SIMULATION"

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DESCRIPTION

The present invention refers to an apparatus for the gymnastic exercises of paddling simulation and, more precisely, to an apparatus for the gymnastic exercises of paddling simulation such as , for example , kayaking or similar .

State of the art

To date , many types of apparatuses for the training of the upper body are already known, and which involve the rowing or paddling simulation .

With reference to the paddling simulation, it is necessary to highlight here that the peculiar features of this exercising and the physical activity are two kinds of motions . The first motion concerns the twisting of the torso during the paddling phases , which comprises from the entry of the blade to the exit . The twisting of the torso is important , as it helps to give power to the paddle stroke . The second motion is the legs and feet motion, which is necessary to give as much power to the paddle stroke during the push phase .

Furthermore , among the apparatuses for the training of the upper body, the following can be cited : a ) Arm ergometers , which allow the arms training but do not simulate the twisting of the torso . An example of this type of apparatuses is represented by the apparatus commercially called "E950-UBE" produced and marketed by the First Degree Fitness Fluid Innovation Company; and b ) torso twisting equipment , which simulate the torso twisting but they are not made for the arms training .

Among the above-mentioned equipment or apparatuses , the following types can be listed depending on the type of exercise to be carried out :

1 ) Paddling ergometer

This type of apparatus is used to simulate paddling in a canoe , and provides a frame that includes a seat , a platform for the resting of the feet , an handle that simulates a paddle , and two cables that connect the two ends of the handle to a resistance mechanism located at the front part of the frame and with respect to the seat . The handle is grasped with both hands , and the cables exert an opposing resisting force to the direction of the paddling motion .

2 ) Other paddling apparatuses

Among these types of apparatuses , from US2015111706A1 it is known an apparatus for the simulating of the kayaking activity which comprises a base which includes a seat region, a shaft which is operatively associated with said base and which extends upwards from said base , a paddle which is kinematically connected at the top of said shaft , and such that when a person is sitting onto said seat part , the paddle is in a position in which the person can simulate the kayaking activity .

This apparatus entails a disadvantage which cons ists in that although the person can simulate the rotation of the paddle with the possibility of twisting the torso , the motion is carried out in an uncontrolled cyclically manner .

Furthermore , from US7731637B2 a rowing machine is known which allows a person to simulate the speci fic rowing motion and technique as it occurs on water .

Furthermore , from W09200780A1 an apparatus for carrying out kayak training exercises is known, which comprises a supporting frame , a seat , feet supporting region, and an air-braked flywheel . According to this apparatus , a pair of toothed transmission belts are provided which are connected to a paddle and driven by a transmission to a pulley which rotates the flywheel during the functioning . A return mechanism is provided which returns the toothed drive belts upon completion of a full stroke .

This apparatus has the disadvantage due to the fact that the person can simulate the rotation of the paddle with a possible twisting of the torso , but this motion is carried out in an uncontrolled cyclically manner .

Furthermore , a kayak exercise simulator is known from US5803876A, which allows a user the simulating of the motions while rowing with a paddle . The simulator includes a base having a platform for the seating therein, and a rotatable rod having an upper end extending upward from the platform . A paddle carrying some weights at its ends is pivotally connected at its central part to the swivel end of the rotatable rod .

This construction solution has the disadvantage given that the user can simulate a multitude of hori zontal , vertical and circular kayaking motions with a possible twisting of the torso when the user is sitting on the platform, but these motions are carried out in an uncontrolled cyclically manner .

Therefore , the aim of the present invention is to solve the aforementioned disadvantages of the state-of-the- art gymnastic apparatuses , by providing a gymnastic apparatus that simulates the paddling motion and that allows the user to have a " total body" workout which includes the twi sting of the user ' s torso , and through a kinematic mechanism that simulates the paddling motion in a guided and controlled manner .

Brief description of the invention

The present invention provides an apparatus for the gymnastic exercise of paddling simulation such as kayaking or similar, the apparatus comprising : a ) Frame

Consisting of a base which rests on the floor and, optionally, comprises a seat connected to the base in a rigid manner or in such a way that it can translate or rotate with respect to said frame base , so that the position of said seat can be adj usted . The frame is optionally equipped with a footrest or pedal board to support the feet in order to keep the legs extended hori zontally, and in such a manner that the user can push with his feet onto said platform during physical exercises . The footrest is connected to the frame . The seat and a leg support platform can be made of a single mechanical member .

