FIELD

[0001] The present, disclosure relates to extreme ultraviolet ("EUV") light sources that provide EUV light from a plasma that is created from a target material and collected and directed to an intermediate -region- for utilization outside of the- EUV light source chamber, e.g„ by a: lithography scanner/stepper.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Extreme ultraviolet ("EUV") light, e.g., electromagnetic radiation- having wavelengths of around 50 nin. or less {also sometimes referred to as soft x-rays), and including light at a wavelength of about 13.5 nm, can be used in photolithography processes to produce extremely small features in substrates, such as silicon wafers. Here and elsewhere, it will be understood that the term "light" is used- to encompass electromagnetic radiation regardless of whether It is within the visible part of the spectrum.

[0003] Methods for generating EUV light include- converting a -source material from a liquid state into a plasma state. The source material preferably includes at least one element, e.g., xenon, lithium or tin, with one or more emission lines in the EUV part, of the spectrum. In one such method, often termed laser produced plasma ("LPP"), the required plasma can be produced by using a laser beam to ^' irradiate a source material having the required line-emitting element.

[0004] One LPP technique involves generating a stream of source material

^• droplets and irradiating at least some of the droplets ith laser light, In more theoretical terms, LPP light sources generate EUV radiation by depositing laser energy into a source- m terial -having at least one EUV emitting element, such as xenon (Xe), tin (Sn), or lithium (Li), creatiti-g a highly ionized plasma with electron temperatures of several 1.0's of eV,

{O OSj The energetic radiation generated during de-excitation and recombination of these ions is emitted from the plasma in all directions. In one common arrangement, a near-normal- -incidence mirror (an example of an EUV op ic referred to as a collector or collector mirror) is positioned to collect, direct (and in some arrangements, focus) the light to an intermediate location,. The collected tight may then be relayed from the intermediate location, to a set of scanner optics and ultimately to a wafer.

(0006] In some LPP systems each droplet is sequentially illuminated by multiple light pulses. In some cases, each droplet may be exposed to a so-called "pre-pulse" and then to a so-called "main pulse." It is to be appreciated, however, that, the use of a pre- poise is. optional, that more than one pre-pulse may be used, that more than, one main pulse may be used, and that the functions of the pre-pulse. and main pulse may overlap to some extent.

[0007] In quantitative terms, one arrangement that is currently being developed with the goal of producing about 100 W at the intermediate location contemplates the use of a pulsed, focused 10- 12 kW CC¼ drive laser which is synchronized, with a droplet generator to sequentially irradiate about .10,000-200,000 tin droplets per second. For this purpose, there is a need to produce a stable stream of droplets at a relatively high repetition, rate (e.g., 10-200 kHz or more) and deliver the droplets to an irradiation site with high accuracy and good repeatability in terms of timing and position over relatively long periods of time.

[8008] For LPP light sources, it may be desirable to use one or more gases in the chamber fo ion-stopping, debris mitigation, optic cleaning and/or thermal control. In some cases these gases may be flowing, for example, to move plasma generated debris, such as vapor and/or microparticies in a desired direction, move heat toward a chamber exit, etc. In. some cases, these flows may occur during LPP plasma production. .For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,671 ,349. issued on Mar. 2, 2010, the entire contents of ^• which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Other setups may call for the rise of non- flowing, i.e., static or nearly static, gases. The presence of these gasses, whether static or flowing and/or the creation/existence of the LPP plasma may alter/effect each, droplet, as it. travels to the irradiation region adversely affecting droplet positional stability. This may reduce dose performance and hence output power.

{0009] In U.S. Pat. No. 7,872,245, Issued on Jan. 18> 2011, the entire- contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein, the use of a rube to envelop a portion of the droplet path as the droplets travel from, a droplet release point to an irradiation region was described. As. described, the tube was provided to shield and protect an EUV optic from droplets/target material that strayed from, the desired path between a droplet release point, and the irradiation region, e.g. during droplet generator startup or shutdown, [0010] U.S. Pat, No. 8,263,953, issued September 11, 2012. the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein, discloses an. arrangement in which gas flows in a direction toward th droplet stream and a -shroud, is positioned along a portion of the stream, the shroud having a first ^' shroud portion shielding ^' droplets from the flow.

10011] With the above in mind, applicants disclose- systems and methods for target material delivery protection in. a laser produced plasma EUV light source, and corresponding methods of use.

