the thirty six channels contain a unique frequency component each of which is arranged in a particular configuration with respect to frequency, amplitude, and spatial position. The stereo output of the computer is sent via a professional USB audio interface (such as the M-Audio Fast Track Pro) to the triphonic interface box where the signals are dephased. Each of the three outputs of the triphonic interface are connected to each of the 3 high quality powered speakers. The speakers are mounted on stands and are positioned towards the centre of the treatment space.

First Preferred Embodiment

The following will describe the structure of the inventive triphonic sound treatment system in reference. While there there are many ways in which each of the individual described modules can be electrically or computationally configured, only the most simple, specific, unique and inventive configurations of this invention will be described. Thus, the triphonic sound treatment system may be broken down into three main functional blocks as described in the following section.

Figure D26. Triphonic Sound Treatment System Main Components Triphonic Sound Treatment Functional Blocks Computing Platform and Software Application

The triphonic sound treatment system application that can be operated on a general or dedicated computer system platform, including mobile devices such as tablets and smart phones. The application containing operational modules intended for calculating, generating, controlling and modifying audio signals that will be amplified by the triphonic sound treatment system installation.

Software Module 1 - Triphonic Sound Generation Software

The triphonic sound treatment system contains a computer based software module that is used to calculate, generate and control the source material, in other words, the audio waveform information, that is used as the audio source for triphonic sound treatments.

Figure D27. Color Spectrum Generator

The sound generating software consists of several key modules, each of which serves a specific function in the signal chain. The first functional module performs the calculation of specific frequency components that are then applied to an array of sine wave audio oscillators. The most common source used to derive the range of frequencies is the spectrum of visible light though other frequency relations can be derived from, for example the audio equivalent of resonant frequencies derived though spectroscopic techniques that are able to calculate the charge to mass ratio of active ingredients of essential oils, plant extracts, minerals, and other chemical substances.

An Example of the chemical substance linalool, a terpene alcohol substance found in many flowers and spice plants converted to an audible harmonic structure:

Figure D28. Conversion of Molecular Spectra into Audible Equivalents

In this example, the spectral mass values m/z are used as starting frequency positions for the oscillator array, where each mass value ratio is directly converted into an audible frequency. The audio signal amplitude values are derived from the relative intensity of the charge value of a mass spectrum. The resulting signal would have the structure as follows: Harmonic Frequency Harmonic Amplitude

27 10

38 20

41 55

43 60

53 15

55 65

67 20

68 45

71 100

80 30

83 15

107 5

121 25

The resolution of the derived harmonic structure is dependent on the number of charge / mass values that are reduced to harmonic equivalents. In the example, certain lower power harmonics are excluded from the calculation resulting in a low resolution representation of the specific chemical species.

Software Module 2 - Harmonic Geometry

The second module of the triphonic sound treatment system is the modification of harmonic content based on geometric functions where each harmonic of a base fundamental frequency is calculated by a factor multiplier or divider rather a whole numbered integer.

Figure D29 . Harmonic Geometry Modifiers

The standard harmonic series in computer based signal synthesis is based on a logarithmic harmonic progression. Here, the harmonic structure can be generated according to any or a combination of Pi, Phi, tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron, or any other geometric function where the geometric vertex is applied as part of the multiplication or division factor. Software Module 3 - Neutral Oscillation Generator and Controller

On top of the base logarithmic or geometric derived harmonic structure, the triphonic sound treatment system can be used to selectively apply neural oscillations to any one or more or the base harmonics. The neutral oscillations are added to the base harmonic frequency as a low frequency audio control signal.

Figure D30. Neural Oscillation Modifiers Software Module 4 - Triphonic Spatial Position

The triphonic sound treatment system contains a control, that can be operated manually or algorithmically, to control the a spatial positioning of the triphonic sound in the treatment space such as a treatment room.

Figure D31. Triphonic Spatial Position Modifiers The Triphonic Interface

The triphonic interface is a passive of active electronic device that is used to dephase the electrical polarity of the audio signal. Electrically, is generally connected between a high quality USB audio interface, that is designed to convert the digital stream of numbers into an analog audio signal, and the sound amplification system such as the audio amplifiers and speakers.

Figure D32. Triphonic Interface Inputs and Outputs The Triphonic System Audio Installation

The triphonic sound treatment system sounds are amplified an reproduced in a physical environment such as a therapy room or environment where three high quality amplified audio monitors are placed in a equidistant configuration and where the sound is projected inwards towards the subject or object to be treated.

Figure D33. Triphonic Installation

The uses described for the triphonic sound treatment system include the treatment of human or animal subjects where the applied sound field is projected towards the subject from a configuration of three amplified audio speakers or monitors. Where the harmonic content of the sound used in triphonic sound treatment is logarithmically or geometrically derived via a mathematical division or multiplication process that allows the derivation of audible frequencies form the wavelengths of visible light or other electromagnetic signals such as atomic or molecular resonances. The triphonic sound treatment system can be used as a therapeutic modality for various physical or psychological health problems. The triphonic sound treatment system can be applied as Dart of a sonification process in many bioloaical, chemical and medical research fields where the applied sounds are used to alter the chemical behavior, structure or dynamics of a chemical system.