APPARATUS FOR SUPPORTING A PERSON AND METHOD OF FORMING THEREOF

l.Field of Use

[0001] This invention relates generally to a support structure for supporting a person

in a sitting or reclining position. More particularly the present invention relates to a

chair that distributes pressure that arises from contact of a supporting surface and

pressure points such as the ischium, the shoulder blades, tail bone and heels across the whole supporting surface when the person is sitting or reclining in the chair.

2. Background

[0002] There is a need in the chair industry for a structure that enables a person to sit

for long periods without developing pressure sores or ailments that result from

incorrect posture while the person is in a sitting position. Prevention of pressure sores

is a major concern of hospitals, nursing homes, and other medical facilities that care for people with limited mobility either because of injury or infirmity.

[0003] Pressure sores are known to develop in individuals on their skin at the ischium, which is at the base of the buttocks. Limited mobility can place extended pressure on an area of their body where their body contacts the fabric of a supporting device, such as a chair.

[0004] There is a need for supporting devices that reduce the pressure on the area of the body where their body contacts the fabric of the supporting device when sitting or reclining in the supporting device.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] One aspect of the present invention includes an orthopedic cchair, comprising:

an orthopedic chair frame operably coupled to a seating system, wherein the seating

system comprises a fabric having at least one layer(s) (L _n ), wherein n = 0, -1, -2, . . . -

i, wherein n = 0 represents the at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of a load bearing surface that

contacts a load, wherein n = -1, -2, . . . -i, represents successive underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of

the load bearing surface, wherein n = -i, represents a bottom underlying at least one

layer(s) (L _n ) of the load bearing surface, wherein the fabric consists essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically different from the polyurethane fiber,

and wherein the fabric has been stretched between members of the chair frame so that the fabric's percent elongation approaches but is less than the percent elongation for

the Young's Modulus.

[0006] A second aspect of the present invention includes a predetermined pattern having a load bearing surface for supporting a load, comprising: at least one layer(s)

(L _n ) consisting essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically

different from the polyurethane fiber, wherein n = 0, -1, -2, . . . -I, wherein n = 0

represents the at least one layer (L _n ) of the load bearing surface that contacts the load, wherein n = -1, -2, . . . -i, represents successive underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of

the load bearing surface, wherein n = -i, represents a bottom underlying at least one

layer (L _n ) of the load bearing surface, wherein the predetermined pattern has been

stretched to the point just before encountering the Young's Modulus.

[0007] A third aspect of the present invention includes a method of making an

orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface comprising the steps of: providing a

frame of an orthopedic chair; providing a fabric having at least one layer(s) (L _n ),

wherein n = 0, -1, -2, . . . -i, wherein n = 0 represents the layer (L _n ) of the load

bearing surface that contacts the load, wherein n = -1, -2, . . . -i represents successive underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of the load bearing surface, wherein n = -i

represents a bottom underlying layer (L _n ) of the load bearing surface, wherein the

fabric consists essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically

different from the polyurethane fiber; cutting the fabric having at least one layers (L _n )

to a predetermined pattern; and stretching the at least one layers (L _n ) of fabric so that

the fabric has been stretched to the point just before encountering the Young's

Modulus.

[0008] A fourth aspect of the present invention includes a method of making a

predetermined pattern having a load bearing surface, comprising the steps of: providing at least one layer(s) (L _n ) consisting essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a

fiber that is chemically different from the polyurethane fiber, wherein n = 0, -1, -2, . . .

-i, wherein n = 0 represents the layer (L _n ) of the load bearing surface that contacts the user, wherein n = -1, -2, . . . -i represents successive underlying at least one layer(s)

(L _n ) of the load bearing surface, wherein n = -i represents a bottom underlying at least

one layer (L _n ) of the load bearing surface, cutting the fabric having at least one layers

(L _n ) to a predetermined pattern so that the fabric has been stretched to the point just

before encountering the Young's Modulus.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0009] FIG. IA depicts a front isometric view of the supporting structure, in

accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0010] FIG. IB depicts a top view of the bearing surface of the orthopedic support

showing the multiple layers of fabric in the Funnel-Out pattern, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0011] FIG. 1C depicts a bottom isometric of the supporting structure, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0012] FIG. 2 depicts a front cross sectional view of the bearing surface of the

orthopedic support showing the multiple layers of fabric in the Funnel-Out pattern, in

accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0013] FIG. 3 depicts a top view of the fabric cut to a predetermined pattern prior to stretching, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0014] FIG. 4 depicts a longitudinal side view of the chair frame of the orthopedic support, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0015] FIG. 5 depicts the longitudinal side view of the chair frame of the orthopedic support, as depicted in FIG. 4, further comprising a sagittal cross section or sagittal

plane of a person, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0016] FIG. 6 depicts the longitudinal side view of the chair frame of the orthopedic support, as depicted in FIG. 4, further comprising a sagittal cross section or sagittal

plane of a person, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0017] FIG. 7 A depicts a pressure map of a bearing surface of the supporting

structure, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0018] FIG. 7B depicts a pressure map of a bearing surface of a typical deep contour cushion, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0019] FIG. 8 depicts a stress/strain curve for the predetermined pattern, in

accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and

[0020] FIG. 9 depicts a orthopedic chair, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] Although certain embodiments of the present invention will be shown and

described in detail, it should be understood that various changes and modifications

might be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims. The present

invention is based on advancements in the field of orthopedic support.

[0022] FIG. IA depicts a front isometric view of a supporting structure 100, wherein

one embodiment is advantageously directed to an orthopedic chair. Hereinafter, the

supporting structure 100 is not the orthopedic sleeping support such as a bed disclosed

in U.S. 4,884,969, authored by the present inventor, because a purpose of the structure

100 is to provide a supporting structure 100 that promotes improved posture for a person in a sitting position by supporting a person's knees and buttocks so that the

person's knees are elevated relative to the person's buttocks. Hereinafter, "posture" is the mechanical relationship of the parts of the body to each other. It can be divided

into static posture (at rest or without anticipated movement, e.g. lying, sitting or standing), and dynamic posture (in action or anticipation of action). Here, the degree

of normalcy of a person's spinal curvature in the lumbar region of his/her back and

whether the center of body mass is located about 1 inch forward of the second sacral

vertebrae, as is expected in the average person, were criteria used to determine

whether there was an improvement in the person's static posture before and after the

person's knees were elevated relative to the person's buttocks. The degree of

normalcy of curvature of the lumbar region and the location of the center of gravity

were determined using appropriate methods such as measurements with a ruler or a

plum device, respectively.

[0023] The inventor discloses that in every case the orthopedic structure 100

improved the sitting posture of the person, e.g. adjusted the person's spinal curvature in the lumbar region closer to normal and adjusted the person's center of gravity

forward of the second sacral vertebrae closer to the average by providing higher

tension under the knee 75, 85, and at the lumbar portion 74, 84, because the knee 75,

85, was raised to a higher position than the buttocks portion 76, 86, which relieved the

pressure on the lumbar portion 74, as depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 and described in associated text, infra.

[0024] Hereinafter, the term "orthopedic chair" means a chair that prevents or

corrects injuries such as sores, pressure sores or disorders of the skeletal system and

associated muscles, e.g. correcting posture, joints, and ligaments that arise at the ischium when the person is supported in a sitting position in a chair at the shoulder

blades, tail bone and heels when the person is sitting or reclining in the chair. The

orthopedic surfaces of the present invention prevent or correct said injuries because

essentially zero resistance on pressure point(s) of the user allow normal blood flow in

tissues supported by the orthopedic structures of the present invention so that the incidence of sores is minimized.