SUMMARY

[0012] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more embodiments in order to provide a basic understanding of the embodiments. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated embodiments; and is not intended to identify key or critical elements of all embodiments nor delineate the scope of any or all embodiments. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more ^• embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0013] According to one aspect there is provided a device and method in which gas is caused to flow parallel to a flow of source material to form a gas shroud. The gas shroud may protect flow of source material from being disrupted by a cross flow of gas. The gas shroud may also limit heating of a physical shroud through which, the source material passes and limit accumulation of source material on the physical shroud by deforming a plasma bubble formed during irradiation of the source material so thai the plasma bubble does not come too near the physical shroud. A device and- method are also disclosed for establishing an additional transverse flow of gas so that the gas shroud does not cause source material contamination of an optic used to collect light generated, during irradiation of the source material

[0014] In another aspect, there is provided a device including, a chamber, a source material delivery system having a source material release point and adapted to deliver a stream of source material to an irradiation region within the chamber along a path between the source material release point and the irradiation region, and a first gas delivery system adapted to cause gas to flo in the chamber along at least a portion of the path. The source material delivery system may include a solid shroud extending from the source material release point and parallel the path to a solid shroud end to protect at least a portion of the stream, and the first gas delivery system may be adapted, to cause gas to flow along at least a portion of the path between the solid shroud end and the irradiation region. The flow rate at which the first gas delivery system causes gas to flow in the chamber along at least a portion of the path may be: large enough, that a plasma babble formed around the irradiation region when the source material in the stream is irradiated is forced away from the solid shroud end. The first gas delivery system may be adapted to cause gas to flo in the chamber along at least a portion of the path inside the solid shroud and out. of the solid shroud ^' end towards the irradiation region. The solid shroud may have a length parallel to the path and the first gas delivery system may be adapted to cause gas to flow in the chamber outside of the solid shroud and parallel to the length of the solid shroud and towards the irradiation region.

jOOlSj The device may include an. EUV optic such as a collector and a second gas deli very system adapted to cause gas to flow from the direction of the EUV optic and towards the stream. The flow rate at which the first gas delivery system causes gas to flow in the chamber along at leas a portion of the path may he large enough that the flow of gas from the second gas delivery system does not prevent the stream from passing through the irradiation region. The gas delivery system may be adapted to cause gas to flow through a central aperture in the EUV optic,

[00161 The device may also include a second gas delivery system which includes a gas delivery line arranged adjacent a substantially radially symmetric surface of the EUV optic confronting the irradiation region and extending substantially radially at least part of a distance between a central aperture in the EUV optic and an outer edge of the EUV optic. The second gas delivery system may include a first gas delivery line arranged adjacent a substantially radially symmetric surface of the EUV optic confronting the irradiation region, and extending substantially radially at least part of a distance between a central aperture in the EUV optic and an outer edge of the EUV optic i a direction substantially parallel to the path for expelling gas along in a direction away from the EUV optic surface in a radial line. The- second gas delivery system may also include a second gas delivery line arranged .adjacent a substantially radially symmetric surface- of the EUV optic confronting the irradiation region and extending substantially radially at least part of a distance between a central aperture in the EUV optic and. an outer edge -of the ^' EUV optic in a direction substaim ^' ally parallel to the path and radially opposite to the direction from the central aperture than the first gas delivery line.

10017] According to another aspect, there is provided a device including a chamber having an irradiation region within, an EUV optic with a central aperture, a first gas delivery system in fluid communication with an interior of the chamber and adapted to cause gas to flow through the central apertur and towards the stream, a. source material delivery system having a source material release point within the chamber and adapted to deliver a stream of source material to the irradiation region along a path between the source material release, point and. the irradiation region, the source material delivery system including a solid shroud extending from the source material release point and parallel the path to a solid shroud end to protect at least a portion of the stream, and a second gas delivery system in fluid communication with the interior of the chamber and adapted to cause gas to flow in the chamber along, at least a portion of the path. The device may further include a first gas delivery line arranged adjacent a substantially radially symmetric surface of the EUV optic confronting the irradiation region and extending substantially radially at least part of a distance between a central aperture in the EUV optic and an outer edge of the EUV optic is a _; direction substantially parallel to the path for expelling gas along in a direction away from the EUV optic surface in a radial line.

|0 18] According to yet another aspect there is provided a method including the

.steps of directing a stream of. source material along a path between a scarce material release poin in a chamber and an irradiation region, in the chamber and streaming gas in the chamber along at leas a portion of the path. The source material delivery system may include a solid shroud extending from the source material release point and parallel the path to a solid shroud end to protect at least a portion of the stream, and. the streaming step may include streaming gas along at least a portion of the path between the. solid shroud end and the irradiation region. The- method may additionally include a step of irradiating the source material causing a plasma bubble to form and the streaming step may include causing gas to flow at a flow rate large enough that the plasma bubble i forced away from the solid shroud end.

[0019] The streaming step may also include causing gas. to flow in the chamber along at least a portion of the path inside the solid shroud a d out of the solid shroud end towards the irradiation region. The solid shroud may have a length parallel -to the path and the streaming step may mclude causing gas to flow in. the chamber outside of the solid shroud and parallel, to the length of the solid shroud and towards the irradiat ion region.

