BEETROOT-CONTAINING COMPOSITION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

The present invention relates to a composition comprising beetroot, and a salty taste composition, food composition, composition for preventing increase in blood pressure, and so on, each comprising beetroot.

TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

[0002]

Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Japan and throughout the world. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is traditionally defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) equal to or greater than 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) equal to or greater than 90 mmHg. The term "prehypertension", as a pre-stage of hypertension, has been traditionally defined as a SBP of 120 - 139 mmHg and/or a DBP of 80 - 89 mmHg. Herein we use the traditional definitions of hypertension and prehypertension. Prehypertension is a very strong predictor of hypertension. In Japan, approximately 40% of adults over 60 years old are considered to have prehypertension. Blood pressure increases with age and the prevalence of hypertension in Japanese people who are 60 years or older is more than 60% and is also very high in other elderly populations. For example, in the United States, over 65% of people greater than 65 years of age have hypertension as traditionally defined (see https://www.cdc.pov/bloodpressure/facts.htm ).

[0003] Approximately 50% of people with hypertension and approximately 25% of people with normal blood pressure experience increased blood pressure in response to excessive salt (sodium chloride) intake (Elijovich F, Weinberger MH, Anderson CA et al. Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2016; 68:e7-e46). Salt-sensitivity is defined as a condition in which increases in salt intake induce increases in blood pressure. Thus, approximately 50% of people with hypertension are salt-sensitive (have salt- sensitivity) and approximately 25% of people with normal blood pressure are salt-sensitive (have salt-sensitivity) (Elijovich F, Weinberger MH, Anderson CA et al. Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2016; 68:e7-e46). Salt- sensitivity is a risk factor for hypertension, cardio- and cerebrovascular disorders, and an altered inflammatory immune response - the latter being linked to all major human diseases.

[0004]

Many drugs have been approved for treatment of hypertension but not for treatment of prehypertension or salt-sensitivity. Thus, lifestyle changes including restriction of salt intake and weight loss are often recommended to decrease the incidence of prehypertension or hypertension.

[0005]

Although many methods are known and available for decreasing the incidence of prehypertension or hypertension or cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders related thereto, the methods are often inconvenient and associated with side effects, or are not optimally effective. While dietary salt restriction is recommended to decrease the incidence of hypertension or the like and cardiovascular diseases or the like related thereto, people enjoy the taste of salt and consume more salt than the amount recommended by health authorities. For example, the Japanese Society of Hypertension recommends to consume less than 6 grams of salt (sodium chloride) per day. However, adults in Japan consume an average of about 10 g of salt per day. Average salt intake in most populations worldwide is approximately 9 grams per day and other medical societies throughout the world also recommend reducing salt intake to well below that level. The World Health Organization recommends consumption of less than approximately 5 grams of salt per day and the American Heart Association recommends no more than 3.8 grams of salt per day. However, many if not most individuals continue to consume approximately 9 - 10 grams of salt per day. Thus, there is an unmet need for safe, well tolerated, and practical methods for decreasing the incidence of prehypertension or hypertension caused by excessive salt intake or other mechanisms.

[0006]

Foods with functional characteristics represent a promising and safe approach for decreasing the incidence of prehypertension or hypertension. In Japan, for example, the government has approved a variety of foods with functional characteristics that are useful in maintaining normal blood pressure as "food for specialized health uses", "food with function claims", etc. Other governments such as in the United States have also approved the

fortification of food products with added natural ingredients that are beneficial for health.

[0007]

It is well-established that beet plant-derived products including beetroot juice and beetroot powder can be used to reduce blood pressure in individuals with hypertension or individuals with normal blood pressure, or to decrease the incidence of hypertension (Jonvic KL et al "Nitrate-Rich Vegetables Increase Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Concentrations and Lower Blood Pressure in Healthy Adults." J Nutr. 2016 May; 146 (5) : 986-93. Kapil V et al "Dietary Nitrate Provides Sustained Blood Pressure Lowering in Hypertensive Patients: a randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo- controlled study." Hypertension 2015 Feb; 65 (2) : 320-327). The antihypertensive effect of beet plant-derived products is related mainly to the high concentration of inorganic nitrate in beetroot, which is converted in the body to nitric oxide, a potent vasodilating agent that relaxes blood vessels and reduces blood pressure (Gee LC, Ahluwalia A. Dietary Nitrate Lowers Blood Pressure: Epidemiological, Pre-clinical Experimental and Clinical Trial Evidence. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016; 18: 7). Recently, it has become evident that reduced nitric oxide activity causes salt-sensitivity and that dietary-induced increases in nitric oxide activity can prevent salt-induced increases in blood pressure (Fujiwara N, Osanai T, Kamada T, Katoh T, Takahashi K, Okumura K. Study on the relationship between plasma nitrite and nitrate level and salt sensitivity in human hypertension : modulation of nitric oxide synthesis by salt intake. Circulation. 2000; 101 :856-61. Chen PY, Sanders PW. L-arginine abrogates salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl/Rapp rats. J Clin Invest. 1991 ;88:1559-67. Carlstrom M, Persson AE, Larsson E, Hezel M, Scheffer PG, Teerlink T, et al. Dietary nitrate attenuates oxidative stress, prevents cardiac and renal injuries, and reduces blood pressure in salt-induced hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 201 1 ;89:574-85. Morris RC, Schmidlin O, Sebastian A, Tanaka M, Kurtz TW. Vasodysf unction that involves renal vasodysfunction, not abnormally increased renal retention of sodium, accounts for the initiation of salt-induced hypertension. Circulation. 2016;133:881 -93). Safe amounts of inorganic nitrate that can reduce blood pressure and decrease the incidence of prehypertension or hypertension can be obtained through dietary means by consuming vegetables like beetroot With high nitrate content (Jonvic KL et al "Nitrate-Rich Vegetables Increase Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Concentrations and Lower Blood Pressure in Healthy Adults." J Nutr. 2016 May; 146 (5) : 986-93. Kapil V et al "Dietary Nitrate Provides Sustained Blood Pressure Lowering in Hypertensive Patients: a randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." Hypertension 2015 Feb; 65 (2) : 320-327). In addition to beetroot, there are many other vegetables that contain substantial amounts of inorganic nitrate, and products derived from such vegetables can also be useful for treating prehypertension and hypertension, or decreasing an incidence of such a disorder through a similar mechanism (Sobko T et al "Dietary nitrate in Japanese traditional foods lowers diastolic blood pressure in healthy volunteers." Nitric Oxide. 2010 Feb 15;22(2): 136-40).

[0008]

However, many individuals do not like the taste of beetroot in general because it contains pyrazine compounds and a large amount of geosmin ((4S,4aS,8aR)-4,8a-dimethyl-1 ,2,3,4,5,6,7-octahydronaphthalen-4a-ol), an organic compound that has an earthy flavor.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0009]

To provide a beet plant-containing composition that is more palatable for consumption and is useful for preventing an increase in blood pressure, it is required to reduce or remove the bad taste of geosmin and the like in beetroot. However, the processes, for example, required to remove geosmin and other bad-tasting compounds from beetroot are often time- consuming, complex, and expensive. No suitable method has been previously known which is capable of masking or neutralizing the earthy taste of beetroot in the desired fashion. When seeking substances to mask or neutralize the earthy taste of beetroot in compositions comprising beetroot, consideration should be given to both the palatability of such compositions and their capacity to protect against increases in blood pressure.

[0010]

In view of the limitations of the above conventional techniques, a purpose of the present invention is to provide a beet plant-containing composition that is without the bad taste of beetroot and that is useful for preventing an increase in blood pressure. An additional purpose is to provide an antihypertensive composition containing beetroot that enhances the antihypertensive activity of beetroot and also has improved taste.

[0011]

Use of a seasoning product or seasoning agent that does not contain salt, or that contains some salt diluted by addition of other ingredients, is often recommended as a means to avoid a salt-induced increase in blood pressure and to decrease an incidence of prehypertension or hypertension. Such seasoning products or seasoning agents are sometimes referred to as salt substitutes. However, many such seasoning products that do not contain salt, or that contain some salt diluted by addition of other ingredients, typically lack a sufficient salty taste or have an unpleasant, bitter or chemical taste, and are not palatable.

[0012]

In view of the limitations of the above conventional techniques, another purpose of this invention is to provide salty taste compositions, and salty taste compositions for reducing risk for an increase in blood pressure, that are palatable and have an enhanced salty taste.

By seasoning food with the novel salty taste compositions of this invention, instead of seasoning food with ordinary salt or ordinary salty taste compositions, one can reduce the amount of salt consumed without reducing the salty taste of the food. Moreover, because the novel salty taste compositions have antihypertensive properties, the amount of salt present in the compositions does not increase the risk for hypertension. Thus, use of the novel salty taste compositions in place of ordinary salt affords two major benefits with respect to protecting against salt-induced hypertension: 1) reducing the amount of salt consumed without a reduction in salty taste, and 2) preventing the salt that is consumed from increasing a risk for increased blood pressure. Use of the novel salty taste compositions in place of other salty taste compositions containing reduced amounts of salt also affords major benefits: 1) reducing the amount of salt consumed without reducing a salty taste and without causing a bad taste, and 2) preventing the salt that is consumed in the composition from increasing a risk for increased blood pressure. Thus, purposes of this invention include providing a palatable salty taste-imparting agent, and a palatable salty taste imparting agent useful for reducing a risk for a salt-induced increase in blood pressure.

[0013]

The present inventor conducted intensive research to attain the above purposes, and surprisingly found that salt, or one or more additional food materials selected from the group consisting of fruits of the family Rutaceae, vegetables of the family Brassicaceae, and vegetables of the family

Amaranthaceae, can have the effect to mask the earthy taste of beetroot. Further, the inventor surprisingly found that beetroot mixed with salt can act as a salty taste enhancer and be used to prepare palatable salty taste compositions that have an enhanced salty taste and that contain beetroot in amounts that can reduce the risk for a salt-induced increase in blood pressure, and thus completed the present inventions.

[0014]

Specifically, the present invention includes the following configurations.

(1) A salty taste composition comprising beetroot and salt, wherein the composition comprises 5 to 30% by dry weight of the beetroot and 70 to 95% by dry weight of the salt based on the total weight of the composition.

(2) A salty taste composition comprising beetroot and salt, wherein the ratio of the beetroot to the salt (beetroot : salt) by dry weight in the composition is 1 :16 to 1 :4.

(3) The salty taste composition (2), wherein the ratio of the beetroot to the salt (beetroot : salt) by dry weight in the composition is 1 :16.

(4) The salty taste composition in any one of (1) to (3), wherein the

composition comprises an additional food material.

(5) The salty taste composition described in any one of (1) to (4), wherein the additional food material comprises at least one or more nitrate-containing food materials.