[0025] Hereinafter "chair" means a piece of furniture designed to accommodate one person consisting of a seat, legs, back, and often arms, wherein the seat, legs, back,

and arms are fixed or held in place by a frame.

[0026] The supporting structure 100 comprises a fabric having at least one layer(s)

101 operationally or operably coupled to a continuous and coextensive chair frame 106, wherein operationally or operably coupling the fabric means stretching the fabric

between rigid chair frame support members, e.g. 102, 103, 104, 109, 111, and 112, beyond moduli conventionally employed in the chairmaking industry, but short of the

Young's Modulus for the particular composite fibers, wherein the stretched condition

enables the stretched fabric having the at least one layer(s) 101 to uniformly and

evenly distribute the weight of a person supported by the bearing surfaces 110 and

120. The stretched condition provides a load bearing surface 110, 120 that distributes

pressure that arises from contact of the support bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 and

pressure points such as the ischium, the shoulder blades, tail bone and heels across the whole support bearing surface(s) 110, 120 when the person is sitting or reclining in

the support structure 100. Hereinafter, the "ischium" or the "ischium protruberance"

is the bone making up the lower down back part of the pelvis.

[0027] The supporting structure 100 is an improvement over other orthopedic chairs because the bearing surface 110 consists essentially of at least one layer(s) 101 of a

soft, flexible elastic fabric, knitted with polyurethane and another polymer fiber such

as polyester or polyamide. Lycra® is a registered trademark used for DuPont's

polyurethane fiber.

[0028] Referring to FIG. IA, the bearing surface(s) of a standard chair may include an unyielding surface such as wood or metal which may be unable to provide uniform

support over the entire surface area of a user. Uniform support is likewise not

achieved by chairs with cushioned bearing surfaces(s), for example layers of padding

or a series of springs, when placed over the unyielding surface or used independent of

a solid base support. Standard cushioned bearing surfaces have the inherent defect

and disadvantage of providing a constant rate of loading under increased pressure,

thereby providing greater pressure under specific regions of a person supported by the

bearing surface, and accordingly less pressure under other regions of the person.

[0029] There is a need for an orthopedic supporting structure 100 capable of avoiding

the linearity of loading typified by the bearing surfaces 110 and 120 of a standard chair. Accordingly, the present invention discloses an orthopedic supporting structure

100 capable of pressure distribution to support the lumbar region of a person's back,

thereby relieving lumbar tension, and reducing the force exerted on pressure points of

a user to essentially zero. In addition to its simple construction, low volume of space,

and ability to minimize noise when subjected to heavy body weights or undue twisting, the orthopedic supporting structure 100 of the present invention may also be

fabricated to prescription to address specific pressure point criteria of an individual.

[0030] Production of the interlocking pattern of polymeric fibers that comprise the at

least one layer(s) 101 of the fabric, which provides the bearing surface(s) 110 and 120

of the disclosed invention, including the fibers used, the weaving process, and post-

weaving processing steps, as well as the physical characteristics of the resulting fabric

10 are disclosed in U.S. 4,884,969, authored by the present inventor, hereby

incorporated by reference.

[0031] The supporting structure 100 may be a fabric having a load bearing surface(s)

110 or 120 for supporting a load, comprising: at least one layer(s) (L _n ) wherein n = 0,

-1,

-2, . . . -i, wherein n = 0 represents the at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of the load bearing

surface that contacts the load. The n = -1, -2, . . . -i, represents successive underlying

at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of the load bearing surface, wherein n = -i, represents a

bottom underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of the load bearing surface. The fabric consists essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically different

from the polyurethane fiber, and wherein the fabric has been stretched to the point just

before encountering the Young's Modulus.

[0032] In one embodiment, the load is advantageously a person.

[0033] The load bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 may be the bearing surface(s) 110

and 120, of a chair, automobile seat, or wheel chair. The bearing surface(s) 110 and

120 may be comprised of at least one layer(s) 101 of a fabric operationally or

operably coupled to the chair frame 106.

The at least one layer(s) 101 of the fabric is operationally or operably coupled

to the chair frame 106 of the supporting structure 100. The at least one layer(s) 101 of

a fabric operationally coupled to the chair frame 106 may be interrupted by funnel

opening(s) 116 located under the pressure points of a person's body, so that the

person's weight is distributed over the total bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 instead of

being localized at the point of contact of the load bearing surface(s) 110, 120 and

pressure points such as the ischium, the shoulder blades, tail bone and heels across the whole load bearing surface(s) 110, 120 when the person is sitting or reclining in the

chair. The funnel opening(s) 116 may be formed by making a slit in the fabric in the

direction of the arrow 50. The fabric may then be stretched to a point before encountering the Young's modulus in a direction of the arrow 53 that is orthogonal to

the direction of the wales of the fabric, that run in a direction of the arrow 50, which

has the effect of forming an oblong funnel opening(s) 116 whose longitudinal axis is in the direction of the wales of the fabric, i.e. in the direction of the arrow 50.

Continued stretching forms circular funnel opening(s) 116. However, the fabric may

only be stretched to it's Young's modulus elongation before it becomes plastic or

brittle and deforms, or breaks apart. A cross-sectional view of the funnel opening(s)

116, showing an initial layer L _n=0 , successive underlying layers L _n= -i, L _n= _ ₂ , L _n= - ₃ ,

L _n= - ₄ , L _n= - ₅ , . . . a bottom layer L _n=-1 , (L _n=0 ...L _n= -i) is depicted in FIG. 2, infra, and described in associated text. Hereinafter "operational coupling", "operably coupled ",

or "operably coupling" means stretching the at least one layer(s) 101 of fabric at Q in

a plane of the bearing surface 120 that supports the person's buttocks or at 115 in a

plane of the bearing surface 120 that supports the lumbar portion of the person's back, of the at least one layer(s) 101 by mechanically and directly attaching the at least one

layer(s) 101 to opposite sides of the support members 102, 103, 104, 109, 111, and

112 of the chair frame 106, so that the at least one layer(s) 101 of a fabric is stretched to a maximum percent elongation without at least one layer(s) 101 of a fabric

becoming plastic. The body facing load bearing surface 115 of the sigmoidal or S-

shaped portion 140 of the chair frame 106, specifically the surface 115 that is

oppositely disposed or opposite the arc or curve UV, provides lumbar or lower back

support to a person sitting in the structure 100 is depicted in FIGS. 4 and 6, infra, and

described in associated text. The points Q or I lie on the surface 115 of the sigmoidal

or S-shaped portion of the chair frame 106 between points S and L of the arch or

curve SL, as depicted in FIG. 4, infra, and described in associated text.

[0035] The Young's Modulus is the presumptive deformation point or plastic point in the stress/strain relationship, i.e., at 80% elongation at 800 lbs., as stated in reference

to FIG. 4 in U.S. 4,884,969, authored by the present inventor, hereby incorporated by

reference. Hereinafter, "becomes plastic" or "becoming plastic" means the at least one layer(s) 101 of the fabric is no longer elastic, but becomes brittle or deformable so that additional stress, e.g. beyond 800 lbs may result in cracking or breaking or

discontinuity in the at least one layer(s) 101 of the fabric. The chair frame 106 may

include arm rests 105, and vertical supports 113 and 117 for supporting the armrests 105. The chair frame 106 may include braces 125 for enhancing or strengthening the

chair frame for supporting the load that may be preferably from about 30 to about 800

lbs., more preferably from about 100 to about 500 lbs., and most preferably from

about 150 lbs. to about 300 lbs. on the bearing surface(s) 110 and 120.

