Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH MODULE

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority under 35 U.S. C. 119 to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/894,842, entitled: "AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH MODULE," filed on March 14, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated herein as if set forth in full.

BACKGROUND Electronic data processing (EDP) equipment, such as servers, storage devices, or the like, are generally coupled to alternating current (AC) power sources in a data center and require very high reliability. For this reason, this equipment is generally coupled to one or more uninterruptible power sources (UPS). When redundant power sources (e.g., A and B power sources) are supplied in a data center, the data center manager must manage the provisioning and capacity demand for both of the sources. The provisioning must be done so that if either of the two sources fails, the remaining power source has sufficient power capacity to carry the total load of the equipment. However, the complexity of delivering power from a UPS to the equipment often creates numerous possibilities for interruption. For example, interim circuit breakers, power connection plugs and receptacles, power distribution units (PDUs), power strips, and other distribution systems are often placed in the circuit path between large UPS systems and the equipment. These components increase the probability of an interruption or disconnection of the equipment from the power sources.

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

EDP equipment may contain a dual power supply arrangement that can provide direct current (DC) power to the internal circuits of the equipment from two separate AC sources. In this arrangement, the failure of one of the AC sources will result in the equipment load being supplied from the alternate DC power supply in the unit. At times when both AC sources are present, the load is either shared by both power supplies, or favored to one of the power supplies. These systems, sometimes referred to as "redundant supplied" systems, may be a final line of defense for reliable power delivery to the electronic circuits within the equipment. However, these solutions may be costly due to the additional power supplies that may be required. Further, the added components generate more heat, which may be extremely undesirable in many applications. Alternatively, EDP equipment may include only one power supply and one AC power input. In this configuration, the equipment is subject to the failure of the single AC source. Further, the additional components may require rack space, which may be extremely costly. Finally, the additional components may increase the number of cords (e.g., network cords, power cords, and the like), which may significantly reduce the airflow in the racks, thereby reducing the overall maximum achievable deployment density and increasing energy costs.

It is against this background that the automatic transfer switch module described herein has been developed.

SUMMARY

The following embodiments and aspects of thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools, and methods which are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, and not limiting in scope.

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

In accordance with one aspect of the current invention, an automatic transfer switch for automatically switching an electrical load between two power sources is provided. The automatic transfer switch includes a switch module, and primary and secondary input cords, each attached to the switch module, and each for receiving power from a different one of the two power sources. For use in data center environments with A-B power sources, it is desirable to deterministically manage the load on the A and B power sources. The automatic transfer switch may be operable to prefer and use the A power source (i.e., primary power source) when it is available and only use the B power source (i.e., secondary power source) when the A power source is unavailable. The automatic transfer switch also includes an output cord attached to the switch module, for supplying power to the electrical load. Additionally, the automatic transfer switch includes a relay (e.g., a mechanical relay, a solid-state relay, or the like) disposed within the switch module and coupled to the primary input cord. The relay is operable to sense a suitable power delivery (i.e., quality) on the primary input cord and automatically couple the output cord to either the primary or secondary input cords in accordance with a value of the input power quality.

The automatic transfer switch may be implemented in a relatively small device that is suitable for deployment in the back of, or plugged into, a rack mounted electrical device. The rack mounted electrical devices may be used in any structure suitable for supporting electrical devices (e.g., 2 post equipment racks, 4 post equipment racks, various types of cabinets, or the like). The switch module may occupy less than 10 cubic inches, and more preferably, less than 3 cubic inches. In this regard, the switch does not occupy any valuable mounting space in an equipment rack, and may reduce cooling problems that are associated with sizable components and longer power cords used in

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

traditional designs. The switch may also consume relatively little power (e.g., 100-200 milliwatts) compared to other automatic transfer switches, due to the reduced number and size of its components.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, an automatic transfer switch for automatically switching an electrical load between two power sources is provided. The automatic transfer switch includes a switch module that occupies less than 10 cubic inches of space. The automatic transfer switch also includes primary and secondary input cords, each attached to the switch module, and each for receiving power from a different one of the two power sources, and an output cord or direct connection receptacle that is attached to the switch module for supplying power to the electrical load. Additionally, the automatic transfer switch includes one or more relays contained within the switch module and having a voltage sensitive input coupled to the primary input cord for coupling the output cord to the primary input cord when a power quality of the primary input cord is acceptable, and for coupling the output cord to the secondary input cord when a power quality on the primary input cord is not acceptable.

