The present invention relates to a tool incorporating a body made with entangled non-woven fibres carrying a fine abrasive, which body is compacted and a fluid is dispersed therein for subsequent transfer onto a surface during rubbing.

If compacted sufficiently an entangled non-woven fibre body carrying mild abrasive wilt retain tow viscosity liquid between its fibres by absorption. When a surface is abraded with this loaded body, it raises the free energy of the surface causing liquid to transfer from the fibres onto the surface. Such an applicator is essentially spill proof because it only releases liquid when rubbed against a surface.

Other fluid materials like dry or wetted fine particulate or gel can also be dispensed with such a toot and rubbed onto a surface. Because these materials may not flow as freely as low viscosity liquids their deposition behaviour is likely to differ, but the applicator remains essentially spill proof.

The compacted fibre body of the too may be a flat web, or a stack of webs forming a rectangular layered block, or a rod shape made by stacking many discs, att held tightly together by breakable ties. The stack is stored in a container that may also act as a tool holder. Soiled used layers on a stacked block may be peeled off to expose fresh loaded fibre. Alternatively a rod shaped tool can be made by tightly coiling up a flat web to form a roll which is forced into a toot holder resembling a beefed up lipstick or glue stick dispenser. A cutting device that acts like a pencil sharpener to remove and store used dirty fibre and is housed in the tool end cap.

Therefore, this is a tool for applying fluid treatments to a variety of surfaces, which toot employs an assembly of compacted entangled non-woven fibres as both a storage and application medium. The fibres may be either organic or inorganic or some combination thereof and generally manufactured. The fibres are solid and therefore do not depend upon a cellular structure to retain fluid. The body absorbs fluid between the fibres by surface energy effects. The fibre body is held within a toot holding device that may atso be an enclosure with an opening through which at least part of the fibre body is exposed. This exposed surface acts as a mild abrading tool, a polishing or massage pad, depending upon the fibre body which may range from soft almost non abrasive up to very hard and highly abrasive. The abrasive may either be dispersed toose between the fibres or bonded thereto.

In one aspect this provides an applicator tool for dispensing fluid material while abrading a surface, comprising : a tightly compacted body of non woven, mildly abrasive, essentially non- compressible fibres between which can be stored the fluid to be dispensed, the body having a face from which that fluid can be dispensed (by rubbing that face against a surface) ; a holder for the body, in or on which hotder the body is mounted leaving that dispensing face exposed; and means enabling the removal of worn, dirt laden fibres from that dispensing face The invention provides an applicator, a tool for dispensing a thin even layer of fluid materiat onto solid surfaces. In the case of metal surfaces typical functions for the applied material may be an etching agent, degreasing agent, a lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor an adhesion enhancer, a mould release agent, a friction enhancer, a sealant, a primer or stripper, a surfactant or an adhesive. Alternatively in the case of timber surfaces-thinned bees wax, sealants, colourings, grain fillings, adhesives, primers etc. In the case of ceramics or glass an adhesion enhancer wetting or release agent might be beneficially applied. Other uses include the application of adhesive to paper or cloth, application of cosmetics and skin medication, waterproofing of fabrics and leather, or for imparting scent into items like garments or personal effects. Also the tool is useful for invisibly marking objects for security use with trace elements such as fluorescent dye which when rubbed into an absorbent surface is very difficult to remove. The toot is unsuited for applying ink or paint because the layer left is so thin that it is barely visible.

In all of the above cases an abrasive is used within the fibre body of the tool. The abrasive may be attached to the fibre or distributed between the fibres. The grade of the abrasives vary according to the purpose for which the toot is used and may in principle vary from something as mild as talcum powder to aggressive diamond paste. Most commonly the abrasives are either alumina or silicon carbide grit size 320 to 80, but can be a powdered metat silicate, for exampte talc-magnesium silicate or a zinc silicate. In powder silicate form it can act initially as an abrasive to remove adsorbed and some absorbed and soft oxide then, as it encounters the harder substrate it is no longer hard enough to abrade and may then be deposited onto the surface by continued rubbing.

