Field of the Invention

The invention pertains to methods and apparatus for controlling a computer system in response to music signals, or in response to prerecorded control tracks corresponding to audio signals (such as music signals) . In preferred embodiments, invention pertains to methods and apparatus for creating and modifying, or otherwise controlling, computer- generated virtual environments (or displayed virtual objects in virtual environments) in response to music signals or in response to prerecorded control tracks corresponding to audio signals.

Background of the Invention

The terms "virtual environment," "virtual world, " and "virtual reality" are used interchangeably to describe a computer-simulated environment (intended to be immersive) which includes a graphic display (from a user's first person perspective, in a form intended to be immersive to the user) , and optionally also sounds which simulate environmental sounds. The abbreviation "VR" will sometimes be used herein to denote "virtual reality, " "virtual environment," or "virtual world." A computer system programmed with software, and including peripheral devices, for producing a virtual environment will sometimes be referred to herein as a VR system or VR processor. The graphic display generated by a VR system can be a two-dimensional (2D) or a three-dimensional (3D) display. Typically, a VR system includes an input device and user interface software which enable a user to interact with the scene being displayed,

typically to simulate motion in the virtual environment or manipulation of displayed representations of objects ("virtual objects") in the virtual environment. Typically, the illusion of immersion in a virtual reality system is strengthened by the use of head-tracking or some other such system which directs the computer to generate images along the area of viewing interest of the user.

The present invention is a method and apparatus particularly useful for creating and/or controlling virtual environments. A VR system which embodies the invention can rapidly and inexpensively create, animate, or otherwise control a wide variety of entertaining virtual environments and virtual objects in response to music or in response to prerecorded "control tracks" which correspond to audio signals (such as music) .

While currently being used in the research and scientific communities, VR systems are becoming less expensive and are poised to reach the consumer electronics market as entertainment devices.

VR systems must generate a much greater amount of content data (image data and audio data simulating environmental appearance and sounds) than must be generated in most other electronic media. Whereas video game systems require complex scenes to be generated and themes to be programmed, such systems can easily limit the scope of the game content because they can easily constrain the player to move in a few simple directions (e.g., left and right) and need only produce images to be presented on flat screen monitors or on simple 3D field-sequential type monitors.

In contrast, by their very nature, VR systems allow the user to look around and fly around in many different directions and positions. Even where the

user is constrained to look only toward the left or the right, VR systems must construct complete representations of 3D worlds. This complexity has made it very difficult to generate virtual worlds for the consumer entertainment market in a quick fashion. In addition to the complexity of creating static 3D models for virtual worlds, it has also been difficult to control the dynamics of virtual worlds. VR systems to date are notorious for providing only very boring and nearly static environments. The few VR systems that include dynamic motions of the virtual world either base such motions on physical laws (such as gravity) or base the motions on corresponding motions produced by human users (such as motion of the fingers of a user wearing a conventional "glove" input device) .

The present invention overcomes the limitations of conventional VR systems by providing an efficient way to generate content data (i.e., animated image data and audio data) to fill or populate a virtual environment in a choreographed response to input music signals.

There has long been an interest in the virtual reality field with respect to the possibility of virtual musical instruments and the creation of new and novel instruments within a virtual world. The present invention is a radical shift from previous attempts to combine music and virtual environments. Conventional efforts to integrate music with virtual environments have, to date, all been directed toward creation of music from a virtual environment. The musical expression of the user has been treated as an urge seeking to be brought forth, and virtual environments have been seen as vehicles for the user to perform music or dance without having to learn special physical skills. Much effort has been made

to make sounds appear to be coming from virtual objects in the virtual environment. This has been done by running audio into the VR system and then convolving the audio in such a way as to make it appear to come from a certain place in the virtual environment.

For example, at the NASA Ames View Lab, Scott Fisher, Rick Jacoby, and others explored virtual environments. One aspect of the research was the integration of audio into the virtual experience.

This included the use of audio cues for such purposes as telling one if one bumped into a virtual object, but there was no tactile feedback for such events. The research pushed into the more artistic realm of creation of music in the context of a virtual world. Mark Bolas and Phil Stone created the Virtual Theremin and virtual drum kit. In this system, the user wore a glove and a hand tracker and moved the gloved hand to manipulate virtual objects which were in turn linked to various synthesizer parameters.

Thus, by manipulating virtual objects (as taught, for example, by U.S. Patent 4,988,981, issued January 29, 1991) , sounds of different qualities could be created. A skilled user could create modern sounding musical interludes. These ideas have been carried forth by people such as Jaron Lanier who has given a number of public performances in which he manipulates virtual objects to create a musical performance. Research and exploration along these lines is expected to continue (the virtual "air guitar" and the like will probably be developed) . In all VR systems of this type, manipulation of a virtual object causes the sound or music to change.

Currently, virtual worlds are created by describing a simulation and a number of objects. The interaction of the objects is described in some form

of simulation language or graphical description. Traditionally, the control and creation of the objects is driven by "world building" software. Once a virtual world has been created, a limited number of its parameters may be manipulated by the user from

"inside" the virtual world. One example of how these databases are created is described in PCT International Patent Application WO 92/09948, by VPL Research Inc. As is evident from WO 92/09948, it has been very difficult in VR systems to create and define animation for all or even some of the virtual objects in a virtual world. Until the present invention, it had not been proposed to interface to nodes in a database defining a virtual environment, and to manipulate such nodes, on the basis of music. Conventional VR systems and music have thusfar been used together in ways which have the following disadvantages:

(a) a VR system has been used as a virtual musical instrument, so that the user must "play" the virtual instrument (by manipulating an input device) to hear anything. This means that the system creates music, and that the system's musical output is limited by the user's ability to "play" the "instrument; "

(b) VR systems that have given sounds to virtual objects (e.g., the system displays a virtual kitchen sink and produces a "drip-drip" sound which seems to come from the sink's location) have required that the sounds are generated by signals produced within the VR system in response to user manipulation of an input device or internal programs, which signals are then interpreted by a synthesizer. The sounds produced by the synthesizer are thus cued from the VR system in response to manipulation of an input device (which manipulation may, for example, to cause

a user to "move" into a position to view or otherwise interact with a virtual kitchen sink from which sounds will then seem to emanate) . Thus, these VR systems have depended on user manipulation of an input device to control the appearance or activities of objects in a virtual environment, to cause the VR system to cue production of sound events; and

(c) VR systems have played musical scores as background music for the virtual environment. Basically, the paradigm to date has been to create systems that have (virtual) object-driven sounds. This invention reverses the paradigm to create a system which has musically-driven objects. One VR system has been developed in which a VR processor is programmed to perform simple operations to modify a virtual environment in response to voice commands. This VR system, developed at the NASA Ames View Lab during the years 1988-1989, was capable of displaying a virtual object, or terminating the display of a virtual object, in response to a voice command from a human user. However, the system did not produce, modify, or otherwise control a virtual environment in response to music, or in response to a prerecorded control track corresponding to an audio signal.

Outside the VR field, many attempts have been made to produce devices which provide users with visual light effects based on an audio signal, such as music. However, these systems have been disappointing to watch (principally because the light shows are two-dimensional and are not obviously correlated with the audio input) , and have typically met with disappointment when marketed.

An example of a conventional apparatus for producing visual light effects based on audio signals is described in U.S. Patent 4,081,829 (issued March

28, 1978) . This apparatus controls the display of two-dimensional rings or solid shapes on the screen of a television receiver, in response to audio input signals. However, only a limited set of two- dimensional shapes can be displayed and only limited changes in their shape or color can be accomplished in response to the audio input.

Another example of a conventional apparatus for producing visual light effects in response to audio signals is described in U.S. Patent 4,257,062 (issued March 17, 1981) . This apparatus controls a set of lamps which are mounted in eyewear to be worn by the user, by switching individual ones of the lamps on and off in response to music. Peak levels of specific frequency bands of the music are detected and employed to switch on or off different ones of the lamps.

