Atanackov, Djordje (As^�kerc^�eva cesta 22, 3320 Velenje, SI)
| 1. | Apparatus for demonstrating changes in motion with respect to time, wherein a first and a second array (2,3) of photosensitive elements (21,..., 2i,..., 2N) and light sources (31,..., 3i,..., 3N), respectively, are placed on two parallel straight lines and rails (12) wheron an object (1) moves are placed parallelly to the first and second array (2,3), and a light source (11) emitting a collimated light beam is fastened to the object (1), characterized in that the photosensitive elements (21,..., 2i,..., 2N) and the light sources (317... 7 3i,.... 3N) are spaced uniformly and in both arrays (2,3) equally, that the light source (11) in any moment of the motion of the object (1) illuminates one or two adjacent photosensitive elements (21,..., 2i,..., 2N) and that each photosensitive element (2i) in a thereto pertinent line (i) of elements is connected to a first input of a logic AND gate (Lli), to whose second input clock pulses (T) are conducted and whose output is connected through a logic flipflop element (L2i) to the light source (3i) of this line (i). |
| 2. | Apparatus for demonstrating changes in motion with respect to time as recited in claim 1, characterized in that the clock is actuated at the moment when the object (1) starts moving. |
| 3. | Apparatus for demonstrating changes in motion with respect to time, wherein a first and a second array (2,3) of photosensitive elements (2i') and light sources (3'), respectively, are placed on two parallel straight lines and rails (12) wheron an object (1') moves are placed parallelly to the first and second array (2,3) and a light source (11') emitting a collimated light beam is fastened to the object (1'), characterized in that the photosensitive elements (21,..., 2i,..., 2N) and the light sources (31,..., 3i,.... 3N) are spaced uniformly and in both arrays (2,3) equally, that during the movement of the object (1') any flash of the light source (11') illuminates one or two adjacent photosensitive elements (2i'), and that each photosensitive element (2i') in a thereto pertinent line (i') of elements is connected through a first logic flipflop element (L2i') to the light source (3i') of this line (i') and the light source (11') emitting a collimated light beam is triggered by pulses (T) of a clock (Cl). |
| 4. | Apparatus for demonstrating changes in motion with respect to time as recited in claim 3, characterized in that at the origin and at the end of the array (2) of the photosensitive elements (2i') in any of these two positions between the light source (11') emitting the collimated lightbeam and the corresponding photosensitive element (2i') a semitransparent mirror (Ma, Mb) is mounted which partially reflects the collimated light beam to the appropriate one of two photosensitive elements (la, lb) which are fastened to the object (1') and which are connected to an input of a second flipflop element (lc) ; the output of which is connected to a turn on/off input of the clock (Cl). |
| 5. | Apparatus for demonstrating changes in motion with respect to time as recited in claim 2 or 4, characterized in that a push button is provided for resetting the apparatus before performing a demonstration ; which push button is connected to an input of the logic flipflop element (L2i; L2i') and that the time interval duration between two subsequent clock pulses (T) is adjustable. |
| 6. | Apparatus for demonstrating changes in motion with respect to time as recited in claim 5, characterized in that along the array (3) of the light emitting sources a tape measure (4) is placed, the origin of which is situated at the first light emitting source of this array (3). |
| 7. | Apparatus for demonstrating changes in motion with respect to time as recited in claim 6, characterized in that the light source (11 ; 11') emitting a collimated light beam is a laser. |
| 8. | Apparatus for demonstrating changes in motion with respect to time as recited in any claim 7, characterized in that the photosensitive elements (21,..., 2i,..., 2N; 2i') are photoresistors. |
| 9. | Apparatus for demonstrating changes in motion with respect to time as recited in any claim 8, characterized in that the light sources (31,..., 3i,..., 3N; 3i') in the array (3) are lightemitting diodes. STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19 Claims 1 and 3 have been amended in order to appreciate the technical solution as disclosed by the document FR 1 276 999 A cited in the International Search Report. The title of the invention as established by the International Searching Authority has been taken into account. The description of the invention will be amended accordingly after the written opinion drawn up by the International Preliminary Examining Authority has been received. |
There have been known apparatuses for demonstration of a motion development in time which for any time moment of an experiment record the path covered by an object. For this purpose a measuring appliance like a pulley is used, whereover a string is laid by means of which a weight pulls the moving object. The pulley rota- tion is detected by means of a photocell (PASCO Scientific 1994, Physics Experi- ments and Computer Interfaces, Roseville, California 95678-9011, USA). On the other hand, apparatuses for demonstration are known which detect moments in which two or more photogates are passed by the moving object (ibidem and Im- promax Mesco ucila, SI-2312 Orehova vas). At all these apparatuses for demonstration either the path covered by the object is measured in dependence upon the time of motion or upon the time in which the object covers a predeter- mined path.