According to a still further aspect of the present invention, a method for use in providing power to an electrical device is provided. The method includes providing an auto-switching device having a first interface for coupling to a first power source, a second interface for coupling to a second power source, and a third interface for coupling to the electrical device to be powered. The auto-switching device is operative to automatically switch between the first and second power sources in response to an interruption of the quality of the primary input power. The method also includes coupling the first interface to the first power source, coupling the second interface to the second power source, and coupling the third interface to the electrical device.

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

According to a still further aspect of the present invention, a system for powering a rack mounted electrical device is provided. The system includes a rack or cabinet that has a plurality of vertically spaced electrical devices attached to the rack or resting on vertically spaced shelves supplied for supporting electrical devices thereon. The rack further includes first and second power strips associated with respective first and second power sources. Further, the system includes an auto-switching module including a first cord coupled to the first power strip, a second cord coupled to the second power strip, and a third cord coupled to an electrical device supported on one of the shelves of the rack. The auto-switching module is operative to switch a supply of power to the electrical device between the first and second power strips in response to an interruption of power.

According to a still further aspect of the present invention, an automatic transfer switch for automatically switching an electrical load between two power sources is provided. The automatic transfer switch includes a switch module, and primary and secondary input cords, each attached to the switch module, and each for receiving power from a different one of the two power sources. The automatic transfer switch also includes an output receptacle, attached to the switch module, for supplying power to the load. Additionally the automatic transfer switch includes one or more relays disposed within the switch module and coupled to the primary input cord. The one or more relays are operable to sense the availability and quality of power on the primary input cord and automatically couple the output receptacle to one of the primary and secondary input cords in accordance with the suitability of the power availability on the primary input cord.

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to the drawings and by study of the following descriptions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a perspective drawing of an exemplary automatic transfer switch. Figure 2 is a perspective drawing of the enclosure of the automatic transfer switch. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the automatic transfer switch. Figure 4 is an exemplary diagram of an application that implements the automatic transfer switch.

Figure 5 is a perspective drawing of another embodiment of an exemplary automatic transfer switch.

Figure 6 is a perspective drawing of another embodiment of an exemplary automatic transfer switch. Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an exemplary automatic transfer switch.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that it is not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the claims.

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

A perspective view of an automatic transfer switch 50 is presented in Figure 1. The automatic transfer switch 50 may include a module 4 located at the intersection of three power cords 1, 2, 3. The three power cords 1, 2, 3 may be coupled to the module 4 and may include a primary input cord 1 and a secondary input cord 2, terminated with plugs 5, 6, respectively, and a single output cord 3 terminated with a receptacle 7. The plugs 5,6 and the receptacle 7 may be of a type that generally fits standard EDP equipment (e.g., NEMA 5-15, NEMA 5-20, IEC 320-C13, IEC 320-C14, etc.). The cords 1, 2, 3 may be coupled to the module 4 by strain-relieving devices 1A-3A. In one embodiment, the input cords 1 , 2 are no greater than 24 inches in length, and the output cord 3 is no greater than 12 inches in length.

Figure 2 is a perspective view of the structure of the module 4. The module 4 may include an enclosure 11, one or more relays 12, and the cord strain-relieving devices IA- 3A. The module 4 may also include a mounting tab 8 and an attaching permanent magnet 9. The enclosure 11 may be an injection-molded block of thermoplastic formed around the components of the module 4. As an alternative, the enclosure 11 may further include a metal enclosure surrounding the molded block. Further, the enclosure 11 may be a metal or plastic enclosure with the interior components supported within by a compliant insulating material or by appropriate mechanical supports. The attaching permanent magnet 9 may be embedded in the molded block or, alternatively, attached to a metal or plastic enclosure. In one embodiment, the dimensions of the enclosure 11 are approximately 1.5 inches in width by 0.75 inches in height by 3 inches in length.