Another system for producing visual effects in response to audio signals has been described in the January 1993 issue of NewMedia magazine (at page 18) as a system which includes a Silicon Graphics Iris Indigo workstation, and which alters the appearance of colored visual representations of sound waves (displayed on a large screen in a concert hall) in response to crowd noise (picked up by a microphone during a concert) and live music in MIDI format (generated by musicians during the concert) supplied to the workstation.

It is believed that prerecorded control tracks (which correspond to prerecorded audio such as music) have not been employed to control operation of a computer system, such as to control generation of a virtual environment by a VR computer system. It is also believed that control signals have not been extracted from music for use in controlling generation of a virtual environment by a VR system

(e.g., by populating the virtual environment with animated virtual objects which move in response to the music) .

Summary of the Invention In a preferred embodiment, the invention is a computer system and computer-implemented method for the creation and control of a virtual world in response to music signals and/or prerecorded control tracks corresponding to the music signals. The system includes means for interfacing between the computer software which controls production of the virtual world, and live or prerecorded music (and/or prerecorded control tracks) . The invention transcends traditional use of VR as a musical instrument, and enables a VR system to be employed as a virtual stage driven by music.

In another class of embodiments, the invention controls operation of a computer system (which need not be a VR system) in response to one or more prerecorded control tracks corresponding to audio signals, or in response to both music signals and one or more such prerecorded control tracks.

The component of the inventive system which generates control signals from input music (and/or prerecorded control tracks and/or human generated input signals) , or which sends prerecorded control tracks in appropriate format to a VR system or other processor, will sometimes be referred to herein as an "Acoustic Etch" system or an "Acoustic Etch." In preferred embodiments, the invention employs music to manipulate or control a virtual environment. This can be accomplished in several ways. Since music cannot directly interact with the virtual environment, the Acoustic Etch receives music (in some electronic, acoustic, or optical form) and

generates control signals therefrom which are used by a VR system to influence activity in the virtual world.

The control signals derived from the music may be extracted from the music directly. For example, the Acoustic Etch can employ a simple algorithm (of the same type used by well known graphic equalizers) to extract a rhythm signal indicative of the beat of some frequency band of the music (e.g. a band representing drums) , or of some other parameter of a frequency band of the music. The rhythm signal is sent to the VR system which in turn generates control signals therefrom to control the rhythm of a virtual dancer (or some other moving virtual object) . As an alternative (or in addition) to extracting signals from music itself for processing by a VR system, the invention can supply to the VR system one or more prerecorded control tracks corresponding to the music, or can generate control signals from prerecorded control tracks and then supply such control signals to the VR system for processing. For example, control tracks can be prerecorded along with left and right tracks of a stereo music signal. The prerecorded control tracks, left stereo track, and right stereo track, can then be played back

(simultaneously or with selected delays between them) and received in parallel by the VR system. The control tracks can be generated automatically (e.g., by electronic signal processing circuitry) in response to a music signal and then recorded, or can be generated in response to manually asserted commands from a person (while the person listens to such music signal) and then recorded.

Prerecorded control tracks can be indicative of more sophisticated analysis of a corresponding music signal than could be conveniently performed by some

contemplated (e.g., inexpensive) VR system embodiments of the invention. The placement and rhythm of dancers could be encoded in prerecorded control tracks, for example. The use of prerecorded control tracks has several advantages and features, including the following:

(a) an entire song can be choreographed and prerecorded with a control track (for example, indicative of placement and rhythm of dancers) , so that the control track forms part of the prerecorded choreographed musical work;

(b) the control track can include higher level information, such as pictures of a dancer or other performer, which can be used as source data by the VR system to display images of the performer in the virtual environment;

(c) the medium for the control track need not the same as that of the music. For example, the music may be recorded on a compact disk (CD) while the control track is recorded on a computer game cartridge or other medium;

(d) synchronization of the control track and the music can be accomplished under control of the VR system, which could use the control track to synchronize with the music, or vice versa;

(e) the control track can be encoded (or processed) in a way which accounts for the "delay time" required for the VR system to use the information coming from the control track. This will improve the apparent synchronization between the music and the graphics data output from the VR system, even when the VR system requires a long time to "draw" a particular frame of an animated virtual world; and

(f) a prerecorded control track can eliminate the need for some embodiments of the invention to include means for automatically decoding musical expression (the automatic decoding of musical expression is poorly understood) .

For example, an operator can record a control track which is emotionally linked with a song. The VR system could then easily convert the control track into a variety of control signals, and can produce more repeatable and interesting results than could be achieved by processing the music directly (in the absence of the control track) .

The major disadvantage of using a prerecorded control track is that the control track must be generated and recorded in advance, and then played back in some way. It must be delivered in conjunction with the music, and the easiest way to do this is on the same physical recording medium.

An advantage of embodiments of the invention which directly process music (rather than processing a prerecorded control track) is that the music and the VR control signals generated therefrom are more independent than are a control track and the VR control signals generated therefrom (and can be related in any of a variety of ways) . In embodiments which directly process music, the visual experience and emotional coupling between the VR and the music is looser, since the interpretation is generically related to musical signals and their processing. However, specific processing algorithms can be used by the VR system for specific songs- thus tailoring the algorithm to the music.

In essence, preferred embodiments of the invention use music to create a "track" of distilled music which is in a form usable by a VR system. The interpretation of the information is still dependent

on the VR system, or the particular VR software being run by a computer system. The same "raw" music or control track can be interpreted differently by different VR systems (or VR software programs) in the sense that different VR systems (or programs) can generate different sets of control signals in response to a single raw input signal. Alternatively, the same VR system (or program) can interpret the same "raw" music or control track differently at different times. The control track can be used to program the VR system's response and thus tailor the system to a specific song.

Objects and Advantages

Accordingly, several objects and advantages of various embodiments of the present invention are: to provide an apparatus which extracts information from music (or other audio) for the control and manipulation of objects within a virtual environment; to provide an apparatus which uses a control track prerecorded along with audio (music, in preferred embodiments) for the control and manipulation of objects within a virtual environment; to provide a VR system which delays audio (in response to which control signals are generated) in order to compensate for the lag introduced by other components of the VR system; to provide a virtual experience in which music effectively drives the display of an animated graphical scene; to provide a mechanism by which music is used to control and influence a virtual environment in such a way as to relieve the database which describes the virtual environment from having to define all the motions of the objects in the virtual environment;

to provide a control track for the influence and control of a virtual environment in which the control track is created during or following the music recording and production process when individual tracks (of a multi-track musical work) that are used for a particular mix are available before being mixed down,- and to provide a control track which can contain information (such as images of a performer's face, for example) other than information extracted from corresponding music;

Further objects and advantages are to provide for the rapid creation and animation of a virtual environment from music which already has a high level of production quality.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 is a diagram of a preferred embodiment of the inventive system, in which a music source is interfaced to a VR system by an Acoustic Etch system. The blocks may or may not represent physically distinct objects (several of the blocks could be implemented in a single device) .

Figure 2 is a diagram of a variation on the Fig. 1 embodiment, in which the Acoustic Etch system receives or contains prerecorded control tracks, and music corresponding to the control tracks is used to cue output of the stored control tracks to the VR processor.

Figure 3 is a graph of a control track and a corresponding music signal, where the control track is phase shifted relative to the music signal by a degree adequate to compensate for delays that are expected to be introduced, in other parts of the system, during processing initiated in response to the control track.

Figure 4 is a block diagram of a variation on the Acoustic Etch apparatus employed in the Fig. 1 system.

