The present invention relates to an apparatus and a process for heat treatment of particulate material as food. The apparatus according to the invention comprises a treatment vessel, inlet to and outlet from the vessel, means to evacuate or pressurize the vessel, means to heat the material in the vessel by means of steam and means to cool the material after the heat treatment. The process according to the invention comprises conveying the material to the vessel, heating the material by means of steam and cooling the same.

Apparatuses of this kind have been used for long for heat treatment of different food products. The heating has been carried through directly by steam injection in the products or in the vessel or by indirect heat transfer by means of agitation devices or casings around the vessel. In order to obtain an even heat treatment the products have been subjected to a relatively strong stirring. The cooling has taken place by means of agitating devices or cooling casings. In these heating apparatuses the products have been heat treated in the desired degree, cooked for a certain time, pasteurized or sterilized. The apparatuses are well suited for all kinds of products, where a certain destruction of the food material is desired, as for example soups, sauces and stews. If it is desirable that the particulate material maintains its structure, this kind of devices are not suitable.

In certain connections scrape heat exchangers have been used for heat treating material in particulate form, but even if the holding time in the heat exchangers has been kept relatively short, it is not possible to completely avoid mechanical damages on the food material.

The desire to be able to heat treat particulate food material without affecting the material too strongly has increased during the latest time. In the patent litterature two different solutions of the same problem have been presented recently.

In EP 272 087 there is described a process where the food product is transported through a rotating holding tube during simultaneous heating until sterilization is obtained. In EP 271 915 there is described a sterilizing method with many similarities to the present invention. According to EP 271 915 the food product, which is in the shape of pieces or slices, is made to pass through a heating arrangement on a conveying belt. The first chamber in the heating arrangement to which the products are conveyed is evacuated to an absolute pressure of 50 to 150 mbar. The products are thereafter conveyed to the next chamber, in which they are heated with steam with a temperature of 125-160°C during 40 to 360 seconds. From this chamber the products are conveyed to a third chamber, where the products are cooled by means of cold sterile air.

According to the present invention the material is heat treated by means of steam in a very smooth way but nevertheless with a satisfactory control that the desired degree of heat treatment has been obtained. According to the invention it is also possible to achieve a high capacity and a large amount of freedom to adjust the arrangement to different kinds of mixtures of particulate material with varying amounts of liquid.

The apparatus for heat treatment of particulate material according to the invention is mainly characterized in that the treating vessel mainly has the shape of a horizontal cylinder, at which the material which is to be heat treated forms a layer in the lower part of the vessel. This shape is advantageous because of the fact that a large amount of food product may be treated in the vessel without forming too high a layer of product. The means for heating the material comprises an agitating device arranged in the vessel, which agitating device is connected to a steam source. The agitating device is arranged to perform an oscillating movement around a horizontal axis and the device is provided with a great number of holes, through which the steam may flow out and heat the material.

The agitating device is with advantage designed such that it has the form of a pipe coil intended to move through the layer to a turning point just below the surface of the layer and then change direction and move through the layer past a vertical position to a second turning point just under the surface of the layer at the other side of the vessel. With such an arrangement there is obtained an even heat treatment of the whole layer in the vessel at the same time as the heat contained in the steam is used in a maximal way, since the pipe coil all the time is covered by particulate material.

The pipe coil has suitably a shape which corresponds to the bottom outline of the vessel, which brings about that the pipe coil during the oscillating movement may be situated on a small and well defined distance from the wall of the vessel during all its movement. The pipe coil is arranged in such a way that the distance from the surface of the layer is at the largest when the pipe coil passes the vertical position.

The apparatus according to the invention is also provided with means to cool the material, which comprises cooling areas on the inner side of the vessel, which cooling areas are cooled by a cooling liquid. According to the invention the material which is to be heat treated forms a layer in the lower part of the vessel. A large part of the mainly cylindrical vessel is therefore empty and may be used as a cooling area. This cooling area may be obtained by means of pipes with flanges or plate shaped cooling units, but consists according to the invention suitably by the part of the inside of the vessel which is not covered by the material which is to be heat treated. The vessel is surrounded by an outer casing in such a way that there is obtained a space between the casing and the vessel through which cooling liquid flows during the cooling.