Figure 3 illustrates one embodiment of a schematic diagram for the automatic transfer switch 50. The module 4 includes the enclosure 11, the relay 12, and connections for the power cords 1, 2, 3. The relay 12 includes a normally open (NO) line contact 14,

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

a normally closed (NC) line contact 13, a line transfer contact 15, a NO neutral contact 17, a NC neutral contact 16, a neutral transfer contact 18, a coil 19, and a core 20. The relay 12 may be a double-pole double-throw (DPDT) relay and is shown as such in the schematic. However, the relay may include two matched single-pole double-throw (SPDT) relays, or other configurations that achieve the desired function.

The power cords 1, 2, 3 may include line conductors IL, 2L, 3 L, neutral conductors IN, 2N, 3N, and ground conductors IG, 2G, 3 G, respectively. As an example, the plugs 5, 6 may be three-conductor, 15 ampere type, such as National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Type 5-15, and the receptacle 7 may be a three-conductor, 15 ampere type, such as a type 320-C13 IEC connector, both of which are commonly used in EDP equipment.

The specific connections of the relay 12 are now described. As can be seen, the three ground conductors IG, 2G, 3G may be electrically coupled together. The primary line conductor IL may be connected to the NO contact 14, and the secondary line conductor 2L may be connected to the NC contact 13. The output line conductor 3 L may be connected to the transfer contact 15 of the relay 12. Additionally, the primary neutral conductor IN may be connected to the NO contact 17, and the secondary neutral conductor 2N may be connected to the NC contact 16. The output neutral conductor 3N may be connected to the transfer contact 18 of the relay 12. The coil 19 of the relay 12 may be connected between the primary line conductor

IL and the neutral conductor IN. In operation, when the voltage on the primary input cord 1 is above a minimum acceptable value for operation of the equipment, the relay 12 may be energized by the voltage applied to the coil 19. In this state, the NO contacts 14, 17 are coupled to the transfer contacts 15, 18 of the relay 12. This causes the conductors

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

IL and 3 L to be coupled together, as well as the conductors IN and 3N, such that the output cord 3 is coupled to the primary input cord 1. If the voltage on the primary input cord 1 falls below a minimum acceptable value, the relay 12 may be de-energized, which causes the NC contacts 13, 16 to be coupled to the transfer contacts 15, 18, and the output cord 3 to be coupled to the secondary input cord 2. In this manner, the equipment is automatically coupled to the secondary power source when the voltage on the primary power source is interrupted. If the voltage on the primary input cord 1 again exceeds the minimum acceptable value, the relay 12 may again be energized and the output cord 3 may be disconnected from the secondary input cord 2 and reconnected to the primary input cord 1. That is, the relay 12 is energized when the voltage in the input power cord 1 exceeds a first value, which is greater than the minimum acceptable value, and is de- energized when a voltage drops below a second value, which is less than the first value but still greater than, or equal to, the minimum acceptable value. This hysteresis may be desirable in that it prevents the chattering of the relay 12 that may occur if the same voltage value were used for energizing and de-energizing the relay 12.

Although not shown, varistor or zener diode devices may be coupled across the input or output conductors to limit voltage spikes due to external or switching transients. Also, various types of line filters may be included if necessary or desired.

The automatic transfer switch 50 may include devices for mounting the module 4 as shown in Figure 2. One mounting device may be the permanent magnet 9 for attaching the module 4 to a ferromagnetic mounting surface, such as a steel mounting surface. The magnet 9 may be embedded in the module 4, or alternatively, it may be attached to the surface of the module 4. Additionally or alternatively, the module 4 may include the

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

mounting tab 8. The mounting tab 8 may include a screw hole, such that the tab 8 may be screwed or tie-wrapped to a desired mounting location.