Figure 5 is a block diagram of a system for creating an audio tape with control tracks for playback by the system shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 is a block diagram of a system for playback of the audio tape produced by the Figure 5 system. Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of a circuit suitable for implementing any of signal conditioning blocks 120A and 120B.

Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a circuit suitable for implementing either of tape IF convertors 140X or 140Y (of Fig. 5) .

Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a circuit suitable for implementing either of tape IF convertors 22OX or 220Y (of Fig. 6) .

Figure 10 is a block level description of the software which is preferably run on VR system 250 of Fig. 6.

Figure 11 is a representation of a typical single eye image as displayed on display 260 of Fig. 6.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments The term "audio signal" is used herein in a broad sense to include not only sound waves but also electrical, optical, or other signals representing sound waves (such as the electrical output of a transducer in response to sound waves) . The terms

"music signal" and "music" are used interchangeably herein in a broad sense to include not only sound waves that are recognizable by a human listener as music, but also electrical, optical, or other signals representing such sound waves (such as the electrical

output of a transducer in response to the sound waves) . Typically, a system embodying the invention will receive and process music signals in the form of digitized electrical signals. Figure 1 is a diagram of a preferred embodiment of the inventive system. In Fig. 1, music source 1 is interfaced to VR processor 7 by Acoustic Etch system 3. VR processor 7 is a computer programmed with software for implementing a virtual environment. Specifically, VR processor 7 can cause image data representing a virtual environment to be displayed on display device 8 and can cause left and right channels of audio signals (simulating sounds in the virtual environment) to be played back to a user wearing headphones 10 (which include left and right speakers) . Display device 8 can be any of a variety of devices, such as a device which mounts on the head of a human user (preferably including left and right monitors for providing a stereoscopic display to the user) , or a single flat screen display which outputs either a non-stereoscopic display or a stereoscopic display. Head-tracking means 11 (included in both the Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 embodiments) is provided for optionally providing input (to processor 7) indicative of the position of the head of a human user wearing a head-mounted embodiment of display device 8.

Processor 7 is a computer programmed with software enabling a human user to interact with the virtual environment by manipulating input device 9, whose output is supplied to processor 7. In one embodiment, input device 9 includes a glove and sensors mounted to the glove for detecting movements of a user's hand within the glove. In another embodiment, input device 9 includes a frame and sensors for producing output signals indicative of

forces or torques exerted on the frame by a user. The frame is preferably mounted to display device 8 (or to a base supporting the display device) symmetrically with respect to an axis of symmetry the display device, with limited freedom to move relative thereto, and the sensors are preferably mounted at the ends of the limited range of motion of the frame.

An analog-to-digital conversion circuit within Acoustic Etch unit 3 receives and digitizes a music signal from source 1. The music signal is optionally accompanied by one or more prerecorded control tracks corresponding to the music signal, which control tracks are played back with the music signal. Analyzer 5 within Acoustic Etch unit 3 receives the digitized output of circuit 4, and generates control signals by processing the music signal (or both the music signal and the control tracks) . The control signals output from analyzer 5 are supplied through interface 6 to VR processor 7, for use within processor 7 for controlling generation of the virtual environment. One or more of the control tracks (or both the music signal and one or more control tracks, or the music signal alone) can be supplied directly to VR processor 7, to enable processor 7 to cause headphones 10 to play the music signals, and to control generation of the virtual environment in response to the control tracks or music, such as if the functions of the Acoustic Etch unit are embodied in the VR processor. In the Fig. 1 system, the control track is optionally prerecorded on the same medium as the music signal corresponding thereto. Acoustic Etch unit 3 can, in effect, extract the control track from the medium and pass it (or a control signal generated therefrom) to VR processor 7.

Figure 2 shows a variation on the system of Fig. 1 in which a control track and a corresponding music signal are recorded on (and played back from) different media (one from source 1A; the other from source 1) .

For example, the control track can be recorded on, and played back from, a cartridge (1A) for a video game machine and the music can be recorded on, and played back from, a CD (1) . The cartridge could be synchronized to the CD either by an electrical or other connection, or by the user, or by means used by the audio industry such as the SMPTE standard. This is a simple approach in the sense that the control track can be created (and prerecorded) in advance by a user listening to the same music.

Then, the CD can be played again and synchronized with the recorded control track to trigger processing of the recorded control track in the Acoustic Etch unit (without the need to re-record the CD with control track information) . Note that the cartridge can be part of a separate unit that is interfaced to the Acoustic Etch, or it can be part of the Acoustic Etch.

It may be desirable to delay the music which is heard by the user with respect to the control track and/or the music used for analysis by the Acoustic Etch. In this manner, system delays can be compensated for, and better causality between music and visual images produced by the VR system can be achieved.

The Acoustic Etch can set and control parameters in the VR processor, and the VR processor can set and control parameters in the Acoustic Etch. For example, VR processor 7 can set the delay time for which the music is delayed in circuit 4A (or such delay time can otherwise be set) to compensate for the delay

time required for processor 7 to process control signals produced from the control tracks or control signals generated from the analyzed music (such as by changing a displayed virtual object in response to one such control signal) . The delayed music from circuit 4A and the control tracks from source 1A are processed in elements 4-7 in the same manner as non- delayed music and control tracks are processed in corresponding elements 4-7 of Fig. 1. Thus, in the Fig. 2 embodiment, the delay introduced by delay circuit 4A can be set so that VR processor 7 receives a segment of the music signal at precisely the time it completes the processing of control data from a portion of the control track corresponding to such segment of the music signal. In Fig. 1, the advantages of delaying the musical source can be achieved by either recording the control track earlier in time on the music source medium, or by delaying the music signal within the Acoustic Etch unit or the VR processor or by a separate audio delay box.

In the upper graph of Fig. 3, each dot represents a pulse of a control track. The lower graph of Fig. 3 represents a delayed version of a music signal produced by a drum and corresponding to this control track (in the lower graph, vertical displacement represents amplitude of the drum beat and the horizontal axis represents time) . Each pulse of the control track corresponds to a peak amplitude of the music signal. However, the music signal of Fig. 3 has been delayed (phase shifted) by a delay period T (such as by remaining in delay circuit 4A) chosen to compensate for processing delays that are expected to be introduced in other parts of the inventive system (such as the VR processor) in order to accomplish processing initiated in response to the

control track (or control signals generated from the control track, or control signals generated from analyzed music) .

Figure 4 is a block diagram of a variation (Acoustic Etch unit 3' ' ) of Acoustic Etch unit 3 which is employed in the Fig. 1 system. Figure 4 implements an optional method for compensating for the delay introduced by the analysis of the control track or the music and the manipulation of the virtual environment. Acoustic Etch unit 3 ^{, !} of Fig. 4 can receive digital prerecorded music and/or control track or analog prerecorded music and/or control track. Each such analog signal is digitized in A-to-D converter 4 and then supplied to one input of switch 17. The other input of switch 17 receives the digital music signals. Switch 17 is controlled to select one of the two inputs, and is connected so as to supply the selected signal to processor 5 (which can implement computer software stored in memory 15) . Delay circuit 13 can be operated to delay the music signal corresponding to the control track(s) to enable activity in the virtual world to appear to be synchronized or even noncausal. This is important because the delay between hearing an event (such as through headphones 10) and seeing action as a result (on display device 8) is disconcerting. In the real world one usually sees the event then hears the sound. In the virtual case (without delay circuit 13), one would hear sound (e.g., thunder) and then VR processor 7 would draw a corresponding visual event (e.g., lightning) so that user would see the visual event a fraction of a second later. This is the exact opposite of what one is used to in the real world where one sees an event and then hears the result. The amount of delay implemented by circuit 13 will typically need to be constant or shifted

during a silent period or the user will perceive the pitch of the sounds (e.g., heard through headphones 10) as having changed as the amount of delay is adjusted. With reference again to Figure 3, in a variation on the scheme implemented by delay unit 4A (of Fig. 2) or delay circuit 13 of Fig. 4) instead of delaying the music, a pre-selected delay between music and control tracks is implemented at the time when both the control tracks and the music are prerecorded. The control track is, in effect, phase shifted in advance to account for lags expected to be introduced by the analysis (i.e., the time required by analyzer 5 of Fig. 2 to generate control signals from music) and/or by VR graphics system 7. The advantage of implementing this phase shifting when prerecording the control track(s) is that it minimizes the hardware required to implement the Acoustic Etch unit. There is also no need to delay the music, which could be expensive.