In order to make it easy to empty the vessel, the vessel is suitably formed by two frustrums of a cone arranged with their largest diameter against each other in such a way that an inclination towards a lowest point is obtained, at which the outlet from the vessel is arranged at this point.

The process for heat treating of particulate material according to the invention comprises the following important characte¬ ristics. The material is supplied to the vessel in an amount which only fills the lowest part of the vessel. The mechanical stress on the particles in the layer is therefor limited. The material is thereafter stirred by means of an agitating device within the vessel, which device carries through an oscillating movement through the layer. During this stirring the vessel is evacuated. The material is thereafter heated by direct injection with steam by means of the agitating device described above, which continues its oscillating movement through the layer. When the desired heat treatment has been obtained the material is cooled rapidly by way of so called evaporative cooling, known as flash cooling. This is achieved by cooling the walls of the vessel by means of a cooling fluid. In order to facilitate the emptying of the vessel, the same is pressurized with nitrogen gas and the material is emptied from the vessel.

The largest advantages according to the process of the invention is obtained when the material is to pass a sterilization or pasteurization, but if for some reason a lower degree of heat treatment is desired the process offers a smooth possibility.

If the amount of liquid in the material is so small that an emptying of the vessel may cause problems, sterile carrying liquid is added to the heat treated material, which carrying liquid is distributed into the sterilized material by means of the agitating device.

Apart from the pressurization with nitrogen gas which has been mentioned earlier the pressure of the nitrogen gas may with advantage be increased further during the emptying of the material.

When using the apparatus according to the invention a number of advantages are obtained. Due to the fact that the heat treatment is carried through batchwise all particles are subjected to the same kind of heat treatment which gives a thermical smoothness. Due to the absence of pumps and rapidly moving stirrers the mechanical effect on the product is minimized.

The apparatus according to the invention is extremely well suited for the case where the end product is particles in some kind of sauce. The sauce in the product may then be sterilized in a separate device, at which a large capacity for the sterilization of the particulate material is possible also in rather small treatment vessels.

The apparatus according to the invention is described further with reference to the attached drawing, fig 1 of which schematically shows a section through the heat treatment apparatus and fig 2 of which shows a cross section along a line II-II in fig. 1.

As may be seen in fig 1 the heat treatment apparatus comprises a treatment vessel 1 which mainly has the shape of a horizontal cylinder (pressure tank). The cylindrical surface of the treatment vessel is surrounded by an outer casing 2, at which there is obtained between the outside of the treatment vessel and the casing a space 3. The treatment vessel is provided with legs 4 and may, if so is desired, be located on some kind of weighing device. On the upper part of the treatment vessel there

is an inlet 5 for particulate material which is to be treated in the vessel and during the heat treatment forms a layer 6 in the same. In the shown embodiment the vessel has the shape of two frustrums of a cone arranged with their largest diameter against each other, at which an inclination towards a lowest point is obtained. The outlet 7 from the treatment vessel is arranged at this point. Of course another location of the outlet is possible if considered suitable. In the treatment vessel 1 there Is an agitating device which is carried by a hollow axis 8. The agitating device has the shape of a pipe coil 9, the shape of which corresponds to the shape of the bottom of the vessel. The pipe coil has a large number of holes 10 in the part which is close to the bottom of the vessel. The agitating device is connected to a steam source in a manner not shown in the drawing and steam may be led into the layer of particulate material which during the heat treatment is situated in the vessel through the hollow axis 8 and the pipe coil 9. The pipe coil 9 is, as may be seen more directly in fig 2, arranged to carry ^* through an oscillating movement through the layer. The pipe coil moves through the layer 6 at a small distance from the bottom of the treatment vessel up to a turning point 11 closely under the surface of the layer. When the pipe coil has reached this position it turns and moves past a vertical position to a second turning point 12 closely under the surface of the layer at the opposite side of the vessel. The pipe coil consequently moves through the layer but never reaches its surface, which means that steam which flows out through the holes in the pipe coil is used maximally to heat the particulate material. Due to the fact that the pipe coil has the same shape as the bottom of the vessel and is arranged close to the same, the pipe coil is situated as far under the surface of the layer as possible all the time, at which there is achieved a uniform treatment of the particles. The vessel 1 is also provided with means (not shown in the drawing) which by way of a connection piece 13 makes an evacuation or a pressurization of the vessel possible.