Optionally, the mutual distances between the seat , the footrest and the paddling unit support can be adj usted .

Optionally, it is possible to adj ust the height of the seat and/or the leg support platform .

The sagittal plane of the frame divides the frame into left and right parts , relative to the user .

The frame also has a rear part and a front part . The rear part of the frame is where the user sits . b ) Paddle assembly support

It consists of one or more rigid mechanical members ( structural members ) supporting the paddle assembly . Said mechanical members are connected to the frame , and each mechanical member has the function of keeping raised from the ground ( at a predetermined height from the base of the frame ) a support member of a relevant kinematic mechanism connecting the respective components of the paddling assembly .

According to a first embodiment of the apparatus , a crank assembly consisting of two cranks is provided as a paddling assembly, each of which is arranged at a related user' s arm for the simulation of paddling .

According to a second embodiment of the apparatus , a single paddle consisting of a bar connected to a kinematic mechanism at its ends is provided as a paddling assembly .

Optionally, the supporting members of the paddling assembly onto the frame are connected to the latter in a fixed manner, or alternatively in a movable orientable manner, wherein the supporting members are mounted such that they can translate and/or rotate with respect to the frame ( tilting manner ) .

According to thi s last embodiment ( tilting supporting members ) it is possible to adj ust the inclination of the support , therefore it is possible to adj ust the inclination of the planes containing the rotation axis of the crank shafts .

Optionally, it is possible to adj ust the length of the mechanical supporting members of the paddling assembly, so that the height of the cranks can be adj usted with respect to the base of the frame .

Therefore , the present invention provides an apparatus for the gymnastic exercise of paddling simulation substantially according to the appended claims .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A detailed description of some preferred embodiments of the apparatus for the gymnastic exercises of paddling simulation of the present invention will now be provided, given as a non limiting example , and making reference to the appended figures , wherein :

Figure 1 is a schematic and partial elevation view of a first preferred embodiment of the apparatus for the gymnastic exercise of paddling simulation, and according to the present invention;

Figure 2 is a schematic and partial elevation view of the apparatus of Figure 1 with a user ;

Figure 3 is a schematic and partial view from above of the apparatus in figure 2 ;

Figure 4 is a schematic and partial elevation view of a second preferred embodiment of the apparatus for the gymnastic exercise of paddling simulation of the present invention;

Figure 5 is a schematic and partial elevation view of the apparatus of Figure 4 with a user ;

Figure 6 is a schematic and partial elevation view of a third preferred embodiment of the apparatus for the gymnastic exercise of paddling simulation of the present invention;

Figure 7 is a schematic and partial elevation view of the apparatus of Figure 6 with a user ;

Figure 8 is a schematic and partially longitudinal sectional view of a part of the apparatus of figure 1 according to the first embodiment ; Figure 9 i s a schematic and partial longitudinal sectional view o f a part of the apparatus according to a fourth alternative embodiment ;

Figure 10 is a schematic and partial elevation view of a fi fth preferred embodiment of the apparatus for the gymnastic exercise o f paddling simulation, according to the present invention; and

Figure 11 is a schematic and partial elevational view of the apparatus of Figure 10 with a user .

With reference now to figures 1 , 2 , and 3 , the apparatus of the present invention is partially illustrated therein and according to a first preferred embodiment thereof .

According to this first embodiment , a frame 1 is provided and it supports a supporting member 2 for a kinematic mechanism 3 of a paddling assembly which comprises two cranks 30 . As will be better illustrated below, the kinematic mechanism 3 provides the simulation of the paddling motion .

The supporting member 2 of the kinematic mechanism 3 consists of a mechanical structure that includes a base 20 connected to the frame 1 and a supporting rod 21 connected to the base 20 , all mounted onto the frame 1 at the front part of said frame , and substantially at the centre of the frame .

The supporting member 2 includes the vertical supporting rod 21 ( the rod 21 being optionally tiltable via hinged connection) which supports the kinematics 3 , the rod 21 is connected to the base 20 in a lockable manner and centrally onto the frame 1 , the base 20 being mounted at the front part of the frame 1 with respect to the user ' s seat ( the latter not shown in the figures ) .