To summarize, because there is inherently a finite amount of time between the receipt of control track or digitized audio information and the time a VR system can cause a change in its visual output in response to the received information, preferred embodiments of the invention will implement one of two delay compensation techniques. One of the techniques is to shift the control tracks in time relative to the audio information (musical tracks) . For example, if the control tracks are shifted by 10 milliseconds (e.g., if the control tracks are played back with a lead time of 10 milliseconds prior to the corresponding audio) , then the VR system would have 10 millisecond in which to create and display the objects (and then simultaneously display the objects and play the corresponding audio) . By accounting for

the delay time in this way, virtual objects can be displayed very closely in time with corresponding music with little noticeable time difference, or even a reversed time difference. The second one of the delay compensation techniques is to delay the music that is being played (relative to the prerecorded control track which is also being played back) . This can be done in a variety of ways including but not limited to the use of a digital delay box between the music source

(e.g., tape player 200 shown in Fig. 6, described below) track and an amplifier which receives the music from the source (e.g., amplifier 210 of Fig. 6) . Alternatively, the music can be delayed, and then replayed and processed, by a digital VR computer itself (e.g., VR system 250 of Fig. 6), if the VR computer has digital-to-analog audio capabilities (e.g., means for converting the replayed digital audio into analog signals such as signals 250L and 250R of Fig. 6 for transmission to headphones worn by the user) .

With reference again to Fig. 4, unit 3'' typically extracts control information from the input music or control track(s) or both. Processor 5 and memory 15 and optionally also associated peripheral hardware (not shown) implement the extraction of the control information from a control track and/or from the music itself. The Fig. 4 system includes both a digital and an analog input port for the input audio. In a consumer product, only one of these would be used and the other left out for cost savings. Since most music is stereo, usually there would in fact be two (left and right) channels of audio output from switch 17 although probably only one processor 5 for receiving and processing both channels. Control track interface 18 of unit 3'' receives one or more

prerecorded control tracks and converts them (if necessary) into form for processing by processor 5. Input device interface 19 receives input signals, generated in response to user manipulation of an input device, and converts them (if necessary) into form for processing by processor 5 (processor 5 can then generate control signals therefrom) .

An important advantage of the Fig. 4 embodiment is in its flexibility to modify and expand the capabilities of the algorithms implemented by processor 5.

In operation, the Figure 4 device takes in music and processor 5 processes it to produce control information. The control information is then passed on to the VR computer which is actually rendering the virtual environment. Although in Fig. 4, delay element 13 is within Acoustic Etch unit 3' ' , it could alternatively be physically located in the VR computer system itself, or external to both. One embodiment of the internal algorithms that can be implemented by processor 5 (which is sometimes referred to herein as "analyzer" 5) of Acoustic Etch unit 3' ' are those related to simple filtering and analysis. In this case, means are provided (for example within processor 5) for filtering the incoming music, so that processor 5 can analyze the music in terms of its spectral components. By examining the level of a particular frequency range processor 5 can make a determination as to the rhythm or beat of the music. The beat of the music is passed on to the VR system which can then perform operations such as displaying virtual hands clapping in time to the beat of the music. The overall level of the music could be used to determine how many pairs of clapping hands there are at any particular time. As the music rises and falls in overall level,

the VR processor could create and destroy virtual objects.

When the Acoustic Etch unit is used in conjunction with a control track, the potential complexity and richness of the virtual environment is enhanced. Processor 5 of Acoustic Etch unit 3'' could extract the control track from either the music media or process a prerecorded control track from a separate source. Processing of a control track (or a control signal generated therefrom, rather than from a corresponding music signal) within the VR processor is more powerful than analysis of music in the Acoustic Etch followed by processing of the resulting control signal in the VR processor, because it does not have to be quickly determined and enables the VR processor to respond to control track information not present in the music. At the start of or before the start of the song, for example, the control track could contain compressed images of the performers. As the song is played, the control track is processed by the Acoustic Etch unit which instructs the VR system to show the images of the performers texture mapped onto dancing characters which dance in time to the music. Note that the Acoustic Etch unit could be incorporated as part of another device, e.g., the player of the input music signal or the prerecorded control tracks or the VR system. One can imagine the integration of an Acoustic Etch unit into a cartridge for a video game machine with CD capability, for example. A program in the cartridge and a track on the CD would be employed or both could be contained on the CD. In addition to minimizing the cables, this is also cost effective.

The audio can bypass the VR system and go directly to headphones 10, however, note that in Figs. 1 and 2, the music is passed through VR

processor 7 rather than directly into the headphones 10. In this way the VR processor may convolve the sound in such a way as to create the illusion of having it coming from a particular location in the virtual environment.

In summary, the invention is a novel way of interfacing music to VR. The inventive apparatus stands in contrast to traditional approaches which have tried to interface VR to music. The inventive apparatus allows for the highly produced and refined qualities of music to be expressed in a virtual environment.

There are several exciting possibilities with this apparatus and method. In the case of an Acoustic Etch unit which analyses music and controls a virtual environment of a dancer dancing, one could play any musical piece and the Acoustic Etch would extract the low frequency beat which would tell the VR system when to have the dancer step. Thus, one could watch a displayed (virtual) stick figure dancing in time. By using the delay mechanism disclosed, the virtual dancer and the music would occur far more synchronously than if the music was not delayed. System cost may be reduced by incorporating the delay in the music player itself. Many current digital units employ a delay for error correction.

Employing the control track method with the Acoustic Etch unit allows one to create more advanced choreographs and minimizes cost as the processing requirements would be much less.

The invention may also lead to new ways to analyze real time data streams in order to look for patterns and interesting sequences. Next, a more detailed description of a preferred implementation of the invention will be provided,

with reference to Figs. 5 and 6. Figure 5 is a diagram of a system for creating an audio tape with control tracks, for use in the playback system shown in Figure 6. Fig. 5 shows Multitrack Tape Playback Unit 100,

Multitrack Master Audio Tape 100T, Single channel audio signal 101A (output from 100) , additional "n" Single channel audio signals 101B output from 100, Audio Signal Conditioning circuit 120A, additional "n" Audio Signal Conditioning circuits 120B, Analog Data Signal 121A, additional "n" Analog Data Signals 121B, Microprocessor Unit 130X with an "n" channel analog to digital converter, Serial Data Stream 131X, Tape interface (IF) Converter 140X, Audio Quality Data Signal 141X, switches (or other Digital Data Input Devices) 150, Analog Data Input Devices 160, Data Storage and Input Device 165, Microprocessor Unit 130Y (including digital input and multiple channel analog to digital converter) , Audio Quality Data Signal 131Y, Tape IF Converter 140Y, Audio Quality Data Signal 141Y, Two-Track Audio Tape Playback Unit 170, Two-Track Master Tape 170T, Left Channel Audio Signal 170L, Right Channel Audio Signal 170R, 4-Track Audio Tape Recorder 180, 4-Track Audio and Virtual Control Track Tape 180T, and SMPTE Synchronizer 190.