In order to demonstrate a motion development vividly it is desirable to permanently mark the points in which a moving object was in preselected moments. This was achieved at an apparatus for demonstration disclosed in the patent US 4,761,658.
To a moving object a paper strip is fastened onto which in equal time intervals ink is forced out from an ink jet head controlled by an oscillator. For demonstrations the mentioned apparatus uses expendable material like paper strip and ink.
Consequently, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to con- struct such apparatus for demonstration of a motion development in time that on a straight line, which is parallel to a trajectory of a moving object, points will be marked which correspond, preferably mapped 1:1, to points in which the moving object was when the motion started and after multiples of an arbitrarily chosen time interval thereafter.
A solution to the technical problem is given by the first embodiment of the ap- paratus for demonstration of a motion development in time according to the inven- tion which is characterized in that on two parallel straight lines a first and a second array of uniformly and in both arrays equally spaced photosensitive elements and light sources, respectively, are placed and that rails wheron an object moves are placed parallelly to the arrays and that a light source emitting a collimated light beam, which in any moment of the motion of the object illuminates one or two ad- jacent photosensitive elements, is fastened to the object and that each photosensi- tive element in a thereto pertinent line of elements is connected to a first input of a logic AND gate to whose second input clock pulses are conducted and whose out- put is connected through a logic flip-flop element to the second array light source of this line of elements. Preferably the clock is actuated at the moment when the ob- ject starts moving.
A solution to the technical problem is further given also by the second embodiment of the apparatus for demonstration of a motion development in time according to the invention being characterized by the same mutual arrangement of arrays of photosensitive elements and light sources and an object with a light source emitting a collimated light beam as in the first embodiment and being further characterized in that the photosensitive element in each thereto pertinent line of elements is con- nected through a first logic flip-flop element to the light source of the second array in this line and the light source emitting a collimated light beam is triggered by clock pulses. In this embodiment at the origin and at the end of the array of the photosensitive elements in any of these two positions, between the light source emitting the collimated light beam and the corresponding photosensitive element preferably a semitransparent mirror is mounted which partially reflects the col- limated light beam to the appropriate one of two photosensitive elements fastened on the moving object and connected to the inputs of a second flip-flop element, whose output is connected to the turn on/off input of the clock.
Both embodiments of the apparatus for demonstration of a motion development in time according to the invention are further characterized in that a push button is provided for resetting the apparatus before performing a demonstration, the push button being connected to an input of the first logic flip-flop element, and that the time interval duration between two subsequent clock pulses is adjustable.
Preferably, in the apparatus for demonstration of a motion development in time a tape measure is placed along the array of the light emitting sources, the origin of the tape measure being situated at the first light emitting source of this array. The light source emitting a collimated light beam is a laser, the photosensitive elements are photoresistors and the light sources in the second array are preferably light- emitting diodes.
The apparatus of the invention for demonstration of a motion development in time is remarkable in that it conveys a visual demonstration of path sections covered by the object in equal time intervals and thereby makes possible a picture of whether the motion in particular moments is steady or accelerated. For demonstrations the apparatus of the invention does not use expendable material like paper strip and ink.
The invention will now be described by way of two embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings representing in: Fig. 1 the first embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention for demonstration of a motion development in time, Fig. 2 a circuit line corresponding to an i-th photosensitive element in the first embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention and Fig. 3 the second embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention for demonstration of a motion development in time.
In the first and second embodiments of the apparatus of the invention for demon- stration of a motion development in time, on two parallel straight lines of a demonstration table 5 arrays 2 and 3 of N photosensitive elements 21, ..., 2i, ..., 2N; 2i', preferably photoresistors, and of N light sources 31, ..., 3i, ..., 3N; 3i', preferably light-emitting diodes, respectively, are placed (Figs. 1 and 3). The distance between two adjacent photosensitive elements is constant throughout the array 2, and the same is true for the distance between two adjacent light sources in the array 3; preferably these distances are equal for both arrays 2, 3. In both embodiments photoresistors as well as light-emitting diodes have a diameter 5 mm and in each of the arrays 2, 3 the elements are placed so that they touch each other.
