PLANINC MARKO (HR)
PLANINC MARKO (HR)
| WO2002031316A2 | 2002-04-18 | |||
| WO1999028596A1 | 1999-06-10 |
| EP0142227A2 | 1985-05-22 | |||
| CH402926A | 1965-11-30 | |||
| EP1092837A2 | 2001-04-18 | |||
| DE7148943U | 1976-03-11 | |||
| EP1111186A1 | 2001-06-27 | |||
| US2895299A | 1959-07-21 | |||
| EP1191187A2 | 2002-03-27 | |||
| US3678694A | 1972-07-25 | |||
| CH192320A | 1937-08-15 | |||
| JP2004324139A | 2004-11-18 |
| CLAIMS
1. The process of assembling prefabricated secondary tunnel lining, characterized by the fact, that prefabricated secondary tunnel lining is assembled to previously installed bed-channels (A, B, G) by automatically receiving elements (C, D), by translatory moving with necessary turning of elements around horizontal and vertical axe, by installing to scaffolding elements (4) and (24), where they are tightly fixed by vacuum-elements elements (5) and (25), and by turning, horizontal and vertical moving carried to the final position and there being rigidly connected to previously assembled elements (C and D) and provisional beds (7) installed to bed elements (A, B and G), and that elements of lowered ceiling (E and F) are received by console-cranes (39), and by vertical and minimal horizontal moving are carried to the final position and there fastened to fixing positions on previously installed secondary tunnel lining (C and D), and with minimal changing of front side lowered ceiling is assembled to built tunnels.
2. The process of assembling according to claim I 3 characterized by the fact, that elements of prefabricated secondary tunnel lining which are assembled in the final arc-form also presents the final treatment of visible tunnel lining, and that any subsequent treatment is not necessary.
3. The process of assembling according to claim I 3 characterized by the fact, that hydro-insulation layer on outer side of prefabricated secondary tunnel lining in combination with neoprene sealing on lateral sides make waterproof surface, and there is no need for hydro-insulation on primary tunnel lining.
4. Prefabricated tunnel lining elements according to claim 1, characterized by the fact, that they are made of fire-proof concrete and in this way concrete filling and primary tunnel lining are protected from collapsing and damage in the case of fire in tunnel, in this case making only 15% of total concrete quantity of secondary tunnel lining, comprising concrete from prefabricated elements and concrete from filling, achieving in this way quicker-establishment of traffic after fire in tunnel, and playing a role of "lost" formwork for concrete filling of intermediate space between secondary and primary tunnel lining.
5. The process of assembling prefabricated secondary tunnel lining according to claim 1, characterized by the fact, that specially designed multipurpose elements "bed-channels" are performing the following functions:
a) Receiving horizontal and vertical reactions of secondary lining, b) Receiving horizontal and vertical reactions of partition wall, c) Draining of water behind secondary lining, d) Draining of dripping water, e) Area for tunnel installation guiding.
6. Bed-channel (Fig. 1) according to claim 5, characterized by the fact, that it comprises three united functions: a) compact bed (A) of arc-formed secondary prefabricated lining, b) area for tunnel installation guiding, c) draining unit, because of collecting dripping water through barbacana behind the lining, and leading it through fireproof gully-hole to sewage system.
7. Bed-channel-draining channel (Fig. 2) according to claim 5, characterized by the fact, that it comprises five united functions: a) compact bed (A) of arc-formed secondary prefabricated lining, b) area for tunnel installation guiding, c) draining unit, because of collecting dripping water through barbacana behind the lining, and leading it through fireproof gully-hole to sewage system. d) channel for collecting water and spilled liquids from the road by means of fireproof gully-hole to sewage system.
8. Bed-channel-channel (Fig. 3) according to claim 5, characterized by the fact, that it comprises four united functions: a) compact bed of arc-formed secondary prefabricated lining, b) compact bed (G) of prefabricated partition wall (H) in escape-corridor
(Fig. 21), c) area for tunnel installation guiding, d) draining unit, because of collecting dripping water through barbacana behind the lining, and leading it to gully-hole manhole below the corridor
9. Scaffolding for translatory assembling of prefabricated tunnel secondary lining, lowered ceiling and filling intermediate space with concrete (Fig. 4, 5, and 6) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact, that in phases 1, 2 and 3 it is receiving prefabricated concrete elements of secondary prefabricated lining (C) in the area just in front of the scaffolding (Fig. 7) by means of console-crane (27), and is by vertical and horizontal translation carrying them toward the plane of lateral receiving element (4) simultaneously turning around vertical and horizontal axes (Fig. 8) and laying them on vacuum-elements elements (5), and finally placing them to vertical position (Fig. 9) by turning receiving element (4).