[0036] The orthopedic support 100 of the present invention permits a user to

experience dramatically reduced, i.e., essentially zero resistance under specific

pressure points by positioning the opening(s) 116 in the fabric to lie under their

pressure point(s). The opening(s) 116 depicted in FIGS. IA, IB, and 2-5 underlie the

pressure points created by a typical person in a sitting position, specifically the

opening(s) 116 underlie the pair of ischemic protuberances formed by the buttocks of a person in a sitting position. It should be understood that the present invention is not

limited to individuals having standard and/ or uniform ischemic protuberances. In

this regard, the location of the opening(s) 116 in the layer(s) fabric 5 may be

customized based on the location of an individual's pressure point(s). Therefore,

while the opening(s) 116 depicted in FIGS. IA, IB, and 2-5 may provide proper

support for a person with standard ischemic protuberance dimensions, individuals with abnormal body shapes, such the elderly and /or those with spinal deformations,

may have customized opening(s) 116 to provide a specific support profile. In other

embodiments the opening(s) 116 may be a shape other than a slit, for example an arc, a zigzag, a circle, or other non-linear configuration, as dictated by the pressure

point(s) profile of a user of the orthopedic support 100.

[0037] In an embodiment, the at least one layer(s) (L _n ), except n = 0 and n = -i,

advantageously has at least one opening(s) 116 therein, wherein a long axis of the at least one opening(s) 116 is in a wale direction of the fabric and wherein the at least

one opening(s) 116 are aligned so that a center of each at least one opening(s) 116

underlies the pressure point of the person.

[0038] In an embodiment, the fabric has been stretched from 60 percent to 70 percent

of the Young's Modulus.

[0039] In an embodiment, the fibers that are chemically different from the

polyurethane fiber are selected from the group consisting of polyethylene

terephthalate, polyetherimide (PEI), nylon, polyamide, polyester, and combinations

thereof.

[0040] In an embodiment, the pressure point of the user being supported by the

supporting structure 100 includes an ischemic protuberance of the person therein.

[0041] In an embodiment, each at least one opening(s) in each at least one layer(s)

(L _n ) of the fabric, except n = 0 and n = -i, is aligned on an axial axis of the fabric, and

wherein each at least one opening(s) in each successive at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of

the fabric has a successively smaller area as n becomes increasingly negative.

[0042] In an embodiment, a shape of the at least one opening(s) is selected from the

group consisting of a circle, an ellipse, a slit, a line, a zigzag, a rectangle, an ellipse

having a serrated edge, and combinations thereof.

[0043] In FIG. IA, in an advantageous embodiment, operationally coupling the fabric

to the oppositely disposed support members 102, 103, 104, 109, 111, and 112 of the

chair frame 106 so that the fabric stretches or elongates 78% under a load of 500 lbs

provides the bearing surface(s) 110 and 120, thereby effectively distributing the

pressure created by the load on the bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 so that the pressure at the ischia or any other pressure point does not exceed preferably from about less than 90 mm (Hg), more preferably from about less than 50 mm (Hg) and most

preferably from about less than 10 mm (Hg). Hereinafter 100 mm (Hg) equal to 3

lbs./sq. in. In an embodiment in which the load bearing surface 110, 120

advantageously has funnel opening(s) 116 under the pressure point such as the ischia,

the load bearing surface advantageously provides essentially zero resistance to a

pressure point of the person, wherein the pressure point of the person exerts

preferably from about 10 to about 90 mm (Hg) of pressure, more preferably from 10

to about 50 mm (Hg) of pressure, and most preferably from about 10 to about 30 mm

(Hg) of pressure over the opening(s) 116.

[0044] FIG. IB depicts a top planar view of the funnel opening(s) 116 in load bearing

surface 110, before an initial or top layer L _n=0 has been overlaid on successive

underlying layers L _n =_i, L _n=2 , L _n =_ ₃ , L _n =_ ₄ , L _n =_ ₅ , . . . and a bottom layer L _n=-1 , (L _n=0 ...

L _n=-1 ). The funnel opening(s) 116 in the bottom layer (L _n=-1 ), e.g. L _n =_6 in FIG. IB has been aligned with the pressure point, i.e. the ischium, of a person, by coinciding the

ichium with the center of the funnel opening(s) 116 using any appropriate method of measurement such as pressure sensing array 97, 114, or direct measurements, depicted

in FIGS 9 and 10 and associated text herein. The fabric may have from 1 to 25 at

least one layer(s) 101. The arrow 51 is in the direction of the wales of the fabric and is orthogonal to the direction 53 of stretching the fabric, as shown in FIG. IA and

described herein. The fabric consists essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically different from the polyurethane fiber, and wherein the fabric has

been stretched less than its Young's modulus.

[0045] In FIG. IB the layers of fabric that form the bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 consist of a top layer (L _n= o), not shown, a bottom layer (L _n=-1 ), and at least one layer

L _n= _i, L _n= _ ₂ , ... interposed between said top layer (L _n=0 ) and said bottom layer (L _n=-1 ).

[0046] The ability of the bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 to be customized based on

the individual user's support needs naturally lends the application of the orthopedic support 100 of the present invention to medical applications such as hospital chairs,

wheelchair seats and backs, and for pressure sensitive applications such as those

suffering from sores, severe burns, regions of the body recently operated on, and the

like.

[0047] FIG. 1C depicts a bottom isometric of the supporting structure 100. FIG. 1C

depicts an embodiment in which the chair frame 106 of the structure 100 comprises members 103, 92, 122 of a back and lumbar supporting section 132 and members 88,

104, 111, and 125 of a buttocks and thigh supporting section 133. The support

bearing surfaces 126, 92 have been formed by stretching the at least one layer(s) 101

of the fabric between the members 103, 122 of a back and lumbar supporting section

132 and members 104, 111, and 125 of a buttocks and thigh supporting section 133. Cross members 92 and 88 are operably physically and mechanically directly

connected to outer members 122 and 104 via brackets 79 and 127 respectively. Under

a load of from about a 100 Ib. to about a 250 Ib. person, the load bearing surfaces 93

and 126 do not contact the cross members 92 and 88 because the load bearing

surfaces 93 and 126 have been stretched between the members 103, 92, 122 of a back and lumbar supporting section 132 and members 88, 104, 111, and 125 of a buttocks

and thigh supporting section 133 to a point just before the Young's Modulus is

reached.

[0048] FIG. 1C depicts an embodiment in which the supporting structure 100 may be

an orthopedic chair for a wheel chair. By rotating about the hinges 131, the plane of

the load bearing surface 93 may be preferably from about -20° to about 90° to the plane of the load bearing surface 126, more preferably from about 0° to about 90° to

the plane of the load bearing surface 126, and most preferably from about 20° to about

90° to the plane of the load bearing surface 126.