(6) The salty taste composition described in any one of (1) to (5), wherein the additional food material comprises Vitamin D and/or vitamin C

(7) The salty taste composition described in any one of (1) to (6), for a human with hypertension or prehypertension.

(8) A food composition comprising the salty taste composition described in any one of (1) to (7).

(9) The food composition of (8), being soy sauce (shoyu). (10) A composition comprising beetroot and salt for preventing a salt-induced increase in blood pressure, wherein the composition comprises 5 to 30% by dry weight of the beetroot and 70 to 95% by dry weight of the salt based on the total weight of the composition.

(1 1 ) A composition comprising beetroot and salt for preventing a salt-induced increase in blood pressure, wherein the ratio of the beetroot to the salt (beetroot : salt) by dry weight in the composition is 1 : 16 to 1 :4.

(12) . The composition of (1 1), wherein the ratio of the beetroot to the salt (beetroot : salt) by dry weight in the composition is 1 :16.

(13) The composition of (10) to (12), comprising an additional food material.

(14) The composition described in any one of (10) to (13), wherein the additional food material comprises at least one or more nitrate-containing food materials.

(15) The composition described in any one of (10) to (14), wherein the additional food material comprises Vitamin D and/or a supplement of vitamin D.

(16) A method for preventing an increase in blood pressure, the method comprises administering the composition described in any one of (1 ) to (7) to (10) or (10) to (15) to a human with prehypertension.

(17) A method for preventing or treating salt-induced hypertension, wherein the composition described in (7) to (10) or (10) to (15) is used as a salt substitute.

(18) A method for enhancing a salty taste of a composition containing salt, comprising substituting the salt of the composition with beetroot in an amount of 5 to 30% by dry weight of beetroot based on the weight of the salt to be added. (19) A method for enhancing a salty taste of a composition containing salt, comprising adding beetroot to the composition with the ratio of the beetroot to the salt (beetroot: salt) by dry weight in the composition is 1 :16 to 1 :4.

(20) The method described in (19), wherein the ratio of the beetroot to the salt (beetroot: salt) by dry weight in the composition is 1 :16.

(21 ) The method described in any one of (18) to (20), wherein the

composition comprises an additional food material.

(22) The method described in any one of (18) to (21 ), wherein the additional food material comprises at least one or more nitrate-containing food materials.

(23) The method described in any one of (18) to (22), wherein the additional food material comprises Vitamin D and/or vitamin C

(24) A method for preventing an increase in blood pressure by using a salty taste composition having an enhanced salty taste, the method comprises: providing the salty taste composition containing beetroot in an amount (dry weight) of 5 to 30% by dry weight of the salt; and

consuming the salty taste composition by a human with hypertension or prehypertension in place of the salt.

(25) A method for preventing an increase in blood pressure by using a salty taste composition having an enhanced salty taste, the method comprises: providing the salty taste composition containing beetroot and salt such that the ratio of beetroot to salt (beetroot: salt) by dry weight in the composition is 1 :16 to 1 :4; and

consuming the salty taste composition by a human with hypertension or prehypertension in place of the salt.

(26) The method described in (25), wherein the ratio of beetroot to salt (beetroot: salt) by dry weight in the composition is 1 :16. (27) The salty taste composition described in any one of (1) to (7) or the composition described in any one of (10) to (15), wherein the beetroot in the composition is in the form of powder, granules, or crystalline particles and the salt in the composition is in the form of powder, granules, or crystalline particles, and the composition is a powder composition as a mixture of the beetroot and the salt.

[0015]

The present invention further includes the following configurations.

[1 ] A salty taste composition comprising beetroot and salt.

[2] The salty taste composition of [1], comprising 20 to 65% by dry weight of the beetroot and 35 to 80% by dry weight of the salt.

[3] The salty taste composition of [1] or [2], wherein the ratio of the beetroot to the salt by dry weight in the composition is 0.6:1 to 1.8:1.

[4] The salty taste composition described in any one of [1] to [3], wherein the salty taste composition comprises an additional food material, and the total content of the beetroot and the salt is 20 to 90% by dry weight, and the content of the additional food material is 10 to 80% by dry weight in the composition.

[5] The salty taste composition described in any one of [1] to [4], wherein the additional food material comprises at least one or more nitrate-containing food materials.

[6] The salty taste composition described in any one of [1] to [5], wherein the additional food material comprises at least one or more seasonings.

[7] The salty taste composition described in any one of [1] to [6], wherein the additional food material comprises a supplement of vitamin D and or other vitamins [8] The salty taste composition described in any one of [1] to [7], wherein the beetroot in the composition is in the form of powder, granules, or crystalline particles and the salt in the composition is in the form of powder, granules, or crystalline particles, and the composition is a powder composition as a mixture of the beetroot and the salt.

[9] The salty taste composition described in any one of [1] to [8], for a human with rather high blood pressure.

[10] A salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure, the composition comprising beetroot and salt.

[1 1] The salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure of [10], the composition comprising 20 to 65% by dry weight of the beetroot and 35 to 80% by dry weight of the salt.

[12] The salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure of [10] or [1 1], wherein the ratio of the beetroot to the salt by dry weight in the composition is 0.6:1 to 1.8:1.

[13] The salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure described in any one of [10] to [12], wherein the total content of the beetroot and the salt is 20 to 90% by dry weight, and the content of an additional food material is 10 to 80% by dry weight in the composition.

[14] The salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure described in any one of [10] to [13], wherein the additional food material comprises at least one or more nitrate-containing food materials.

[15] The salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure described in any one of [10] to [14], wherein the additional food material comprises at least one or more seasonings. [16] The salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure described in any one of [10] to [15], wherein the additional food material comprises a supplement of vitamin D and or other vitamins.

[17] The salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure described in any one of [10] to [16], wherein the beetroot in the composition is in the form of powder, granules, or crystalline particles and the salt in the composition is in the form of powder, granules, or crystalline particles, and the composition is a powder composition as a mixture of the beetroot and the salt.

[18] The salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure described in any one of [10] to [17], for a human with rather high blood pressure.

[19] A salty taste-imparting agent comprising beetroot and salt as active ingredients.

[20] A salty taste enhancer comprising beetroot as an active ingredient.

[21] A food composition comprising the salty taste composition described in any one of [1] to [18].

[22] The food composition of [21], being soy sauce (shoyu).

[23] An anti-hypertension composition, the composition comprising beetroot and further comprising one or more additional food materials selected from the group consisting of fruits of the family Rutaceae, vegetables of the family Brassicaceae, and vegetables of the family Amaranthaceae in an effective amount for masking the taste of the beetroot.

[24] The anti-hypertension composition of [23], for administering to a human with hypertension.

[25] The anti-hypertension composition of [23], for administering to a human with prehypertension. [26] The anti-hypertension composition of [23], for administering to a human with normal blood pressure.

[27] The anti-hypertension composition described in any one of [23] to [26], to be formulated as a form of a powder, granule, tablet, liquid, capsule, troche, or jelly.

[28] The anti-hypertension composition described in any one of [23] to [27], wherein the additional food material is one or more selected from the group consisting of shikuwasa, yuzu, komatsuna, ging-gen-cai, and spinach.

[29] The anti-hypertension composition described in any one of [23] to [27], the composition comprising 0.1 to 10 parts by mass of the additional food material with respect to 1 part by mass of the beetroot, in terms of dry solid content.

[30] The anti-hypertension composition described in any one of [23] to [29], for administering the beetroot in an amount of 0.5 to 10 g in terms of dry solid content per day.

[31] The anti-hypertension composition described in any one of [23] to [30], to be mixed in 100 mL to 1000 mL of liquid to prepare a liquid composition comprising the beetroot and the additional food material.

[32] The anti-hypertension composition described in any one of [23] to [31], to be contained in a unit dose package so that 0.5 g to 10 g of the beetroot in terms of dry solid content is contained in the package.

[33] The anti-hypertension composition described in any one of [23] to [32], to be contained in a unit dose package so that 0.5 g to 10 g of the beetroot in terms of dry solid content is contained in the package and 0.5 to 10 g of the additional food material in terms of dry solid content is contained in the package.

[0016] In some embodiments, the present invention provides an anti- hypertension composition comprising beetroot and salt with additional food materials that enhance the antihypertensive activity of beetroot and also reduce the bad taste of beetroot.

In addition, the present invention can provide a salty taste composition and salty taste composition for preventing an increase in blood pressure by the combination of beetroot and salt, wherein the salt masks the earthy taste of the beetroot and the beetroot enhances the salty taste of the salt, each of the compositions having enhanced salty taste, being palatable, without deterioration of salty taste in spite of the reduced amount of salt, and also being excellent in the effect to prevent increase in blood pressure. The present invention can also provide a salty taste-imparting agent, and a salty taste enhancer useful for preventing an increase in blood pressure.

The composition of the present invention can contain, in addition to beetroot, for example, one or more additional food materials selected from the group consisting of fruits of the family Rutaceae, nitrate containing vegetables of the family Brassicaceae, or nitrate containing vegetables of the family Amaranthaceae. By virtue of this configuration, a food composition can be provided with the earthy taste of beetroot masked and the antihypertensive activity of beetroot more enhanced.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 illustrates the effect of beetroot powder and other powders to salty taste.

Figure 2(a) illustrates 24-hour mean arterial pressures measured by radiotelemetry before and after initiating two treatments. Figure 2(b) illustrates the comparison of blood pressures between the treatment with beetroot and salt and the treatment with salt alone.

DETAILS DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0017]

The beetroot-containing composition according to the present invention comprises beetroot, and further comprises one or more food materials to mask the taste of the beetroot.

[0018]

Examples of the food materials to mask the taste of beetroot include, as shown in Examples below, salt, fruits of the family Rutaceae such as shikuwasa and yuzu, and nitrate containing vegetables of the family

Brassicaceae such as komatsuna and ging-gen-cai, and nitrate containing vegetables of the family Amaranthaceae such as spinach.

[0019]

Beet (Beta vulgaris), which is known as a root vegetable, is a plant that belongs to Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Beta, and popular examples thereof include sugar beet, red beet, table beet, beets, beta vulgaris, and garden beet.

[0020]

The term "beet" as used herein means any part of the beet plant that contains nitrate including the root, leaves, bark etc. with the root being the preferred part for purposes of this invention.The root may include other parts of the plant body such as the root bark. Examples of the beetroot include, but are not limited to, Red beetroot, Golden or gold beetroot, Yellow beetroot, and White beetroot Albino, each currently cultivated; the native species (white root) "Bull's Blood"; the native species "Chioggia"; the native species (distinct red and white zoned root) "Crosby's Egyptian"; the native species "Cylindra" / "Formanova"; the native species (elongated root) "Detroit Dark Red Medium Top"; the native species "Early Wonder"; the native species "Golden Beet" / "Burpee's Golden"; the native species (yellow root)

"Perfected Detroit", "Red Ace"; and the hybrid "Ruby Queen", "Touchstone Gold" (yellow root). Alternatively, beetroot developed or genetically modified so as to contain inorganic nitrates, which are converted into nitric oxide in the body, in an amount larger than those contained in conventional varieties may be used in the present invention. The term "beetroot" is defined to mean all types of beetroot including any member of the group Beta vulgaris such as the above-mentioned ones.

