Drying a fiber web between two parallel metal bands moving in the same direction in such a way that the fiber web is in contact with the heated metal band and there is a wire between the fiber web and the second cooled metal band so that the steam separated from the fiber web due to heating condenses to the wire by the effect of the cold metal band, is known from sev- eral patent publications, from which can be mentioned e.g. International Patent Application WO 96/11300 and U.S. Patent 4.461.095. The operation is based on that two endless metal bands are arranged to run around turning rolls and that pressure chambers containing hot steam and water, respectively, are pro- vided against the inner surface defined by the loops formed by the bands so that the pressure produced presses the hot and the cold band, and respec- tively, the fiber web and the wire between them towards each other. The bands located between the pressure chambers provide by means of seals one side for the pressure chambers so that the steam and water can directly affect the bands. The operation of the apparatus is fully known per se and has been disclosed e.g. in the above patent publications, which are incorporated herein by reference.

To have control of the smoothness of paper and cardboard surface is important for further processing, end use properties and appearance. It should be possible to affect the surface structure for the purpose of controlling gloss, preventing excessive gloss and removing spottiness, for instance. Fur- ther, the surface should preferably be matt so that an ink layer could smooth this roughness and make the printing ink look glossy. Other important proper-

ties are absorption properties of surface, adhesion of pigment coating, adhe- sion of plastic extrusion coating and adhesiveness of the surface to be lami- nated. In automatic packing machines, for example, it is also important to con- trol the friction so as to be suitable. Sufficiently good results in all respects are not achieved by present apparatuses for drying a fiber web, in which the heated smooth metal band is in contact with the fiber web.

The object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for drying a fiber web, by means of which apparatus good end products can be manufactured, as far as the control of their properties is concerned.

The apparatus for drying a fiber web according to the invention is characterized in that the surface of the first band bearing against the fiber web is at least partly formed in such a way that reflection from the surface to a specular reflection angle is reduced substantially.

An essential idea of the invention is that the surface of the heated metal band bearing against the fiber web is at least partly formed in such a way that it has substantially no specular reflecting surfaces. Further, the idea of a preferred embodiment is that the surface of the heated metal band bear- ing against the fiber web is shot blasted. The idea of still another preferred embodiment is that the surface of the heated metal band is furnished with re- cesses or protrusions for providing patterns similar to said recesses or protru- sions on the surface of the fiber web.

An advantage of the invention is that, by using the apparatus for drying a fiber web according to the invention, the gloss and other properties of the end product can easily be made as desired. Moreover, by forming re- cesses or protrusions on the surface of the heated metal band bearing against the fiber web, it is easy to provide marks or signs or the like, as desired, on the fiber web and so on the end product.

The invention is described in greater detail in the attached draw- ings, where Figure 1 is a schematic sectional side view, taken in the travel di- rection of the web, illustrating an apparatus for drying a fiber web according to the invention.

Figure 2 is a schematic enlarged microscopic side view of a typical surface of a heated band bearing against the fiber web of a prior art apparatus for drying a fiber web,

Figure 3 is a schematic enlarged microscopic side view of a surface of a heated band bearing against the fiber web of the apparatus for drying a fiber web according to the invention Figure 4 is a schematic side view of another surface of a heated band bearing against the fiber web of the apparatus for drying a fiber web ac- cording to the invention, and Figure 5 is a sectional side view of a wire and the fiber web of the apparatus for drying a fiber web according to Figure 1.

Figure 1 is a schematic sectional side view taken in the travel direc- tion of the web, illustrating a drying apparatus according to the invention. The drying apparatus comprises endless bands that are impermeable to air, con- duct heat well and are preferably made of metal: viz. a first band 1, i.e. an up- per band, and a second band 2, i.e. a lower band, a fine wire or felt 3, a coarse wire 4 and a fiber web 5 running between those surfaces of the bands that face each other. The fiber web 5 moves in the direction indicated by arrow A. The first band 1 is arranged to turn around first turning rolls 6a and 6b lo- cated at the ends of the drying apparatus. Correspondingly, the second band 2 is arranged to turn around second turning rolls 7a and 7b also located at the ends of the drying apparatus, below the first turning rolls 6a and 6b. The wires 3 and 4 are supported and guided by guide rolls 8. Since the pressure pre- vailing in the drying zone in the area between the bands 1 and 2 is usually different from the pressure prevailing outside or on the sides of the bands 1 and 2, seals are arranged on both sides of the apparatus between or at the edges of the bands 1 and 2, the seals preventing liquid or gas from moving out from the area between the bands 1 and 2 sidewards, or vice versa. To effect vapor heating required by the drying, the drying apparatus comprises a pres- sure chamber 9, which is located above the first band 1. The first band 1 is sealed with seals 9a to the body 9b of the pressure chamber 9 so that the steam in the pressure chamber 9 is maintained at a suitable pressure. Below the second band 2 there is a water chamber 10 containing water that cools the second band 2. At the edges of the water chamber 10 there are seals 10a, by which the second band 2 is sealed to the body 1 0b of the water chamber 10.

The operation of the drying apparatus is based on heating the first band 1, which is in contact with the web 5, by hot steam contained in the pres- sure chamber 9. The temperature of the first band 1 causes that the water in the web 5 is vaporized and transferred through the wires 3 and 4 toward the

second band 2. The second band 2, in turn, is continuously cooled with water located below it, whereby the steam produced on the surface thereof con- denses into water and is removed with the band 2 and the wire 4.