[0049] FIG. 2 depicts a cross sectional view of the funnel opening(s) 116 in the

bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 of the orthopedic support 100 showing the at least one

layer(s) 101 of fabric when stretched in a direction of arrow 53 onto the chair frame

106 as depicted in FIG. 3, infra and described in associated text. FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment in which seven layers of fabric advantageously form the bearing

surface(s) 110 and 120, wherein the top layer (L _n=0 ) and the bottom layer (L _n= _ _! ) of

fabric do not have an opening(s) 116 therein, and the layers of fabric (L _n= _i _t0 - ₅ )

interposed between the top layer (L _n=0 ) and the bottom layer (L _n= _ _! ) of fabric have at least one opening(s) 116 under a pressure point of a user therein. In one embodiment

the opening(s) 116 in each successive layer of the at least one layer(s) 101 of fabric

are progressively reduced in size, so that the opening(s) 116 the uppermost layer

(L _n =o) has a larger diameter than that of the layer L _n =_i, and becoming progressively smaller to the bottom most layer (L _n= _ _! ). The net effect of the above-described

placement of opening(s) 116 in the at least one layer(s) 101 of fabric is to provide funnel-like support under a pressure point of a user, such that the user experiences

reduced or effectively zero resistance under the pressure point(s). As mentioned

previously, the pressure point may represent the ischemic protuberances of a user, or

other pressure point(s) based on the individual user's specific criteria. While FIGS.

IA and 2 disclose a Funnel-Out design, the bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 of the

orthopedic support 100 of the present invention is not limited to this design.

Alternative patterns of opening(s) 116 in the fabric may have the successive underlying layers increase in diameter.

[0050] In forming the bearing surface(s) 110 and 120, the fabric has been stretched to the point just before encountering the Young's Modulus, and a point thereafter at

which large increases in weight, applied to the fabric or on the fabric, does not cause any significant extension of the fabric without deformation. This allows differing

weights of people's bodies to experience the same degree of solid support and the

distribution of pressure at the pressure points on the bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 is

achieved to be preferably less than from about less than 90 mm (Hg), more preferably from about less than 50 mm (Hg) and most preferably from about less than 10 mm

(Hg).

[0051] In an embodiment, a method of making a chair having a load bearing surface

comprises the steps of: providing a frame 106 for stretching an at least one layer(s)

(L _n ). In the method, n = 0, -1, -2, . . . -i. In the method, n = 0 represents the layer

(L _n ) of the load bearing surface that contacts the load. In the method, n = -1, -2, . . . -i

represents successive underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of the load bearing surface. In the method, n = -i represents a bottom underlying layer (L _n ) of the load bearing

surface.

The fabric consists essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically

different from the polyurethane fiber, such as polyester, nylon and polyamide. In the

method, cutting the at least three layers (L _n ) to a predetermined pattern results in

funnel opening(s) 116. In the method, stretching the at least three layers (L _n ) of fabric

between members of the frame 106 results in the fabric being stretched to the point

just before encountering the Young's Modulus.

[0052] In the method of making the chair, the at least one opening(s) 116 in the at

least one layer(s) (L _n ) may be made in the fabric having a load bearing surface 110,

120, except no at least one opening(s) 116 is made in n = 0 and n = -i layers, i.e. in the top and bottom at least one layer(s) L _n . In the method, a long axis of the at least one

opening(s) 116 is in a wale direction of the fabric. In the method of making the chair,

the at least one opening(s) are aligned so that a center of each at least one opening(s)

116 underlies a pressure point of the person therein.

[0053] In the method for making the chair, the fabric consists essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically different from the polyurethane fiber.

In the method, the opening(s) 116 is made by cutting the at least three layers (L _n ) to a

predetermined pattern. In the method, the at least three layers (L _n ) of fabric are

stretched so that the fabric has been stretched to the point just before encountering the

Young's Modulus.

[0054] The opening(s) 116 in the at least one layer(s) 101 of the fabric are present

only in layer(s) 101 of fabric interposed between the top layer (L _n=0 ) and the bottom

layer (L ^); that is, the top layer (L _n= o) and the bottom layer (L ^) of fabric do not

have an opening(s) 116. In a preferred embodiment, the opening(s) 116 shown in FIG. 2 is an oblong slit where the long diameter is in the wale direction of the fabric,

which becomes a concentric shape when the fabric is stretched onto the chair frame

106. Hereinafter, the term "wale" means a column of knitted loops along the length

of a knitted fabric. Hereinafter, the term "course" refers to a horizontal row of knitted

loops. On a Lee-type chair frame a new course was created on each cycle of the

thread being laid and sinkers moved. In hand knitting a course is completed when

the fabric has been transferred from one needle to another.

FIG. 3 depicts a top plan view of the at least one layer(s) 101 of fabric cut to a

predetermined pattern 20 having funnel opening(s) 116 located along a line between

points 54 and 52 so that the funnel opening(s) 116 are located under the pressure

points of a person's body, so that the person's weight is distributed over the total bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 when the predetermined pattern 20 is operationally

coupled to the chair frame 106. The cut in the fabric forms a slit along a vertical axis

of the pattern 20. The funnel opening(s) 116 become oblong and have a long axis along the longitudinal axis of the pattern 20 (in the direction of the wales of the

fabric) when the fabric is stretched at points 54 and 52 in the direction of the chair

frame 106 (not shown), as depicted by the two headed arrow 79. The location of the

opening(s) 116 may be determined by measuring the corresponding pressure points of

the person who will be supported by the orthopedic structure 100 and cutting the

opening(s) 116 in the fabric so the opening(s) 116 will underlie the pressure points

when the fabric is operationally coupled to the chair frame 106. The curvature of

edges 77 and 78 is determined by trial and error so that the desired straight edges 107

and 57 may be achieved as shown in FIG. IA and described herein.

[0056] The pattern 20 of the fabric depicted in FIG. 3 further comprises a narrowed

waist 55 immediately behind the region 58 on which the user applies their ischemic

protuberances over opening(s) 116 upon sitting. FIG. 3 depicts a top view of the

opening(s) 116 that are depicted in cross section in FIG. 2. The narrowed portion of

the waist 55 causes that region of the fabric 10 to be stretched to a greater extent than

other regions of the fabric 10. The increased stretching in the waist 55 thereby

provides increased support to the lumbar region of the user of the orthopedic structure 100. In like manner, stretching the distal portion 61 provides increased support to the

head of the user. In like manner, stretching the distal portion 59 provides increased

support to the knee of the user.

[0057] In an embodiment, a method of making a fabric having a load bearing surface,

comprises the steps of: providing at least one layer(s) (L _n ) consisting essentially of a

polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically different from the polyurethane fiber, wherein n = 0, -1, -2, . . . -i, wherein n = 0 represents the layer (L _n ) of the load

bearing surface that contacts the user. In the method of making the fabric, n = -1, -2, .

. . -i represents successive underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of the load bearing

surface. In the method for making the fabric, n = -i represents a bottom underlying at

least one layer (L _n ) of the load bearing surface(s) 110, 120, wherein the at least one

layer(s) (L _n ), except n = 0 and n = -i has at least one opening(s) 116, wherein a long

axis of the at least one opening(s) 116 is in a wale direction of the fabric, wherein the

at least one opening(s) 116 are aligned so that a center of each at least one opening(s)

116 underlies a pressure point of the user, depicted in FIG. IB and described in associated text, herein.