An object 1 is laid out like a cart moving on rails 12. The rails 12 are placed paral- lelly to the arrays 2 and 3. A light source 11 is fastened to the object 1. The light source 11 emits a collimated light beam, which in the first embodiment in any mo- ment of the motion of the object 1 illuminates one or two adjacent photosensitive elements 21, ..., 2i, ..., 2N. The diameter of the light beam in the plane of the demonstration table 5 is 2 mm. Preferably the light source 11 is a laser.
In the first embodiment of the apparatus of the invention to each photosensitive element 2i a line i of circuit elements pertains (Fig. 2); the whole circuit of the ap- paratus according to the invention consists of N such lines. The photosensitive ele- ment 2i is connected to a first input of a logic AND gate Lli, to whose second input pulses T from a clock (not shown) are conducted. The light source 3i of the array 3 is connected to the output of the logic AND gate Lli through a logic flip-flop ele- ment L2i, to a second input of which a reset signal R from the reset push button (not shown) is conducted.
The clock is actuated at the moment when the object 1 starts to move. The duration of the time interval between two subsequent clock pulses T is adjustable. At the ap- paratus according to the invention a reset push button is provided to reset the ap- paratus before performing the demonstration whereby mainly the light sources 3i in the array 3 shining from the previous demonstration are switched off.
Along the array 3 of the light emitting sources 3i a tape measure 4 is placed. Its origin is situated at the first light emitting source 31 of this array 3 and is oriented in the direction of the motion of the object 1 during the experiment (arrow 13).
The demonstration table 5 can be provided on its back side with a magnet. There- fore the apparatus of the invention can be fastened to a blackboard. Now the in- clination of the rails 12 may be chosen as requested to carry out any paticular ex- periment, for example vertical rails 12 for free fall experiments.
From the description of the first embodiment of the i-th line of the circuit pertain- ing to any individual photosensitive element 2i and also to the light emitting source 3i, it is evident that the light emitting source 3i lights up if the clock pulse T appears when the light beam of the moving light source 11 illuminates just the photosensi- tive element 2i. In other words: pulses T arriving in uniform time intervals turn on that light source 3i and open that logic AND gate Lli to the second input of which the photosensitive element 2i is connected which in that moment is illuminated by the light source 11 from the moving object 1. The light sources 3i in the array 3, which have been turned on during the experiment, remain shining till the reset by means of the signal R has been made.
In the second embodiment of the apparatus of the invention to each photosensitive element 2i' a line i' of circuit elements pertains (Fig. 3); the whole circuit of the ap- paratus according to the invention consists of N such lines. The photosensitive ele- ment 2i' is connected to a first input of a logic flip-flop element L2i' to whose second input a reset signal R is conducted from a reset push button (not shown) and whose output is connected to the light source 3i' in the array 3.
At the origin and at the end of the array 2 of the photosensitive elements 2i' in any of these two extreme positions, between the light source 11' emitting the collimated light beam and the corresponding photosensitive element 2i' a semitransparent mir- ror Ma, Mb is mounted. In each of the extreme positions of the body 1' the semitransparent mirror Ma, Mb is struck by the collimated light beam r from the light source 11'; the transmitted partial light beam rl strikes the photosensitive ele- ment 2i', the reflected partial light beam r2, however, strikes the appropriate one of two photosensitive elements la, ib fastened to the object 1'. The outputs of the photosensitive elements la, 1b are connected to the inputs of the flip-flop 1c, whose output is connected to the turn on/off input of a clock Cl.
In the second embodiment the light source 11' with collimated light beam r, preferably a laser, radiates a flash each time when its control input receives a con- trol signal T from the clock Cl. Therefore, when the object 1' moves, the trans- mitted partial light beam rl illuminates only a few photosensitive elements 2i' and only light sources 3i' corresponding to these photosensitive elements 2i' are turned on. The clock Cl starts and stops to operate when the reflected partial light beam r2 strikes the photosensitive element la and lb, respectively.
In the described embodiments the error absolute value of the measured value of the instantaneous position of the object 1 is obviously + 2.5 mm and the error ab- solute value of the measured interval length of the covered path is + 5.0 mm. Since a typical interval length is approximately 250 mm, the error relative value of the measured interval length of the covered path is approximately t 2%; this is accept- able for demonstration purposes.