As illustrated in figures 2 and 3 , according to this embodiment , a user 4 may be positioned himsel f on the apparatus in such a way that the supporting member 2 of the crank assembly 3 is positioned inside the legs of the user 4 . With particular reference now to figures 1 and 8 , the kinematic mechanism 3 of the cranks 30 is il lustrated therein . The kinematic mechanism 3 includes the following components :

Base of the cranks

According to the invention, a base 31 is provided for the supporting of the upper part o f the kinematic mechanism of the cranks 3 onto the supporting rod 21 onto the frame 1 .

The connection between the base 31 and the supporting rod 21 of the kinematic mechanism 3 can be fixed or, in an alternative embodiment , it can be mounted in a tiltable manner in order to allow the possibility to adj ust the inclination of the plane containing the rotation axis Y-Y of the cranks 30 with respect to the hori zontal plane of frame 1 .

Crank shaft supporting members

According to the invention, a pair of supporting members 32 is provided, each of which supporting a shaft of a crank 30 onto the base 31 , thereby enabling the rotation of the shaft about its own axis Y-Y . The supporting members 32 of the shafts of the first crank 30 and the second crank 30 are arranged on the base 31 in such a way that the rotation axis Y-Y of the shafts of the two cranks 30 are arranged as follows :

- They are symmetrical with respect to the sagittal plane . The sagittal plane is the vertical plane that crosses through the longitudinal axis of the apparatus ;

- They are not parallel one to each other ;

- Each axis Y-Y of a shaft forms an angle less than or equal to 90 degrees with respect to the front part of the sagittal plane ;

- Both axis Y-Y are contained on the same plane . The plane of the axis Y-Y of the shafts passes through a hori zontal straight line (paral lel to the hori zon) and orthogonal to the sagittal plane o f the supporting member 2 or the frame 1 . According to di f ferent embodiments , the plane of the axis Y-Y of the shafts can be horizontal or can be inclined with respect to the hori zon ( surface on which apparatus 1 rests ) .

- The axis Y-Y intersect the rear part of the sagittal plane at the same point and diverge at the front part .

- The homonymous ends of each shaft are equidistant from the sagittal plane and are at the same height from the surface where the frame 1 of the apparatus rests .

All the rotatable connections of the supporting members 32 can be made either with a bearing or, alternatively, with a bush, or with another mechanical member that allows the rotation of the shaft about its axis Y-Y in a fixed or adj ustable position .

Crank

Each crank 30 includes : a ) A shaft rotatably connected to the first supporting member 32 of the crank shaft . According to the present invention, the diverging angle between the axis Y-Y of both shafts of the cranks 30 can be adj ustable . Furthermore , according to the present invention the angle of the plane containing the axis Y-Y of the shafts with respect to the hori zon can be adj ustable . The setting of said angle of the plane containing the axis Y-Y of the shafts can be achieved in two ways : la ) by setting the inclination between the base 31 of the cranks and the supporting member 21 of the crank assembly 3 . In this case , the base 31 is mounted on the supporting member 21 in a tiltable manner and can be locked in position, and in such a way that it can be arranged in di f ferent inclinations with respect to the latter ; or

2a ) by setting the inclination of the supporting member 21 of the kinematic mechanism 3 with respect to the frame 1 . In this case , the supporting member 21 is mounted in a tiltable manner onto the base 20 and can be locked in position, and in such a manner to be arranged in di f ferent inclinations with respect to the latter . b ) An arm 33 connected to the crank shaft . The arm 33 can have a fixed length or a variable length . In the last case , the length of the arm 33 can be telescopically adj ustable . The arm 33 can be straight or curved . The arm 33 can be connected to the respective rotation shaft about the Y-Y axis via a fixed connection or via a rotational j oint , in such a way as to allow a possible oscillation of the arm 33 with respect to its shaft about the Y-Y axis .

As illustrated in figures 1 , 2 , and 3 and according to the present embodiment , the arm 33 is made of two parts/ segments 33a and 33b . In this case , the segment 33a and 33b can be connected in the following alternative embodiments :

- Mutually rotatable manner via a rotational j oint 34 ; or

- Mutually slidable manner via a prismatic j oint . Said j oint can be equipped with a locking mechanism, for adj usting the overall length of the arm 33 ; or

Mutually rotatable and slidable manner via a cylindrical j oint . c ) A handle 35 , rotatably mounted at the opposite end of the arm 33 , at the opposite side relevant to the connection between the arm 33 and the shaft .