[0021]

The term "beetroot" includes all forms. For example, the form can be a dry powder prepared, for example, through directly freeze-drying or spray- drying a natural material of a root, including the root and the root bark, in order to use natural, useful components. Also, squeezed juice or grounded paste from the material may be used. Also, an extract, for example, extracted from a raw material with a solvent such as water added thereto can be used. Beetroot products of food grade from any source can be suitably used in the present invention.

[0022]

Herein, the term "salt" refers to any form of sodium chloride alone and a combination of sodium chloride and other inorganic salts in which the sodium chloride accounts for 50% or more of the ingredient salts on a weight basis or molar basis. The term "salt" also includes rock salt, sea salt, and flavored salt such as soy salt, garlic salt, and celery salt. The term "salt" is also intended to include salt materials of any size including coarse, fine, extra fine, and micro-fine salts, and salts of other sizes. Sodium chloride of food grade from any source can be suitably used in the present invention.

[0023]

The present invention provides a salty taste composition comprising the above-explained beetroot and salt. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the salty taste composition comprises 5 to 65% by dry weight of beetroot, based on the total weight of the salty tase composition, and almost all of the rest of the salty taste composition consists of salt.

Hence, in this case, the salty taste composition comprises 35 to 95% by dry weight of salt. Here, the "% by dry weight" used in the specification means the % ratio based on the total weight of the salty tase composition

In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the salty taste composition comprises 5 to 60% by dry weight of beetroot, and almost all of the rest of the salty taste composition consists of salt. Hence, in this case, the salty taste composition comprises 40 to 95% by dry weight of salt. Particularly preferably, the salty taste composition comprises 5 to 30% by dry weight of beetroot. The most preferably, the salty taste composition comprises 5 to 25% by dry weight of beetroot. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the ratio of beetroot to salt by dry weight in the salty taste composition is 0.6:1 to 1.8:1 , and is 0.8:1 to 1.5:1 in a more preferred embodiment. Alternatively, the ratio of beetroot to salt by dry weight in the salty taste composition is 1 :16 to 1 :4, and is 1 :16 to 1 :8 in a more preferred embodiment. As demonstrated later in Examples, if the amount of beetroot is excessively large with respect to that of salt, the salty taste composition will lack salty taste, and it will be difficult to obtain the effect of salt to mask the earthy taste of beetroot. If the amount of beetroot is excessively small with respect to that of salt, the salty taste composition will lack the effect to enhance the salty taste of salt, and it will be difficult to obtain the effect of beetroot to prevent salt-induced increases in blood pressure.

In some embodiments, the salty taste composition can be comprised of salt together with nitrate-containing vegetable matter without beetroot in the composition, provided that the nitrate-containing vegetable matter provides a ratio of nitrate: salt in the composition of 1 :160 or greater, as such ratios of nitrate: salt are sufficient to reduce a risk for salt-induced increases in blood pressure (see Carlstrom M, Persson AE, Larsson E, Hezel M, Scheffer PG, Teerlink T, et al. Dietary nitrate attenuates oxidative stress, prevents cardiac and renal injuries, and reduces blood pressure in salt- induced hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 201 1 ;89:574-85; and also see Figure 2 herein). Examples of such nitrate-containing vegetables that can provide adequate amounts of nitrate similar to those provided by beetroot are shown in Table 1.

[0024]

The salty taste composition comprised of beetroot and salt according to the present invention can contain, in addition to the above-explained beetroot and salt, an additional food material, without interfering with the effect of the present invention. In this case, it is preferred that the total content of beetroot and salt be 20 to 90% by dry weight and the content of the additional food material be 10 to 80% by dry weight in the salty taste composition, and it is more preferred that the total content of beetroot and salt be 50 to 90% by dry weight and the content of the additional food material be 10 to 50% by dry weight in the salty taste composition, based on the total weight of the salty taste composition. If the content of the additional food material is excessively large with respect to the total content of beetroot and salt in the salty taste composition, the salty taste composition may lack salty taste. Here, the composition of the present invention means having an enhanced salty taste in comparison to a composition in which beetroot of the present composition is substituted with other ingredients. The "enhanced salty taste" means a salty taste practically equivalent to that of a salt-containing composition in which the beetroot component of the salty taste composition is substituted with salt, or a greater salty taste than that of a salt-containing composition in which the beetroot component is substituted with some other ingredient.

[0025]

Examples of the additional food material include a nitrate-containing food material. The nitrate-containing food material can provide a salty taste composition having more excellent effect to prevent an increase in blood pressure, by virtue of the action of nitric oxide generated in the body from the nitrate-containing food material concomitant with nitric oxide generated in the body from the beetroot, which is similarly a nitrate-containing food material. As mentioned above, nitric oxide is a vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels and reduces blood pressure. Recently, it has become evident that reduced nitric oxide activity causes salt-sensitivity and that increased nitric oxide activity prevents salt-induced increase in blood pressure.

[0026]

Shikuwasa as used in the present invention refers to the fruit of shikuwasa, which is known as a citrus fruit. The term "fruit" may include the pericarp, and the like. Shikuwasa (Citrus depressa) is a plant of the genus Citrus of Rutaceae, and sometimes called Hirami Lemon as the Japanese name. The production area of shikuwasa is not limited for the purpose of use in the present invention.

[0027]

Yuzu as used in the present invention refers to the fruit of yuzu, which is known as a citrus fruit. The term "fruit" may include the pericarp. Yuzu (Citrus junos) is a plant of the genus Citrus of Rutaceae. Yuzu is not limited to the specific species for the purpose of use in the present invention.

[0028]

Komatsuna as used in the present invention refers to the leaf of komatsuna, which is known as a leaf vegetable. The term "leaf may include the stem and root. Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) is a plant of the genus Brassica of Brassicaceae. The production area of komatsuna is not limited for the purpose of use in the present invention.

[0029]

Ging-gen-cai as used in the present invention refers to the leaf of ging- gen-cai, which is known as a leaf vegetable. The term "leaf may include the stem and root. Ging-gen-cai (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) is a plant of the genus Brassica of Brassicaceae, which is sometimes called Taisai as the Japanese name. The production area of ging-gen-cai is not limited for the purpose of use in the present invention.

[0030]

Spinach as used in the present invention refers to the leaf of spinach, which is known as a leaf vegetable. The term "leaf may include the stem and root. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a plant of the genus Spinacia of Chenopodioideae of Amaranthaceae. The production area of spinach is not limited for the purposes of use in the present invention.

[0031] In addition to the above-mentioned fruits of the family Rutaceae such as shikuwasa and yuzu, vegetables of the family Brassicaceae such as komatsuna and ging-gen-cai, and vegetables of the family Amaranthaceae such as spinach, a known food material, for example, and any of nitrate-rich vegetables listed in Table 1 below can be appropriately selected for use as the nitrate-containing food material. In Table 1 , Chinese cabbage is known as komatsuna in Japan. Rocket is also known as rucola or arugula. One nitrate-containing food material or two or more nitrate-containing food materials may be used. Nitrate-containing food materials of food grade from any source can be suitably used in the present invention.

[0032]

Table 1

This Table showing vegetables with high nitrate content is taken from "Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway", Lidder S, Webb AJ. Br. J Clin. Pharmacol. 2013 Mar; 75(3):677-96 (Excerpt).

[0033]

The composition according to the present invention can further contain a food material other than the above-explained food materials, without interfering with the effect of the present invention. Examples thereof include food materials listed in Table 2 below. Any form may be appropriately selected for those food materials, and examples thereof include powder, crystals, crystalline particles, concentrates, juices, and derivatives thereof.

[0034]

Table 2

[0035]

Each of the above food materials can be used as an additive for the salty taste composition comprising beetroot. Each of the above food materials including shikuwasa, yuzu, komatsuna, ging-gen-cai, and spinach concomitantly, have the effect to enhance the anti-hypertensive activity of beetroot. The mechanism of the anti-hypertensive activity is considered to be related to increase of the nitric oxide-producing activity, as with the case of beetroot. The beneficial effect is achieved by providing additional nitrate and or compounds that amplify the body's ability to generate nitric oxide from nitrate or other sources. In addition, each of these food materials can be used as a food material to mask the taste of beetroot.

[0036]

In the case that any of the above food materials is used for masking the taste of beetroot, the amount suitable for masking in the anti-hypertensive composition according to the present invention can be determined by performing an appropriate sensory evaluation examination. Specifically, whether any of the above-mentioned food materials is contained in an effective amount for masking the bad taste of beetroot can be determined through an appropriate sensory evaluation examination with a plurality of panelists, where the taste of the anti-hypertensive composition according to the present invention is compared with the taste of an anti-hypertensive composition prepared with a formulation obtained by excluding the above- mentioned food materials for masking the bad taste of beetroot from the antihypertensive composition according to the present invention.

[0037]

Herein, the term "masking" means decreasing the bad taste of beetroot, or changing it to a palatable taste, and does not necessarily mean decreasing the amount of the causal ingredients for the bad taste contained in beetroot. Rather "masking" means making it very difficult to detect in a sensory manner the bad taste, through mixing the ingredients conferring the bad taste with the other ingredients contained in the food materials for masking the bad taste.

[0038]

The form of materials to be used in the present invention, including the food materials mentioned above such as beetroot, shikuwasa, yuzu, komatsuna, ging-gen-cai, and spinach, are not particularly limited in any manner. However, it is preferred to use a dry powder prepared, for example, through directly freeze-drying or spray-drying a natural material of a root or fruit in order to use natural, useful components directly. Also, squeezed juice or grounded paste from the material may be used. Also, an extract, for example, extracted from a raw material with a solvent such as water added thereto can be used. One food material for masking the taste of beetroot may be used, or a combination including two or more food materials therefor may be used.

[0039]

Examples of the additional food material further include a seasoning. By virtue of the seasoning, the present invention can provide the salty taste composition with a unique scent and taste imparted thereto. Any of known seasonings for food, for example, listed in Table 3 below can be

appropriately selected for use. One seasoning may be used, or two or more seasonings may be used. The seasoning may be contained or fabricated as an additional food material together with the nitrate-containing food material. Seasonings of food grade from any source can be suitably used in the present invention.