[0058] FIG. 4 depicts a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the structure 100, comprising the chair frame 106. The chair frame 106 has an upper-back supporting

portion 119, a sigmoidal or S-shaped portion 140, and a buttocks and thigh supporting

portion 135. The upper-back supporting portion 119 and the buttocks and thigh

supporting portion 135 may be a straight piece of polyvinylchloride (PVC), aluminum, stainless steel piping or the like, having a cylindrical outer diameter from

about 0.25 in. to about 1.5 in. A length of the upper-back supporting portion 119

from a distal end T to a proximal point A is about 14.64 in. +/- 3.66 in., so that the

upper-back supporting portion 119 includes a length from about 10.98 in. to about

18.30 in. Hereinafter, "distal" means a point or an end of the chair frame 106 that is

farthest away from a center C of the sigmoidal or S-shaped portion 140 of the chair

frame 106. Hereinafter, "proximal" means a point or an end of the chair frame 106

that is closest to the center C of the sigmoidal or S-shaped portion 140 of the chair

frame 106. A length of the buttocks and thigh supporting portion 135 from a distal

end G to a proximal point L is about 11.36 in +/- 2.84 in., so that the buttocks- supporting portion 135 includes a length from about 8.52 in. to about 14.20 in.

[0059] The sigmoidal or S-shaped portion 140 lies between the proximal point A of

the chair frame 106 and the proximal point L of the buttocks-supporting portion 135

of the chair frame 106 and has a body facing supporting surface 115 and a rear facing supporting surface 117. The body facing supporting surface 115 of the sigmoidal or

S-shaped portion 140 of the chair frame 106, specifically the surface 115 that is

oppositely disposed or opposite the arc or curve UV, provides lumbar or lower back support to a person sitting in the structure 100.

[0060] The sigmoidal or S-shape portion 140 of the chair frame 106 may be defined by two concave arcs or curves and a convex arc or curve: a first concave arc or curve AR between points A and R on the surface 115; a convex arc or curve RS between points R and S on the surface 117; and a third concave arc or curve SL between points

S and L on the surface 115.

[0061] A length L _arc of the arcs or curves AR, RS and SL is defined by equation (1):

(1) L _arc = 2πr x (θ _a r _C /360°) wherein r is a length in inches from a location on either the sigmoidal or S-shape of the lumbar or lower back supporting surface 115 or 117 of the chair frame 106 to a reference point, the location of which is in the plane of the cross sectional view of the chair frame 106 depicted in FIG. IB and described in associated text. The θ _ar c is an angle about the reference point that delimits the points A, R, R, S and S, L for each arc or curve respectively, when the arc or curve is viewed from the reference point. Values of L _arc , r, and θ _arc of the arcs or curves are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. L _ar c, r, and θ _arc of the arcs or curves in the sigmoidal or S-shaped portion of the chair frame 106, in accordance with e uation 1.

[0062] The sigmoidal or S-shaped portion 140 of the chair frame 106 may be constructed of polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe, aluminum pipe or the like, having an outer diameter from about 0.25 in. to about 1.5 in.

[0063] The reference point B for the arc or curve AR lies on a line R'A between points R' and A, said point A being the distal point on the surface 115 of the sigmoidal or S-shaped portion of the chair frame 106, and said line R'A being parallel to a surface 121 of the buttocks-supporting portion 135 of the chair frame 106. The

reference point B lies at a point from about 8.59 in +/- 2.15 in. from the point P, wherein the point P lies on the surface 115 between points A and R of the arch or curve AR.

[0064] The reference point C for the arc or curve UV lies on a line FCC connecting points F, C and C, said point C being oppositely disposed from the point C on the surface 115 of the sigmoidal or S-shaped portion of the chair frame 106, said line UV being also parallel to both the line R'A and the surface 121 of the buttocks-supporting portion 135 of the chair frame 106. The reference point C lies at a point from about 1.50 in +/- 0.38 in. from the point W, wherein the point W lies on the surface O between points U and V of the arch or curve UV.

[0065] The reference point C lies on the surface 115 of the sigmoidal or S-shaped portion 140 of the chair frame 106 at a center point of the convex arc or curve RS between points R and S on the surface 115.

[0066] The reference point D for the arc or curve SL lies on a line EDQ connecting points E, D and Q, said point Q being on the surface 115 of the sigmoidal or S-shaped portion of the chair frame 106, said line SL being also parallel to both the line R'A and the surface 121 of the buttocks-supporting portion 135 of the chair frame 106. The reference point D lies at a point from about 2.50 in +/- 0.63 in. from the point Q or I, wherein the points Q or I lie on the surface 115 of the sigmoidal or S-shaped portion of the chair frame 106 between points S and L of the arch or curve SL.

[0067] FIG. 5 depicts the longitudinal cross-sectional view of the structure 100 as shown in FIG. 4, further comprising a sagittal cross section 71 or sagittal plane of a person, including the lumbar portion 74 of a person's back, i.e. between the points 70 and 72, the buttocks portion 76 between points 72 and 73 and the thigh portion 77, between the knee 75 and point 73. Hereinafter, "sagittal" planes are vertical planes

passing through the body parallel to the median plane, dividing it into right and left

portions. In FIG. 5, the points P, R, S, I and G correspond to the same reference

numbers or letters as in FIG. 4. The orthopedic structure 100 improves the sitting posture of a person by providing higher tension under the knee 75 and at the lumbar

portion 74, so that the knee 75 is raised to a higher position than the buttocks portion

76, which relieves the pressure on the lumbar portion 74. In one embodiment, in the

sitting position, when a person's knee 75 is raised higher than the buttocks portion 76,

pressure on the lumbar portion 74 is relieved. The orthopedic structure 100 relieves

pressure on the lumbar portion 74 when the fabric of the orthopedic structure 100 is

stretched to a higher elongation so that tension of the fabric is increased under the knee 75 and support is provided at the lumbar portion 74, e.g. specifically the surface

115 that is oppositely disposed or opposite the arc or curve UV, provides lumbar or lower back support to a person sitting in the structure 100.

FIG. 6 depicts the longitudinal cross-sectional view of the structure 100 as shown in FIG. 4, comprising a person 88 being supported by the at least one layer(s)

101 of the fabric of the structure 100. The at least one layer(s) 101 of the fabric of the

structure 100 consists essentially of a soft, flexible elastic fabric, knitted with polyurethane and another polymer fiber such as polyester or polyamide. Lycra® is a

registered trademark used for DuPont's polyurethane fiber. The person 88 and the chair frame 106 in FIG. 6 depict a sagittal cross section 81 or sagittal plane,

illustrating the at least one layer(s) 101 supporting the person, including the back 29

of the head 90, the lumbar portion 84 of the person's back, i.e. between the points 80

and 82 of the person 88, the buttocks portion 86 between points 82 and 83 of the person 88, and the thigh portion 87, between the knee 85 and point 83 of the person

88. In FIG. 6, the points 78, 106, 115, R, S, L, 135 and G correspond to the same

reference numbers or letters as in FIGS. IA and 4. The orthopedic structure 100 improves the sitting posture of the person 88 by providing higher tension under the

knee 85 and at the lumbar portion 84, so that the knee 85 is raised to a higher position

than the buttocks portion 86, which relieves the pressure on the lumbar portion 84. In one embodiment, in the sitting position, when the knee 85 is raised higher than the

buttocks portion 86, pressure on the lumbar portion 84 is relieved. The orthopedic

structure 100 relieves pressure on the lumbar portion 84 when the at least one layer(s)

101 of the fabric of the orthopedic structure 100 is stretched to a higher elongation so

that tension of the fabric is increased under the knee 85 and support is provided at the

lumbar portion 84, e.g. specifically the surface 115 that is oppositely disposed or

opposite the arc or curve UV, as depicted in FIGS. IA and 4 and described in associated text, provides lumbar or lower back support to the person 88 sitting in the

structure 100.