The handle 35 includes a supporting member 36 and a handle 35a . The handle 35a can be connected to the supporting member 36 both in a fixed manner and, alternatively, in a rotatable/ swinging manner . In this last configuration, the angle between the axis of the handle 35a and the axis of the handle supporting member 36 can vary during the rotation cycle of the arms 33 and in order to adapt from an ergonomic point of view to the system constituted by the hand-wrist-arm of the user .

With particular reference now to figure 8 , a first embodiment of the mechanical transmi ssion between the paddling assembly 3 and the frame 1 of the apparatus is illustrated . The transmission includes transmission means 37 between the shaft of the first crank 30 and the shaft of the second crank 30 ( the latter not in the figure ) , configured in such a way that the shafts of the two cranks each rotates about its own axis Y-Y substantially at the same mean speed calculated on a complete revolution of each shaft about its axis Y-Y ( one shaft clockwise and the other shaft counterclockwise ) .

The transmission means 37 rotatably connects the shaft of the first crank 30 to the shaft of the second crank 30 , and in a manner that the transmiss ion transmits a torque to the shafts that are on di f ferent axis .

The axis Y-Y of the shafts may have an angle less than or equal to 90 degrees with respect to the sagittal plane of the frame 1 . According to this embodiment of the invention, the transmission includes a pair of bevel gears 37 , each of which consists of a bevel gear 38a and a bevel pinion 38b, each pair 37 being associated with a respective crankshaft .

It must be highlighted here that in an alternative embodiment of the transmission, the latter can be cardan j oints , articulated j oints , elastic j oints , constant velocity/ tripoid j oints or technically equivalent ones .

According to the invention, the kinematic mechanism 3 can be made in such a way as to allow di f ferent types of settings of the arrangement of the axis Y-Y of the crankshafts . In the embodiment described here and illustrated in figure 8 , the arrangement of the pair of bevel gear 37 may provide for the setting of the angle between the axis Y-Y of the shafts . With this aim, it is provided that the supporting members 32 of each shaft are connected onto the base 31 in a movable manner with respect to each other and along an arc traj ectory . In this way, by sliding a supporting member 32 along an arc traj ectory onto the base 31 it is possible to change the angle of divergence between the axis Y-Y of a shaft of the crank with respect to the sagittal plane of the frame 1 , while keeping the transmission of the bevel gears 37 .

According to other alternative embodiments of the transmission, a further setting of the plane of the axis Y- Y with respect to the hori zon may be provided . For the above purpose , the base 31 can be mounted in a tiltable manner with respect to the base 20 .

On the other hand, the kinematic mechanism of the bevel gear 37 is connected to a rotatable transmission shaft 22 via a pair of gears 24 , the shaft 22 being rotatably arranged inside the supporting rod 21 of the kinematic mechanism 3 , and being connected at its opposite end with a mechanical resistance member 23 .

Below the base 20 of the supporting rod 21 for the kinematics assembly 3 , it is provided a flywheel 23 as a mechanical resistance member rotatably mounted on the frame 1 , and a friction adj ustment device 230 it is provided for functionally engaging with the flywheel 23 in a known manner .

The transmission shaft 22 is associated with the flywheel 23 via a respective bevel gear pair 25 in the sel f-evident manner .

According to alternative embodiments of the transmission of the present invention, a number of di f ferent motion transmission members can be provided such as , for example , a chain, or a belt , or a system of pulleys and tie rods , or technically equivalents .

With particular reference now to figure 9 , an alternative embodiment of the mechanical transmission between the paddling assembly 3 and the frame of the apparatus 1 is illustrated . For the sake of clarity, same or equivalent parts will have equal numbers and the detailed description thereof will be here omitted since already described above .

As can be seen in the f igure , according to this embodiment , an electric gearmotor 23 mounted on the frame 1 is provided and functioning as a mechanical resistance member, the electric gearmotor 23 being powered by an electrical power source external to the apparatus 1 ( the source not being illustrated in the figures ) .

According to thi s embodiment , the kinematic mechanism of the bevel gear pair 37 is connected to the rotatable transmission shaft 22 via a pair of gears 24 , and each gear 24 is mounted on the base 31 via a respective freewheel bearing, i . e . of the type which a blocked rotation in one direction of rotation and a free rotation in the other direction of rotation is provided .

According to thi s construction arrangement , the pair of shafts of the two cranks 30 are not constrained to rotate at the same average speed .