[0040]

Table 3

Name Category

18 Spice Chicken Rub Dry Rub, Chicken Rubs

8 Pepper Chili Seasoning Chili Powder, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Achiote Seed Caribbean

Adobo Lime Rub Dry Rub, Chicken Rubs, Sugar Free

Adobo Seasoning Caribbean, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Aji Panca Chile Chiles and Hot Peppers

Ajwain Seed, Ground Exotic

Al Pastor Taco Seasoning Mexican, Sugar Free Aleppo Pepper Chile Flakes, Chiles and Hot Peppers

All American Dry Rub Dry Rub, American

Allspice, Whole Jamaican

Allspice Berries Jamaican

Allspice, Ground Jamaican

Amarillo Aji Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Amarillo Aji Chile Powder Chiles & Hot Peppers

Amchur Acidic Spices, Exotic

Anaheim Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Peppers

Ancho Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Peppers

Ancho Powder Chiles & Hot Peppers

Andouille Sausage Seasoning Sausage, Sugar Free

Anise Seed Pickling Spice

Annato Seeds Caribbean

Apple Pie Spice Baking, Sugar Free

Applewood Chipotle Rub Chicken Rubs

Arrowroot Powder Baking

Asafoetida Powder Baking

Austin Steak Rub Beef Seasoning, Sugar Free

Bahamian Chicken Caribbean, Chicken Rubs, Salt Free,

Sugar Free

Baharat African, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Barbacoa Rub Dry Rub, Mexican

Basil, Sweet Herbs

Bay Leaf Herbs

Bay Leaf, Ground Herbs

Beef Brisket Rub Barbecue, American

Berbere African, Sugar Free

Birdseye Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Peppers

Birdseye Chile Powder Chiles & Hot Peppers

Black Cumin Earthy

Black & White Peppercorn Blend Peppercorns, Sugar Free

Black Mustard Seed Mustard, Exotic

Black Peppercorns Peppercorns Black Pepper, Coarse Grind Pepper

Black Pepper, Medium Grind Pepper

Black Pepper, Cracked Pepper

Black Sesame Seeds Nutty

Blackened Seasoning Cajun & Creole, Sugar Free

Breakfast Sausage Seasoning American, Sugar Free

Bourbon Molasses Chicken Seasoning, Barbecue, Grill

Seasonings

Brewpub Garlic Fries Seasoning American, Sugar Free

Bristol Bay Salmon Seasoning Salmon Seasoning, Sugar Free

Brown Mustard Seed Mustard, Indian

Brown Mustard Seed Powder Mustard, Indian

Brown Sugar, Light Sugar

Buffalo Wing Rub Dry Rub, American, Chicken Rubs

Butcher's Best Chicken Rub Dry Rub, Chicken Rubs, Sugar Free

Burger Blast American

Cacao Chile Rub Dry Rub

Cacao Sugar Baking

Cacao Powder Baking

Cajun Rub (Hot) Cajun & Creole, Dry Rub, Chicken

Rubs, Sugar Free

Cajun Seasoning, Salt Free Cajun & Creole, Salt Free, Sugar

Free

Cajun Turkey Rub Turkey, Cajun, Sugar Free

California Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Peppers

Caraway Seed Earthy

Cardamom Pods Baking

Cardamom Seed Baking

Cardamom Black Whole Baking, Earthy

Cardamom Seed Powder Baking

Caribbean Spice Caribbean

Carolina Reaper Chile Flakes Chiles & Hot Peppers, Chiles Flakes

Carolina Reaper Garlic Pepper Pepper Blend, Sugar Free

Cascabel Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Cayenne Pepper (Hot 90,000 HU) Chiles & Hot Peppers Cayenne Pepper (Medium 35,000 Chiles & Hot Peppers

HU)

Celery Flakes Vegetables

Celery Salt Salt, Sugar Free

Celery Seed Pickling Spice

Celery Seed Powder Pickling Spice

Ceylon Cinnamon Baking, Cinnamon

Ceylon Cinnamon Sticks 3" Baking, Cinnamon

Chermoula Seasoning African, Sugar Free

Chervil Herbs

Chai Baking Spice Blend Baking, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Chile Threads Chiles & Hot Peppers

Chili Con Carne Chili Powder, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Chili Lime Seasoning South American, Sugar Free

Chili Powder, El Paso Hot Chili Powder, Sugar Free

Chili Powder, Hill Country Chili Powder, Sugar Free

Chili Powder Mild Chili Powder, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Chili Powder, Sweet Chili Powder, Salt Free

Chimichurri South American, Salt Free, Sugar

Free

Chinese Five Spice Asian, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Chipotle Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Peppers

Chipotle Flakes Chiles & Hot Peppers

Chipotle Honey Rub Dry Rub, Chicken Rubs

Chipotle "Meco" Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Chipotle "Morita" Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers, Chile Flakes

Chipotle "Meco" Powder Chiles & Hot Peppers

Chipotle "Morita" Powder Chiles & Hot Peppers

Chipotle Rub Chiles & Hot Peppers, Dry Rub,

Sugar Free

Chipotle Salt Gourmet Salts, Sugar Free

Chives Herbs

Chocolate Habanero Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Chop House Burger Seasoning Grill Seasonings, Sugar Free

Cilantro Mexican Cinnamon Chips Cinnamon

Cinnamon Powder, Korintje Cinnamon

Cinnamon Sticks 2.75", Cassia Cinnamon

Cinnamon Sticks 2.75", Ceylon Cinnamon

Citrus Seasoning Seafood, American, Salt Free, Sugar

Free

Citrus Steak Steak, Sugar Free

Cloves, Ground Baking

Cloves, Whole Baking

Coarse Sea Salt Gourmet Salt

Coconut Flakes Baking

Colombo Powder Curry, Caribbean

Coriander Seed Pickling Spice

Coriander Seed, Indian Pickling Spice

Coriander Seed Powder Pickling Spice

Cow Tippin' Steak Seasoning Steak Seasoning, Sugar Free

Cracked Fennel Ground Spices

Cream of Tartar Baking

Creole Seasoning Cajun & Creole, Sugar Free

Crushed Habanero Flakes Chiles & Hot Peppers, Chile Flakes

Crushed Maras Pepper Chiles & Hot Peppers, Chile Flakes

Crushed Red Pepper Flakes Chiles & Hot Peppers

Crushed Urfa Biber Mediterranean, Chiles

Crystalized Ginger Baking

Cubeb Berries Pepper, African, Exotic

Cumin Seed Earthy

Cumin Seed, Ground Earthy

Curing Salt (Prague Powder #1 ) Sausage Spices

Curing Salt (Prague Powder #2) Sausage Spices

Curry Leaves Earthy

Curry Powder, Sweet Curry, Salt Free

Curry, Madras Curry, Salt Free

Curry, Maharajah Style Curry, Salt Free

Curry, Vindaloo Curry, Salt Free De Arbol Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

De Arbol Chile Powder Chili Powder

Deep South Dry Rub Dry Rub

Deer Jerky Seasoning Wild Game, Sugar Free

Demerara Sugar Baking, Sugar

Diablo Burger Seasoning Burger Seasonings, Beef Seasonings

Diced Green Bell Pepper Vegetables

Diced Red Bell Pepper Vegetables

Dill Seed Pickling Spice

Dill Weed Herbs

Domestic Paprika Paprika

Dried Anaheim Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Ancho Chilies Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Birdseye Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers, African

Dried Chipotle Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Fenugreek Leaves Herbs, Indian

Dried Grapefruit Peel Citrus Zest

Dried Habanero Chilies Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried New Mexico Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Nora Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Pasilla Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Peperoncino Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Poblano Powder Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Puya Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Rose Petals Sweet Spices, Exotic

Dried Serrano Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Dried Shallots Vegetables

Dry Mustard Powder, Yellow Mustard

Dukkah Middle Eastern, Sugar Free

El Paso Chili Powder Hot Chili Powder, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Espresso Rub Dry Rub

Epazote Leaves Mexican

Fajita Seasoning American, Mexican, Sugar Free

Fenugreek Leaves, Dried Herbs, Indian Fennel Pollen Anise Herbs

Fennel Seed Anise Herbs

Fennel Seed, Ground Anise Herbs

Fenugreek Seed Bitter

File Powder Cajun & Creole

Filipino Pork Rub Pork Rubs

Fines Herbes Herbs, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Flippin' The Bird Chicken Rubs

Fort Worth Burger Seasoning American

Garam Masala Curry, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Garlic Flakes, Roasted (California) Garlic

Garlic Herb Seasoning Garlic, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Garlic Granules (California) Garlic

Garlic Granules, Roasted (California) Garlic

Garlic Powder (California) Garlic

Garlic Salt Garlic, Salt, Sugar Free

Ghost Chiles Chiles and Hot Peppers

Ginger Crystallized Baking

Ginger Root Powder Baking

Gourmet Peppercorn Mixer Peppercorns, Sugar Free

Grade A1 Poppy Seed Nutty

Grains of Paradise Pickling Spice, Exotic, African

Granulated Garlic (California) Garlic

Granulated Green Bell Pepper Vegetables

Granulated Molasses American, Sugar

Granulated Red Bell Pepper, Roasted Vegetables

Greek Oregano Herbs

Greek Seasoning Mediterranean, Sugar Free

Green Peppercorns Peppercorns

Grilled Salmon Seasoning Seafood, Salmon Seasoning

Ground Ajwain Bitter

Ground Allspice Jamaican

Ground Anise Pickling Spice

Ground Black Pepper Coarse Grind Pepper Ground Black Pepper Fine Grind Pepper

Ground Black Pepper Medium Grind Pepper

Ground Cloves Baking

Ground Cumin Earthy

Ground Fennel Seed Anise Herbs

Ground Mediterranean Oregano Herbs

Ground Rosemary Herbs

Ground Thyme Herbs

Ground White Pepper Pepper

Ground Serrano Chiles & Hot Peppers

Ground Sichuan Pepper Asian, Ground Peppers

Guajillo Chile Chiles & Hot Peppers

Guajillo Chile Flakes Chile Flakes

Guajillo Chile Powder Chili Powder

Gulf Coast Bay Seasoning American, Sugar Free

Gumbo File Powder Cajun & Creole

Habanero Chiles, Chocolate Chiles & Hot Peppers

Habanero Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Peppers

Habanero Flakes Chiles & Hot Peppers

Habanero Garlic Pepper Pepper Blend, Sugar Free

Habanero Hot Salt Gourmet Salt, Sugar Free

Habanero Powder Chili Powder

Habanero Mango Rub Chicken Rubs, Sugar Free

Harissa African, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Hawaiian Alaea Red Salt Gourmet Salt

Hawaiian Black Salt Gourmet Salt

Hickory Salt, Smoked Gourmet Salt

Herbs de Provence Herbs, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Hill Country Chili Powder Chili Powder, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Himalayan Pink Salt Gourmet Salt

Himalayan Salt Block Gourmet Salt

Honey, Granulated Dry Rub

Honey Habanero Rub Chicken Rubs

Horseradish Powder Pungent Spices Hot Chinese Mustard Powder Ground Spices, Mustard

Hot Italian Sausage Seasoning Sausage, Sugar Free

Hungarian Paprika Paprika

Indian Coriander Seed Pickling Spice

Italian Seasoning Italian, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Jalapeno Seasoning Salt Gourmet Salt

Jalapeno Flakes Chiles & Hot Peppers, Chile Flakes

Jalapeno Powder Chiles & Hot Peppers

Jamaican Jerk Seasoning Caribbean, Dry Rub

Jambalaya Seasoning Cajun & Creole, Salt Free, Sugar

Free

Japones Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Juniper Berries, Whole Sweet Spices, Exotic

Kaffir Lime Leaves Herbs, Exotic

Kansas City BBQ Rub Dry Rub

Kansas City Steak Seasoning Dry Rub, Steak Seasoning

Kickin' Chicken Dry Rub, Chicken Rubs

Korean Beef Seasoning Asian, Beef Seasoning

Korean Chile Flakes Chiles & Hot Peppers, Asian, Chile

Flakes

Korintje Cinnamon Powder Cinnamon

Kosher Salt Salt

La Kama Moroccan, Sugar Free

Lavender Herbs

Lebanese 7 Spice Middle Eastern, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Lemon Peel Baking

Lemon Pepper Pepper Blend, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Lemongrass Powder Asian

Light Brown Sugar Sugar

Lime Zest Citrus Zest

Lime Pepper Salt Free, Sugar Free

Little Rock BBQ Rub Dry Rub, Sugar Free

Long Pepper Pepper, African

Louisiana Fish Seasoning Cajun & Creole, Dry Rub, Sugar Free Mace, Ground Earthy

Madagascar Vanilla Beans Vanilla

Madras Curry Curry, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Maharajah Style Curry Curry, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Manazanillo Mexican Seasoning Mexican, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Maras Pepper, Crushed Chiles & Hot Peppers, Middle Eastern

Marjoram Leaf Herbs

Mayan Coco Baking, Mexican

Mediterranean Dry Rub Dry Rub, Chicken Rubs, Sugar Free

Mediterranean Oregano Herbs

Memphis Style BBQ Rib Rub Dry Rub, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Mexican Allspice Berries Mexican, Whole Seeds & Berries

Mexican Mole Seasoning Mexican, Salt Free

Mexican Oregano Herbs

Mexican Seasoning, Manzanillo Mexican, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Mexican Chorizo Seasoning Mexican, Sugar Free

Mignonette Peppercorns Peppercorns, Sugar Free

Milan Bread Dipping Seasoning Mediterranean, Bread Dipping

Seasoning, Sugar Free

Minced Onion Onion

Mojo Seasoning Caribbean, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Mitmita Spice African, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Montreal Steak Spice Steak Seasoning, Dry Rub, Sugar

Free

Moroccan Chicken Spice Rub Dry Rub, Chicken Rubs

Moroccan Vegetable Rub Dry Rub, Sugar Free

Mulato Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Pepper

Mulling Spice American

Napa Valley Pepper Pepper Blend, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Naples Seasoning Italian, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Nashville Hot Chicken Seasoning Chicken, American

New Mexico Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Peppers

New Mexico Chile Powder Chiles & Hot Peppers

New York Pizza Sauce Seasoning Italian, Salt Free, Sugar Free Nigella Seeds (Black Caraway) Nutty, Exotic

Nori Flakes Exotic, Superfoods

North Carolina BBQ Rub Seasoning

Nutmeg Baking

Nutmeg Powder Earthy

Onion Granules Onion

Onion Powder Onion

Onion, Minced Roasted Onion

Onion Powder, Toasted Onion

Onion Soup Mix Onion, Soup Blends

Orange Zest Baking

Oregano, Mediterranean Herbs

Oregano, Mexican Herbs

Paella Seasoning Spanish, Sugar Free

Panch Phoron (Bengali Five Spice) Asian, Sugar Free

Paprika, Domestic Paprika

Paprika, Hungarian Paprika

Paprika, Smoked (Hot) Paprika

Paprika, Smoked (Sweet) Paprika

Parsley Herbs

Pasilla Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Peppers

Pasilla Chile Powder Chiles & Hot Peppers

Pasilla de Oaxaca Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Pennsylvania Pepper Pepper Blend, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Pepper, Lemon Pepper

Pepper, Pennsylvania Pepper, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Peppercorn Beef Rub Dry Rub, Salt Free, Steak Seasoning,

Sugar Free

Peppercorns, Black Peppercorns

Peppercorns, Black & White Blend Peppercorns

Peppercorns, Gourmet Mix Peppercorns

Peppercorns, Green Peppercorns

Peppercorns, Sichuan Peppercorns, Asian

Peppercorns, Tellicherry Peppercorns Peppercorns, White Peppercorns

Pequin Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Peruvian Kebab Seasoning South American, Sugar Free

Pickling Spice Pickling Spice, Sugar Free

Pineapple Seranno Rub Chicken Seasonings, Pork Rubs, Fish

Seasoning

Piri Seasoning African, Sugar Free

Pizza Seasoning Italian, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Polio Asado Chicken Rubs, Mexican Seasoning,

Salt Free, Sugar Free

Poppy Seed Dutch Blue Nutty

Pork Stank Dry Rub

Poultry Seasoning, Salt Free Salt Free, Sugar Free

Prime Rib Seasoning Dry Rub, American, Steak Seasoning,

Sugar Free

Pumpkin Pie Spice Baking, Sugar Free

Puya Chiles, Dried Chiles & Hot Peppers

Quatre epices Pork Rubs, Mediterranean, Sugar

Free

Ranch Dressing Seasoning American

Ras El Hanout Curry, Sugar Free

Recado Rojo Rub Chicken Rubs, Mexican, Salt Free

Red Beans and Rice Seasoning Cajun & Creole, Salt Free

Red Pepper Flakes Chiles & Hot Peppers, Chile Flakes

Roasted Garlic Pepper Pepper Blend, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Roasted Minced Onion Onion

Rose Petals Exotic

Ground Rosemary Herbs

Rosemary Leaf Herbs

Saffron Spanish, Earthy, Exotic

Sage Leaf C/S Herbs

Sage, Rubbed Herbs

Saigon Cinnamon Sticks 2.75" Cinnamon

Salt Free Cajun Seasoning Cajun & Creole, Salt Free

Salt Free Poultry Seasoning Salt Free Salt Free Steak Rub Dry Rub, Salt Free, Steak Seasoning

Salt, Celery Salt

Salt, Garlic Salt, Garlic

Salt, Hawaiian Alaea Red Gourmet Salt

Salt, Sea Salt

Savory Herbs

Scotch Bonnet Chile Flakes Chiles & Hot Peppers, Chile Flakes

Sea Salt Salt

Seafood Boil Seafood, American

Serrano Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Serrano, Ground Chiles & Hot Peppers

Sesame Seed Nutty

Sesame Seeds, Black Nutty

Shawarma Seasoning Middle Eastern, Salt Free, Chicken

Rubs, Sugar Free

Shichimi Togarashi Asian, Salt Free, Sugar Free

Sichuan Peppercorns Asian, Peppercorns

Sicilian Bread Dipping Seasoning Mediterranean, Bread Dipping

Seasoning, Sugar Free

Sicilian Sea Salt Gourmet Salt

Smoked Bourbon Barrel Salt Gourmet Salt, Smoked Salt

Smoked Cherry Wood Salt Gourmet Salt, Smoked Salt

Smoked Mesquite Sea Salt Gourmet Salt, Smoked Salt

Smoked Paprika (Hot) Paprika

Smoked Paprika (Sweet) Paprika

Smoked Tea Rub Pork Rubs

Smoky Citrus Salt Gourmet Salt, Sugar Free

Smoked Hickory Salt Gourmet Salt, Smoked Salt

Southwest Seasoning American, Salt Free, Steak

Seasoning, Sugar Free

Spaghetti Seasoning American, Sugar Free

Spanish Saffron Spanish

Spearmint Leaves, Dried Herbs

Spicy Thai Seasoning Asian, Salt Free, Sugar Free

St Louis Rib Rub Dry Rub Star Anise, Whole Pickling Spice, Asian

Star Anise, Ground Pickling Spice, Asian

Steak Rub Dry Rub, Steak Seasoning

Steak Rub, Salt Free Dry Rub, Salt Free

Sumac Middle Eastern, Exotic

Summer Savory Herbs

Sweet Basil Herbs

Sweet Chili Powder Chili Powder, Salt Free

Sweet Curry Curry, Sugar Free

Sweet Italian Sausage Seasoning Sausage

Taco Seasoning Mexican, Salt Free

Tandoori Spice Indian, Sugar Free

Tarragon Leaf Herbs

Tellicherry Black Peppercorns Peppercorns

Tempero Baiano South American, Sugar Free

Texas Chicken Rub Dry Rub, Chicken Rubs, Sugar Free

Texas Smoked Turkey Rub Turkey, Chicken Rubs

Thai Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Thai Seasoning, Spicy Asian, Salt Free

Thyme Leaf Herbs

Thyme, Ground Herbs

Tien Tsin Chiles Chiles & Hot Peppers

Tikka Masala Indian, Salt Free, Chicken Rubs,

Sugar Free

Toasted Granulated Onion Mexican

Tomato Flakes American

Tomato Powder Vegetable

Trinidad Curry Caribbean, Sugar Free

Tropical Caribbean Turkey Rub Turkey, Caribbean

Turkey Brine Seasoning Turkey

Turkish Kofte Seasoning Middle Eastern, Chicken Rubs, Sugar

Free

Turmeric Powder Earthy

Tunisian Five Spice African Spice Blend, Salt Free, Sugar

Free Tuscany Bread Dipping Seasoning Italian Spice Blend, Bread Dipping

Seasoning, Sugar Free

Urfa Biber Mediterranean, Chilies

Vadouvan Curry Curry, Mediterranean, Salt Free,

Sugar Free

Vanilla Beans, Bourbon Vanilla

Vanilla Extract Baking, Vanilla

Vegetable Soup Mix Soup Blends, Sugar Free

Vermont Maple Sugar Sugar

Vietnamese Cinnamon Powder Cinnamon

Vietnamese Pork Rub Pork Rubs

Vindaloo Curry Curry, Salt Free, Sugar Free

White Pepper, Fine Grind Pepper

White Peppercorns Peppercorns

Wild for Salmon Seafood, Salmon

Yellow Mustard Seed Mustard

Yellow Mustard Seed Powder Mustard

Za'atar (Israeli) Middle Eastern, Sugar Free

Za'atar (Syrian) Middle Eastern, Sugar Free

[0041]

The composition according to the present invention can be

appropriately prepared by mixing the above-mentioned beetroot, salt, and additional food material, etc. The form of preparation is not limited, and can be selected from any forms of powder composition, liquid composition, paste composition, gel composition, etc. Preferred form is powder composition. The form of powder composition is more convenient because it is easy to mix with a food material and additional seasoning to be applied. Herein, the term "powder composition" is intended to mean a composition in a powder form, as a whole, including materials or a mixture thereof in a form of any of powder, granules, crystalline particles, and the like. For the preparation of such form of powder composition, it is convenient to form powder, granules, or crystalline particles of the above-mentioned beetroot, salt, additional food material, etc., in advance and appropriately mix them together. Another technique is dissolving each component in water, mixing the aqueous solutions together, and removing the water by vacuum to obtain the desired product. These techniques and other mixing techniques known to those skilled in the art can be used to obtain the salty taste composition according to the present invention as a desired product. For example, a freeze-dry method, spray-dry method, and the like can be suitably used for the

preparation of the form of powder. The agitation granulation method, fluidized bed granulation method, extrusion granulation method, etc., can be suitably used for the preparation of the form of granules. Crystalline particles can be formed by slow cooling of a saturated solution.

[0042]

In one embodiment of the present invention, the salty taste

composition according to the present invention may contain dry solids in the form of salt, with or without dry solids of any other seasoning known to those skilled in the art. The salty taste composition may also contain other dry solids known to those skilled in the art including anti-caking agents, preservative agents, coating agents, coloring agents, diluents, bulking agents, and excipients for use in a production of products such as powder for oral administration and crystal-like products etc..

[0043]

The compositions according to the present invention may be used to season a broad range of food, for example, as a substitute for a seasoning for food or cooking salt. In this case, the composition according to the present invention may be used in any processed food or non-processed food with adding to the food before, during, or after preparation for consumption of it at about 20 to 200%, preferably at about 50 to 175%, more preferably at about 75 to 150%, by mass of an ordinary salt content that would otherwise be used to achieve a comparable level of seasoning.

[0044]

Examples of food to which the present invention is applied include a broad range of food products including soy sauce (shoyu), sauces, soups, breads, cookies, cakes, pies, frozen or refrigerated foods, baked foods, crackers, potato chips, canned vegetables, meats, and condiments.

[0045]

Other examples of food to which the present invention is applied include what we call seasoning products, including dark-colored soy sauce (koikuchi shoyu), light-colored soy sauce (usukuchi shoyu), low-sodium soy sauce (gen-en shoyu), vinegar (su), miso, ryorishu (cooking sake), mirin, ponzu, shirodashi, mentsuyu, dashi, usuta sauce (Worcester sauce), chuunou sauce, tonkatsu sauce, okonomi sauce, teriyaki sauce, oroshi sauce, mayonnaise (kewpie mayonnaise), wafu dressing, rayu (chili oil), goma abura (sesame oil), yuzukosho, wasabi, karashi, sansho, ichimi tougarashi, shichimi tougarashi, wagiri tougarashi, sesame, gomashio, aonori, katsuobushi, kezuribushi, furikake, seasoning with sodium glutamate, shouga (ginger), benishouga, shiso, yuzu, myoga, and daikon oroshi (grated radish).

[0046]

As shown in Examples described later, the composition according to the present invention is palatable with enhanced salty taste and provides good salty taste, without deterioration of salty taste in spite of the reduced amount of salt, by virtue of the combination of beetroot and salt, where the salt masks the earthy taste of beetroot, and on the other hand, the beetroot enhances the salty taste of salt. Hence, the beetroot and salt in

combination have an effect to reinforce mutually, and thus can be suitably used for the purpose of imparting a necessary and sufficient salty taste to a food with less salt than usual, by preparing a food so as to inherently contain them or adding them externally to a food. In this sense, the present invention provides a salty taste-imparting agent comprising beetroot and salt as active ingredients. Also, the present invention provides a method for seasoning a food with reduced salt by substituting a part of the salt in a salt- containing food with beetroot. Additionally, the present invention provides a method for producing a salt substitute containing salt and beetroot in combination.

[0047]

As shown in Examples described later, the composition according to the present invention provides salty taste, and even if the salt content is reduced, the salty taste is comparable to that when the salt content is not reduced, through enhancement of the salty taste by beetroot. Hence, the beetroot mixed with salt has an effect to act as a salty taste enhancer , and thus can be suitably used for the purpose of imparting a salty taste to food by adding the composition of salt and beetroot inherently to the food during food preparation or by adding the composition externally to the food. In this sense, the present invention provides a salty taste enhancer comprising beetroot as the active ingredient. Also, the present invention provides a method for enhancing the salty taste of a food by adding beetroot to a salt- containing food, provided that the beetroot is effectively mixed with the salt in the food. For example, addition of beetroot to soy sauce wherein the beetroot is effectively mixed with the salt in the soy sauce can enhance the salty taste of the soy sauce. Additionally, the present invention provides a method for producing a salty taste enhancer comprising an effective amount of beetroot for enhancing salty taste. [0048]

As shown in Examples described later, the composition according to the present invention provides a superior effect to prevent an increase in blood pressure. Hence, it can be suitably used for a human with rather high blood pressure, that is, for administering to a human with hypertension, for administering to a human with prehypertension, for administrating to a human with normal blood pressure but who is concerned about their blood pressure, etc.

Herein, the term "hypertension" has a meaning as traditionally defined in the art, and specifically refers to a condition representing as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) equal to or greater than 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) equal to or greater than 90 mmHg. The term

"prehypertension" herein has a meaning as traditionally defined in the art, and specifically refers to a condition representing as a SBP of equal to or greater than 120 and lower than 140 mmHg and/or a DBP of equal to or greater than 80 and lower than 90 mmHg. Further, the term "normal blood pressure" herein is defined as blood pressure not belonging to hypertension or prehypertension, such as a SBP under 120 mmHg and a DBP under 80 mmHg.

[0049]

When being consumed by a human with hypertension or

prehypertension, the composition according to the present invention can improve, treat, maintain/not to become worse than the present, or prevent an increase in blood pressure, or symptoms themselves that are related to the increased blood pressure associated with the hypertension or

prehypertension, and reduce a risk of development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders caused by increased blood pressure and/or inflammation. Or when being consumed by a human with normal blood pressure, the composition according to the present invention can maintain the normal blood pressure not to become worse than the present, or prevent the normal blood pressure from worsening, and reduce the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders caused by increased blood pressure and/or inflammation.

[0050]

Table 4 below shows medical disorders that involve salt-induced disturbances in nitric oxide activity and vascular function. Owing to their beneficial effects to reduce salt intake and improve nitric oxide activity, the compositions of the present invention can be particularly and suitably used to reduce health risk for the disorders in Table 4.

[0051]

Table 4

[0052] It is now well established that alterations in body and tissue salt content can have significant effects on inflammatory pathways and immune cell function which can influence risk for a variety of clinical disorders that are modulated by the immune system (Kleinewietfeld M et al. Sodium Chloride Drives

Autoimmune Disease by the Induction of Pathogenic Th17 Cells. Nature 2013 April 25; 496(7446): 518-522; Amar S et al. Inflammatory role of high salt level in tumor microenvironment. International Journal of Oncology 50: 1477-1481 , 2017; Zhou X, et al, Variation in dietary salt intake induces coordinated dynamics of monocyte subsets and monocyte-platelet

aggregates in humans: implications in end organ inflammation. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 4;8(4):e60332; Schatz V, et al. Elementary immunology: Na+ as a regulator of immunity. Pediatr Nephrol (2017) 32:201-210; Zostawa J et al. The influence of sodium on pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2017 Mar;38(3):389-398; Hucke S et al. Implications of dietary salt intake for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal

2016, Vol. 22(2) 133-139).

Because use of the salty taste compositions of the current invention in place of regular salt will reduce salt intake and simultaneously improve nitric oxide activity, they will also reduce a risk for clinical disorders mediated by disturbances in various inflammatory and immune system pathways that may be be induced by excess salt intake and or subnormal nitric oxide activity, including salt-induced disturbances in interleukin pathways involving cytokines such as IL-6, IL-23, IL-10, IL-17 or others and the like. Without intending to restrict the scope of the current invention, the salty taste compositions of the current invention can thus be used to reduce a risk for the following clinical disorders in Table 5 below including common autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders, and neoplastic disorders known to be mediated or influenced by alterations in inflammatory pathways and or immune system function.

[0053]

Table 5

Specific examples of neoplastic disorders in this Table 5 include but are not limited to: colon carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, thyroid carcinomas, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, lymphomas, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, and the like.

[0054]

The form of use of the composition according to the present invention is not limited unless the effect is impaired. For example, the composition according to the present invention can be used in the form of a product such as a health food, functional food, nutritional supplementary food, supplement, animal health food, animal functional food, animal supplementary food, animal supplement, etc., or can be used with any of the products in combination, For example, the composition can also be prepared with a supplement such as a vitamin supplement in amounts known to those skilled in the art of preparing safe amounts of vitamin supplements for daily use. Examples of a preferred vitamin supplement are vitamin D in the form of 250H vitamin D (also called as calcifediol, or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol) or 1 ,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (also called as calcitriol, or 1 ,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol), and/or vitamin C which is also called as L-ascorbic acid . Recently, it has been found that biologically active forms of vitamin D can stimulate nitric oxide release and there is evidence indicating that beneficial cardiovascular effects of vitamin D are mediated in part through increases in nitric oxide in the vasculature (Khan A, et al. Nanomedical studies of the restoration of nitric oxide/peroxynitrite balance in dysfunctional endothelium by 1 ,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 - clinical implications for

cardiovascular diseases. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2018: 13 455-466). In some embodiments, the compositions of the current invention would include the combination of beetroot and salt in the amounts described herein together with vitamin D wherein the composition contains

approximately 5 to 40 International Units of 250H vitamin D for every gram of salt in the composition or for every gram of the salty taste composition. A preferred amount of vitamin D in the composition would be 10 to 20

International Units of 25 OH vitamin D for every gram of salt in the

composition or for every gram of the salty taste composition.. The vitamin D in the composition would have the added benefit of improving nitric oxide activity, immune system function, and helping to maintain normal calcium metabolism and reduce the risks for urinary calcium loss and osteoporosis that are known to be associated with a high salt intake. In some embodiments, the compositions of the current invention would include the combination of beetroot and salt in the amounts described herein together with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) wherein the composition contains approximately 2 to 50 milligrams of vitamin C for every gram of salt in the composition or for every gram of the salty taste composition. A preferred amount of vitamin C in the composition would be 5 to 20 milligrams of vitamin C for every gram of salt in the composition or for every gram of the salty taste composition. The vitamin C in the composition would have the added benefit of decreasing oxidative stress and improving nitric oxide activity and immune system function.

Here, the term "functional food" has a meaning including "food with functional characteristics" (FFC), "food for specialized health uses" (FOSHU), and "food with nutrient functional claims" (FNFC) according to the definitions used by the Japanese government.

EXAMPLES

[0055]

Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained more specifically with Examples. The following Examples are presented to provide those skilled in the art with a more complete disclosure and description on how to implement and use the present invention. More specifically, Examples will demonstrate the ratios of beetroot and salt that can be used in preparation of a salty taste composition having a good salty taste and being capable of providing an amount of beetroot known to be sufficient to reduce the incidence of increased blood pressure while masking the earthy or other bad taste of beetroot. However, these Examples are neither intended to limit the scope of what the inventor regards as the invention, nor intended to represent all of the conceivable Examples. Any other form of beetroot can replace red beetroot or white beetroot, which are used in Examples.

[0056]

Example 1

(Evaluation of saltiness and salty taste of various salty taste compositions)

A series of salty taste compositions were prepared by blending different quantities of ordinary red beetroot powder ("red beet", produced by Asagiri firm, Kumamoto, JAPAN) with salt (produced by Morton Salt) as shown in Table 6. Five subjects were provided with the compositions for tasting, and then scored the sample compositions in terms of salty taste in accordance with the following graded evaluation shown below. For each test subject, the taste test was calibrated by first presenting a small sample on the tongue of approximately 10 mg of salt alone. The subject was informed that the sample was salt alone and was instructed to give a score of 3 to any other samples that have the same salty taste and flavor as this sample of salt alone. After this tasting, the subject was instructed to rinse out their mouth with water two times using distilled water provided in an 8 ounce glass. The subject was instructed that they would then be given mixtures of salt and a vegetable powder to taste and asked to report whether the sample tasted like salt alone or whether the sample tasted different from salt.

Approximately 10 mg of the mixture was placed on the tongue and the subject instructed to move their tongue around to enable tasting in the whole mouth. If the sample tasted different from salt, the subjects were instructed to report a score of 2 for those samples with a bad taste flavor, or to report a score of 1 for those samples with a very bad taste flavor. The subjects were instructed to report a score of 4 for those samples that tasted salty and had a good taste flavor, or to report a score of 5 for those samples that tasted salty and had a very good taste flavor. For samples that were indistinguishable from salt with respect to salty taste and flavor, the subjects were instructed to report a score of 3. The identity of the salt compositions tested was coded so that neither the subject nor the test administrator was aware of the salt concentrations in the samples. After each tasting, the salt taste score was recorded on the sample list and the subject instructed to rinse out their mouth with water as before. The testing was then repeated for the next sample until all the samples were tested.

[0057]

(Graded evaluation)

Very bad taste: 1 point

Bad taste: 2 points

Indistinguishable from salt: 3 points

Salty and good taste: 4 points

Salty and very good taste: 5 points

[0058]

The results are shown in Table 6.

Table 6

[0059] The results of Table 6 revealed that a salty taste composition containing beetroot and salt in combination with a ratio of beetroot to salt by dry weight between 0.05:1 and 1.8:1 can provide an effectively salty and good taste. In contrast, it was found that the salty taste of a salty taste composition is difficult to distinguish from that of salt when the quantity of red beetroot powder blended is small, and a salty taste composition tastes the distinctive earthy taste of red beetroot and the bad taste is significant when the quantity of red beetroot powder is blended in ratios to salt that are above 1.8: 1 (excessively large).

[0060]

Example 2

(Evaluation of various amounts of beetroot and other powders with respect to the salty taste of salty compositions)

The study was conducted using a staircase test protocol in which stimulus sampling to assess the salty taste of different mixtures of sodium chloride dissolved in distilled water was carried out using a modified version of the "whole mouth sip and spit procedure" described by Wise and Breslin (2013). Details of the experimental procedure are described below.

During each study, taste testers were given a series of solutions to test comprised of 5 mL samples presented in teaspoons. Each sample solution contained a specified amount of sodium chloride (produced by Morton Salt) with or without a specified amount of beetroot powder ("red beet", produced by Asagiri firm, Kumamoto, JAPAN), lactose powder (100% pure lactose obtained from the Now Foods company, Bloomingdale, Illinois, USA), or cornstarch powder (100% pure cornstarch (brand name "Argo") obtained from ACH Food Companies, Inc, Memphis, Tennessee, USA) dissolved in room temperature distilled water. The subject was instructed to take and hold the sample in their mouth for 5 - 10 seconds, spit out the sample, then rated the saltiness of the sample (wholemouth, sip-and-spit procedure as described by Wise and Breslin, 2013).

[0061]

For each test subject, the lower limit of the salty taste scale of 0 was calibrated by first presenting a sample of distilled water alone. The subject was informed that the first sample contained no salt and was instructed to give a score of 0 (zero) to any other samples that completely lack the taste of salt. After this tasting, the subject was instructed to rinse out their mouth with water two times using distilled water provided in an 8 ounce glass.

In each taste test subject, the upper limit of the salty taste scale of 100 was calibrated by presenting a sample of the salt water alone containing 0.4% sodium chloride in distilled water. This concentration range was greater than the minimum threshold for recognition of the salty taste of sodium chloride in >95% of test subjects as previously reported by Wise and Breslin (20 3) and Giguere et al (2016). The subject was informed that the sample was salt water alone and was instructed to give a score of 100 to any other samples that have the same salty taste as this sample of salt alone. For samples perceived to be less salty than this pure sample of salt water alone, the subject was instructed to report a score of less than 100. After this tasting, the subject was instructed to rinse out their mouth with water two times using distilled water provided in an 8 ounce glass.

[0062]

After tasting of the salt calibration samples was completed, the subject was presented with a series of test solutions with varying concentrations of salt and either beetroot, lactose, or cornstarch (see Table 7). The samples were presented in descending order of salt concentration and contained ascending orders of either beetroot, lactose, or cornstarch. The identity of the salt compositions on the list was coded so that neither the subject nor the test administrator was aware of the salt concentrations in the samples. The subject was asked to taste the sample using the whole mouth sip and spit procedure and to rate the samples for salty taste on the scale of 0 to 100 with 100 being the same saltiness as the salt water calibration sample and 0 being the saltiness of the sample of distilled water without salt. After this tasting, the salt taste score was recorded on the sample list and the subject instructed to rinse out their mouth with water as before. The testing was then repeated for the next sample until all the samples were tested. The mean taste test scores were then plotted against the salt concentrations of the various samples tested. The plotted results were then visually examined to look for differences between the beetroot, lactose, and cornstarch groups in the dose response curves for salty taste.

[0063]

Table 7

[0064]

Experimental results showing how beetroot powder and other powders affect salty taste are shown in the Figure 1. Note that substituting lactose powder or cornstarch powder for sodium chloride caused a reduction in the salty taste of the sodium chloride when the percentage by weight of the lactose powder or cornstarch powder in the salt mixture exceeds 6% (when the ratio by weight of lactose or cornstarch to sodium chloride in the mixture exceeds ~ 1 :16). In contrast, when beetroot powder was substituted for sodium chloride, the salty taste of sodium chloride was not affected until the percentage by weight of beetroot in the mixture exceeds 20% (not affected until the ratio by weight of beetroot powder to sodium chloride in the mixture exceeds ~ 1 :4). Thus, ratios of beetroot powdensodium chloride within the range of approximately 1 :16 to 1 :4 maintained a salty taste from the sodium chloride more effectively than the same ratios of lactose powdensodium chloride or cornstarch

powdensodium chloride. Importantly, ingestion of compositions that contained ratios of beetroot powdensodium chloride within this ~ range of 1 :16 to 1 :4 provided amounts of nitrate in relation to sodium chloride

(nitrate:sodium chloride ratios of ~ 1 :160 to 1 :40) that were sufficient to prevent the ingested sodium chloride from increasing blood pressure.

[0065]

Example 3

(Salt compositions that contain beetroot with amounts of nitrate sufficient to prevent salt-induced increases in blood pressure)

The experiment was conducted in two groups of inbred Dahl salt sensitive rats, the most widely used animal model for testing the effects of salt intake on blood pressure. Radiotelemetry catheters were implanted in the abdominal aorta of each rat to provide continuous measurements of blood pressure 24 hours per day, seven days per week. At least 7-10 days after recovery from surgical implantation of the radiotransmitters, baseline blood pressure recordings were obtained while feeding all of the animals a low salt diet and tap water.

[0066]

After approximately 7 days of BP recording on the low intake, salt intake was increased in one group of rats by replacing the drinking water with a salt water solution containing sodium chloride at a concentration of 10 grams per liter (1 % NaCI). In the other group of rats, salt intake was increased by replacing the drinking water with a salt water solution containing sodium chloride at a concentration of 10.2 grams per liter (1.02% NaCI) together with an amount of beetroot sufficient to provide a nitrate

concentration of approximately 63 milligrams per liter (a nitrate:sodium chloride ratio by weight of approximately 1 :160). Given the amount of nitrate typically found in beet root, this is equivalent to a ratio of beetroot powder: salt of approximately 1 :16.

Fluid intake was controlled to insure that the rats drinking the solution of sodium chloride plus beetroot consumed the same amount of fluid as the rats drinking the solution of sodium chloride alone. Thus, if anything, the rats drinking the solution of beetroot and salt (1.02% NaCI) consumed more salt than the rats drinking the solution of salt water alone (1 % NaCI). Blood pressure recordings were continued to determine the effects on blood pressure of administering the high salt intake with beetroot to the blood pressure effects of administering the high salt intake without beetroot.

[0067]

(Result)

The result is shown in Figure 2. The daily intake of salt was controlled so that the group given beetroot with salt consumed at least as much salt as the group given salt alone. Thus, the lower blood pressure in the beetroot plus salt group is not due to lower salt intake in the beetroot plus salt group.

Fig 2(a) shows 24-hour mean arterial pressures measured by radiotelemetry before and after initiating different treatments. Fig 2(b) shows significantly lower blood pressures throughout treatment with beetroot and salt compared to treatment with salt alone (unpaired t test).

[0068]

Example 4

(Effects of red beetroot and sfr/ ^' /ayi i asa/application for subjects with normal blood pressure)

The compositions to provide in this examination are prepared as follows.

[0069]

(1) Red beetroot powder

Prepare 210 g of red beetroot powder, and then put it into 60 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 3.5 g of red beetroot powder.

(2) Mixture of red beetroot powder and shikuwasa powder

A beetroot composition containing shikuwasa is prepared by thoroughly mixing 210 g of red beetroot powder with 30 g of shikuwasa powder, and then put into 60 unit dose foil packages so that each package contained 4 g of the mixture.

(3) Shikuwasa powder

30 g of shikuwasa powder is prepared, and then put it into 60 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 0.5 g of shikuwasa powder.

[0070]

Eighteen adult subjects (9 men and 9 women) between the ages of 25 years and 60 years with normal blood pressure less than 120/80 mmHg are selected for testing the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (1), the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and shikuwasa powder in the above (2), and the powder composition consisting of shikuwasa powder alone in the above (3). Six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (1), and six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and shikuwasa powder in the above (2), and six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of shikuwasa powder alone in the above (3). Blood pressure measurement is performed for the subjects before the initiation of this examination, and the results are analyzed through a variance test to check for significant difference in blood pressure among the test groups.