Fig. 6 shows 4-Track Audio and Virtual Control Track Tape 180T, 4-Track Tape Player 200, Right Channel Audio Signal 200R, Left Channel Audio Signal 200L, X-Channel control signal 200X, Y-Channel control signal 200Y, sound processor 205, 2-Channel Audio Amplifier 210, audio signals 205R, 205L, 210R, and 210L, Tape IF Converter 22OX, Tape IF Converter 220Y, Microprocessor Unit with two-channel analog to digital converter 240, Serial Data Stream 241, serial data stream 250A, multi-channel Analog-to-Digital

Converter 245 with serial data output, Serial Data Stream 246, Microphone 248, Virtual Reality Graphics System 250, Left Eye Video Signal 250L, Right Eye Video Signal 25OR, Virtual Reality Audio and Visual Display Unit 260 (with Headtracking means) , and Head Tracking Signal 261.

With reference to Figure 5, multitrack tape player unit 100 is of the type typically found in audio recording studios. Unit 100 is loaded with a multitrack master tape 100T and outputs multiple channels of audio (typically music) signals 101A, 101B, and so on.

These signals are fed to signal conditioners 120A, 120B and so on, via standard audio patch cords. Each of the signal conditioners consists of electronic circuitry, and each outputs an analog control signal (121A or 121B) which is fed to one of the analog input pins of microprocessor unit 130X. Microprocessor 13OX can be, for example, a M68HC11EVBU Universal Evaluation Board made by the

Motorola Company, and is programmed with software for generating a control track from the conditioned audio data that it receives, and outputting a serial data stream to tape IF converter 140X. Tape IF converter 140X is comprised of electronic circuitry and outputs a data signal 141X (indicative of the control track) of the type that can be stored on standard audio magnetic tape. This signal is fed to 4-track audio tape recording unit 180 that is loaded with a 4-track audio cassette tape 180T.

An assembly of switches (or other means by which a human operator can input digital signals) 150 feeds parallel digital data to microprocessor 130Y (which can be identical to or similar in type to microprocessor 13OX) . Also connected to microprocessor Unit 130Y are analog input devices 160

(such as a "multiple degree of freedom" joystick or other input device), and a data storage device 165. Device 165 can be a magnetic disk drive or other data storage and retrieval device (or alternatively, a data entry device) . Microprocessor Unit 130Y is programmed with software for generating a control track in response to the input data it receives, and outputs a serial data stream to a tape IF converter 140Y. Tape IF converter 140Y is comprised of electronic circuitry and outputs a data signal 141Y (indicative of the control track) of the type that can be stored on standard audio magnetic tape. This signal is fed to four-track audio tape recording unit 180. A two-track tape playing unit 170 is loaded with a two track mixed down master tape 170T and is time synchronized with the multitrack unit 100 via SMPTE synchronizer 190 or other such device. The two-track tape player 170 outputs a left audio signal 170L and a right audio signal 170R that are input to the 4 track tape recorder 180. Recorded cassette tape 180T thus has two tracks containing audio signals 170L and 170R (which are typically music signals) , and two other tracks containing control tracks corresponding to the audio signals.

Figure 6 represents the system used to play back and experience the audio tape 180T (which has control tracks) . A four-track audio tape player 200 outputs four audio signals: left and right audio signals 200R and 200L, and control track signals 200X and 200Y consisting of data encoded as audio signals. Signals 200X and 200Y are input to two tape IF converters 220Y and 220X which extract serial data streams 221Y and 221X therefrom, which streams are input to a microprocessor unit 240 of a type identical (or similar) to microprocessor unit 130X. Microprocessor

unit 240 is programmed with software for generating control signals for VR graphics system 250 in response to one or both of data streams 221Y and 221X, and outputs a serial data stream indicative of such control signals to virtual reality (VR) graphics system 250, which can be, for example, a Silicon Graphics Crimson Computer with Reality Engine graphics, serial port board, and VLIB software available from Fakespace, Inc. (of Menlo Park, California) .

VR system 250 outputs two video signals 250L and 250R representing the left and right eye viewpoints of a virtual environment to head-coupled display unit 260. Audio signals 200R and 200L are input to a sound processor 205, for example, a Convolvotron sound spatializer available from Crystal River Engineering (of Groveland, California) or other sound processing equipment which feeds the processed sound signals 205R and 205L to an audio amplifier 210 which feeds two amplified audio signals 210R and 210L to head- coupled display unit 260. The audio signals 200R and 200L, and input from a microphone 248 are also input to multichannel audio digitizer 245 which outputs a serial data stream 246 to VR system 250.

Virtual reality system 250 also receives head position or other area of interest information from head-coupled display 260.

Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of a circuit fragment suitable for implementing any of signal conditioning blocks 120A and 120B. It consists of four electronic components.

Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a circuit fragment suitable for implementing either of tape IF convertors 140X or 140Y. It consists of various electronic components.

Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a circuit fragment suitable for implementing either of tape IF convertors 22OX or 220Y. It consists of various electronic components. Figure 10 is a block level description of the software which is preferably run on VR system 250 of Fig. 6.

Figure 11 represents a typical single eye image as displayed on the display 260. Images are virtual objects. Objects 300A, 300B, 300C, and 300D are objects comprised of three orthogonal lines of the same size that are positioned at the same x and y location, but recede backwards form the user along the z axis over time. Objects 310A and 310B are fixed in space, but change height over time. Lines 330 (including lines 330A and 330B) are fixed in space and remain stationary over time. Words BABY 320A and BACK 320B are fixed along the XY plane and have no depth in along the Z axis. In operation, the systems of Fig. 5 and 6 can implement the following embodiment of the invention. The overall process can be broken into two halves: the recording of the medium and the playback. Figure 5 represents the recording phase while Figure 6 represents the playback phase.

In Fig. 5, a multitrack tape playing unit 100 is of the type typically found in professional recording studios. It is loaded with the master tape 100T that recorded the raw and unmixed audio efforts of artists recording a song. In the typical production of recorded music products, this tape is later mixed and processed to produce a two-track master tape 170T which is later mass produced for the consumer market. The multitrack master tape 100T and the two track master tape 170T are playing at the same time in synchronization with each other through the use of a

standard commercially available time synchronization unit, for example SMPTE synchronizer 190 that works in conjunction with the tape playing units 100 and 170. In this embodiment, the 2-track audio signals

170L and 170R are recorded on 4-track tape 180T via a standard four track tape recording unit 180. This unit can be a consumer type 4-track cassette tape unit, or a high quality professional tape recorder that will produce a master tape for acoustic etch type tapes. The audio signals 170L and 170R represent the original audio content of a commercial tape and are not typically processed further. That is to say that two tracks of four-track tape 180T are the music that the user of the tape would expect to hear without the Acoustic Etch device of the invention. However, it may be desired to delay the music in time with respect to the control tracks. The other two tracks that are recorded from signals 141X and 141Y are the control tracks that are derived as shown in Figure 5 and will be used during playback to create and control and manipulate the virtual environment that a user experiences while listening to the original audio signals. While there are a multitude of ways to create these control tracks, this embodiment generates such tracks in either (or both) of two ways. The first way automatically derives control signals from original multitrack master tape 100T and the second way allows a human operator to create control signals via input means 150 and 160 and a computer data storage device 165.