10. Scaffolding for translatory assembling of prefabricated elements according to claim 1 , characterized by the fact, that in phases 4 and 5 is lifting prefabricated top-head element (D) (Fig. 10) by means of console-crane (27), and by vertical and longitudinal translation is carrying it toward the plane of vertically lifting element (24), and placing them on vacuum-elements element (25) by simultaneously turning around vertical axe (Fig. 11).
11. Scaffolding for translatory assembling of prefabricated elements according to claim 1 , characterized by the fact, that prefabricated top-head element (D) lifted in phase 6 by means of vacuum-receiving element (25) and vertically lifting element (24) using longitudinal and transversal translation (Fig. 12) is leaned and tightened to previously assembled element, and prefabricated element (C) is received by vacuum-elements to element (4) and using longitudinal and transversal translation as well as circular move is carried to previously assembled element, and is connected to previously assembled element (C) and (D) 5 amplified longitudinal force to the arc-form element because of putting in action longitudinal rubber neoprene seal, and by transversal joining activating transversal rubber neoprene seal.
12. Scaffolding for translatory assembling of prefabricated elements according to claim 1, characterized by the fact, that in phases 7, 8 and 9 using console-cranes (38) on its back side is receiving previously assembled elements of lowered ceiling (E and F), and by vertical and longitudinal translation (Fig. 13, 14 and 15) is moving them to the position for assembling and connecting to previously assembled element, where will be connected to previously assembled elements of secondary lining (C and D) by means of hydraulic tools, in which receivers are incorporated for receiving and gripping elements (E and F) to elements (C and D), as well as rubber neoprene-seals used to achieve air-impermeability.
13. Scaffolding for translatory assembling of prefabricated elements according to claim 1 , characterized by the fact, that the lifting element (24) has to be disassembled on the front side of scaffolding and has to be assembled (Fig. 16 and
17) between front and back portal (26) in addition to previously disassembling bridge-cranes (28), and steel grid-support (40) with adequate number of drilling machines (41) is assembled to lifting element (24) to make bore-holes in tunnel lining for the anchors to be built in length due to carrying-capacity calculation according to quality of tunnel lining, and instead of lateral elements (4) for receiving, lifting and assembling of lateral elements (C), working scaffolding (42) has to be assembled, from which anchors for receiving lowered ceiling are built in, and, on the back side of the scaffolding situated on portals console-cranes (38) are mounted for receiving and assembling lowered ceiling together with partition- walls (F).
14. Scaffolding for translatory assembling of prefabricated elements according to claim 1, characterized by the fact, that on the front side of scaffolding (Fig. 4) has assembled the pump for concrete filling (29), which through flexible tube gently stiffened by the grid with rubber joints is transporting concrete to intermediate space between primary and secondary prefabricated lining to the limit of nine meters into intermediate space and enabling in this way continuously concrete filling to intermediate space without use of front-side formwork, because of filling concrete at natural inclination with given consistency, and by moving the grid (30) along the guide rail (35), which follows the curvature of secondary prefabricated tunnel lining, concrete filling is carried out discontinuously against tunnel sides (left and right), and in this way optimal loading force is applied to prefabricated secondary lining, which in this case has the role of "lost" concrete formwork.
15. Scaffolding for translatory assembling of prefabricated elements according to claim 1 , characterized by the fact, that discharging and moving from finished partition of the tunnel to new working position (Fig. 4) is realised self-propelled over metal trail, which is supported on beds self adjustable by height and by ground-plan, and after coming to new working position, is lifting steel guide rail also to new position for repeated move.
16. Tube support for concrete transport (30) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact, that by connecting assembling elements (Fig. 18 and 19) by means of rubber joints (32) is achieving satisfactory stiffness in vertical position and is enabling in this way introduction of the tube with concrete in the intermediate space between primary and secondary lining, and by moving towards top-head, the grid is gradually more and more leaving to inner side of secondary prefabricated lining to elements C and D, by means of its rubber sliding-supports (32), in this way enabling continuous and controlled concrete filling to intermediate space between primary and secondary tunnel lining.