[0071]

Each of the subjects is instructed, once every day for 60 days, to mix one dose of the assigned composition with 120 ml_ of cold water and stir the mixture with a spoon for 15 to 30 seconds to prepare a liquid mixture, and to consume the liquid mixture. Each of the subjects is asked whether the liquid mixture consumed tasted earthy or tasted bad or dirty, and for each group the opinions from the subjects are summarized. After the 60-day

consumption, blood pressure measurement is performed for the subjects.

[0072]

Example 5

(Effects of red beetroot and sft/Tovivasa/application for subjects with prehypertension) The compositions to provide in this examination are prepared as follows.

[0073]

(1 ) Red beetroot powder

Prepare 420 g of red beetroot powder, and then put it into 120 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 3.5 g of red beetroot powder.

(2) Mixture of red beetroot powder and shikuwasa powder

A beetroot composition containing shikuwasa is prepared by thoroughly mixing 420 g of red beetroot powder with 60 g of shikuwasa powder, and then put into 120 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 4 g of the mixture.

(3) Shikuwasa powder

Prepare 60 g of shikuwasa powder, and then put it into 120 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 0.5 g of shikuwasa powder.

[0074]

Eighteen adult subjects (ages of 55 years to 60 years, 9 men and 9 women) with prehypertension and systolic blood pressure of about 135 to 138 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of about 85 to 88 mmHg are selected for testing the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (1 ), the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and shikuwasa powder in the above (2), and the powder composition consisting of shikuwasa powder alone in the above (3). Six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (1), and six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and shikuwasa powder in the above (2), and six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of shikuwasa powder alone in the above (3). Blood pressure measurement is performed for the subjects before the initiation of this examination, and the results are analyzed through a variance test to check for significant difference in blood pressure among the test groups.

[0075]

Each of the subjects is instructed, once every day for 120 days, to mix one dose of the assigned composition with 120 mL of cold water and stir the mixture with a spoon for 15 to 30 seconds to prepare a liquid mixture, and to consume the liquid mixture. Each of the subjects is asked whether the liquid mixture consumed tasted earthy or tasted bad or dirty, and for each group the opinions from the subjects are summarized. After the 20-day consumption, blood pressure measurement is performed for the subjects.

[0076]

Example 6

(Effects of red beetroot and yuzu/application for subjects with normal blood pressure)

The compositions to provide in this examination are prepared as follows.

[0077]

(4) Red beetroot powder

Prepare 210 g of red beetroot powder, and then put it into 60 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 3.5 g of red beetroot powder.

(5) Mixture of red beetroot powder and yuzu powder A beetroot composition containing yuzu is prepared by thoroughly mixing 210 g of red beetroot powder with 30 g of yuzu powder, and then put into 60 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 4 g of the mixture.

(6) Yuzu powder Prepare 30 g of yuzu powder, and then put it into 60 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 0.5 g of yuzu powder.

[0078]

Eighteen adult subjects (9 men and 9 women) between the ages of 25 years and 60 years with normal blood pressure less than 120/80 mmHg are selected for testing the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (4), and the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and yuzu powder in the above (5). Six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (4), and six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and yuzu powder in the above (5), and six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of yuzu powder alone in the above (6). Blood pressure

measurement is performed for the subjects before the initiation of this examination, and the results are analyzed through a variance test to check for significant difference in blood pressure among the test groups.

[0079]

Each of the subjects is instructed, once every day for 60 days, to mix one dose of the assigned composition with 120 ml_ of cold water and stir the mixture with a spoon for 15 to 30 seconds to prepare a liquid mixture, and to consume the liquid mixture. Each of the subjects is asked whether the liquid mixture consumed tastes earthy or tastes bad or dirty, and for each group the opinions from the subjects aree summarized. After the 60-day consumption, blood pressure measurement is performed on the subjects.

[0080]

Example 7

(Effects of red beetroot and yuzw/application for subjects with

prehypertension)

The compositions to provide in this examination were prepared as follows.

[0081]

(4) Red beetroot powder

Prepare 420 g of red beetroot powder, and then put it into 120 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 3.5 g of red beetroot powder.

(5) Mixture of red beetroot powder and yuzu powder

A beetroot composition containing yuzu is prepared by thoroughly mixing 420 g of red beetroot powder with 60 g of yuzu powder, and then put into 120 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 4 g of the mixture.

(6) Yuzu powder

Prepare 60 g of yuzu powder, and then put it into 120 unit dose foil packages so that each package contains 0.5 g of yuzu powder.

[0082]

Eighteen adult subjects (ages of 55 years to 60 years, 9 men and 9 women) with prehypertension and systolic blood pressure of about 135 to 138 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of about 85 to 88 mmHg are selected for testing the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (4), the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and yuzu powder in the above (5), and the powder composition consisting of yuzu powder alone in the above (6). Six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (4), and six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and yuzu powder in the above (5), and six of the subjects (3 men and 3 women) are assigned to a group to consume the powder composition consisting of yuzu powder alone in the above (6). Blood pressure

measurement is performed for the subjects before the initiation of this examination, and the results are analyzed through a variance test to check for significant difference in blood pressure among the test groups.

[0083]

Each of the subjects is instructed, once every day for 120 days, to mix one dose of the assigned composition with 120 ml_ of cold water and stir the mixture with a spoon for 15 to 30 seconds to prepare a liquid mixture, and to consume the liquid mixture. Each of the subjects is asked whether the liquid mixture consumed tastes earthy or tastes bad or dirty, and for each group the opinions from the subjects are summarized. After the 120-day consumption, blood pressure measurement is performed for the subjects.

[0084]

Example 8

(Effects of red beetroot and vegetables/application for subjects with normal blood pressure)

The compositions to provide in this examination are prepared as follows. [0085]

(7) Red beetroot powder

(8) 1 :1 mixture of red beetroot powder and komatsuna powder

(9) 1 :1 mixture of red beetroot powder and ging-gen-cai powder

(10) 1 :1 mixture of red beetroot powder and spinach powder

(11 ) 1 :1 mixture of red beetroot powder and mitsuba powder

[0086]

Twenty adult subjects (10 men and 10 women) between the ages of 25 years and 60 years with normal blood pressure less than 120/80 mmHg are selected for testing the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (7), the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and komatsuna powder in the above (8), the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and ging- gen-cai powder in the above (9), the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and spinach powder in the above (10), and the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and mitsuba powder in the above (1 1), and four of the subjects (2 men and 2 women) are assigned to a group to consume any of the powder compositions in the above (7) to (1 1). Blood pressure measurement is performed for the subjects before the initiation of this examination, and the results are analyzed through a variance test to check for significant difference in blood pressure among the test groups.

[0087]

Each of the subjects is instructed, once every day for 60 days, to mix one dose, 5 g, of the assigned composition with 120 mL of cold water and stir the mixture with a spoon for 15 to 30 seconds to prepare a liquid mixture, and to consume the liquid mixture. Each of the subjects is asked to score the taste of the liquid composition consumed in accordance with the graded evaluation shown below, and the average score is determined for each group. After the 60-day consumption, blood pressure measurement is performed for the subjects.

[0088]

(Graded evaluation)

Very bad taste: 1 point

Bad taste: 2 points

Neutral taste: 3 points

Good taste: 4 points

Very good taste: 5 points

[0089]Example 9

(Effects of red beetroot and vegetables/application for subjects with

prehypertension)

The compositions to provide in this examination are prepared as follows.

[0090]

(7) Red beetroot powder

(8) 1 :1 mixture of red beetroot powder and komatsuna powder

(9) 1 :1 mixture of red beetroot powder and ging-gen-cai powder

(10) 1 :1 mixture of red beetroot powder and spinach powder

(1 1 ) 1 :1 mixture of red beetroot powder and mitsuba powder

[0091]

Twenty adult subjects (ages of 55 years to 60 years, 10 men and 10 women) with prehypertension and systolic blood pressure of about 135 to 138 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of about 85 to 88 mmHg are selected for testing the powder composition consisting of red beetroot powder alone in the above (7), the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and komatsuna powder in the above (8), the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and ging- gen-cai powder in the above (9), the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and spinach powder in the above (10), and the powder composition consisting of a mixture of red beetroot powder and mitsuba powder in the above (1 1 ), and four of the subjects (2 men and 2 women) are were assigned to a group to consume any of the powder compositions in the above (7) to (1 1). Blood pressure measurement is performed for the subjects before the initiation of this examination, and the results are analyzed through a variance test to check for significant difference in blood pressure among the test groups.

[0092]

Each of the subjects is instructed, once every day for 120 days, to mix one dose, 5 g, of the assigned composition with 120 mL of cold water and stir the mixture with a spoon for 15 to 30 seconds to prepare a liquid mixture, and to consume the liquid mixture. After the 120-day consumption, blood pressure measurement is performed for the subjects.

[0093]

Example 10

Influence on blood pressure in use of salty taste composition containing beetroot and salt as salt substitute

[0094]

Specifically, a salty taste composition is prepared as a 1 :1 mixture by mass of salt and white beetroot powder, and the following test groups, the first group to the fourth group, are set-up to carry out a test for adult subjects.

[0095] (First group)

Sixteen adult subjects (8 men and 8 women between the ages of 40 and 55 years) with prehypertension are instructed to use the salty taste composition in an amount similar to the amount of salt that they had used in the past (approximately 10 grams salt/day) for all of their cooking and food preparation in place of regular salt for a period of one year. The subjects are also instructed to avoid eating fast foods for a period of one year and to avoid eating in restaurants more than once per month. Before beginning use of the salty taste composition, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the subjects are measured and recorded according to methods known to those skilled in the art of measuring blood pressure. After 1 year of consuming the salty taste composition in place of regular salt, the blood pressures are similarly measured and recorded.

[0096]

(Second group)

Sixteen adult subjects (8 men and 8 women between the ages of 40 and 55 years) with prehypertension are instructed to use regular salt in an amount of about 5 grams salt/day for all of their cooking and food preparation for a period of one year. The other conditions are the same as those for the first group. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of all the subjects are measured and recorded at the beginning and the end of the one-year period.

[0097]

(Third group)

Sixteen adult subjects (8 men and 8 women between the ages of 40 and 55 years) with prehypertension are instructed to use regular salt in an amount of about 10 grams salt/day for all of their cooking and food

preparation for a period of one year. The other conditions are the same as those for the first group. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of all the subjects are measured and recorded at the beginning and the end of the one-year period.

[0098]

(Fourth group)

Sixteen adult subjects (8 men and 8 women between the ages of 40 and 55 years) with prehypertension are instructed to use the salty taste composition in an amount twice as large as the amount of salt that they had used in the past (approximately 10 grams salt/day) for all of their cooking and food preparation in place of regular salt for a period of one year. The other conditions are the same as those for the first group. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of all the subjects are measured and recorded at the beginning and the end of the one-year period.