Figure 5 illustrates another embodiment of the automatic transfer switch 50 in which the receptacle 7 may be directly connected to the module 4. In this configuration, the module 4 may be plugged directly into a piece of equipment, without the need for any additional mounting devices. Accordingly, the dimensions of the module 4 in this embodiment may be such that the module 4 is contained within the dimensions of the height of standard EDP equipment (e.g., one rack unit, which is 1.75 inches high, or other vertical standard). As discussed below in reference to Figure 6, this may permit a plurality of EDP equipment to be stacked together in a rack.

An exemplary diagram of an application of the automatic transfer switch 50 is shown in Figure 4. Equipment 26 may be mounted in a rack 25 having a primary power strip 21 and a secondary power strip 22 mounted on opposite sides of the rack 25. The power strips 21 and 22 include multiple outlets 23 and 24, respectively. The primary and secondary input plugs 5, 6 of the module 4 may be plugged into the outlets 23, 24, respectively, and the output receptacle 7 of the module 4 may be coupled to a plug 27 on the equipment 26. In normal use, this application may be duplicated for as many pieces of equipment as are mounted in the rack 25. In operation, the equipment 26 may receive power from the primary power strip 21 , through the primary input cord 1 and the output cord 3. When an interruption of the voltage on the primary power strip 21 occurs, the automatic transfer switch 50 may then couple the equipment 26 to the secondary power strip 24, through the secondary input cord 2 and the output cord 3. In this manner, power redundancy is provided to the equipment 26.

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

The automatic transfer switch 50 may be particularly well-suited for high-density applications where the rack 25 may contain forty or more pieces of equipment. For example, in such a case, forty automatic transfer switches 50 with eighty input plugs 5, 6 and forty output receptacles 7 may be needed. Typically, this density requires careful attention to cord management in order to prevent blocking of air flow that may inhibit cooling of the rack 25. Accordingly, in such applications, the automatic transfer switch 50 eliminates this problem by including cords that have lengths that are suited for the specific application.

The shape of the module 4 may be substantially rectangular, in both end and side views, with the output cord 3 and one of the input cords 2 attached to one end of the module 4 and the other input cord 1 attached to the opposite end. Also, the cross- sectional area of the module 4 may be less than one and one-half square inches, and the length of the module 4 may be less then three inches, with a total volume contained within the module 4 of less than four and one-half cubic inches. One distinguishing feature of this embodiment of the automatic transfer switch 50 is that the relay 12 does not require any additional control circuits to operate. The absence of relay control circuits permits the automatic transfer switch function to be contained in a much smaller space than that required by switches with complex circuitry (e.g., high-speed controllers, optical isolators, current sensors, synchronizing circuits, or the like). The use of a DPDT relay (or matched multiple relays) to ensure break-before- make connections prevents connecting the two power sources in parallel, which may cause damage to equipment. The automatic transfer switch 50 takes advantage of the inherent energy storage capability of most common EDP equipment to operate the equipment during the short time interval (e.g., a few milliseconds) between the breaking

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

of a connection from one source and the making of a connection to the other source. In this manner, the automatic transfer switch 50 provides the automatic transfer function in less space and at lower cost than traditional automatic transfer switches.

The automatic transfer switch 50 also provides for switching power sources right at the input to the equipment, thereby minimizing the probability of a failure between the switch and the equipment. Additionally, the automatic transfer switch 50 occupies a relatively small space, and it provides for better cable management in rack-mounted equipment. The length of the cords may allow placement of the module 4 adjacent to the back panel of each piece of equipment, and may allow connection to power strips without excess cord length. This configuration eliminates the tangle of power cords usually associated with rack-mounted equipment.