EXAMPLE 1

[0069] Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, the orthopedic structure 100 improved the sitting

posture of a person 77, depicted in FIG. 5, and a person 81 depicted in FIG. 6, by

providing higher tension under the knee 75 depicted in FIG. 5 and 85 depicted in FIG.

6 and at the lumbar portion 74, depicted in FIG. 5, and 84 depicted in FIG. 6, so that

the knee 75, 85 is raised to a higher position than the buttocks portion 76, depicted in

FIG. 5, and 86, depicted in FIG. 6, which relieves the pressure on the lumbar portion 74, 84.

[0070] Referring to FIGS. 3 and 5 or to FIGS. 3 and 6, stretching the distal portion 61

of the pattern 20 between the support members 102, 103, 104, 109, 111, and 112 of

the chair frame 106 provides increased support for the head 90 where the back 29 of

the head 90 comes in direct physical contact with the bearing surface 120 of the at

least one layer(s) 101 of the fabric of the structure 100, as viewed in FIGS. 3 and 6. In like manner, stretching the waist 55 of the pattern 20 between the support members

102, 103, 104, 109, 111, and 112 of the chair frame 106 provides increased support

for the lumbar position 74 as viewed in FIG. 5, and 84 as viewed in FIG. 6. In like manner, stretching the region 58 of the pattern 20 between the support members 102,

103, 104, 109, 111, and 112 of the chair frame 106 on which the user 88 applies their

ischemic protuberances over opening(s) 116 provides increased support for the user's buttocks 76 in FIG. 5 and 86 in FIG. 6 upon sitting on position I in Fig. 5 and 83 in

FIG. 6. In like manner, stretching the distal portion 59 of the pattern 20 between the

support structures 102, 103, 104, 109, 111, and 112 of the chair frame 106 provides

increased support to the knee 75 as viewed in FIG. 5 and to the knee 85 at a position

89 at which the knee 85 bends as viewed in FIG. 6. In one embodiment, the sitting posture of a 100 Ib. - 250 Ib. person 77, 81,

depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 was advantageously improved by stretching the waist 55

and the distal portion 59 of the pattern 20 of the load bearing surface 120 to a 70% but not exceeding 80% elongation between the support members 102, 103, 104, 109, 111,

and 112 of the chair frame 106, wherein both the waist 55 and the distal portion 59

have an 8 in. length and are depicted in FIG. 3. In this embodiment said stretching the

waist 55 of the pattern 20 of the load bearing surface 120 resulted in a 10-20 lbs/sq. in. pressure distribution on the load bearing surface 120 at the lumbar position 84 of

the 100 to 250 Ib. person, as viewed in FIGS. 5 and 6. Said stretching the distal

portion 59 of the pattern 20 resulted in a 30 - 60 lbs/sq. in. pressure distribution on

the bearing surface 110 at the knee position 89 at which the knee 85 bends from the

100 to 250 Ib. person, as viewed in FIGS. 5 and 6. The orthopedic structure 100

depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 improved the sitting posture of the person 77 depicted in

FIG. 5, and 81 depicted in FIG. 6, by providing higher tension under the knee 75, 85 and at the lumbar portion 74, 84 so that the knee 75, 85 is raised to a higher position

relative to the buttocks portion 76, 86, which relieves the pressure on the lumbar portion 74, 86.

EXAMPLE 2

FIG. 7A depicts a pressure map 114 of the pressure distribution across the

bearing surface(s) 110, 120 produced by a person's buttocks 99 in a sitting position

upon the support structure 100. The pressure across the bearing surface(s) 110, 120

may be measured by an XSENSOR Pressure Mapping System, available from ROHO,

Inc., 100 N. Florida Ave. Belleville, IL 62221. The table 111 correlates a shade of grey color coding with the pressure (in mmHg) and pressure distribution measured at

the load bearing surface 110, 120. The pressure map 114 shows the pressure distribution is essentially uniformly distributed from about 40 to about 50 lbs./sq in.

across the bearing surface 110, based on the correspondence of the grey color that

corresponds to the same pressure in table 111 with the grey color of the buttocks and

leg portion 99 of the map 114. The higher pressures indicated at pressure point(s) 98

are artifacts or interferences because the load bearing surface(s) 110, 120 under the

person's buttocks 99 have bottomed out on a support member of the structure 100, thereby preventing the load bearing surface(s) 110, 120 from properly elongating to

the point just before reaching the Young's modulus, resulting in a distortedly high

readout of pressure from the pressure map 114. Likewise, the pressure map 114 shows the pressure distribution is essentially uniformly distributed from about 40 to

about 50 lbs./sq in. across the ischia 108.

[0073] In FIG. 7 A, the fabric has not yet been stretched to its limit, which is the

Young's Modulus. That limit, in this case, would be about 80% at 800 lbs. Since, during manufacturing, the fabric may be stretched to 60-75% for comfort level, it can

be seen that 20-5% stretchability remains under various loads, preferably in the range

of about 50 to about 800 lbs., more preferably between about 100 to about 500 lbs.

and most preferably from about 150 lbs. to about 300 lbs.; at which point the

distribution of pressure at the pressure points is achieved to be preferably less than from about less than 90 mm (Hg), more preferably from about less than 50 mm (Hg)

and most preferably from about less than 10 mm (Hg).

EXAMPLE 3

[0074] FIG. 7B depicts a pressure map 97 of the pressure distribution across the

bearing surface(s) 110, 120 produced by a person's buttocks 94 in a sitting position upon a typical deep contour cushion. The pressure across the bearing surface(s) 110,

120 were measured by the XSENSOR Pressure Mapping System. The table 96

correlates a shade of grey color coding with the pressure (in mmHg) and pressure

distribution measured at the load bearing surface 110, 120. The pressure map 97 shows the pressure distribution varies in a non-uniform distribution from about 40 to

about 50 lbs./sq in. to about 112 lbs./sq. in. across the bearing surface 110, based on

the correspondence of the grey color that corresponds to the same pressures in table

96 with the grey color of the buttocks and leg portion 94 of the map 97. The higher

pressures indicated at pressure point(s) 95 are artifacts or interferences because the

load bearing surface(s) 110, 120 under the person's buttocks 99 have bottomed out on

a support member of the structure 100, thereby preventing the load bearing surface(s) 110, 120 from properly elongating to the point just before reaching the Young's

modulus, resulting in a distortedly high readout of pressure from the pressure map 97.

Likewise, the pressure map 97 shows the pressure at ischia 91 is non-uniformly

distributed and higher than the pressure from the map 114 in Example 2, supra, i.e., from about 60 to about 112 lbs./sq. in. non-uniformly distributed from about 40 to

about 50 lbs./sq in. across the ischia 108.

[0075] FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of a typical, engineered fabric's stress/strain

characteristics under constant rate of loading. The vertical margin is graduated in

pounds (lbs.) of load, while the horizontal margin is graduated in per cent of extension

of the fabric. The stress/strain curve 34 is tri-sectioned into areas A, B and C. For

reference, the presumptive deformation point of the fabric (Young's Modulus and here,

80% at 800 lbs.) is not indicated on the graph. Young's Modulus is the point in the stress/strain relationship at which the stretched fiber becomes plastic and will not

recover from the stretching. Those familiar with the art will recognize section C as

the section of the graph depicting the normal degree of stress that has been applied to

a fabric which is to be used in the textile apparel industry. Likewise, Section B will be

recognized as that area depicting load-extension relationships which are applied to

industrial textiles to achieve a stretch/support ratio for a desired comfort level. And

A, is the portion of the curve in which the inventor's preferred embodiment is

effected, i.e., at the point or degree of stretch on a polymeric fabric that has been

heatset to stabilize that fabric under a particular stress condition. The required stress

condition, of course, is that required to give adequate orthopedic support for a person or persons, as may have been prescribed by a competent medical person.