To create the control track in the first way, the "n" multiple audio output channels 101A, 10IB and so on, which represent each audio channel on the original multitrack tape 100T are fed into signal

conditioning blocks 120A and 120B. These blocks serve to distill the audio information on each track into a lower frequency signal that will serve as an aesthetically valuable control variable in the virtual environment. In the preferred embodiment, it has been determined that a modified peak detection circuit serves this function very well. An example of this circuit is shown in Fig. 7. It is important to point out that there are many forms of signal processing which can be used to derive this control signal and the Fig. 7 circuit is a simple one which works well for some cases only. A variety of digital signal processing techniques and analog signal processing techniques may be used which include, but are not limited to, phase detection, frequency spectrum analysis, phase vocoding techniques and so forth. Additionally, the signals can be processed to produce control signals which are in some way related to the perceived three-dimensional spatial structure of the original music signal. The signals output from the "n" signal conditioning blocks are fed into the analog signal input ports of microprocessor unit 130X. If "n" is less than or equal to seven, a standard microprocessor card product such as the M68HC11EVBU available from Motorola Corporation can be used. This microprocessor is programmed to successively read each channel and to then output the magnitude of each channel in a serial data stream 131X to a tape IF converter 140X. An example code fragment which outputs a test data block of ASCII characters to tape IF converter 140X is included for reference in Appendix A of this disclosure. The desired analog data should be read with the microcontroller within unit 240 and used in a fashion similar to the ASCII characters in the code fragment. Instructions on how to program this are described in

Motorola publications M68HC11EVBU/AD1 and M68FCASS/AD1 and further literature, all provided with the MC68HC11EVBU product by Motorola.

A circuit diagram fragment for tape IF converter 140X is shown in Figure 8. We contemplate that RS232- to-tape or MIDI-to-tape units could be used as substitutes for the IF converters described herein. This converter type is described in the book Microcomputer Interfacing by Harold S. Stone and can be built in a variety of ways. This circuit takes the serial data stream which represents the conditioned levels of the "n" channels of information from the multitrack master tape and converts this serial data to a format 141X that can be recorded on standard audio tape. In this fashion, the control track is recorded side by side with the original two tracks of audio information.

In addition to the information derived from the multitrack master tape, it is desirable for control information to be produced manually by a human operator. This information may take on many forms and can (in many applications) practically be generated only by a human operator. Elements that an operator may wish to control include: display modes that correspond to overall thematic changes in a musical score or special analog controls that relate to quickly paced musical expressions. Elements of these types may be easily input via digital switches 150 or analog controls 160. Likewise, the operator may wish to include information that will later be used by the playback (Acoustic Etch) system. This information could include for example, digital photographs of the musical artists, or textual information that corresponds to the words or themes in the music. This information can also be input via a disk drive 165 or other type of electronic data

storage and retrieval mechanism or directly by a computer system. Such information may be created in a multiple of ways including paint programs, 3D modeling programs, digitizing scanners and so on. This information could also consist of system codes and program codes for the VR system 250.

All these alternative controls and information are fed into the microprocessor unit 13OY which contains a program similar to that with which microprocessor unit 13OX is programmed. The program for unit 13OY contains additional code that reads the digital I/O ports on the unit in addition to the standard code which reads the analog to digital ports as for microprocessor unit 130X. The output data (indicative of a control track) is fed to tape IF converter 140Y in a manner similar to that for microprocessor 13OX and signal 13IX. The converted data stream 141Y output from converter 140Y is then recorded on the remaining track of tape 180T. Figure 6 describes the playback phase of the invention. A mass produced copy of the four-track tape 180T, or the actual tape 180T is loaded into a four-track tape playing unit 200. This unit plays the tape and produces 4 audio signals, two of which are standard signals meant to be listened to, while the two others contain control track data that will be processed and sent to VR system 250. The two music audio signals 200R and 200L are fed to a sound processor system which can process the audio signals 200R and 200L in response to control signals 250A from the VR system. The processed audio signals 205R and 205L are fed to an audio amplifier 210 which drives a pair of stereophonic headphones 260 or speakers for the user to listen with. The other two signals 200X and 200Y are fed to tape IF converters 220Y and 220X which translate the

audio signal format control track data into a digital form 221X and 221Y. A circuit diagram fragment for tape IF converter 220Y or 220X is shown in Figure 9. This converter type is described in the book Microcomputer Interfacing by Harold S. Stone.

Microprocessor unit 240 then combines both control signals 221Y and 221X and converts this digital data into a serial data stream suitable for processing by the VR system, for example in the format of an RS232 or MIDI data stream. An example code fragment which accepts a test data block of ASCII characters from tape IF converter 220X or 220Y is included for reference in Appendix A. The desired data should be read with a microcontroller in a suitable format. Instructions on how to program this are described in Motorola publications M68HC113VBU/AD1 and M68FCASS/AD1 and further literature, all provided with the M68HC11EVBU product from Motorola. The music audio signals are also fed to a multichannel audio digitizer 245 with a serial data output that is read by VR system 250. This digitizer converts the music audio signals to digital form for processing by VR system 250, and can also convert other audio sources such as a live microphone 248.

The VR system receives three signals: a signal 261 representing head position and orientation from the VR display 260 or other forms of area of interest tracking information (such as that from an input device of any of the types described above with reference to input device 9 of Fig. 1) ; a control and data tape signal 241 that is related to the control tracks prerecorded on four-track tape 180T; and digitized audio signals 246 that digitally represent the original audio (which is typically music) , and/or

any other audio source desired, such as a live microphone 248.

In a preferred embodiment, a VR system 250 comprises a Silicon Graphics Crimson computer outfitted with Reality Engine graphics, a serial port card, and the GL software library and the Fakespace, Inc. VLIB Virtual Reality software package.

In addition to systems administration and miscellaneous programs, the VR system runs the program (comprising steps 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, and 490) which is shown and described in Figure 16. This program begins by opening the serial port and initializing attached devices (step 400) and then goes on to initializing variables (step 410) . The program then creates a table of virtual objects (step 420) . Each object comprises an x, y and z location and a geometric description of the object that conforms to GL and VLIB software requirements. A standard set of objects is defined and created and will later be controlled in response to one or both of control signal 241 (representing data in one or more prerecorded control tracks) and audio signal 246.

The system then reads the head position of the tracker 260 (step 430) and then reads the "control track" control signal 241 and audio control signal 246 (steps 440 and 450) . In response to this information, any number of programs can be implemented (step 460) to control and create and manipulate the virtual environment in a manner choreographed with the original music signal.

One example of such a virtual reality (VR) program will next be described. This example (which assumes that the VR processor receives both a music signal, and control track information from a prerecorded control track corresponding to the music

signal) is provided for illustrative purposes only, and should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention, as broadly defined.

The VR program initially reads the control track information, which may precede the music information on a prerecorded tape (such as tape 180T played by playback device 200 of Fig. 6) . The control track information may have been created by an operator during recording of the tape (e.g., using the above- described Fig. 5 apparatus) and can contain descriptions of virtual objects, virtual reality system settings, virtual reality hardware and software settings. The control track information may also contain the body of a software program to be run on the VR processor, in which case the VR program initially residing on the VR processor serves only as a monitor with which to read the program defined by the control track information.

After the control track data is read by the VR program, the VR system reads any digitized music information which corresponds to the control track data, and/or the output of any input devices that are connected to the VR system such as instrument gloves, six-degree-of-freedom trackers, custom human input devices, mice, and the like.

The VR program then creates, destroys, moves or modifies the virtual environment, or virtual objects therein. This can be done using standard VR library software calls, and is preferable based upon all of the forms of data read by the system (including the control track information and corresponding music information) as described above.

Examples of virtual objects that can be created by the VR program will next be described with reference to the display of a virtual environment shown in Fig. 11. Two such virtual objects (310A and

310B) are cylinders of equal diameter and different height. Cylinders 310A and 310B themselves are default objects that are always available in the preferred VR program described herein. The bases of the cylinders are located at the same X and Y and Z location. Preferably, the height of each cylinder is controlled via the control track information and the two heights indirectly represent the first two audio channels 101A and 101B (which are typically music channels) of master tape 100T after being conditioned by the signal conditioners 120A and 120B. If these two audio channels are recordings of, say, a bass drum and a snare drum, then if the user chose to turn and face these objects, the user would see one cylinder (e.g., 310A) which appeared to change height in response to the bass drum, and another (e.g., 310B) which appeared to change height in response to the snare drum. The VR program can be easily written to display other objects in response to the same sounds or to display these or other objects in response to other aspects of the control track.