The abrasive smoothes and cleans a surface of contaminants adhering to the surface such as corrosion and absorbed layers. The abrasive action raises the free energy of the surface, which as noted in the introduction aids the dispensing action.

Light abrasion with a flexible material like a non woven nylon fleece carrying mild abrasives bonded onto its fibres is an efficient means of cleaning metat and other hard surfaces of oxide and adsorbed contaminants. After cleaning oxide wilt normally reform immediately. Therefore any conditioning material released by the tool as it cleans may be preferentially absorbed into a forming oxide.

The cleaning action is mostly limited to the oxide level on hard materials but may stilt reduce micro roughness. In the case of softer surfaces like timber the smoothing is more significant, In the case of leather or skin, dry scale dirt and adsorbed matter is removed and typically the surface is opened up and slightly roughened. The action of this tool is unsuited to general cleaning duty like a scouring pad, which, although it may use similar non woven materials it must remain open in structure so that water can pass freely through the pad to remove dirt and melt and release the soap condensed onto the fibres Thus a distinguishing feature between this tool and a scouring pad is the fibres of the tool are compacted and retain dirt which is removed by removing the dirty fibres.

Within the body of the tool individual fibres being solid are not easily compressed and the term"essential non-compressibte fibre"is used here to mean that. The non-woven fleece is squeezed together and compacted to reduce fibre spacing rather than each fibre undergoing an actual reduction of volume due to surface pressure. The aim is to bring the fibres sufficiently close together for surface energy effects, later referred to as the energy of adhesion, to retain fluid material suspended between fibres, which behaviour is akin to capillary action. However capillary action is concerned with fluid transported through narrow regular shaped tubes such as fibres with hollow or cellular structures like those in plant stems or in marker pens. Nevertheless ftuid is retained between the non-woven fibres by similar surface energy effeds as cause capillary flow lzut the highly irregular spacing and random direction of the fibres impedes organised flow. Under these conditions material tends to be retained indefinitely unless exposed to a high gravitational force or surface energy. This loaded fluid cannot be easity squeezed out because of the stiffness of the compacted fibre. The stiffness being the result of the fibres-which are tangled and crinkled and become interlocked and resist further compression, although the body retains some useful flexibility overall, it does not change volume significantly when ftexed. The retained ftexibitity provides useful comptiance and softness at-the rubbing interface allowing the toot to follow surface micro roughness when rubbed against a surface.

The body of the tool is preferably assembled from commercially available abrasive coated fleece with a springy tofty open structure such as supplied by among many, by the 3M Company under their Scotch-Brite Brand or the Norton Company under their Bear-Tex Brand, both of which are registered marks. While there are user advantages associated with this open structure in some instances like the case of the eartier mentioned scouring pact. The open tofty feature is actuary the result of the way the fleece or web is manufactured. Industrial grade abrasive web or fleece is manufactured from crinkled nylon to help provide the natural spacing. The un-coated fibres comprising many short lengths are prepared by blowing and combing into a jumbled up ftuffy fteece or mat. A common fibres being those made by DuPont de Nemours (Deutschland) Gmbh described as Nylon 17 dtex, 58mm 3030. The fleece is coated with resin carrying abrasive and cured.

These fleece are produced as broad strips typically 1 meter wide then bulked as rolts containing typicatty 30 meters prior to conversion into a form suited to some specific purpose. Most commercially available products are made in a standard fleece thickness of about 6 to 8mm nominal. Their stiffness is varied with the diameter of the fibre, which generally increases with the coarseness of the abrasive grains used. These open non woven fteeces are sometimes compacted then impregnated with a hot mett adhesive or curable resin to provide stiff abrasive toots ideal-: for high speed wheels, squeegee pads or wringer rollers but this compacted material was found to be too stiff for use in the applicator tools of the invention.

The preferred way of holding the fleece compacted in block form is with barbed nyton ties that act as staptes. For toots using rolls, these may be simpty rotted up tight and forced into parallel tubes, some narrowing slightly towards the orifice to provide more compaction at the orifice. This was found to increase the amount of liquid that could be loaded without risk of it seeping out. Other methods of retaining compaction between severat layers of fleece inctude cross-stitching and the welding of filaments with heated needles, which may use the filaments of the fteece or separate filaments. Illustrated examples of these are provided later.