Figure 2 shows an enlarged microscopic side view of a typical sur- face 11' of a first band 1 bearing against the fiber web of a prior art apparatus for drying a fiber web. Reference numerals in Figure 2 correspond to those in Figure 1. The surface 11' has been smoothed by rolling, for instance, whereby plenty of smooth specular reflecting surfaces 12 have been formed thereon. In Figure 2, the specular reflecting surfaces 12 are marked on the surface 11' with a thicker line than the remaining parts of the surface. From the specular reflecting surfaces 12, beams of light hitting them are reflected according to ar- rows A. Naturally, beams of light hitting other parts of the surface than the specular reflecting surfaces 12 are reflected from the surface 11 in a more or less random direction according to arrow B. Because of the specular reflecting surfaces 12, glossy parts impairing e.g. the print quality are formed on the fiber web 5 to be dried and further on the end product, such as paper or cardboard, to be produced from the fiber web 5.

Figure 3 shows an enlarged microscopic side view of a surface 11 of a first band 1 bearing against the fiber web 5 of the apparatus for drying a fiber web according to the invention. The reference numerals of Figure 3 cor- respond to those of the Figures 1 and 2. According to the invention, the sur- face 11 has been formed in such a way that the reflection to the specular re- flection angle has been reduced substantially. The reduction has been per- formed by increasing scattering in other angles evenly. Thus the beams of light directed to the surface 11 scatter in substantially different directions ac- cording to the arrows indicated in Figure 3. Then the surface of the fiber web 5 to be dried and also that of the end products to be manufactured of it will be matt, which causes a very good print quality, for instance. In measurements of surface roughness, for example, it is not necessarily possible to notice a dif- ference in the roughness between the surface 11' according to Figure 2 and the surface 11 according to the invention shown in Figure 3. Thus profilome- ters meters do not necessarily notice any difference whatsoever in the rough- ness of the fiber web 5 or an end product to be manufactured of it. On the other hand, in case of the surface 11 of Figure 3, it is possible to find by measurements that the gloss of said end product is less than that of an end <BR> <BR> product, the fiber web 5 of which is dried by using the surface 11 ' of Figure 2.

Specular reflecting surfaces 12 can be removed from the surface 11 of the first band 1 for instance by exposing the surface 11 to shot blasting.

Shot blasting can easily be arranged to be directed only to a part of the sur- face 11 of the first band 1. Then the parts not exposed to shot blasting still have specular reflecting surfaces 12. By directing shot blasting in a desired manner, patterns as desired are provided on the fiber web 5 and on the end product to be manufactured of it, which patterns are formed in such a way that part of the end product is matt and part of it is more glossy. Desired patterns can also be provided by forming either recesses or protrusions on the surface of the first band 1, due to which corresponding protrusions or recesses are provided on the fiber web and the end product, respectively. The protruding patterns or recesses on the first band 1 can easily be provided at the last roll- ing stage, for instance. A protruding pattern can be caused on the first band 1 also by attaching to the first band 1 a temporary additional part that remains fastened to the first band 1 only as long as recesses will be made in the fiber web. Except by shot blasting, the specular reflecting surfaces 12 can be re- moved also e.g. by siliconizing the first band 1 or in some other corresponding manner.

Figure 4 shows a side view of a surface 11 of a first band 1 bearing against the fiber web of another apparatus for drying a fiber web according to the invention. Reference numerals of Figure 4 correspond to those of the Fig- ures 1 to 3. Figure 4 shows schematically a recess 13 and a protrusion 14 provided on the surface of the first band 1. The protrusion 14 is caused by means of a temporary detachable additional part 15. On account of the scale of Figure 4, no surface 11 roughness caused by shot blasting can be noticed in Figure 4.

Figure 5 shows a partial sectional side view of a wire and a fiber web. Reference numerals of Figure 5 correspond to those of the Figures 1 to 4. The patterns on the wire 3 leave a trace on that side of the fiber web 5 and the end product to be manufactured of it that faces the wire 3. In addition to this, if the pressure is high or the fiber material is very plastic, areas 16 at a higher pressure also affect the optical properties of the end product surface facing the first band 1 and are seen there as traces darker than their sur- roundings. The texture of the wire 3 causes higher pressure aeas 16 that are shown in the fiber web 5 of the attached figure as denser obliques. By choos- ing a suitable structure for the wire 3, various regular patterns can be pro-

duced both on the back side and the surface side of the fiber web 5 and the end product to be manufactured of it. On the other hand, by providing the surface 11 of the first band 1 according to the invention in such a way that the reflection from the surface to the specular reflection angle is reduced substan- tially, it is possible to prevent undesired patterns of the wire 3 on the surface side of the end product.

The drawings and the description relating to it are only intended to illustrate the idea of the invention. As to the details, the invention may vary within the scope of the claims. So it is not essential which pressure medium is used in the pressure chamber 9 and the water chamber 10. The medium of the pressure chamber 9 can thus be steam, air, or hot combustion products of fuel, or water, for instance. In addition to water, also e.g. air can be used as medium in the water chamber 10.

In addition to the heating by the pressure chamber 9, the first band 1 can be heated also at other places in manners fully known per se. Further, the heating of the first band 1 can take place entirely outside the pressure chamber 9 or the drying of the fiber web 5 can even take place without a pres- sure chamber 9.

Moreover, the second band 2 can be cooled also outside the water chamber 10 or the cooling can be implemented even without a water chamber 10 in manners fully known per se.