As has been said earlier the treatment vessel is surrounded by an outer casing 2. In the space 3 between the outer casing 2 and the upper side of the treatment vessel there are arranged inlet means for a cooling liquid. When the desired degree of heat treatment has been obtained the outer sides of the treat¬ ment vessel are cooled by spraying cooling liquid over the same. At this these are cooled very rapidly and cause an evaporative cooling of the particulate material in the treatment vessel. The inner side of the vessel above the layer accordingly serves as condensing areas. In order to achieve a rapid cooling it is suitable that an area corresponding to about 2/3 of the circum¬ ference of the vessel is disposable as cooling area. If it is desirable to fill the vessel in a higher degree, the vessel may be provided with further internal cooling areas in the form of flanges or the like. Such an arrangement may however bring about difficulties to clean the vessel. In the embodiment shown on the drawing there is no outer casing on the short side of the vessel. If the cooling casing is arranged also there, the cooling may take place still more rapidly, which may be of advantage when treating thermally sensible materials.

The apparatus according to the invention makes a process for heat treatment of particulate material possible which is extremely smooth as well mechanically as thermally for the particulate material.

In the following there is described briefly how such a process may be carried through when heat treating a food product. Before the treatment is started the apparatus has been sterilized. The means necessary for this are known per se and are not described in this connection.

The material which is to be treated, for example peas, cubes of carrots or pieces of potatoes, are fed into the vessel by way of the inlet 5. The vessel is filled to the desired degree,

which depends on the material which is to be treated. If the material shall maintain its shape during the treatment, the layer of material may not be so high that the particles at the bottom are crushed or deformed by the weight of the layer. The oscillating movement of the pipe coil is adjusted to the desired level in the vessel. The inlet is thereafter closed and the pipe coil works for some minutes to make the layer level. The vessel is evacuated by means of a vaccum pump while the stirring takes place. The material is heated by connecting the agitating device to the steam source and steam flows into the layer and is distributed into the same. Depending on the desired treatment, pasteurization, cooking for a certain time or sterilization, the inlet of steam takes place during a predetermined time. When sufficient cooking or when sterilizing the desired F-value has been reached, the steam inlet is closed. The pipe coil stops in a vertical bottom position. The cooling takes place by spraying cold water over the outside of the vessel. The temperature in the vessel then rapidly falls to 45-60°C, at which the cooling is stopped. The steam in the vessel condenses and flows along the inner side of the vessel down into the material, which also means that any aroma substances which have been evaporated during the heat treatment are returned to the material. In order to raise the pressure in the vessel nitrogen gas is supplied to give an overpressure of 0.5 bar. In order to facilitate the emptying of the vessel, a heat treated/sterile carrier liquid may be added. This addition takes place at the bottom of the vessel. The agitating means starts and mixes the carrier liquid into the material. Meanwhile the pressure in the vessel is increased to an absolute pressure of 3-5 bar. Thereafter the outlet is opened and the material is transported out from the vessel either further to a packaging machine or to an inter¬ mediate tank.

After the emptying the valves and pipes are blown clean with steam, after which rinsing and cleaning takes place according to commonly known cleaning programmes.

The apparatus according to the invention is, as has been mentioned, suitable for heat treating products consisting of two phases, one pure liquid phase (sauce) and one liquid-particle phase. The phases are heat treated/sterilized in separate steps. If the packaging machine consists of a two phase packaging machine, the package is filled at first with the particle phase then with the sauce phase, which means that packaging machines of many different kinds may be used.