17. Temporary bed (7) according to claim 1, of prefabricated element of secondary lining (C), characterized by the fact, that it receives horizontal and vertical loading of fresh-made concrete to secondary lining, by means of element (22) using groove and anchor (9).
18. Temporary bed (7) according to claim 17, of prefabricated element of secondary lining (C), characterized by the fact, that its top-side has trapeze-form in ground- plan and with its lamely (13) stiffened by ribs (11) is entering to intermediate space between lamely (17) and lamely (18) in bottom element (14), in this way moving horizontal loading to bottom element and over it to anchor (23), which is the part of bed-channel (A 5 B ,G) .
19. Temporary bed (7) according to claim 17, of prefabricated element of secondary lining (C), characterized by the fact, that in bottom-side surface (15) there is an
5 opening whose longitudinal axe is inclined to longitudinal side of bottom part of the bed, which enables by left-right moving horizontal adjustment of temporary bed (7) to prefabricated element (C).
20. Temporary bed (7) according to claim 17, of prefabricated element of secondary [0 lining (C), characterized by the fact, that by means of the thread element (10) on top-side (8) of temporary bed and the thread element (20) on bottom part (14) of temporary bed, and the tube with opposite direction thread inside (21) has the possibility to adjust by height temporary bed (7) to prefabricated element (C).
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ASSEMBLY SYSTEM FOR PREFABRICATED SECONDARY TUNNEL LINING
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention is related to the system of translatory assembling of prefabricated tunnel secondary lining to already installed beds-channels by means of automatic hydraulically powered scaffolding, achieving in this way saving of working time in the tunnel.
According to the International Patent Classification (IPC), the subject of this invention is classified under and designated by classification symbol E21D 11/08, 11/18, 11/40.
TECHNICAL PROBLEM
Technical problems, which are solved by this invention relating to the assembly system of prefabricated secondary tunnel lining, are the following:
1. Beds-channels design in tunnel secondary lining,
2. Assembly of elements of tunnel secondary lining, 3. Assembly of elements of lowered ceiling,
4. Assembling of elements of lowered ceiling in tunnel reconstruction,
5. Concreting of intermediate space between the primary lining and prefabricated tunnel secondary lining,
6. Assembling of partition- wall for emergency escape area.
The solution of these technical problems should unite all the following technical- technological characteristics:
a) particles assembled to arc-unity form have to represent the final processing of the surface of tunnel lining, b) water-proof insulating layer on the outer surface of prefabricated elements and rubber sealing on the lateral sides have to create water-proof layer in the way that there is no need to have separate water-proof insulation on tunnel primary lining, c) by producing prefabricated elements made of fire-proof concrete provide protection of concrete filling and primary tunnel lining against collapsing in case of fire in the tunnel, in which case the fire-proof concrete constitutes between 10% and 15% of classic secondary tunnel lining, d) prefabricated elements have concrete filling panel purpose, and by concreting system, applied simultaneously with the assembling of lining a continuous and quality controlled concreting of intermediate space should be achieved.
STATE OF THE ART
In our country there is no system worked-out in detail for assembling of prefabricated tunnel secondary lining, and monolith tunnel lining is made by means of mobile lining, in the way that first primary lining with water-proof insulation is made, and after that monolith secondary tunnel lining is made in panelling; the progress is conditioned by water-proof panelling length and by the time needed for concrete to be hardened after being built in. In the world there is, far as we know, the solution of prefabricated lining only for tunnels made by TBM's "mole", which is completely different from this proposed by the invention. The only invention of assembling prefabricated tunnel lining, for which we know, is our previously invented solution including scaffolding for circular assembling procedure, which is applied in patent application PCT/HRO 1/00046.
DESCRIPTION OF TECHNICAL PROBLEM SOLUTION
1 - Design of prefabricated elements "bed-channel"
The solution is presented in three basic forms:
Bed - channel (fig. Ia and fig. Ib) Bed - channel - drainage bed (fig. 2a and 2b) Bed - channel - channel (fig. 3a and 3b)
Channels assembling is starting after primary lining parallel to setting up the sewerage by the system of half and half longitudinal section in the way that road construction must be finished up to the final asphalt bed. Free space between primary lining and the back channel facade must be filled with M30 waterproof concrete up to the barbacana" s level including inclinations 2-5 % in relation to barbacana, and up to the height - 0,2 m bellow the upper edge of the channel with concrete without fraction 0-4 mm, so that the water can pass through up to barbacana and further in the channel and in the sewerage.