Furthermore , through the use of unidirectional bearings , the two cranks 30 can independently operate the relevant shaft in only one direction of rotation . Therefore , by operating a crank 30 in the appropriate direction, the user interacts with the mechanical resistance member 23 while the other crank 30 is not constrained to move . This allows the user to have mechanical resistance on the two cranks 30 independently, and by operating a single resistance member 23 for both cranks 30 .

On the other hand, according to this embodiment , when the user 4 applies a force to the kinematic paddling assembly 3 upstream of the gear motor 23 , the paddling assembly 3 is subj ected to the resistant force of the gear motor 23 . That is , when actuated by the user, said assembly

3 moves only i f the gearmotor 23 is moving, with the constraint that the rotation speed of the irreversible gears 24 of the transmission cannot be higher than the rotation speed of the gearmotor 23 . Therefore , i f the user

4 applies to said gears 24 a force such as to accelerate said gears 24 up to a speed that exceeds the rotational speed of the gearmotor 23 , the user will feel an additional resisting force . Said additional force is transmitted to the gearmotor 23 and can be measured via a suitably positioned sensor . The controller of the gearmotor 23 can vary the rotation speed of the motor depending on the force measured by the sensor, so that the user 4 feels an appropriate resisting force ( adj ustable by setting appropriate parameters ) .

This construction solution of the apparatus has the following advantages :

1 ) A very light ( and economical ) electric motor can be implemented compared to the resisting force generated by the system to the user ' s action, and with said electric motor only having the function of unlocking or adj usting the motion of the reduction gear ;

2 ) In the resisting force regulation system, the system may use a load sensor, which is much less expensive than a torque sensor, typically used in such types of systems .

With particular reference now to figures 4 and 5 , a second embodiment of the kinematic paddling assembly 3 of the apparatus of the present invention is illustrated .

It must be highlighted here that , for the sake of clarity, same parts will have same numbers and the detailed description thereof will be here omitted since already provided above .

According to this second embodiment , a bar 39 is provided which simulates a paddle , which is connected at its ends to the kinematic assembly 3 , the latter as previously described .

The bar 39 is connected at its ends with the respective ends of the arms 33 of the cranks 30 via rotatable hinge j oints 390 . Furthermore , handles 391 are provided on each end of the bar 39 , the handles 391 can be mounted on the bar 39 in a rotatable manner and the longitudinal axis of the two handles 391 coincides with the axis of the bar 39 .

As is evident in the figure 5 , according to this embodiment the user 4 moves the cranks 30 by acting on the handles 391 of the bar 39 .

Through the aforementioned handles 391 , the user 4 applies the force on the bar 39 , which is counteracted by the resistant torque of the mechanical resistance member 23 connected to the shafts of the cranks 30 via the transmission as previously illustrated ( the transmission not being illustrated in the figure ) .

The number of rotational and translational degrees of freedom of the system consisting of " first crank/bar/ second crank" must be such that the user, acting onto the bar 39 , can set the crank arms 33 in motion such that the latter can complete rotation cycles .

According to thi s embodiment , in order to provide the necessary DOF ( Degree Of Freedom) the bar 39 is made of two parts 39a and 39b mounted in a reciprocal telescopic manner which can be axially slidable and rotatable one respect to the other . In this case , the arms 33 can be adj ustable in extension, but they are lockable and do not slide while the user is performing the exercise .

With particular reference now to figures 6 and 7 , a third embodiment of the kinematic assembly 3 of the apparatus of the present invention is illustrated . For the sake of clarity, same parts will have like numbers and the detailed description thereof will be here omitted since already provided above .

According to this third embodiment it is provided that the bar 39 is made of a single piece . Therefore , each of the cranks 30 has one of the two segments 33a or 33b made of two parts connected in a telescopically sliding manner ( in the figure the segment 33a is made telescopic ) , so as to telescopically translate dynamically during the rotation motion of the crank 30 , and in such a way as to vary the length of the respective segment 33a or 33b and with the aim of providing the translational DOF necessary to make said rotation possible . Alternatively, according to another embodiment , it is possible to create a crank 30 equipped with an arm 33 made of two segments 33a and 33b which are mutually connected to each other in a telescopically sliding manner and so as to telescopically translate dynamically during the motion of rotation of the crank 30 .

Furthermore , the handles 391 are provided on each end of the bar 39 , the handles 391 are mounted on the bar 39 in a rotatable manner and the longitudinal axis of the two handles 391 coincides with the axis of the bar 39 .

With reference now to figures 10 and 11 , a fi fth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention is illustrated .