The data representing the text for objects 320A and 320B (of Fig. 11) is preferably loaded from the control track into the VR program while the tape is playing music and the VR program is running. While running (i.e., reading the control track information from the tape) , the VR program loads these objects, along with instructions to display each object at a fixed X and Y (and optional Z) location when the VR program receives a certain signal on the control track. In this manner, lyrics or other song dependent data can be loaded into the VR program using a prerecorded control track, and then displayed based upon the prerecorded control track information. In the preferred VR program embodiment described herein, each of words 320A and 320B is displayed at

the same time a singer (represented by a control track corresponding to the music signal) vocalizes the words in the music. In order to achieve this controlled timing, a human operator uses the switches 150 (of Fig. 5) to record the "display" signal as part of the control track, and uses the data in storage device 165 to load the song dependent data.

A model of object 300A (which is shown at later times at positions 300B, 300C, and so on) is loaded into the VR program directly from the control track. After the VR program has loaded the model, the control track instructs the VR program to display the object upon detecting a certain threshold of energy at a specific frequency band of the music information. The VR program performs a spectral analysis of the digitized music information (e.g., digital data 246 in Fig. 6) and tests the specified frequency band for energy level. Upon detecting the threshold level, the VR program creates (displays) the object at a given X, Y, and Z location.

Regardless of the status of the spectrum analysis, the VR program automatically changes the Z location (at which the object is to be displayed) by a certain amount once per each increment of elapsed time during running of the program. In this fashion the object 300A can be displayed in a manner so that it appears to recede backwards toward position 300B, and then to position 300C, and so on. A new object would appear on the display at the initial X, Y, and Z location only at instants coinciding with a certain music event, and thus an intermittent stream of objects with a relationship to the frequency content of the source music would appear.

We next discuss several variations on the above- described embodiments of the invention.

The VR processor itself can play digitized music. For example, VR system 250 of Fig. 6 can play digitized music (e.g., generate original music), rather than merely routing digitized music from an external source (e.g., digitizer 245 of Fig. 6). Sound processing equipment (such as sound processor 205 shown in Fig. 6) can optionally be connected between audio source 200 and amplifier 210. If the sound processing equipment is a convolvotron, then the apparent location of the source of the music (when it is output to the user from speakers) can be altered. The sound processing equipment can be controlled to operate in response to the control track information (or in response to the analyzed audio) , and the audio (which is typically music) can thus be used to describe as well as control virtual objects, and the control track information (or analyzed audio) can be used to process the audio heard by the user to relocate the apparent source thereof. This technique allows for a much greater realism and correspondence between music and the virtual environment and its objects (assuming that the user wears a head-mounted display, which is preferably a stereoscopic display, along with headphones, so that the user immersively experiences the virtual environment including three-dimensional placement of its virtual objects, using both the senses of sight and hearing) .

The audio (e.g., music) can be analyzed (e.g., by analyzer 5 of Fig. 1 or 2) to determine certain aspects of its original three-dimensional nature. One embodiment of this would analyze the delay between right ear and left ear correlated sounds. This delay can then be mapped roughly to an angle relative to the user's head orientation.

The foregoing describes two basic methods to enable the user to experience sounds with a controlled apparent source location: one is to convolve the sound and place it in space; the other is to analyze the sound and determine where the user will think it is placed in space.

Many conventional recording studios process music to achieve a three dimensional effect. Such processing information could be stored in the control track of the invention, for later use by a VR system to help place virtual objects and to set system parameters in instruments (such as a convolvotron) that may be used as part of the VR system. This would be especially useful if the music recording is made using binaural heads and other such spatial recording equipment and techniques.

The recording medium for the inventive prerecorded control tracks does not need to be a four-track audio tape. In fact, the compact disk (CD) and Digital Audio Tape (DAT) formats already offer control track capabilities. In addition to these capabilities, these and other formats can be modified to contain more control track information. For example, the prerecorded control track(s) need not be recorded as a separate track. In order to retrofit to existing consumer audio equipment, the control track information could be stored in a subsonic or supersonic fashion on the existing audio information. Provision of such subsonic modulations would decrease the data rate, and thus the signal conditioning blocks would need to have their values adjusted. Provision of such supersonic modulations would likely introduce difficulties when using audio tape systems to implement the invention. The original multitrack and two-track tape machines employed in the systems of Figs. 5 and 6 can

be replaced by any form of an audio source. In the near future, it is expected that audio recording and playback devices suitable for use in embodiments of the invention, will be inexpensively implementable as completely digital machines.

Figs. 5 and 6 describe a principally analog device, which can easily be implemented digitally, in alternative embodiments of the invention.

When prerecording the control track(s) , the recording does not need to be performed in a continuous real-time fashion. It can be edited over time much as master audio tapes are created, using many passes to get it right, building up or deleting control track information in multiple passes. It should be understood that components can be exchanged between the various embodiments described herein.

Various other modifications and alterations in the method and apparatus of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments.

APPENDIX A

0001 0002 ****** Tape IF Software for 68HC11 ******* 0003 0004 ****** Copyright Fake Space Labs ********* 0005 ****** 1990 - By I.E.M and M.T.B ********* 0006 0007 0008 * Buffalo definitions 0009

00101000 REGBS EQU $1000

00111003 PORTC EQU $1003 * Port C is input (Data from HP20020)

00121004 PORTB EQU $1004 * 0:5 = /OE for HP2020S 6: Hi/Lo BYTE 7: /Reset

0013102b BAUD EQU $102B

0014102c SCCR1 EQU $102C

0015102d SCCR2 EQU $102D

0016102e SCSR EQU $102E

0017102f SCDAT EQU $102F 0018

0019 lOOe TCNT EQU $100E * Timer 16 bits

00201018 TOC2 EQU $1018 * Timer out comp 2

00211020 TCTL1 EQU $1020 * Timer control

00221023 TFLG1 EQU $1023

00231022 TMSK1 EQU $1022 0024

00251010 TICl EQU $1010 * TIMER INPUT CAPTURE

00261021 TCTL2 EQU $1021 * Timer input capt ctl reg 0027 0028 * Pseud vect for TICl 0029

003000e8 ORG $00E8 0031

003200e8 7e 0187 JMP TIC1INT 0033 0034010 ORG $0100 * RAM 0100-Olff 0035 0036 START

00370100 8630 LDAA #$30

00380102 b71021 STAA TCTL2 * Set TICl to capture on either edge 003901058604 LDAA #$04 00400107 b71022 STAA TMSK1 * Eanble interrupts 0041

0042010a 7f 0183 CLR DELTA 0043

0044OlOd fc 10 Oe LDD TCNT * read timer

00450110 fd 0181 STD PEDGE * current time stored in PEDGE 0046

00470113 c600 LDAB #$00

00480115 f7 1004 STAB PORTB 0049

00500118 7c 0185 INC VALID 0051

0052011b Oe CLI 0053

APPENDIX A

0054 LOOP

0055 011c 18 ce 00 00 HEADER LDY #$0 00560120 8d 32 BSR GETBYTE

00570122 18 09 DEY 00580124 26 f6 BNE HEADER * Must be only 1 bit set

00590126 b6 01 86 LDA DATA

00600129 81 80 CMPA #$80

0061 012b 27 04 BEQ SYNCED

0062012d 8d 42 BSR MID 0063 012f 20 eb BRA HEADER

0064 SYNCED

0065 0131 8d 21 BSR GETBYTE

00660133 b6 01 86 LDA DATA

00670136 81 80 CMPA #$80 0068 0138 27 f7 BEQ SYNCED

0069

0070013a 8d 18 INSYNC BSR GETBYTE

0071

0072013c c6 ff LDAB #$FF 0073013e f7 10 04 STAB PORTB

00740141 7f 10 04 CLR PORTB

0075

0076 * LDAA DATA

0077 * JSR $FFB2 0078 * LDAA DATA

0079 * JSR $FFB5

0080 * LDAA #'_

0081 * JSR $FFB8

0082 * LDAA #'_ 0083 * JSR $FFB8

0084

0085 0144 b6 01 86 LDAA DATA

00860147 81 41 CMPA #'A

00870149 2d dl BLT HEADER 0088014b 81 7a CMPA #'z

0089014d 2e cd BGT HEADER

0090014f bd ff b8 JSR $FFB8 0091

00920152 20 e6 BRA INSYNC 0093

0094 * ******************

0095

0096 GETBYTE

00970154 3c PSHX * sets DATA to read value 00980155 ce 00 08 LDX #$8 * and H to number of 1 bits