[0920] The method may further include a step concurrent with the streaming step of causing gas to flow from the direction of an EUV optic and towards the path. The streaming step may then include streaming gas at a flow rate large enough that the flow of gas from the direction of an EUV optic- and towards the path does not prevent the source material from passing through the in-adiation region. The method may also include causing gas to flow into the chamber through, a gas delivery line arranged adjacent a substantially radiall symmetric surface of the EUV optic confronting an irradiation region and extending substantially radially at least part of a distance between a central aperture in the EUV optic and an outer edge of the EUV optic.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION ^' OP THE DRAWINGS

[0021] FIG. 1 shows a schematic- not-to-scaie view of an embodiment of a iaser- produced-p-lasma EUV light source,

[0022] FIG. 2 shows a simplified schematic view of a source material dispenser.

[0023] FIG, 3 shows a simplified, diagram showing a shroud positioned along a portion of a droplet stream with the shroud partially enveloping the stream in a plane normal to the droplet stream path direction to increase droplet positional stability;.

[0024} FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of a shroud mounted on a system delivering target material and positioned to extend therefrom toward the irradiation region.

[0025] FIG. 5 shows a sectional view of mi embodiment of a shroud shaped as a partial ring having a curved region and flat extensions as seen along line 5-5 in FIG. 4.

[0026] FIG. 6 illustrates a suitable orientation for a shroud relative to gas flow from a gas source in a chamber.

[0027] FIG. 7 is. a diagram of how gas flow from, the direction of an. EUV optic- can disrupt a droplet stream in a laser-produced-plasma EUV light source.

[0028] FIG. 8 is a. diagram of illustrating a plasma bubble mitigating disruption of a droplet stream caused by gas flow from - the direction of an EUV optic in a laser- produced-ptasma EUV light source. {0029] FIG. 9 is a diagram of illustrating a gas shroud mitigating disruption of a droplet stream caused by gas flow from the direction of an EUV optic in a laser- produced-pjastna EUV light source.

[0030] FIG, 10 is a diagram of illustrating a gas shroud mitigating physical shroud heating and source material accumulation on a physical shroud in a laser- produced-plasma EU V light source.

1 _. 0031} FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a possible .nozzle arrangement for directing gas flow to within a physical shroud to form a gas shroud in a iaser-produeed- plasma EUV ^" light source,

[0032] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of another possible nozzle arrangement for directing gas How to outside of a physical shroud, to form a gas shroud in a laser- produced-plasxha EUV light source.

[ 033J FIG, .13 is a view of another possible physical shroud in a laser- produced-plasma EUV light source.

[0034| FIG. 14 is another possible physical shroud in a laser-prbduced-pJasma

EUV light source.

10035] FIG. .15 is a side cross-sectional view of a possible arrangement for directing gas flow to mitigate debris contamination of an- EUV optic when, using a gas shroud in a laser-produe-ed-plasma EUV fight source.

[0036] FIG. 16 is a plan view of the arrangement of FIG.. 15,

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0Q37J Various embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous- specific details are set forth in order to promote a thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It may be evident in some or all instances, however, that any embodiment described below can be practiced without adopting the specific design details described below. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate description of one or more embodiments.

[0038] With initial reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a schematic view of an embodiment of an EUV light source, e.g., a iaser-produeed-plasma EUV light source 20. As shown in FIG. 1, and described in further detail below, the LPP light source 20 may include a system 22 for .generating, a train of !ight pulses and delivering the light pulses into a chamber 26, As detailed below, each light pulse may" travel along a beam path from the system 22 and into the chamber 2.6 to illuminate a respective target droplet at an irradiation region 28. it should be noted that as used herein an irradiation region is a region for source material irradiation to occur, and is an. irradiation region, even at times when no irradiation is actually occurring.

100391 Suitable lasers for use in the system 22 shown, in FIG. 1, may include a pulsed laser device, e.g., a pulsed gas discharge CG ₂ laser device producing radiation at 93 uni or 10.6 μιη, e.g., with DC or RF excitation, operating at relatively high power, e.g., 10 kW or higher and high pulse repetition rate, e.g., 50 kHz or more. In one particular implementation, the laser may be an axial-flow RF-p«mped C<¾ laser having an oscillator-amplifier configuration (e.g. master oscillator/power amplifier ( OPA) or power oscillator/power amplifier (POPA)) with multiple stages of amplification and •having a seed pulse thai is initiated b a Q-switched oscillator with relatively low energy and high repetition rate, e.g., capable of 100 kHz operation. From the oscillator, the laser pulse may then be amplified, shaped and/or focused before reaching the irradiation region 28, Continuously pumped CC¾ amplifiers may be used for the system 22. For example, suitable COj!aser device having _, an oscillator and three amplifiers (0-PA1-PA2-PA3 configuration) is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,439,530, Issued o Oct. 21 , 200S, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Alternatively, the laser may be configured as a so-called "self-targeting" laser system in which the droplet serves as one mirror of the optical cavity. In some "self-targeting"- arrangements _. , an oscillator may not be required. Self-targeting laser systems are disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,491 ,954, issued on Feb. 17, 2009, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