Figure 6 illustrates another embodiment of an automatic transfer switch 60 in which a receptacle 67 may be directly connected to a module 64. In this configuration, similar to the switch 50 shown in Figure 5, the module 64 may be plugged directly into a piece of equipment, without the need for any additional mounting devices. That is, the module 64 is self-supporting. Accordingly, the dimensions of the module 64 in this embodiment may be such that the module 64 is contained within the dimensions of the height of standard EDP equipment (e.g., one rack unit, which is 1.75 inches high). This may permit a plurality of EDP equipment to be stacked together in a rack. Further, since the placement and orientation of the plug on the back of EDP equipment is not standardized, the vertical and horizontal installed height of the module 64 should be less than one rack unit. The depth of the module 64 may also become an issue when used with devices that have a relatively large depth (e.g., some servers). Therefore, the depth of the module 64 may be constrained to less than about 4 inches. Preferably, the module

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

64 has a volume of less than about 10 cubic inches, and more preferably, less than about 3 cubic inches. Further, two power cords 61, 62 may be coupled to the module 64 and may include a primary input cord 62 and a secondary input cord 61, terminated with plug 66 and plug 65 respectively. The cords 61, 62 may be coupled to the module 64 by strain- relieving devices 61A-62A. As shown, the cords 61, 62 extend from the module 64 close to the receptacle 67 to reduce the strain imposed by the cords 61, 62 when plugged into power sources. The module 64 may also include a status indicator 68 to allow a user to determine which power source is active. For example the "A" light may be illuminated when the receptacle 67 is electrically coupled to the plug 66, and the "B" light may be illuminated when the receptacle 67 is electrically coupled to the plug 65.

Figure 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an automatic transfer switch module 150. The basic functionality of the module 150 is to facilitate the fast transfer of power delivered to a load power connection 172 between a primary power source connection 152 and an alternate power source connection 154. For example, the module 150 may transfer the power during a period that is less than about 15 milliseconds, and preferably less than 10 milliseconds. Generally, the module 150 operates to couple the primary power source connection 152 to the load power connection 172 when the power at a primary power source is stable. Further, in response to an interruption of power at the power source coupled to the primary power source connection 152, the module 150 is operable to couple the load power connection 172 to the alternate power source connection 154 that is connected to an alternate power source until power at the primary power source connection 152 is restored. The module 150 may be operable to sense various power quality features on the primary power source connection 152, and to switch the power connection in response to these features. The

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

power quality features sensed by the module 150 may include interruptions, voltage sag, voltage fluctuations, frequency variations, or the like. The specific features and operation of the module 150 are described in detail below.

The module 150 includes two single pole double throw (SPDT) relays 166 and 168 to facilitate the transfer of power between the primary power source connection 152 and the alternate power source connection 154. As shown, the relay 166 couples the hot conductor 156 of the primary power source connection 152 to the hot conductor 170 of the load power connection 172. The relay 166 also couples the hot node 158 of the alternate power source 154 with the hot conductor 170 of the load power connection 172. Similarly, the neutral conductors 157, 159 of the primary power source connection 152 and the alternate power source connection 154, respectively, are also coupled to the neutral conductor 171 of the load power connection 172 through relay 168.

The module 150 also includes a third SPDT relay 164 that is positioned in the path of the primary power source connection 152. The relay 164 serves to protect against an undesirable effect referred to herein as "arc carryover." Arc carryover occurs when the current through the contacts of a relay is great enough to allow an arc generated by the breaking of a contact to which a load was previously connected to continue until the contact reaches the alternate source. This may result in an effective short-circuit between two power sources, which under certain conditions, may cause the current to increase rapidly, which could damage equipment or trip a circuit protection device, causing system downtime. One way to reduce the probability of arc carryover is to ensure a sufficient separation gap between the primary input relay contact and the secondary relay contact. However, in space-limited applications, the size restrictions for the module 150 may preclude the use of relays having a sufficient separation gap.

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

To reduce the probability of arc carryover, the relay 164 is introduced in the path of the primary power source connection 152 as a disconnect relay. That is, the alternate pole of the relay 164 is unconnected. The relay 164 functions in a timed relationship with the relays 166, 168 in a manner such that during a transfer sequence from one power source to the other, the disconnect relay 164 disengages the primary power path from the secondary power path during the short period when the transfer relays 166 and 168 change from one position to the other. By slightly offsetting the timing of the actions of the disconnect relay 164 from the switching action of the transfer relays 166 and 168, it can be assured that the AC power will pass through a zero current level during the transfer cycle. This, in conjunction with the addition of the third separation gap provided by the relay 164, increases the arc suppression capacity of the module 150 significantly. To control the timing and driving of the relays 164, 166, and 168, a Relay Driver and Synchronization section 184 is provided. The section 184 may include various analog and digital electronics to drive the relays 164, 166, and 168. Driving the relay is using electronics, as opposed to direct actuation from the power sources, has advantages that are discussed below.