2 - Assembling of prefabricated elements for secondary lining (C, D).
Assembling of approximately 6,5 tons (= 14560 pounds) heavy elements under the tunnel's arch roof, with the condition that free space between prefabricated assembling elements and primary tunnel lining is limited to twenty centimetres, is a very demanding technical problem, which we solved by the scaffolding system for translatory lateral and vertical translating.
The scaffolding (1) comprises the central part with free archway for transient vehicles from building-site, and lateral elements (4) that are used for acceptance and assembling of lower lining elements (C), making possible changing of positions in longitudinal and transversal direction, and vertically lifting elements (24) for receiving and assembling top head elements of upper lining (D) on which vacuum-elements elements (25) are installed for accepting,
longitudinal and transversal changing of positions of assembling element (D). On the front side of scaffolding on the portals (26) bridge-cranes (27) are installed to receive lining elements (C 5 D) from the transporters, and for lifting, turning and setting up of lateral element (C) on lateral parts (4) and the top head element (D) on vertically lifting element (24). In the structure of scaffolding there are provisional assembling beds (7) for receiving lateral prefabricated element (C) on bed- channel (A, B, G), which have also the purpose to fasten panelling for concrete of intermediate space between element (C) and bed-channel (A, B, G).
3) Assembling of the lowered ceiling (E, F).
On the backside of the scaffolding there are console-cranes (38) assembled on the portals (37) for receiving and assembling of the lowered ceiling (E) together with the partition walls (F). Description of the assembly, the manner of fastening and provision of the stability are given with the description of the drawings to be conculted.
4) Assembling of the lowered ceiling (E, F) in the reconstruction of the existing tunnels
On the front side of the scaffolding the lifting element (24) is disassembled and then assembled between the front and back portal (26) with previous disassembling of bridge-cranes (28). The still tabernacle support (40) is installed on the lifting element (24) with built in required number of drilling machines (41) to drill tunnel-bores in tunnel lining to install the anchors with the length resulted from the calculation of lifting power related to the quality of tunnel lining.
To the lateral parts (4) for receiving, lifting and assembling lateral elements (C), the working scaffolding (42) is assembled, from which the anchors are built in for receiving the lowered ceiling.
On the backside of the scaffolding on portals (37), the console-cranes (38) are installed for receiving and assembling of the lowered ceiling (E) together with the partition- walls (F).
5) Concreting of the space between the primary lining and secondary prefabricated lining
On the front side of the scaffolding, the pump for concrete filling (29) with flexible tube support (30) is used for concreting the intermediate space between primary and secondary tunnel lining, and the support (30) is travelling transversally to the tunnel axe together with the support (36) along the support (35), which is following the curved form of the secondary tunnel lining, and flexible tube support for concreting (30) is travelling longitudinally along the support (36) to be introduced in the intermediate space between primary and secondary prefabricated tunnel lining.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED FIGURES TO BE CONSULTED
Fig. 1 - shows the prefabricated assembling channel (A), whose function is to receive the prefabricated arc-form element (C), taking over of vertical and horizontal reactions of arc element, to collect dripping water behind the secondary prefabricated tunnel lining (Fig. Ib) and to remove water to tunnel sewage, as well as to collocate the tunnel's installation (Fig. Ia).
Fig. 2 - shows the prefabricated assembling channel (B), whose function is to receive the prefabricated arc-form element (C), to collect dripping behind the secondary prefabricated tunnel lining, to receive water or spilled liquids on tunnel road (Fig. 2a), and to remove water to tunnel sewage, as well as to collocate the tunnel's installation (Fig. 2b). In the same time the connector to the sewage is operating as fire-proof gully-hole, because the siphon, which is always retaining water, is disabling the fire expansion from burned up liquid to tunnel's sewage.
Fig. 3 - shows the prefabricated assembling channel (G), whose function is to receive the prefabricated arc-form element (C), and the partition wall of tunnel with the escape corridor, to collect dripping passing behind the secondary prefabricated tunnel lining (Fig. 3a) and to remove water to tunnel sewage, as well as to collocate the tunnel's installation (Fig. 3b).