|0040) _. Depending on the application, other types of lasers. may- also be suitable, e.g., an excirner or molecular fluorine laser operating at high power and high pulse repetition rate. Other examples include, a solid state laser, e.g., .having a fiber, rod, slab or disk-shaped active media, other laser architectures having one or more chambers, e.g., an oscillator chamber and one or more amplifying chambers (with the amplifying chambers in parallel or in series), a master oscillator/power oscillator ( OPO) arrangement, a master osciUator/posver ring amplifier (MOPRA) arrangement, or a solid state laser that seeds one or more excirner, molecular fluorine or CO? amplifier or oscillator chambers, may be suitable. Other- designs may be suitable. |004ί] As further shown in FIG. I , the EOT light source 20 may also include a target material delivery system 24 delivering droplets of a target material into the interior of a chamber 26 to the irradiation region 28. where the droplets will interact with one or more light pulses, e.g., zero, one ox more pre-pulses and thereafter one or more main pulses., to ultimately produce a plasma and generate an EUV emission. The target material may include, but is not necessarily limited to, a material that includes tin, lithium, xenon or combinations thereof. The EUV emitting element, e.g., tin, lithium, xenon, etc., may be in the form of liquid droplets, and/or solid particles contained within liquid droplets. For exa ple, the element tin may be used as pure tin, as a tin compound, e.g., 8 Β¾ SnBr _¾ Sn¾, as a tin alloy, e.g., tin-gallium alloys, tin-indium alloys, tin-indhun-galUura alloys, or a combination thereof. Depending on the material used,, the target material may be presented to the irradiation region 28 at various temperatures including room temperature or near room temperature (e.g., tin alloys, SnBr^), at an elevated temperature, (e.g., pure tin) o at temperatures below room temperature, (e.g., Sn¾), and in some cases, can be relatively volatile,- e.g., SnBr ₄ , More de ails concerning the use of these materials- in an LPP EUV light source is provided in U.S. Pat. No, 7,465,946. issued on Dec. 16, 2008, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. hi some cases, an electrical charge is placed on the source material to permit the source material to be steered toward or away from the irradiation region 28.

[0642] Continuing with FIG. i , the light source 20 may also include, one or more

EUV optical elements such as EU V optic 30. The EUV optic 30 may be a collector in the form of a norma! incidence reflector, for example, implemented as a multilayer mirror (MLM), that is, a SiC substrate coated with a Mo/Si multilayer with additional thin barrier layers deposited at each interface to effectively block thermally-induced interlayer diffusion. Other substrate materials* such as A! or Si, can. also be used. The EUV optic 30 may be in the form of a prolate ellipsoid, with an aperture to allow the laser light to pass through and reach the irradiation region. 28. The EUV optic 30 may ^¬ be, e.g., in the shape of a ellipsoid tha t has a first focus at the irradiation region 28 and a second focus at a so-called intermediate point 40 (also called the intermediate- focus 40) where the EUV light may be output from the EUV light source 20 and input to, e.g., an integrated circuit lithography tool 50 which uses the light, for example, to process a silicon wafer workpiece 52 in a known manner. The silico wafer worfcpie.ee 52 is then additionally processed in a. known manner to. obtain .an integrated circuit device. [0043] ^' The light, source 20 can also include an open-ended, hollow conical shroud 150 (for example, a gas cone) that tapers toward irradiation region 28 from the EUV optic 30 to reduce the amount of plasma-generated debris that enters the focus assembly 22 and/or a beam transport system while allowing the amplified light beam to reach, the irradiation region 28 , For this purpose, a gas flow of for example H2 can be provided in the shroud 150 that is directed toward the irradiation region. 28 ^' .

{0044} Continuing with reference to FIG. 1, the EUV light source 20 may also include an EUV controller 60, which, may also include a firing control system 65 for triggering one or more lamps and/or laser devices in the system 22 to thereby generate light pulses for delivery into the chamber 26, The EUV light source 20 may also include a droplet position detection system which may include o e o more droplet imagers 70 e.g., system(s) for capturing images using CCD's and/or backlight stroboscopic illumination and/or light curtains, that provide aft Output indicative of the position and/or timing of one or more droplets, e.g., relative to the irradiation region 28. The imagers) 70 may provide- this output to a. droplet position detection feedback system 62, which can, e.g., compute a droplet position and trajectory, from which a droplet error can be computed, e.g., on a droplet-by-droplet basis, or on average. The droplet position error may then be provided as an input to the controller 60, which can, for example, provide a position, direction and or timing correction signal, to the system 22 to control a source timing circuit and/or to control a beam position and shaping system, e.g., to change the trajectory and/of focal power of the light pulses being delivered to. the irradiation region 28 hi the chamber 26. Farther details are provided in, see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,914, issued on Aug. 8, 2006 and U.S. Pat. No, 7,164,144, issued on Jan. 16, 2007, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein,

[0045] The EUV light source 20 may include one or more EUV metrology instruments ^' for measuring various properties of the EUV ligh generated by the source 20, These properties may include, for example, intensity (e.g., total intensity or intensity within a particular spectral band), spectral, bandwidth, polarization, beam position, pointing, etc. For the EUV light source 20, the instruments) ma be configured to operate while the downstream tool, e.g., photolithography scanner, is οη-line _» . e.g., by sampling a portion of the EUV output, e.g., using a ptckoff mirror or sampling ''uncollected" EUV light, and/or may operate while the downstream tool e.g., photolithography scanner, is off-line, for example, by measuring the entire EUV outputof the EUV light source 20. [0046] As further shown in FIG. I , the BUY light source 20 may include a. droplet control system 80, operable in response to signal (which in some implementations may include the droplet error described above, or some quantity derived therefrom) from the controller 60, to e.g., modify the release point of the target material from a source material dispenser 82 and/or modify droplet formation timing, to correct for errors in the droplets arriving at -the desired irradiation region 28, and/of synchronize the generation of droplets with the pulsed laser system 22.

[0047] FIG. 1 also schematically illustrates thai the EITV light source 20 may include a shroud 84 for increasing droplet positional stability, i.e., as used herein, the term "droplet positional -stability" and its derivatives means, a. measure of variation in path between a droplet and a successive droplet, as- each droplet travels over some o all of the distance between a droplet release -point and an irradiation region. Examples of shrouds suitable for use in the BUY light, source 20 include, but are- not necessarily limited to, those disclosed in U.S Patent No, 8,263,953 cited above.

[0048] FIG. I also schematically illustrates that one or more - gases such as ¾, hydrogen radicals, He, Ar, HBr, HQ -or combinations thereof, may be introduced into the chamber 26 via port 86, and exhausted therefrom using port 88. These gases may be used in the chamber 26, for example, for slowing fast moving ions generated by the LPP plasma to protect nearby optics, for debris mitigation including, but not limited to, blowing vapor and other debris away from an optic or other component, optic cleaning, such as etching or chemically altering a material the has deposited on an optic, or component and/or thermal control, such as removing; heat from a particular optic/component, or to remove heat generally from the chamber. In some cases, these gases may be flowing, for example, to move plasma generated debris, such as vapor and/or microparticies. in a desired direction, move ^" heat toward a chamber exit, etc, la some cases, these flows ma occur during LPP plasma production. Other setups may call for the use of non-flowing, i.e., static or nearly static, gases. As used herein, the term "static gas" means a gas in a volume which is not in fluid communication with an active pump. In some implementations, gases may be static during LPP plasma production and caused to flow between periods of LPP plasma production, e.g., flow may only occur between bursts of BUY light output. The presence of. these gasses, whether static or flowing and/or the creation existence of die LPP plasma may alter/effect each droplet as it travels to the irradiation region adversely affecting droplet positional stability. Further details regarding the use of gases in a LPP plasma chamber may be found in U.S. Pat No. 7,671,349, issued on Mar. 2, 2010, U.S. Pat No. 7,872,245, issued on Jan. 18, 2011, U.S. Pat No. 7,655,925, issued on Feb. 20, 2010, and U.S. Pat, No. 6,972.421, issued on Dec. 6, 2005, the entire contents of each of which, are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

(0049] FIG, 2 illustrates in schematic format the components of a simplified source material dispenser 92 that may be used in some or all of the embodiments described herein. As shown there, the source material dispenser 92 may include a conduit, which for the case shown, is a reservoir 94 holding a fluid 96, e.g,, molten tin, under pressure, P. Also shown, the reservoir- 94 may be formed with an orifice 98 allowing the pressurized fluid 96 to flow through the orifice establishing a continuous stream 100 which subsequently breaks into a plurality of droplets 102a, b. The orifice 98 defines: a release point for the source material dispenser 92, although one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that this -is not a poin in the mathematical sense but instead refers to the location where the source material leaves the source material dispenser 92,

f OSOj Continuing with FIG. 2, the source material dispenser 92 further includes a sub-system producing a disturbance in the fluid ^' havin an electro-actuatable element 104 that is operab!y coupled with the fluid 98 and a signal generator 106 driving the eleetro-actuatable element 104.. in one setup, a fluid is forced to flow from a reservoir under pressure through conduit, e.g., capillary tube., having a relatively small diameter and a length of about 10 to. 50 mm, creating a continuous stream exitin an orifice of the conduit, which subsequently breaks up into droplets and an electro-actuaiabie element, e.g., having a ring-like or tube-like shape,- may be positioned around the tube. When, driven, the electro -achiatahfe element may selectively squeeze the conduit to disturb the stream.

(0051) More details regarding various droplet dispenser configurations and their relative advantages may be found in U.S. Pat. No, 7,872,245, issued on Jan, 18, 2011; U.S., Pa No. 7,897,947, issued on Mar. 1 , 201.1; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 1 1/358,988, filed on Feb. 21, 2006, titled LASER PRODUCED PLASMA EUV LIGHT SOURCE WITH PRE-PULSB, and published on Nov, 16, 2006 as US200670255298A- 1 ; U..S. Pat. No. 7,405,416, issued ^' on Jul. 29, 200.8; and U.S. Pat No. 7,372,056, issued ^• oil. May 13, 2008; the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. [0052] ^' Referring now to FIG, 3, a device is shown having an EUV reflective optic 300, e.g., a near-normal incidence EUV optic mirror having a reflective surface in the form of a rotated ellipse having a graded multi-layer coating with alternating layers of molybdenum and silicon,, and in some cases, one or more high temperature diffusion barrier layers, smoothing layers, capping layers and'or etch stop layers. FIG. 3 also shows that the device may further include a system delivering target material 310, e.g., a stream of target .material droplets, the system having a target material release point. A system generating a laser beam (see FIG, 1 _. ) may also be provided, for irradiating the target materia! at an irradiation region to create a primary plasma 314 to generate an EUV emission. As shown in FIG, 3, the source material dispenser 92 can be mounted on a steering mechanism 315 capable of tilting the source .material dispenser 92 in different directions to adjust the position of the droplets, with respect to the focal point of the EUV optic mirror 300, and may also translate the droplet generator in small increments along the stream axis. The line between the source material dispenser 92 and the irradiation region 28 defines the first part of a path through the irradiation region 28. As further shown in FIG. 3 , the droplets thai are not used for the creation of plasma and the material exposed to the laser irradiation are allowed to travel some distance beyond the irradiaiion region and are intercepted by a catch, which for the ease shown includes a structure* e.g., elongated tube 316 (having a cross-section that is circular, oblong, val, rectangular, square, etc.). In more detail, elongated tube 3.16 ^' may be positioned to receive target material that has passed through the irradiation region 314 and prevent received material from splashing and reaching the reflective optic. In some cases, the effects of splashing may be reduced or even prevented by vising a robe having a relatively large aspect ratio LAV, e.g. greater than about 3, where L. is the tube length and W is the largest inside rube dimension normal to L. Upon striking the inner- wall of the tube 16, the target material droplets lose their velocity and the target material may then be collected in a dedicated vessel 318, as shown.

[Q0S3] FIG, 3 also shows that a physical, shroud 320 may be positioned along a portion of the droplet stream with the physical shroud 320 partially surrounding the stream in a plane normal to path direction to increase droplet positional stability. The shroud 320 is physical in the sense that it is a solid shroud, i.e., a shroud composed of a solid material as opposed to a shroud composed of a gas such as the gas shroud described in more detail below. [0054} FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of the physical shroud 320. As shown, the physical shroud 320 may be mounted on system deliverin target material 310 and positioned to extend therefrom toward the irradiation region, FIG, 4 shows; that the shroud, may be formed with a lateral shroud opening 321 extending in the direction of arrow 323. The physical shroud 320 is elongated in the direction of the arrow 323 with the portion extending furthest into the chamber 26 (not shown in FIG. 4) defining a solid shroud end 322. FIG, 5 shows a sectional view of a physical shroud 320. As seen there, the shroud 320 may be shaped as a partial ring, including a "U" shaped cross- section having a curved region 324 and flat extensions 326 a, b. For example, the physical shroud 320 may be made of molybdenum, or stainless steel (e.g., 316 stainless) and may extend about 30 ^' mm from the droplet stream-output orifice,

POSS] FIG, illustrates a suitable orientation for a physical shroud 320 relative to a gas flow (indicated by arrows 350 a, b, c) from, a gas source 352 in the chamber 26. As shown in this embodiment, gas flows through an aperture in the EUV optic 30 and toward irradiation site 14. It can also be seen that light from laser system 22 passes into chamber 26 through, a- indow 334 and through, the aperture i the EUV optic 30 to the irradiation site 314. As described above a conical member 150 may be provided to guide flow through an aperture in the EUV optic 30 as shown. FIG. 6 shows that the physical shroud 320 may be oriented with the lateral shroud opening positioned downstream of -the gas flow.

[0056] in systems which use an Ά cone flow as described above, the ¾ cone flow can alter the trajectory of the. droplets 102 and impairs their stability. This is shown in FIG, 7. In FIG. 7, droplets are released on their- intended trajectory 710. A physical shroud 320 helps the droplet 10.2 maintain the. intended trajectory 10 by protecting the droplets 102 from the ¾ cose flow depicted as arrows 730. Once the droplets 102 exit the physical shroud 320 they are exposed to the i¾ cone flow. The Ft; cone flow is then able to deflect the droplets 102 off of the intended trajectory 720 to a deflected trajectory 740 in the direction of flow as. indicated by the arrows 130. Although FIG. 7 depicts this process as being linear for the sake of simplicity, it will be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that the ¾ cone flow will, have varying effects on each, individual droplet 1.02 so that the ¾ cone flow will change the trajectories of the droplets 102 in ways that will not be predictable.

[0057) With reference to FIG,. 8, once a primary plasma 800 has been initiated in the irradiation region, a plasma ball or bubble 810 will form around it This plasma bubble 810 can to some extent protect the droplets 102 from the ¾ cone How and mitigate deflection as shown. FIG. 8 also illustrates, however, that the ¾ cone flow can. alter droplet tra jectory even after the. formation of the plasma bubble 810. la FIG.8, the gap 830 between the end of the physical shroad 320 and the plasma bubble 810 is an. interaction, region where a dynamic instability interaction between the ¾ cone flow and the droplet ! 02 may occur.

f0058j Using physical shrouds with greater length tha extend closer to the plasma bubble 810 decreases the width of the interaction region 830 and protects the droplets 102 closer to the plasma bubble 810. This can improve the dynamic stability of the droplet position and therefore the EUV dose. There are, however, challenges with increasing the physical shroud lengths. For example, increasing the length of the physical shroud (i.e., the dimension parallel to the trajectory of droplets within the physical shroud) increases the thermal stress oft the materials makin up the physical shroud. Increasing the length of the physical shroud can also result in additional debris directed toward the EUV optic.

(OOS93 As shown in. FIG. 9, o protect the droplets 102 closer to the plasma bubble 810 without the need for increasing the length of the physical shroud 320, in one embodiment the arrangement includes provision for a gas shroud 910. The gas shroud 910 is arranged to protect the droplets 102 in the physical space (interaction region) between the physical shroud 320 and the plasma bubble 810 and so to reduce or eliminate interaction between the droplets 102 and the H? gas cone.

{0660} The gas shroud 10 may be formed ^' of any suitable gas, such as ¾. It is preferably created by causing a high-velocity hydrogen flow along the intended droplet trajectory 710, The hydrogen flow along the intended droplet trajectory ^' 740 disrupts the flow of transverse hydrogen from the EUV ⁷ optic cone, i.e., the ¾ cone flow, and provides a consistent force alon the intended direction of droplet travel.

[0061} The flow along the droplet axis works in tandem with the observed plasma physics that create the plasma bubble 810 in the irradiation region at. steady state. The disrupted lh cone flow is forced around ^' the plasma bubble 810 and around the gas shroad 910. The combination of the plasma bubble 810 and the shroud flow provides protection from the dynamic instabilities that are associated, with variations in. droplet lateral displacement (pushour) and the transverse ¾ cone flow.

[0062] As shown in FIG. 9, the gas shroud 910 may deform the plasma bubble

810 to some extent. This effec may be exploited so that the -plasma bubble 810 does not expand too close to the physical shroud 320. As mentioned ^' above, if the physical shroud 320 gets too close to the plasma bubble 810 the physical shroud 320 may become overheated, The physical shroud 320 may also accumulate excessive amounts of source material, e.g., (in, on its surface. This- accumulated tin m then propagate from the surface -of the physical shroud 320 to the EUV optic 30 (not shown) and so -contaminate the EUV optic 30. Also, cooling of the physical shroud 320 becomes inefficient once the plasma bubble 810 reaches the physical shroud 320.

[006.3] The gas shroud 10 can also mitigate this effect. The flow inside or outside the physical shroud 3.20 in the direction towards the primary plasma 800 pushes th plasma bubble 8 0 away from the physical shroud 320, thus reducing the heating of the physical shroud 320 and the flux of tin towards the physical shroud 320. This is shown in FIG. 1 , Optimally, the flow rate of the gas making up the gas shroud 320 is sufficient to maintain the plasma bubble 810 -at. a _. predetermined, distance from the physical shroud end 322.