It must be highlighted here that for the sake of clarity, same parts will have like numbers and the detailed description thereof will be here omitted since already provided above .

According to this fi fth embodiment , a frame 1 is provided which has a pair of mechanical supporting members 10 mounted in an oscillating lockable manner onto the frame 1 and in such a way as to be able to assume di f ferent positions with respect to the frame 1 . Each mechanical supporting member 10 is associated with a respective crank 30 , and is arranged on the frame 1 externally with respect to a seat 11 for the user 4 . Each mechanical supporting member 10 is made up of a rod or similar .

At the opposite end of each supporting member 10 a crank 30 is rotatably mounted via a respective base 31 for the supporting of the upper part o f the kinematic mechanism 3 of the cranks 30 onto the mechanical supporting member 10 on the frame 1 .

It is necessary here to speci fy that the mechanical connection between the base 31 and the supporting member 10 of the kinematics mechanism 3 can be fixed (non-adj ustable ) or, in an alternative embodiment , it may provide the setting of the inclination of the plane of the rotating axis Y-Y of the cranks 30 with respect to the hori zontal plane of the frame 1 .

Each crank 30 is connected in a rotatable and oscillating manner with the ends of the bar 39 , the latter simulating a paddle . It is important to speci fy here that according to this embodiment , the crank shafts 30 are mounted on the respective supporting members 10 in such a way that the direction of the axis Y-Y of each crankshaft diverge at the front area of the frame 1 according to the longitudinal direction of said frame 1 , and that said axis Y-Y are symmetrical ly arranged with respect to the sagittal plane of the apparatus .

Furthermore , also according to this embodiment it is possible to set both the divergence of the axis Y-Y of the shafts and the inclination of the plane containing the axis Y-Y of the shafts , thanks to the fact that each base 31 which supports the relevant shaft of the cranks 30 is mounted on a respective mechanical supporting member 10 by means of a related oscillating/ til ting support which allows the base 31 to be orientated and locked in position ( the latter not being illustrated in the figures ) .

Also in this embodiment , the crank arms 33 are made of two segments 33a and 33b j oined together by a rotating j oint 34 ( as already described previously) .

According to this configuration, the bar 39 can be made in two telescopic parts mutually connected by a cylindrical j oint . In this case , the length of the arms 33 is adj ustable but also lockable , and during the execution of the exercise by the user the former do not slide , and with the aim of allowing the number of rotational and translational degrees of freedom of the system consisting of " first crank/bar/ second crank" be such that the user when acting on the bar 39 he can set the arms 33 of the cranks 30 in motion, thereby ensuring that the latter can complete rotation cycles .

Alternatively, in another embodiment , the bar 39 can be entirely of one piece and one of the two segments 33a and 33b can be telescopically slidable so as to dynamically translate during the rotation motion of the crank 30 , and in such a way to vary the length of the segment and with the aim of providing a translational DOF necessary to make said rotation possible .

As can be seen in figure 11 , according to this embodiment , the user 4 positions himsel f onto the seat 11 of the apparatus and in such a way that his legs are arranged internally to the two mechanical supporting members 10 and behind the bar 39 which simulates the paddle .

Also in this embodiment , it is possible to provide a transmission system for transmitting the rotation of the cranks 30 connected to a resistance member as previously described, for example , a flywheel or an electric gearmotor or similar via a mechanical and/or electrical connection .

As per the preceding embodiments , the transmission of motion to the resistance member can include a bevel gears and transmission shaft , or pinions and chain, belts and pulleys , or technical ly equivalents . Alternatively, it can be provided that each shaft of each of the cranks 30 is connected to a respective electromagnetic or technically equivalent resistance member through the respective supporting member 10 .

It should be highlighted here that according to an alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, two handles can be provided as an alternative to the bar 39 , each arranged on a respective end part of a crank 30 mounted on a respective supporting member 10 . According to this configuration, the user can perform the motion as previously described, reproducing a paddling stroke even in the absence of bar 39 .

Furthermore , the apparatus of the present invention can also include further accessory systems for the operation and as illustrated below .

Sensors System

For the simulation of a variable resisting force exerted by the water on the paddle depending on the position of the blade of said paddle in the water, sensors can be provided which can detect the angular position of the handles of the bar 39 or of the cranks 30 and in such a way such as to give more or less resistance to motion .

For the above purpose , an electronic paddling control system interfaced with the sensor system is provided .