Fig. 4 - shows longitudinal section of a self-propelled automatic scaffolding for assembling prefabricated secondary lining, lowered ceiling and concreting of intermediate space between primary tunnel's lining and assembled secondary prefabricated lining.
The scaffolding comprises the main structure elements as follows: a) Supporting part (1) of the scaffolding, which is travelling longitudinally by hydraulic power on bed beam, by means of wheels (3), b) Lateral part of the scaffolding (4) for receiving, longitudinal and transversal translation of lateral elements (C), and its turning, with vacuum-elements elements and receiving pedal for circular translation, c) Bridge-crane (28) for receiving prefabricated elements (C and D), with hook for turning around vertical and horizontal axes and to install elements (C) on the lateral parts of scaffolding (4), or element (D) on vertically lifting elements (24), d) Console-crane (39) for receiving, lifting and assembling of lowered ceiling (E and F) e) Pump for concrete filling (29) f) Tube support for concrete transport (30), with the possibility introducing it into intermediate space between primary lining and secondary assembling tunnel lining.
Fig. 5 - shows a transversal section, prefabricated of a bed-channel with barbacana (A and B), which substitutes drainage tube, receiving element (C) on the lateral part of scaffolding (4) with vacuum-receiving elements (5) and receiving (6) for circular translation, and receiving of element (D) on vacuum-receiving elements (25) of vertically lifting element (24), guide (35) for concrete tube's support (30) and portal frame (26) supporting of bridge-crane (28).
Fig. 6 - shows the main structure elements of the scaffolding for assembling of the secondary prefabricated lining and lowered ceiling.
Fig. 7 - shows lateral prefabricated elements (C) received by bridge-crane (28), followed by translation travelling towards lateral element (4), and simultaneous turning around horizontal and
vertical axes to inclined position above the lowered lateral element (4) for reception of vacuum- receiving elements (5).
Fig. 8 - shows lateral prefabricated right elements (C) on lateral receiving part before turning to vertical position and translation to the place above the provisional bed (7) on element (A), respectively element (B).
Fig. 9 — shows lateral prefabricated elements (C) on lateral receiving part (4) in vertical position.
Fig. 10 - shows lateral prefabricated elements (C) on lateral receiving sections (4) in vertical position, and lifting of top-head prefabricated element (D) by bridge-crane (27). Translation toward the plane in which there is vertically lifting element (24), is coming next with simultaneously turning around the vertical axe.
Fig. 11 - shows lateral prefabricated elements (C) on lateral receiving sections (4) in vertical position, and receiving of top-head prefabricated element (D) on vertically lifting element (24), and its receiving by vacuum-receiving elements (25). Vacuum-receiving elements (25) are planed including the possibility for autonomous translating in the direction or opposite to the tunnel axe. Then, lifting of prefabricated element (D), with vertically lifting element (24) to the final lift position follows, and translation to already assembled part (D), to be connected with it, is carried out by means of mobile vacuum receivers (25).
Fig. 12 - shows assembled prefabricated elements (C and D). Fastening of prefabricated elements (C) next to the previously assembled elements (C) and supporting to provisional beds (7) are coming next.
Fig.13 - shows prefabricated elements of lowered ceiling (E and F) in position for transportation in direction to the tunnel axe, coming next is turning around vertical axe on the conveyer and putting to the position showed in Fig.14 in the receiving zone of console-cranes (38).
Fig.14 - shows prefabricated elements (E and F) of lowered ceiling, in the position perpendicular to the axe of the tunnel, follows the receiving on the console-cranes (38), lifting and assembling on the prefabricated elements of the secondary lining (C and D) situated in the same plane, while intermediate space between primary lining and secondary prefabricated is already filled with concrete up to cca 2/3 cross section. Lowered ceiling elements (E and F) are by means of fastening elements, already built in prefabricated elements (C and D) fixed by screws to the same.
Fig.15 - shows prefabricated lowered ceiling elements (E and F) assembled to previously installed prefabricated elements of secondary tunnel lining (C and D).
Fig.16 - shows modified application of scaffolding for translatory assembling process, for application in reconstruction of existing tunnels i.e. when lowered ceiling is built in with sections for exhaust ventilation construction.
Fig.17 - shows assembled lowered ceiling (E) with sections (F) for exhaust ventilation construction in reconstruction of existing tunnels.