[0064] In a preferred embodiment , the ¾ flow rate may be in the range of about

I to about 20 standard liters per minute (slm) but both lower and higher .flow rates may be used. Also, the flow can be delivered through a number of small jets,

[0065] The gas shroud 10 can be created by any suitable arrangement for causing high, velocity flow along the droplet intended trajectory. For example, the physical shroud 320 can be -provided with gas supply lines from a base attachment on -an assembl supporting the EUV optic 30, and a nozzle structure can be added to the interior of the physical shroud 320, Such a nozzle assembly is shown in FIG, 11, in which, gas flowing along the long axis of the physical shroud 320 (perpendicular to the plane of the figure) is introduced into a plenum 940 through a port 930. The shape of the plenum 940 is defined by an inferior surface of the physical shroud 320 and insert 9.60 in the physical, shroud 320. As can be seen, in a preferred embodiment the insert 960 -is substantially i ror symmetric with two lateral wings joined by a central rounded portion. Other shapes are possible.

(0066] FIG. 11 shows an arrangement in which gas for the gas shroud 910 is supplied through the inferior of the physical shroud 320. It is also possible to supply gas for the ga shroud 910 through the exterior of the physical shroud 320. Such an arrangement is shown in FIG. 12 in which the exterior (i.e., side facing the EUV optic flow) of the physical shroud 320 is supplied with a nozzle array 950. The nozzles in the nozzle array are positioned substantially symmetrically about a line of symmetry of the physical shroud 320. The nozzle array 950 is directed to direct the flow of gas parallel to the intended droplet trajectory.

[0067| In the embodiment of PIGS, 12 and .13 the physical shroud 320 is configured in a "U" or "C" shape, with an open side faced away from the cone flow. It is also possible to configure the physical shroud 320 in a closed configuration ^' without an open side. Such an embodiment is shown in FIG. 13„ in which the physical shroud is configured as a hollow cylinder, in the embodiment of FIG; 13 the gas for the gas shroud 901 is supplied throug the interior of the hollow cylinder through the same channel traversed by the droplets 102, FIG, 14 also shows a physical shroud 3.20 configured as -a hollow cylinder but in which the gas for the gas shroud 5 ⁾ 10 is supplied through channels 91 1 in the cylinder wails or a jacket surrounding the cylinder,

[0068] It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other configurations may be used. The number of nozzles and ports and their positioning can be varied. It is also possible to use a combination of one or more interior and exterior nozzles,

[0069] The gas shroud 910 may cause debris and other contaminants to impinge on the EUV optic 30. To mitigate this effect one or more ^' radiall extending gas conducting pipes may be installed near the surface- of the EUV optic 30 that confronts the irradiation region 28. FIG, 15 shows- an arrangement with two such gas conducting pipes 960, 970 but only one or more than two gas conducting pipes may be used. As shown, the gas conducting pipes 960, 970 are preferably installed in a. shadow of a horizontal obscuration 980 of the EUV optic 30 caused by the physical shroud 320. The gas ^' conducting pipes- 960, 970 include orifices or jets 965, 975 (not shown in FIG. 15 but visible in FIG, 16) that are arranged to cause the flow of ¾ towards the physical shroud 320 and away from the EUV optic 30 as indicated by the vertical arrows. The gas conducting pipes 960, 970 are supplied with gas from a gas supply line 974 for supplying gas from a gas source 976. The flow rate through the gas conductin pipes 960. 970 may be may be in the range of about I to about. 20 standard liters per minute (slitt) but both lower and higher flow rates may be used. A higher flow rate will tend to provide greater protection. The gas conducting pipes 960, 970 ma be fed with _. .gas at the same rate or may be fed with gas at different rates. FIG, 1.5 also shows a gas supply line 915 for supplying gas from a gas source 916 to the nozzle (not shown) within the physical shroud 320 to form the gas shroud 910. [0070] As can foe seen more clearly in FIG.16, the gas conducting pipes 960 _, ,

970 are arranged in an opposed spoke-like configuration in front of EOT optic 30 to flow H ₂ and keep -contaminants away from the EOT optic 30. The- as conducting pipes 960. 97Q are adjacent a substantially radially symmetric surface of the EOT optic 30 confronting the irradiation region 28: and extend substantially radially at least part of a distance between a central aperture 32 in the EOT optic 30 and an outer circumferential edge 34 of the EUV optic 30. Pipes, arranged on both sides of the aperture in the EOT opti 30 in a symmetric arrangement are preferred for active purge or to keep the flow symmetric. Also, to the extent that the flow of gas through the physical shroud 320 has a tendency to blow debris towards the. opposite side of the EOT optic 30, the gas conducting pipe on that side of the EOT optic 0 can serve to mitigate this effect

[0071J The above description includes examples of one or more embodiments, it is, of course, not possible to describe every concei vable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of various embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the described embodiments a e intended to embrace, all such alterations, -modifications and variations that. Ml. within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that, the term "includes" is used in -either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term ''comprising" as "comprising" is construed when, employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, although elements of. the described aspects and/or embodiments may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Additionally, all or a portion of any aspect and/or embodiment may be utilized with all or a portion of any other -aspect and or embodiment, unless, stated otherwise.