A means of retaining and holding said body is provided. The body of the tool needs protection from atmosphere to prevent evaporation as witt be explained tater and this may take the form of a flimsy ptastic cover for btock tike toot bodies, which in essence is a sealed package that also prevents contamination during storage.

When removed from the package the rectangular body is mounted in or on a holding device like a toot holder of some kind. An example of this is ittustrated later where the tool holder is a simple extruded plastic handle that grips the side of the fibre body.

An alternative is to place the body of fibre within a closed container or holder. Then there is needed some means of urging or pushing the abrasive out of the container or holder, tittte by tittte as it is used. As in the previously mentioned case of the gille- stick dispenser, a convenient way is to use a screw mechanism coupled to a knob or grip at the base of the tool. Upon turning this the abrasive body slides outward.

For automatic applications other means would probably be used to drive the abrasive out such as a servo-controtted electric or hydrautic actuator.

Ideally the container should be made of a similar material to the fibre or have a similar or slightly lower surface energy. The choice of correct materials ensures that during storage the fluid remains preferentiatty attracted to the fibre and will not migrate to the inner surfaces of the container and then leak or seep out should the container not be properly sealed. It is difficult to provide precise guidance on this detait and each case needs to be carefully considered on its merits and suitable material combinations tested. Successful toot holders for use with coated nylon fibre tools have been made in polypropylene and polyethylene but the surface energy of polycarbonate and ABS proved to be too high.

In use the exposable face of the body is prone to accumulate dirt and debris as it cleans the surface and a means is provided for removing accumulated dirt and worn spent fibre from the surface of the body. Two approaches are employed, either a used layer is peeled of and discarded or a slice of the body is cut off.

In the case of a block tool made with a laminated construction and the laminations run parallel to the rubbing area, the coupling between the laminated layers is designed to allow a used layer to be peeled of and discarded. The ties are designed to break off tevet with the new surface as each layer is peeled off and this is achieved by the peeling action bending and fracturing each tie at small indentations (weak-spots) spaced along each tie. These ties can be made from similar but larger diameter fibres as used within the body.

In the case of a tool holder like a glue stick dispenser any protruding used fibre is easily cut off with a smatt saw blade or hack saw and there is ittustrated later how a saw blade may be incorporated into the top cap of the toot. Also a trimmer blade may be incorporated into the sealing cap which functions a bit like a pencil sharpener to shape the end face as the cap is rotated against the body. A spiked plate with cutters may also be incorporated into the cap to so that as turned this comb's and drags out spent fibres and cuts them and deposits them into the cap.

If the fibre stick or column is formed as a stack of stamped or otherwise shaped ftats, then this is analogous to a stack of individual toots using ties. As they are compacted within a constraining body they tend to bind together and grip. Combing the surface to break a few fibres, which are then more likely to tangle with another layer of non-woven material, enhances this gripping feature. And again once expended each disk is simply peeled off and discarded. This exposes the next layer or new toot.

In principle the fibre body may comprise of fibres of almost any materials such as plastics ; glass or carbon based materials or metals. In practice the preferred fibre is nylon with which may be blended fibres made from other materials. Adequate cleaning was found when small amounts of chopped glass fibre of no more than 5mm average length was blended with un-coated non-woven nylon that was used in ptace of conventional abrasive. Up to 5% by weight of glass was found to be a practical value.

It may on occasions be helpful to employ inorganic material such as glass fibre exclusively where for instance organic polymeric materials are incompatible with the local chemistry. It is more difficult to form a lofty open structure with glass than nylon fibre. Layering small amounts of bundled non-woven glass fibre between thin layers of woven glass fibre mats was found to give make a practical tool. Hence under these circumstances the bundled fibre provided the bulk storage by wetting and the woven material acted as a porous membrane and mechanical retainer.

Other fibre materials such as for example aramids, polyesters or polyamides may be used individuatty, or combined and chosen to meet the beat surface energy and chemical need. The surface energies of typical polymeric materials tike polyethylene copolymer range from 20 to 24 dynes/cm up to 46dynes/cm for polycarbonate and some nylons.