[0076] Alternatively, the stress/strain characteristics under constant rate of loading of

the engineered fabric from which the predetermined pattern 20 is made may be

engineered so that the predetermined pattern 20 may be stretched in the wales direction

up to 200%, which is the point just before reaching the Young's modulus.

[0077] In one embodiment, the supporting structure 100 comprises the at least one

layer(s) 101 of the fabric, so that the person's weight is evenly distributed over the

total bearing surface(s) 110 and 120 instead of being localized at the point of contact

of the load bearing surface(s) 110, 120 and pressure points such as the ischium, the

shoulder blades, tail bone and heels across the whole load bearing surface(s) 110, 120 when the person is sitting or reclining in the chair. In its functional mode, the at least

one layer(s) 101 of the fabric is stretched to the point just before the encounter of

Young's Modulus, and a point at which the person's weight, applied to the fabric or on

the fabric evenly distributes the person's weight over the total bearing surface(s) 110

and 120 instead of being localized at the point of contact of the load bearing

surface(s) 110, 120 and pressure points such as the ischium, the shoulder blades, tail

bone and heels across the whole load bearing surface(s) 110, 120 when the person is sitting or reclining in the chair.

EXAMPLE 4

[0078] For example, after the fabric is heat set and manufacture is complete, a graph

(here, FIG. 8) is obtained from a stress/strain tester such as the Scott Inclined Plane

Tester. In FIG. 8, the fabric stretches 78% under a load of 500 lbs. The fabric has not

yet been stretched to its limit, which is Young's Modulus. That limit, in this case,

would be about 80% at 800 lbs. Since, during manufacturing, the fabric is stretched to 60-75% for comfort level, it can be seen that 5-20% stretchability remains under

various loads; at which objects of the invention are achieved. FIG. 9 depicts a supporting structure 100, such as a wheelchair, comprising: a chair frame 106, such

as, for example, a wheel chair frame, operably coupled to a predetermined pattern 20,

such as, for example, a seating system. The seating system comprises a fabric having at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101, wherein n = 0, -1, -2, . . . -i, wherein n = 0 represents the at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101 of a load bearing surface 110, 120, that contacts a load. The load may be, for example, a person 71, 88, as depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 and described in associated text, herein. Advantageously, n = -1, -2, . . . -i, represents successive underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101 of the load bearing surface 110, 120. Advantageously, n = -i, represents a bottom underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of the load bearing surface, as depicted in FIG. 2 and described in associated text, herein. The fabric consists essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically different from the polyurethane fiber. The fabric may be stretched between opposite points of members 102, and 122 of the chair frame 106, based on the degree of support (in pounds) required so that the fabric's percent elongation corresponds to the support in pounds to improve the sitting posture for the person 71, 88 and uniformly distribute the pressure from the body weight on the load bearing surfaces 110, 120 so that likelihood of bedsores is reduced because the pressure on the pressure points such as the ishia may be delocalized. A doctor or other qualified medical practitioner usually prescribes the support needed by a particular patient to uniformly distribute the pressure from the body weight on the load bearing surfaces 110, 120 so that likelihood of bedsores is reduced because the pressure on the pressure points such as the ishia may be delocalized. Typically the width of the predetermined pattern 20 between the points 250 and 250' corresponding to the distal portion 61 of the predetermined pattern 20 is determined or the predetermined pattern 20 is sized so that from about 2 to about 5 pounds of support are provided when the points 250 and 250' are operably coupled to oppositely disposed points 260 and 260' of the members 104, 122. Typically the width of the predetermined pattern 20

between the opposite points 55 and 55', corresponding to the portion of the predetermined pattern 20 that supports the lumbar portion 74, 84 of the person 71, 88, is determined so that from about 15 to about 20 pounds of support are provided when the points 55 and 55' are operably coupled to oppositely disposed points 115 and 115' of the members 104, 122. Typically the width of the predetermined pattern 20 between the opposite points 58 and 58', corresponding to the buttocks portion of the person 71, 88, is determined so that from about 150 to about 450 pounds of support is provided when the points 58 and 58' are operably coupled to oppositely disposed points Q and Q' of the members 104, 122. Referring to FIG. 8, elongation from about 70% to about less than 80% results from operably coupling the points 58 and 58' of a predetermined pattern 20, such as, for example, the load bearing surface 110, 120, of the seating system between opposite points Q and Q' of support members 122, 104 of the orthopedic chair frame 106 provides support for a load such as the person 71, 88. Referring to FIG. 8, elongation from about 70% to about less than 80%, i.e., between points D and A on the stress/strain curve, provides support for a load such as the person 71, 88, in the range from about 150 to about 450 lbs. Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, elongation from about 1% to less than 10% results from operably coupling the points 55 and 55' of a predetermined pattern 20, such as, for example, the load bearing surface 110, 120, of the seating system between opposite points 115 and 115' of support members 122, 104 of the orthopedic chair frame 106, provides support for improved sitting posture for a load such as, for example, the person 71, 88, in the range from about 20 lbs. to about 30 lbs., i.e., along a portion C on the stress/strain curve, at the lumbar portion 74, 84, because the knee 75, 85, was raised to a higher position than the buttocks portion 76, 86, which relieved the pressure on the lumbar portion 74, as depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 and described in associated text, supra.

Typically the width of the predetermined pattern 20 between the opposite points 240

and 240', corresponding to the knee 75, 85, of the person 71, 78, of the predetermined pattern 20 is determined so that from about 10 to about 15 pounds of support are

provided when the points 240 and 240' are operably coupled to oppositely disposed

points G and G' of the members 104, 122. EXAMPLE 5

[0079] In one embodiment, the fabric having at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101, except n =

0 and n = -i, of the predetermined pattern 20, such as, for example, the seating system

of the chair frame 106, such as, for example, the orthopedic chair frame, may

advantageously have at least one opening(s) 116 therein, depicted in FIGS. 2 and 9. In this embodiment, a long axis of the at least one opening(s) 116 is in a wale

direction (in the direction of the arrow 50, depicted in FIG. IA) of the fabric. In this embodiment, the at least one opening(s) 116 may be aligned so that a center of each at

least one opening(s) 116 underlies the pressure point of the person 71, 88.

[0080] In one embodiment, the load bearing surface 110, 120 provides essentially

zero resistance to a pressure point of the person, wherein the pressure point of the person exerts from about 10 to about 90 mm (Hg) of pressure. In one embodiment,

the pressure point includes an ischemic protuberance of the person therein.

[0081] In one embodiment, the fabric having at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101, except n =

0 and n = -i, of the predetermined pattern 20, such as, for example, the seating system

of the chair frame 106, such as, for example, the orthopedic chair frame may be

stretched from 60 percent to 70 percent of the Young's Modulus to provide from

about 150 pounds to about 450 pounds of support to the load, such as, for example,

the person 71, 88.

[0082] In one embodiment, the fibers that are chemically different from the

polyurethane fiber are selected from the group consisting of polyethylene

terephthalate, polyetherimide (PEI), nylon, polyamide, polyester, and combinations

thereof.

[0083] In one embodiment, each at least one opening(s) in each at least one layer(s)

(L _n ) of the fabric, except n = 0 and n = -i, is aligned on an axial axis of the fabric, and

wherein each at least one opening(s) in each successive at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of

the fabric has a successively smaller area as n becomes increasingly negative.

[0084] In one embodiment, the pressure point includes an ischemic protuberance of

the person therein, a shape of the at least one opening(s) is selected from the group

consisting of a circle, an ellipse, a slit, a line, a zigzag, a rectangle, an ellipse having a

serrated edge, and combinations thereof.

[0085] In one embodiment, the predetermined pattern 20 having a load bearing

surface 110, 120 for supporting a load, comprises: at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101 consisting essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically different

from the polyurethane fiber, n = 0, -1, -2, . . . -I, wherein n = 0 represents the at least

one layer (L _n ) 101 of the load bearing surface 110, 120, that contacts the load, that

may be, for example, a person 71, 88. n = -1, -2, . . . -i, represents successive

underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of the load bearing surface 110, 120. n = -i, represents a bottom underlying at least one layer (L _n ) 101 of the load bearing surface

110, 120. In one embodiment, the predetermined pattern 20 has been stretched to the

point just before encountering the Young's Modulus.

[0086] In one embodiment, the predetermined pattern 20 has at least one opening(s)

116 therein, wherein a long axis of the at least one opening(s) 116 is in a wale

direction of the fabric.

[0087] In one embodiment, a waist 115 of the load bearing surface 110, 120, of the

predetermined pattern 20 has been stretched to the point just before encountering the

Young's Modulus and resulted in a 10-20 lbs/sq. in. pressure distribution on the load bearing surface 110, 120, at a lumbar portion 74, 84 of a 100 to 250 Ib. person.

[0088] In one embodiment, the load bearing surface 110, 120, provides essentially

zero resistance to a pressure point of the person 81, 88, wherein the pressure point of

the person 71, 88 exerts from about 10 to about 90 mm Hg of pressure.

[0089] In one embodiment, the predetermined pattern 20 has been stretched from 60

percent to 70 percent of the Young's Modulus.

[0090] In one embodiment, each of the at least one opening(s) in each at least one

layer(s) (L _n ) of the fabric, except n = 0 and n = -i, of the predetermined pattern 20 is

aligned on an axial axis of the fabric, and wherein each of the at least one opening(s)

in each successive at least one layer(s) (L _n ) of the fabric has a successively smaller

area as n becomes increasingly negative.

[0091] In one embodiment, a shape of the at least one opening(s) of the

predetermined pattern 20 is selected from the group consisting of a circle, an ellipse, a

slit, a line, a zigzag, a rectangle, an ellipse having a serrated edge, and combinations

thereof.

[0092] A method of making a support structure 100, such as, for example, an

orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface 110, 120. In an embodiment of the making a support structure 100, such as, for example, an orthopedic chair having a

load bearing surface 110, 120, a frame 106 of the orthopedic chair is provided. In an

embodiment of the method of making a support structure 100, such as, for example,

an orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface 110, 120, a fabric having at least

one layer(s) (L _n ) 101 is provided, n = 0, -1, -2, . . . -i. n = 0 represents the layer (L _n )

of the load bearing surface that contacts the load, such as, for example, a person 71,

88. n = -1, -2, . . . -i represents successive underlying at least one layer(s) 101 (L _n ) of the load bearing surface 110, 120. n = -i represents a bottom underlying layer (L _n )

101 of the load bearing surface 110, 120. In one embodiment the method of making

the support structure 100, such as, for example, an orthopedic chair having a load

bearing surface 110, 120, such as, for example, an orthopedic chair having a load

bearing surface 110, 120, the fabric consists essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically different from the polyurethane fiber. In one embodiment the

method of making a support structure 100, such as, for example, an orthopedic chair

having a load bearing surface 110, 120, the fabric having at least one layers (L _n ) 101

may be cut to a predetermined pattern 20. In one embodiment of the method of making a support structure 100, such as, for example, an orthopedic chair having a

load bearing surface 110, 120, the at least one layers (L _n ) 101 of fabric may be

stretched so that the fabric has been stretched to the point just before encountering the Young's Modulus.

[0093] In one embodiment of the method of making a support structure 100, such as,

for example, an orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface 110, 120, the method

comprises improving a sitting posture of a 100 Ib. - 250 Ib. person by stretching a waist and a distal portion of a pattern of the load bearing surface to a 70% but not

exceeding 80% elongation between support members 104, 122, of the chair frame

106.

[0094] In one embodiment of the method of making a support structure 100, such as,

for example, an orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface 110, 120, the method

comprises the step of: making at least one opening(s) 116 in the at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101, except n = 0 and n = -i,. In this embodiment, a long axis of the at least one

opening(s) 116 is in a wale direction of the fabric, in the direction of the arrow 50

depicted in FIG. IA, and the at least one opening(s) 116 are aligned so that a center of

each at least one opening(s) 116 underlies a pressure point of the person 71, 88 therein.

[0095] In one embodiment of the method of making a support structure 100, such as,

for example, an orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface 110, 120, the pressure

point represents an ischemic protuberance of the person therein.

[0096] In one embodiment of the method of making a support structure 100, such as,

for example, an orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface 110, 120, each at least

one opening(s) 116 in each layer (L _n ) 101 of the fabric, except n = 0 and n = -i, is

aligned on an axial axis of the fabric, and wherein each at least one opening(s) 116 in

each successive at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101 of the fabric has a successively smaller

area as n becomes increasingly negative.

[0097] In one embodiment of the method of making a support structure 100, such as, for example, an orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface 110, 120, a shape of

the at least one opening(s) 116 is selected from the group consisting of a circle, an

ellipse, a slit, a line, a zigzag, a rectangle, an ellipse having a serrated edge, and

combinations thereof.

[0098] In one embodiment of the method of making a support structure 100, such as,

for example, an orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface 110, 120, the at least

one layers (L _n ) 101 are stretched from 60 percent to 70 percent of the Young's

Modulus.

[0099] In one embodiment of the method of making a support structure 100, such as,

for example, an orthopedic chair having a load bearing surface 110, 120, the method

comprises the step of using a pressure sensing array 97, 114, or direct measurements,

depicted in FIGS 9 and 10 and associated text herein, to measure the force exerted by

a user on the supporting surface 110, 120, so that the fabric provides essentially zero resistance at the pressure points of the person 71, 88, thereon.

[00100] A method of making a predetermined pattern having a load bearing surface, comprises the step of providing at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101 consisting essentially of a polyurethane fiber and a fiber that is chemically different from the polyurethane fiber. In the method of making a predetermined pattern having a load bearing surface, n = 0, -1, -2, . . . -i. In the method of making a predetermined pattern having a load bearing surface, n = 0 represents the layer (L _n ) 101 of the load bearing surface 110, 120, that contacts the user 71, 88. In the method of making a predetermined pattern having a load bearing surface, n = -1, -2, . . . -i represents successive underlying at least one layer(s) (L _n ) 101 of the load bearing surface 110, 120. In the method of making a predetermined pattern having a load bearing surface, n= -i represents a bottom underlying at least one layer (L _n ) of the load bearing surface. In the method of making a predetermined pattern having a load bearing surface, the fabric having at least one layers (L _n ) 101 to a predetermined pattern 20 is cut so that the fabric is stretched to the point just before encountering the Young's Modulus.

[00101] The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to a singular preferred embodiment shown herein but may be practiced in different embodiments conceiving of differing fibers, fabrics, and arrangement and manipulations thereof. The invention in such broader aspects is limited only by the claims hereinafter made.