Fig.18 - shows tube support (30) for concreting intermediate space between primary and secondary prefabricated lining, comprising wire-netting support whose elements are interconnected by means of rubber arm joints, providing flexibility to wire-netting in the direction perpendicular to its plane.
Fig. 19 - shows the element of wire-netting support, comprising the belt-like supporting tube (31), diagonals (34) in the centre of which is tube guiding (33), for concrete filling of intermediate space, and the flange (32) with rubber plane surface for connection and rubber cone (34) enabling easier passing of wire-netting support (30) through intermediate space between primary lining and secondary prefabricated tunnel lining, and enabling at the same time flexible deformation of the support (30) around vertical axes of mutually connected elements.
Fig. 20 - shows the provisional bed (7) of assembling prefabricated element (C) on the channel- support (A, B, G).
Fig. 20a shows the E-E cross-section through the whole bed structure on which you can see the top-side of the bed (8), bottom-side of the bed (14) and receiving section (22) of assembling element (C).
Fig. 20b shows the A-A cross-section on which you can see
- construction elements of the topside (8) comprising: a) Lateral-side surface (12), b) Back-side surface (13), c) Ribs for stiffening back-side surface (11), d) Pivot shaft with thread (10).
- construction elements of the bottom side (14) comprising: a) Bottom-side surface (15), b) Lateral-side surface (16), c) Back-side surface (17), d) Guiding rail of top-side (18), e) Ribs for stiffening guiding rails of top-side (19).
Fig. 20c shows the B-B cross-section on which you can see the anchor (23) set in concrete to bed-channel (A, B, G) and the construction elements of the bottom side of the bed comprising: a) Bottom-side surface (15), b) Lateral-side surface (16), c) Back-side surface (17), d) Guiding rail of upper top-side (18), e) Ribs for stiffening guiding rails of top-side (19), f) Axe with thread (20).
Fig. 2Od shows the C-C cross-section on which you can see construction elements of the topside (8) comprising: a) Anchor (9) for receiving element (22), b) Axe with thread (10), c) Rib for stiffening back-side surface (11), d) Lateral-side surface (12), g) Back-side surface (13).
Fig. 2Oe shows the tube (21) with inner opposite direction thread for anchoring top-side (8) and bottom-side (14) of the provisional bed.
Fig. 2Of shows the D-D cross-section on which you can see the construction elements of the bottom side (14) comprising: a) Bottom-side surface (15), b) Lateral-side surface (16), c) Back-side surface (17), d) Guiding rail of top-side (18), e) Ribs for stiffening guiding rails of top-side (19), f) Axe with thread (20).
Fig. 2Og shows the anchor (23) set in concrete to bed-channel (A, B).
After anchoring of the provisional supports (7) between bed-channels (A, B, G) and the elements of secondary tunnel-lining (C), and conjunction the assembled lining (C, D) to previously assembled one, the final assembling of lowered ceiling, and concreting of the intermediate space, the scaffolding is lowered on bed beam (2) and with help of hydraulic power wheels (3) providing so called system "bed beam - scaffolding" is moving to new position for assembling the next segments of secondary lining and lowered ceiling.
Fig. 21 - shows the tunnel profile with lowered ceiling and built in assembling partition wall (H) to bed-channel-channel (G) for the possibility to exit from the main tunnel tube to the open area through unlocked door on the partition well (H), on any position in the tunnel.
APPLICATION OF THE INVENTION
By the solution of these technical problems in building tunnels, the following technical- technological characteristics are incorporated: a) elements assembled to arc-form unity present the final treatment of the tunnel surface, b) by means of hydro insulation layer on outer surface of prefabricated elements and rubber seal on lateral sides, waterproof layer is created so there is no any need for a special hydro insulation on the primary tunnel lining, c) by performing prefabricated elements made of fire-proof concrete, the protection of concrete filling and lateral sides of tunnel is achieved against collapsing in case of fire in tunnel, and the quantity of fire-proof concrete is 10 - 15 % of classic secondary tunnel lining, d) prefabricated elements have the purpose of panelling for concrete filling, and by the system of concrete filling simultaneously with assembling of the lining, intermediate space concrete filling is achieved with control and continuously.
Important reference is that by means of self-propelled scaffolding several functions are achieved in building tunnels and their maintenance. In construction of new tunnel the scaffolding is used for assembling of lining elements. In reconstructions of road tunnels lowered ceiling installation is enabled.
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