The purpose of the applicator of the invention is to apply fluid to a surface that needs some sort of treatment, and in a second aspect, the invention provides a method of applying fluid material onto a surface using an applicator tool of the invention having the fluid material pre-loaded into the tool's fibre body, in which method the exposed dispensing face of the body is rubbed against the surface to transfer fluid thereto.

This invention provides a method of applying and spreading fluids evenly and in small amounts, even traces amounts. The fluid material in liquid or fine particulate form or a combination thereof. The term"trace amount"means a very small amount perhaps in the case of a low viscosity liquid only a few molecules thick on average, which may influence but may not necessarily dominate or totally change the chemical nature of a surface. Such a material in liquid form may be a wet chemical composition, often a blend of several elements designed to fulfil a specific function- for example to act as a surfactant and improve wetting. In fine particulate form the material is a powder again chosen to provide or fulfil a particular function, for example a zinc powder that acts as a sacrificial corrosion element on steel. By combining a fluid like a surfactant with a particulate improves coverage is obtained because the fluid is able to wet and penetrate and carry particulate into troughs and microscopically small imperfections on a surface These applicators are tools for treating surfaces and the treatment involves varying combinations of cteaning, smoothing, dispensing and rubbing-in (massaging). This treatment actually changing the condition of a surface on an object that is rubbed with the tool. The term condition may embrace both the physical and the chemical nature of a surface, both of which may be influenced by use of this tool. First the physical nature, for example roughness can be reduced and the surface cleaned of dirt adhering to the surface as it is scraped off by mechanical abrading action.

Second, abrading the surface layers off changes the surface chemical nature as adsorbed and most absorbed material is removed. In removing these layers some of the surface oxide is scraped off by the abrasive action and this raises the surface free energy which aids wetting, adhesion and adsorption of individual conditioning molecules within the dispensed material.

The term"wetting"describes the ability and ease by which a fluid can spread over and adhere onto a solid surface. Wetting is controtted by surface energy, for example, optimum wetting occurs when individual molecules within a fluid are attracted to and attach onto the surface in preference to remaining within a bead or droplet of fluid lying upon a surface. Thus under the operating conditions of this appticator toot, the energy conditions are such that ftowable materials, and in particular individual molecules within a fluid are attracted by and held or suspended between the fibre surfaces while they are stored within the fibre body.

As a guide, when treating metals with a tool whose body comprises abrasive resin coated nylon, transfer of conditioning fluid onto the treated surface occurs when the surface free energy (measured in dyneslcm) for the abraded surface is about 10 dynes/cm greater than the surface tension of the liquid (also measured in dynes/cm). The difference between these two quantities being known as the energy of adhesion. The surface free energy level of the coated fibre being ideally somewhere between that of the fluid and the surface being treated. There are occasions when the surface free energy of the treated surface may be above these levels in which case material will transfer upon touching, and before rubbing although rubbing will still be beneficial to clean the surface. The actual spacing of the compacted fibres needs to be determined by experiment and verified for each type of fluid. As an example a highly mobile low molecular weight surface-active fluid like a Polydimethylesiloxane water proofing agent which has low surface tension and a high propensity to creep because of its unique low polar nature will wet the coated nylon fibre very readily. For optimum retention of this material it requires the spacing between the fibres be minimised. In contrast a fluid tike de- ionised water, for example, which has relatively high surface tension, because of its strong hydrogen bonding between molecules can be retained by a body with larger spacing between the fibres. Therefore the average spacing between fibres will be determined by the character of the material being stored therein and should be optimised by experiment.

During loading, providing energy is available and the materials are liquid with a suitably low viscosity, the material will be drawn into the body and continue to spread and wet the surfaces within the fibre mass until the entire mass approaches saturation. The loading process is aided by gravity if the materials (fluids) are applied to the highest surface. If the energy difference available for driving the wetting falls below that needed for further wetting, no further material can flow in unaided. As already noted it is the intermolecular forces that ultimately determine the distribution of the fluid across the fibres, seeking the lowest or minimum energy difference between the solids and liquids, which once reached, this is a stable situation. Once this stable state is reached the loaded material remains held wetted onto the fibres which constitutes the non-spill feature. This condition remains stable until the system is subjected to a change of energy distribution that may induce out flow or evaporation.