Optionally, the electronic control system regulates the resisting torque applied by the mechanical resistance member 23 to the transmission, the value of the torque can be a function of :

1 ) the angular position of the shafts of the crank arms 30 ; and/or

2 ) the angular position of the handles of the bar 39 .

In a preferred embodiment , the control system is composed of the following components : a ) a microcontroller that implements the control logic, b ) a mechanical resistance member, preferably either an electromagnetic flywheel , or a current generator, or an electric motor, c ) a controller, which trans forms the logic signals of the microcontroller into power signals for the mechanical resistance member ; d) sensors for detecting the positions of the paddling assembly; e ) electrical power supply (battery or mains electricity) for the electric mechanical resistance device , in the case of the mechanical resistance device is not a electric generator ; and, optionally, f ) a virtual reality system, for the simulation of paddling in a virtual environment with a canoe immersed in water, a system that receives input signals from position sensors

First application of the control system

Simulating the periodic impact and resistance of the water to the motion of the paddle blades , in particular simulating the di f ferent resistance force exerted by the paddle handle (bar ) at the positions of the bar corresponding to the entry of one of the blades into the water with respect to the bar positions when the paddle blades are in the air . Second application of the control system

Change of direction with virtual reality simulation system . The system sense which blade ( right or left ) is in the water and, i f the system detects an acceleration of the motion of the handle when for example the right blade is in the water ( greater force exerted by the user ) , then the canoe in the virtual environment change direction by turning left , and vice versa with the left blade .

Alternatively, the system can detect a deceleration or stop of the blade in the water, for example the right one ; in this case the canoe in the virtual environment changes direction by turning to the right .

Through a second type of sensor that detects the angular position of the paddle handles it is possible to determine the angular position of the blades in the water, understanding whether for example if the right blade is in cutting or flat water : i f cutting the resistance force of water on the blade is less i f it is flat .

Flywheel

The flywheel can be rotatably mounted onto the frame , or it can be rotatable mounted onto the crank assembly 3 .

The resistance generated by the flywheel and transmitted to the crank assembly 3 can be varied or set . For the setting of said resistance , di f ferent systems can be used, such as for example , a mechanical , or magnetic, or electromagnetic system . Optional ly, the setting system for setting said resistance can be connected to the electronic control system .

Advantages

The apparatus of the present invention has numerous advantages .

A first advantage consists in the fact that the apparatus provides the user with a controlled motion, and with the possibility of regulating said motion, for example the setting of the angles between the axis Y-Y of the shafts of the cranks 30 , and/or the setting of the plane of the axis Y-Y of the shafts with respect to the hori zon, and therefore the user can isolate speci fic body muscle areas .

A second advantage consists in the fact that the apparatus provides the possibility of having a mechanical resistance member which simulates the stopping of the blade in water with the typical resistance force of water . The inertia of the mechanical resistance member simulates the inertia of the boat ( canoe ) , thanks to the " rigid" connection between the mechanical resistance member and the paddling assembly .

A third advantage consists in the fact that the apparatus is highly compact compared to state-of-the-art apparatuses . Therefore , it is poss ible to use the apparatus even in small environments .

A fourth advantage consists in the fact that the apparatus allows a user to diversi fy the training by using the cranks or, alternatively, the bar and maintaining the sitting position .

A fi fth advantage consists in the possibility of detecting the position of the user ' s arms and hands during the paddling cycle , using the information generated by the sensors ; therefore , it is possible to adj ust the resistance exerted by the mechanical resistance member dynamically during the paddling . The dynamically adj usting of the resistance during paddling is useful for adapting the paddling gymnastic exercise to di f ferent users , for example also to users who have particular disabilities or to users in rehabilitation therapy . Adj usting the resistance dynamically during paddling is also useful to make paddling simulation more realistic in virtual reality applications , or to simulate di f ferent paddling conditions corresponding, for example , to di f ferent weather conditions and/or di f ferent conditions of marine or river streams .

A sixth advantage is given by the use of an electric gearmotor 23 as a mechanical resistance member . Therefore , compared to a traditional apparatus , a change from a mechanically guided motion to an electronically guided motion is foreseen . Therefore , it is possible to provide the user a feedback such as an acoustic signal or voice , or visual (with indicator light or on screen) , or alternatively, a mechanical resistance ( i f out of the optimal traj ectory) wherein it is possible to increase the resistance because it decreases the paddling ef ficiency, depending on the position of the paddle .