00990158 7f 01 86 CLR DATA 0100

0101 015b 8d 14 BYTEL BSR MID

0102015d 2d 09 BGT ITIS0 0103

0104015f 8d 10 BSR MID

0105 0161 2e 05 BGT ITIS0 0106

01070163 18 08 ITIS1 INY 01080165 Od SEC

APPENDIX A

01090166 20 01 BRA GOTBIT

0110

0111 0168 0c ITISO CLC

0112

0113 0169 79 01 86 GOTBIT ROL DATA

0114

0115 016c 09 DEX

0116016d 26 ec BNE BYTEL

0117

0118

0119016f 3i PULX

01200170 39 RTS

0121

0122 *

0123

0124

0125 0171 7d 01 85 MID TST VALID

01260174 26 fb BNE MID

01270176 7c 01 85 INC VALID

0128

01290179 fc 01 83 LDD DELTA

0130017c la 83 02 58 CPD #600

0131 0180 39 RTS

0132

0133

0134

0135 0181 PEDGE RMB 2

01360183 DELTA RMB 2

01370185 VALID RMB 1

01380186 DATA RMG 1

0139

0140 * *********************

01420187 fc 10 10 TIC1INTLDD TICl

0143 018a b3 01 81 SUBD PEDGE * D = PEDGE - This edge

0144018d fd 01 83 STD DELTA * store in DELTA

0145 0190 fc 10 10 LDD TICl

01460193 fd 01 81 STD PEDGE

01470196 86 04 LDAA #$04

01480198 b7 10 23 STAA TFLGl * Clear the interrupt

0149019b 7f 01 85 CLR VALID

0150019e 3B RTI

0151

0152

APPENDIX A

0001

0002 ****** Tape IF Software for 68HC11 *******

0003 ***************************************

0004 ****** Copyright Fake Space Labs *********

0005 ****** 1990 - By I.E.M and M.T.B *********

0006 ***************************************

0007

0008 * Buffalo definitions

0009

00100033 ORG $33

0011

00120033 RMB 20

00130047 USTACK RMB 30 0014

00151000 REGBS EQU $1000

00161003 PORTC EQU $1003 * Port C is input (Data from HP20020)

00171004 PORTB EQU $1004 * 0:5 = /OE for HP2020S 6: Hi/Lo BYTE 7: /Reset

0018102b BAUD EQU $102B

0019102c SCCRl EQU $102C

0020102d SCCR2 EQU $102D

0021102e SCSR EQU $102E

0022102f SCDAT EQU $102F 0023

0024 lOOe TCNT EQU $100E * Timer 16 bits

00251018 TOC2 EQU $1018 * Timer out comp 2

00261020 TCTLl EQU $1020 * Timer control

00271023 TFLGl EQU $1023

00281022 TMSK1 EQU $1022 0029 0030 0031 * Pseud vect for TOC2 0032

0033OOdc ORG $00DC 0034

0035OOdc 7e b690 PSVECT1 JMP TOC2INT

0036

0037 * Ram vars

0038

00390100 ORG $0100

0040

00410100 PWIDTH RMB 2

00420102 DONE RMB 1 0043 0044 * Main program 0045

0046b600 ORG $B600 0047 0048 START

0049b6008e 0047 LDS #USTACK 0050

0051b603867e LDAA #$7E * JUMP OPCODE

0052b60597 dc STAA PSVECT1

0053b607 ce b690 LDX #TOC2INT

APPENDK A

0054 b60a df dd STX PSVECTl+1

0055

0056 INΓΓDUN

0057

0058

0059 b60c 8640 LDA #$40

0060 b60e b71020 STAA TCTLl * Set T0C2 to toggle mode

0061 b611 b71022 STAA TMSKl * Eanble inteπupts 0062

0063 b614 7f 0102 CLR DONE 0064

0065b617 cc eO 00 LDD #$EO00

0066b61a fd 0100 STD PWIDTH 0067

0068b61d 10 Oe LDD TCNT * read timer

0069b620 0100 ADDD PWIDTH

0070b623 1018 STD TOC2 * store in TOC2 0071

0072b626 86 ff LDAA #$FF

0073b628 c600 LDAB #$00

0074b62a f7 1004 STAB PORTB 0075

0076b62d Oe CLI 0077 0078 LOOP 0079

0080b62e 8680 LDAA #$80

0081 b6308d28 BSR SENDA

0082b6328680 LDAA #$80

0083b6348d 24 BSR SENDA

0084b6368680 LDAA #$80

0085b6388d 20 BSR SENDA

0086b63a 8680 LDAA #$80

0087b63c 8d lc BSR SENDA

0088b63e 8680 LDAA #$80

0089b6408d 18 BSR SENDA

0090b6428680 LDAA #$80

0091 b6448d 14 BSR SENDA

0092b6468680 LDAA #$80

0093b6488d 10 BSR SENDA

0094b64a 8680 LDAA #$80

0095b64c 8dOc BSR SENDA 0096

0097b64e c6 la LDAB #26

0098b6508641 ALPHA LDAA #'A

0099b652 lb ABA

0100bό53 8d05 BSR SENDA

0101b655 Sa DECB

0102b65626 f8 BNE ALPHA 0103

0104b658 20 d4 BRA LOOP 0105 0106 * **************** 0107 0108b65a 18 ce 0008 SENDA LDY #8

APPENDIX A

0109 b65e 37 PSHB

0110 b65f c6 00 LDAB #$00

0111 b661 f7 10 04 STAB PORTB 0112 b664 c6 ff LDAB #$FF 0113 b666 f7 10 04 STAB PORTB 0114 b669 33 PULB 0115

0116 b66a 48 BITLOOP LSLA 0117 b66b 24 04 BCC BITO 0118

0119 b66d 8d Oe BIT1 BSR SEND1 0120 b66f 20 02 BRA DONEBIT 0121

0122 b671 8d 05 BITO BSR SENDO 0123

0124 b673 18 09 DONEBIT DEV

0125 b675 26 f3 BNE BITLOOP

0126b67739 RTS 0127 0128 0129 0130

0131 b678 ce 03 20 SENDO LDX #800

0132b67b 20 07 BRA PULSE 0133

0134b67d ce 01 90 SEND1 LDX #400

0135b6808d 02 BSR PULSE

0136b68220 00 BRA PULSE 0137

0138b684 ff 01 00 PULSE STX PWIDTH

0139b6877c 01 02 INC DONE

0140b68a 7d 01 02 WAIT4IT TST DONE

0141b68d 26 fb BNE WAIT4IT

0142b68f 39 RTS 0143 0144 0145 0146 0147 * X has next pulse width and is cleared when used

0148b690 fc 01 00 TOC2INT LDD PWIDTH

0149b693 f3 10 18 ADDD TOC2 * Add pulse width

0150b696 fd 10 18 STD TOC2 * and»store in TOC2

0151 b69986 40 LDAA #$40

0152b69b b7 10 23 STAA TFLGl * Clear the interrupt

0153b69e 7f 01 02 CLR DONE

0154b6al 3b RTI 0155 0156