If a container with a narrowed orifice is employed and gaps are left between the body and its container, then providing the container is teak proof the gaps can be filled with free fluid by saturating (over loading) the body. However, under these conditions the applicator may the loose its non spill feature because the surface energy effect that normally retains the fluid is unlikely to be effective under these conditions.

If the material being loaded in the fibre body is a fine dry particulate then a different procedure must be followed. Although the dry particulate is fluid it does wet like a liquid. In this case the body needs to be placed and hetd on a vibrating table and the particulate applied in small quantities to an upwards facing surface so that the powder is shaken down into the fibre body a little at a time. Likewise in use the tool needs to be shaken or vibrated by tapping it against the surface to encourage the release of particutate. A particutate witt firstty need much larger gaps and second exclusively surface energy effects do not retain it although electrostatic retention can be significant. Indeed in some cases it may be advantageous to treat the fibre with anti static to prevent the dispenser clogging up. Mechanical interlocks will form and these need to be released and overcome by vibration. Despite this limitation the applicator is still a very convenient dispenser of fine particulate, especially when it needs to be applied with a liquid.

If the fluid material being loaded is a wet slurry or gel, then forcing the material into the body under pressure best does this and vacuum impregnation is a convenient way of achieving this.

In use the slurry or gel is wiped onto the surface, but the fibre retains these thicker materials only partty by adhesion and partly by mechanical interlock. tn use, if get, sturry or particulate does not flow from the applicator toot it is necessary to trim the fibre back or peel off a layer to gain access to more gel stored within the fibre body.

For the fibre to be able to raise the surface energy sufficiently to transfer a liquid, the fibre, or more precisely some part of its coating needs to be hard enough to remove part of the oxide layer from the surface being treated, but it does not necessarily need to be harder than the substrate or be able to remove substrate material.

During rubbing there is also an energy change within the fibre body and an energy gradient is established across the fibres especially near the surface since the free energy of the rubbing fibres will also increase slightly during rubbing due to friction induced electrostatic effects. As a result material transfers within the body from fibre to fibre in the direction of fibres at the rubbing interface. The energy gradient across the fibres regulates the flow and ultimately timits the amount of materiat transferred.

The resin coating covering the nylon fleece has a surface energy above that of the nylon so if this is worn off by mechanical abrasion any increase in surface energy within the body due to rubbing tends to be offset by a loss of resin coating.

Illustrations.

The invention is now described with the aid of Illustrations showing Examples of the various constructions.

Figure 1a shows a side view of an un-compacted stack of six layers of fleece.

Figure 1b shows a side view of the same stack held compacted with barbed ties.

Figure 1 c shows a side view of the same stack held compacted with stitches.

Figure 2a shows a general view of a compacted stack with ties Figure 2b shows the same stack held with a toot holder and a peeling layer Figure 3a shows a compacted role of fleece Figure 3b shows a compacted rote held within a dispensing toot holder Figure 3c Shows a circular compacted stack within a dispensing toot holder Figure 4a shows a cross section of a cap with dresser for the tool shown in 3a Figure 4b shows how a dressing comb is added to dresser plate Figure 5 shows the assembly an alternative cap with dresser employing a saw blade Various examples will be described with the aid of illustrations in the above Figures: Example 1. Describes how to make a body of compacted fibre by reference to Figures la. b and c.

A strip of medium density non woven abrasive fleece colour coded maroon carrying 220 grit similar to 3M Scotch-Brite 7447 or Norton Bear-Tex 747 was cut into six small sheets 100 x 30mm and stacked as shown in detail 1 in the side view of Figure 1a. The natural height of this is marked on the diagram as D1.

Nylon staple ties with barbs moulded or cut along their length are shown closed 2 and open 3. As 1 is compacted down the staples are forced into the body spaced roughly 10 em equi distant and shown in the cross section view Figure tb and detail 5. The action of pressing the staples in compacts the layers down to slightly below height D2 in Figure 1 b. As the insertion and compacting force is removed the fleece attempts to expand and the barbs 4 engage with the fibre and open up, which holds the assembly to the compacted height D2. The amount of compaction may vary and will generally be between 25 and 75% depending upon the stiffness of the fibres. An alternative method of holding the non-woven fleece compacted is to use a stitch 6 as shown in 7 Figure tc. Alternately instead of threading the stitch if nyton filament is used then they may be welded by inserting with heated needles pressed into a compacted sheet (not shown).

Example 2. Describes how a body of compacted fibre is used by reference to Figures Za and b.

Similar flat compacted sheets as used in Example 1 are stacked 8 and stapled then loaded with about 10ml of Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamthytrisiloxane a copolymer which acts as a surfactant and is useful for improving epoxy adhesive and paint bonding onto steel and aluminium. The surface tension for this chemical material is quoted as about 23 mN/m. The chemical is dripped onto its upper surface an allowed to soak in. The toaded block is then placed inside a seated polyethylene container for storage until used. The surface energy of the polyethylene is typically 29 to 31 mN/m and the coated non-woven Scotch Brite is estimated at about 45mN/m. Hence the impregnated fluid is more strongly attracted to the compacted fibre and does not migrate onto the polythene.

To prepare the impregnated stack for use, it is removed from it package and placed in a holding device-for example a toot holder as shown at 9. This simple extruded plastic, or metal handle has grips on its inner surfaces (not shown) to grip and retain the block.

The layers are tied together 8 so as to permit individual sheets to be peeled off after use as shown at 10, without relaxing the compression of the remaining sheets. The staple 6 and 7 shown in Fig. 1 prourides the most practical way of achieving this.

Example 3 describes how a roll tool is assembled and used by reference to Figures 3a. b and c.

An example of a cylindrical tool using a compacted roll 11 is shown in Figure 3a.

This is made with similar material as used in example 1. A strip of 3M 7447 material was cut 2QQmmx8Qmm and tightly rotted onto a cardboard mandrel 4mm outside diameter and 80mm length similar in strength to a drinking straw. The final outside diameter of the roll was 26mm and it was 83mm high. The mandrel was left in place and the roll was taped down the side over the material edge to hold it compacted.

The roll was anchored at its base by crimping into a cup shape moulded polythene <BR> <BR> <BR> nut (not shown) that runs on the thread of the central internal moulded screw (not shown). This screw is sized to pass through the mandrel at the centre of the roll and is connected to the hand nut at the bottom. As the hand nut is turned it draws the rott down into the moulded plastic case 13 to produce an assembly generally as shown at Figure 3b.

Figure 3b. Shows an assembly using a moulded housing similar to those used for a glue stick paper adhesive dispenser. A typical unit stood 70mm tall and 29mm diameter. The internal diameter of the moulded plastic toot holder was about 26.5mm. The ledge detail on the outside of the tool 14 acts as a stop for the container lid, designs for which are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The hand nut with a knurled grip, 12 is coupled to a moutded screw that runs two thirds of the way up the centre of the cavity inside the cardboard mandret. Upon turning the hand nut the roll is raised and projects out of the end-ready to be rubbed against a surface. For use the fibre roll 15 is positioned typically between 2 and 5mm above the rim 16. A toot like this witt carry about 5mt of tow viscosity (20mm2ts) fluid or lot or more of a fluid with a viscosity of about 1QQmm2ls.

By way of example the chemical was added to the compacted fibre mass within the cavity by dripping 5 mt of 30mm2/s-viscosity potymethylehydrogen sitoxane copolymer onto the exposed end of the abrasive role before the seating cap was placed on to seal the container. After three months storage no trace of leakage or evaporation was detected. The loaded material was selected to make the tool suited for treating metat surfaces tike steel and imbuing them with a usefut increase in rubbing friction and grip between touching metal surfaces.

This tool worked satisfactorily as a friction enhancer, having treated approximately four hundred parallel shank drills to reduce stippage when gripped by keytess chucks. The increase in frictional grip observed was typically in excess of 50%. The tool was also used to treat cross head and cross-slot screwdriver tips to reduce slippage. The jaws of a'C'spanner were treated to prevent the spanner slipping off the hexagon form being held and turned.

An alternative construction for the filling is shown in Figure 3c. Here individual Compacted discs of non-woven material-the discs are stacked and held compacted with barbed staples 16 running the length of the cotumn as illustrated in Figure 1. This permits a soiled and spent layer to be peeled off after use without reducing the compression of remaining discs. Detail 17 shows a disc being removed.

Example 4. describes the sealing cap and dresser used with the too ! of Figure 3, described with reference to Figures 4a and b.

Figure 4a shows a cross section of a cap 18 suitable for use with the containers shown in Figure. 3. which fits snugly against 16 to provide a seat. The cap contains a cutting Made 19 set in a steel disc 20 for dressing the end of the fibre roll to remove used spent and dirty fibre. The space above the cutter 21 is provided to catch the dressing debris. Dressing is done by elevating the fibre role 15 so that the rot makes firm contact with the metat plate 20 and turning the cap 18 relative to the fibre body. Figure 4b shows how additional tags pierced in the plate 20 and pressed downwards so to form pointed teeth that act as a comb as they engage with the top of the roll and when the cap is turned relative to the body. These teeth improve the dressing and cutting action of the cutter.

Example 5 describes how a saw blade may be incorporated into the cap for dressing the roll end and is described with reference to Figure 5.

Figure 5 shows another device for dressing the roll in which a serrated saw blade 22 is forced against the side of the rott by the thumb pad 32 as it is turned by hand to shear off the spent fibre at the end of the roll. The waste fibre is trapped and held securely within the cap cavity. This is used when the device shown in Figure 4 proves inadequate perhaps because the fibres are too tough to be easily sheared.

Here a moulded cap 24 is provided with diagonal moulded guides 25 in which the saw blade slides. The cutter 22 is operated (forced down) by thumb pad 26 sliding in another set of guides 24 moulded along the side of the side of cap 23.

The device is assembled by first inserting the spring 27 and its half washer 28 into the moulding 23. Then the saw blade 22 is stid into its slot guided by 25 and the thumb button 26 is engaged with its guide slot and the saw blade is sprung onto the pips on the button as shown in 31. A wire spring placed under the thumb pad (but not shown) helps to pop the thumb pad 26 up into position 32 as the thumb pad is squeezed and putted upwards after it is released from its normally locked down position. This opens the saw jaw to allow the roll to be forced up past the saw by operating hand screw 12. The front of the saw 22 carries fine sharp serrations in two directions so that it will cut in either direction. The assembled cap device is placed over the projecting used end of the roll and pressure is applied to the button as the body 32 is tumed relative to the fibre roll. The thumb pad forces the saw blade into the side of the roll which shears off fibres as the cap or tool body are moved in opposite directions leaving the end of the roll trim and square. The debris are again trapped in the cap and retained as happens in Figure 4.

Test Results Test 1. To measure body leakeae.

This test measures the retentive character of a compacted densified mass of abrasive coated non-woven fibre, tests were performed with three fluids of tow viscosity known for their ability to creep and penetrate. These were a diluted phosphoric acid rust remover; a hydrocarbon based water-repellent surface preservative similar to WD40 and a Polydimethyle siloxane formulation for waterproofing. The viscosities of the acid and hydrocarbon were approximately 30 mm2/s for the first two materials and 50 mm2/s for the siloxane. All their surface tensions were in the region of 24 dynes/cm.

Strips of 3M 7447 material were cut 150x40mm and rolled up into tight rolls of 20mm diameter average. The length extruded slightly during rolling to 42mm. The three rolls were bound up with nylon thread. The volume of the rolls was about 30% of that of the original fleece. The rolls were stood on end and 2ml of fluid was applied to each and allowed to soak in. After 15minutes the rolls were laid horizontally on clean paper towels and inspected and weighed every hour for the first 10 hours for evidence of teakage. They were then weighed daity for two weeks and thereafter monthly for six months. The parts were tested in open laboratory conditions and the average temperature for the period was 150C. Relative humidity ranged from 5 to 25% averaging about 10% over the 6 month test period.

After 10 hours slight leak developed with roll holding phosphoric acid. This stopped after 24 hours having tost 2% by weight of the fluid. No further leakage occurred and a weight toss of 7% inclusive was recorded over 2 weeks. After 6 months 70% by weight of added material was lost while lying on a towel in open atmosphere but there was no evidence of out-flow. Therefore this loss was attributed to evaporation.

A similar rote stored in a polyethylene bag tost onty 3% by weight over the same 6- monthperiod.

The hydrocarbon based fluid showed no evidence of leakage over the initial two- week test period. There was a 5% toss of ftuid by weight over this fourteen-day perod, which was attributed to evaporation and 81% by weight was lost over 6 months. Again similar samples stored in sealed plastic bags showed only 2% loss of fluid by weight over 6 months.

The siloxane filled roll showed no sign of leakage for 4 days, thereafter a slight seepage was noted and a toss of about 9% by weight of fluid was measured over 14 days, the rate of escape appearing to steadily rise. About 40% by weight of fluid was lost over 6 months but there was apparently little or no loss due to evaporation because this material was substantially no volatile. A parallel test with a simitar rott seated in a plastic bag showed about a 6% toss in weight of ftuid over 6 months, and this was accounted for by the transfer of material onto the inside of the sealed bag.

Conclusion The test show that evaporation is the major toss mechanism and therefore the compacted fibre bodiwes should always be kept in a seated container for storage.

The tests with the siloxane confirmed that the surface free energy of any packaging materials used to store or act as a toot holder for toaded fibre bodies should be closer to the surface tension of the loaded liquid than the fibre mass to prevent material migrating onto the inside of the package.

The test confirm that leakage or seepage is a second order effect, confirming the non-spill behaviour.

Test 2-To measure the compressibility and resilience of industry standard non- woven abrasives, typical of those used within the Toot of the invention.

Pads of 3M 7447 material were cut 40x40mm. The average height/depth as received was 8mm.

A 1-kilogram weight was placed on the pad to compress it evenly. The compressed or"compacted* height was measured at I. 9mm. The force was maintained for an hour at 18 degrees centigrade. After releasing it the pad height recovered naturally to about 7mm. This confirms the view that a typical non-woven nylon abrasive can be compacted and is capable of recovering to a useful form.

The test was repeated with the fleece immersed in boiling water for 15 minutes.

Subsequently the non-woven materiat recovered about half of its height i. e. to approximately 4mm.

The test was repeated a third time in an oven heated to 150 centigrade, after which the fteece recovered only to 3.1 mm high. Electron micrographs showed considerable damage due to the resin coating becoming separated from the nylon fibre.

Conclusion.

The tests show that it is preferable to compact the fibre at low temperature rather than heating them because of the risk of damage to the resin binder although it may be helpful to heat the fleece moderately to about 50°C during compaction.

Test 3-To measure typical dispensing rates of anPlicator tools.

Three rolls were prepared as described in Test 1 above and filled with 2ml of phosphoric acid, low viscosity hydrocarbon like WD40 and a 50 mm2/s potydimethyte siloxane respecttvety.

Each roll was rubbed end-on against a degreased mild steel plate on in a test rig.

The rubbing rate was set at 300mm/sec and the toad applied was 200gram distributed over the 20mm diameter end face. The rubbing action was a reversing stroke of 150mm long with 5mm index on each stroke. Thus total abraded area is 45, O0Omm2 per minute. Assuming all three materials have a specific gravity of about 1, and ignoring evaporation effects the deposition rates were calculated to be approximately as follows : Material Dispensed weight/minute Estimated film thickness Phosphoric acid 0. 26gm 0. 58 micron Hydrocarbon blend .35gm 0. 78 micron PotydtmethytesMoxane0. 38gm0. 84 micron Conclusions.

Estimating the deposition rate is complex because it is a function of surface energy. tn this case the deposition rate might be expected to fatt off as rubbing proceeds, but that assumes perfect cleaning which is untikety. Therefore the likelihood is that each pass cleans the surface a little more and deposits about equal amounts up to about five passes after that deposition rate fall off.