To further protect against arc carryover, a fuse 162 is positioned in the path of the alternate power source connection 154. It should be appreciated that a fuse may be applied in the path of the primary power source connection 152 in addition to, or instead of, the path of the alternate power source connection 154. The fuse 162 may be a fast acting fuse that is operable to open prior to the opening of a branch circuit breaker, which may prevent localized overload conditions from affecting other attached equipment on the same branch circuit. In one embodiment, a 20 A power-limiting fast-acting fuse is used,

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

but other values may be substituted to provide the desired protection in various applications of the module 150.

The inventors have further recognized that it may be desirable to introduce a delay when returning power from the alternate power source connection 154 to the primary power source connection 152 following an interruption on the primary power source. In this regard, a delay may help reduce the number of transitions in the event that the primary power source is intermittent, or in a low-voltage condition that may cause the relays to transfer back and forth unnecessarily. As an example, a delay of three to five seconds may be introduced from the time the primary power source is stable to the time the module 150 returns power from the alternate power source to the primary power source. To provide this delay, a Voltage Sense and Return Transfer Delay section 180 is provided. The section 180 is operable to sense the voltage at the primary power source connection 152 via nodes 174 and 175. Once the section 180 has determined that the voltage at the primary power source 152 has been available for a predetermined period of time (e.g., 3 to 5 seconds), the section 180 provides a signal to the Relay Driver and Synchronization section 184. As shown, the sections 180, 184 are coupled together by an optical isolator 182 that functions to electrically isolate the primary power source connection 152 from the alternate power source connection 154. After receiving a signal from the section 180, the Relay Driver and Synchronization section 184 may then use electronic control circuitry to activate the relays 164, 166, and 168, which in turn returns power from the alternate power source connection 154 to the primary power source connection 152. It should be appreciated that the sections 180 and 184 may include various digital and/or analog components to achieve the voltage sensing and delay functions. For example, in one embodiment the section 180 includes a digital timer.

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

The use of electronic control circuitry by section 184 to drive the relays 164, 166, 168, instead of direct actuation by the primary power source, may provide significant advantages. In previous embodiments, the relays are energized by the primary power source, such that the primary power source remains connected to the load power connection when the primary power source is stable. In the event of a failure of the primary power source, the relays are not held, and therefore release, which in turn connects the load to the alternate power source. Upon return of power to the primary source, the relays immediately energize, therefore reconnecting the load to the primary power source. As discussed above, this configuration does not allow for a delay to be introduced when transferring from the alternative power source back to the primary power source. Further, this configuration requires the relays to be energized the majority of the time (i.e., whenever the primary power source is stable), causing unnecessary power consumption and reduced relay life expectancy, which reduces the overall reliability of the module 150. To solve the aforementioned problems, the relays 164, 166, 168 are driven from the alternate power source connection 154. This is accomplished by coupling the relay driver section 184 to the alternate power source connection 154 through nodes 176 and 177. Therefore, the previously described electronic delay circuitry may now use the available alternate power source to operate from during the delay period. Further the relays 164, 166, and 168 may be energized only during an outage period of the primary power source 152, which may be a relatively rare event. Therefore, this configuration may significantly extend the probable life expectancy of the relays, reduce power consumption, and improve the overall reliability of the module 150.

Attorney Docket No.: 50360-00017 UTILITY

While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description is to be considered as exemplary and not restrictive in character. For example, certain embodiments described hereinabove may be combinable with other described embodiments and/or arranged in other ways (e.g., process elements may be performed in other sequences). Accordingly, it should be understood that only the preferred embodiment and variants thereof have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected.