BENZODIOXEPINE AND BENZODIOXINE COMPOUNDS THAT INTERACT WITH GLUCOKINASE REGULATORY PROTEIN FOR THE

TREATMENT OF DIABETES

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds of formula I, II, III or IV, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as defined herein, that interact with glucokinase regulatory protein. In addition, the present invention relates to methods of treating type 2 diabetes, and other diseases and/or conditions where glucokinase regulatory protein is involved using the compounds, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions that contain the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Glucokinase (GK) is a member of a family of four hexokinases that are critical in the cellular metabolism of glucose. Specifically GK, also known as hexokinase IV or hexokinase D, facilitates glucose induced insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells as well as glucose conversion into glycogen in the liver. GK has a unique catalytic activity that enables the enzyme to be active within the physiological range of glucose (from 5mM glucose to lOmM glucose).

Genetically modified mouse models support the role of GK playing an important role in glucose homeostasis. Mice lacking both copies of the GK gene die soon after birth from severe hyperglycemia, whereas mice lacking only one copy of the GK gene present with only mild diabetes. Mice that are made to overexpress the GK gene in their livers are hypoglycemic.

Numerous human mutations in the GK gene have been identified, with the vast majority of them resulting in proteins with impaired or absent enzymatic activity. These loss-of-function mutations are thought to contribute to the hyperglycemia seen with maturity-onset diabetes of the young type II (MODY-2). A small fraction of these mutations result in a GK with increased catalytic function. These individuals present with moderate to severe hypoglycemia.

GK activity in the liver is transiently regulated by glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). GK catalytic activity is inhibited when GK is bound to GKRP. This interaction is antagonized by increasing concentrations of both glucose and fructose -1 -phosphate (F1P). The complex of the two proteins is localized primarily to the nuclear compartment of a cell. Post prandially as both glucose and fructose levels rise, GK released from GKRP translocates to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic GK is now free of the inhibitory effects of GKRP and able to kinetically respond to glucose. Evidence from the Zucker diabetic fatty rat (ZDF) indicates that their glucose intolerance may be a result of this mechanism failing to function properly.

A compound that acts directly on GKRP to disrupt its interaction with GK and hence elevate levels of cytoplasmic GK is a viable approach to modulate GK activity. Such an approach would avoid the unwanted hypoglycemic effects of over stimulation of GK catalytic activity, which has been seen in the development of GK activators. A compound having such an effect would be useful in the treatment of diabetes and other diseases and/or conditions in which GKRP and/or GK plays a role. The present invention provides compounds that bind GKRP and disrupts its interaction with GK.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In aspect 1, the present invention provides compounds of formula I or II, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

the symbol * represents a chiral center that has the R

configuration or is a mixture of the R and S configurations; n is 0 or 1 ;

R ¹ is a five or six membered monocyclic aryl group or monocyclic heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroatoms are independently selected from N, O or S, which groups can be optionally substituted at the (1) positions with respect to its point of attachment to the rest of the compound, when possible, with a substituent selected from -Ci_galkyl, -Ci_galkoxy, halo, -SCi_galkyl, -C ₂ _galkenyl, -C ₂ _galkynyl, -Ci_ghydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, perfluoroalkyl or -OCF ₃ ; or at the (2) positions, when possible, with a substituent selected from fluorine,

-OH or -NH ₂ ; or at the (3) position, when possible, with fluorine;

R ² is a nine or ten membered bicyclic aryl group or bicyclic heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroatoms are independently selected from N, O or S, which groups can be optionally substituted with from 1 to 7 substituents independently selected from halo, Ci_ ₆ alkyl, Ci_ ₆ alkoxy , -OH or a five or six membered aryl or heteroaryl group, which aryl or heteroaryl group that can be optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from Ci_ ₆ alkyl, Ci_ ₆ alkoxy, -OH, -NH ₂ , -C(CF ₃ )(OH)(CF ₃ ) or -C(CF ₃ )(OH)(CH ₃ ); each R ³ is independently hydrogen, -OH or halo when n is 1 , or hydrogen,

-OH, halo or -CH when n is 0; and each R ⁴ is independently hydrogen or halo; provided that the compound is not N-(l -benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-

3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide.

In aspect 2, the present invention provides compounds in accordance with aspect 1 , or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

R ² is a nine or ten membered bicyclic aryl group or bicyclic heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroatoms are independently selected from N, O or S, which groups can be optionally substituted with from 1 to 7 substituents independently selected from Ci_6alkyl, Ci_ ₆ alkoxy , -OH or a five or six membered aryl or heteroaryl group, which aryl or heteroaryl group that can be optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from Ci_ ₆ alkyl, Ci_ ₆ alkoxy, -OH, -NH ₂ , or -C(CF ₃ )(OH)(CH ₃ );

R ³ is hydrogen or halo when n is 1, or hydrogen, halo, or - CH when n is

0; and

R ⁴ is hydrogen or halo.

In aspect 3, the present invention provides compounds of aspects 1 or 2, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R ¹ is phenyl, substituted phenyl, pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, pyrimidinyl or substituted pyrimidinyl.

In aspect 4, the present invention provides compounds of aspects 1 or 2, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R ² is benzofuranyl, substituted benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, substituted benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, substituted benzothiazolyl, thieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, substituted thieno[2,3- c]pyridinyl, benzoxazolyl, substituted benzoxazolyl, thieno[3,2-c]pyridinyl, substituted, thieno[3,2-c]pyridinyl, quinolinyl, substituted quinolinyl,

naphthalenyl, substituted naphthalenyl, thieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, substituted thieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl, substituted thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl, [l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl, or substituted [l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl.

In aspect 5, the present invention provides compounds of aspects 1 or 2, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R ³ is hydrogen or halogen.

In aspect 6, the present invention provides compounds of aspects 1 or 2, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R ⁴ is hydrogen. In aspect 7, the present invention provides compounds of aspects 1 or 2, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that have the R configuration at the stereocenter designated with a *.

In aspect 8, the present invention provides compounds of aspects 1 or 2, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that is a mixture of the R and S configurations at the stereocenter designated with a *.

In aspect 9, the present invention provides compounds of aspects 1 or 2, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that is a racemic mixture of the R and S configurations at the stereocenter designated with a *.

In aspect 10, the present invention provides compounds of aspects 1 or 2, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

R ¹ is phenyl, substituted phenyl, pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, pyrimidinyl or substituted pyrimidinyl; and

R ² is benzofuranyl, substituted benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, substituted benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, substituted benzothiazolyl, thieno[2,3- c]pyridinyl, substituted thieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, benzoxazolyl, substituted benzoxazolyl, thieno[3,2-c]pyridinyl, substituted, thieno[3,2-c]pyridinyl, quinolinyl, substituted quinolinyl, naphthalenyl, substituted naphthalenyl, thieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, substituted thieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl, substituted thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl, [l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl, or substituted [l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl.

In aspect 11, the present invention provides compounds of aspects 1 or 2, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: R ¹ is phenyl, substituted phenyl, pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, pyrimidinyl or substituted pyrimidinyl;

R ² is benzofuranyl, substituted benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, substituted benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, substituted benzothiazolyl, thieno[2,3- c]pyridinyl, substituted thieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, benzoxazolyl, substituted benzoxazolyl, thieno[3,2-c]pyridinyl, substituted, thieno[3,2-c]pyridinyl, quinolinyl, substituted quinolinyl, naphthalenyl, substituted naphthalenyl, thieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, substituted thieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl, substituted thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl, [l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl, or substituted [l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl.

R ³ is hydrogen or halogen;

R ⁴ is hydrogen; and the compound has the R configuration at the stereocenter designated with a *.

In aspect 12, the present invention provides compounds, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salts, selected from:

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dih ydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dih ydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-fluoro-6-methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dih ydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l, 5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethenylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethynylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(l -methylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl (2,6-dimethylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-propylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((3 -aminophenyl)( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzoi iran-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l, 5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-iodophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 -benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-bromophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-fluorophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -fluorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzoi iran-2-yl(2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxep ine-7- sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l -benzofuran-2-yl(2-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l -benzofuran-2-yl(3-chloro-4-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-thiophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 -benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(3-thiophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 -benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methyl-2-thiophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzofliran-2-yl(l,3-thiazol-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2 H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3 -fluoro-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H -l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethenylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethynylpheny l)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4 -dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2 H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(3 -methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((3 -methyl- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((3 -methyl- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(phenyl(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((2-methoxyphenyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-d ihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)meth yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl) -3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((3-methoxy-4-pyridinyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl) -3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro -2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3, 4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-( 1 ,3 -benzothiazol-2-yl(3 -methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l,3-benzoxazol-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-ben zodioxepine-7- sulfonamide;

N-(2-naphthalenyl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodio xepine-7- sulfonamide;

N-(phenyl(2-quinolinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxe pine-7- sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-be nzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide;

N-((5-methoxy-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihyd ro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide;

N-(phenyl(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5-benzodioxepine 7-sulfonamide;

N-(phenyl(thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(phenyl(thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5-benzodioxepine 7-sulfonamide;

N-((5 -hydroxy- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)meth yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2- yl)methyl)-3,4- dihydro-2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((2-methoxyphenyl)(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-d ihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((2-methoxyphenyl)([l ,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-((2-chlorophenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl) -3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl) methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(phenyl(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 - benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine -7-sulfonamide; N-(phenyl(7-(2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((7-chloro- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(phenyl(7 -phenyl- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4 -dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; or

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-2,3 -dihydro-l,4- benzodioxine-6-sulfonamide.

In aspect 13, the present invention provides compounds, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salts, selected from:

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,3-difluoro- 3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-hydroxy-3,4 -dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-fluoro-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((6-amino-2-pyridinyl)( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((7-chlorothieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-di hydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-((2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide;

N-((2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2- pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide; N-((2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl) l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepi ne-7- sulfonamide;

N-((2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl) 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide;

N-((2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl) l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepi ne-7- sulfonamide;

N-((2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl) 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide; or

N-((2-amino-4-pyridinyl)( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide.

In aspect 14, the present invention provides compounds, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salts, selected from:

N-((R)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7 sulfonamide;

N-((S)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7 sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4 -dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(5 -fluoro-2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-fluoro-6-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofliran-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethenylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethynylphenyl)methy l)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofliran-2-yl(2-( 1 -methylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl (2,6-dimethylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-propylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- (3-aminophenyl)(l-benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-iodophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-bromophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-fluorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -fluorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-di hydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(3-chloro-4-pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-di hydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-pyrimidinyl)methy l)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofliran-2-yl(2-thiophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofliran-2-yl(3-thiophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methyl-2-thiophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzofliran-2-yl(l ,3-thiazol-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethenylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihy dro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethynylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(3 -methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- (3 -methyl- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- (3 -methyl- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-phenyl(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- (2-methoxyphenyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihy dro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- (2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl) -3,4- dihydro-2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- (3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3, 4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-((R)- (3-methoxy-4-pyridinyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3, 4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dih ydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl )-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l,3-benzoxazol-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 -benzodioxepine 7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-2-naphthalenyl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benz odioxepine-7- sulfonamide;

N-((R)-phenyl(2-quinolinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzod ioxepine-7- sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- (5-methoxy-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-phenyl(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-phenyl(thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-phenyl(thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- (5 -hydroxy- 1 -benzothiophen-2-y l)(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)m ethyl)-3,4-dihydro 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-((R)-2 methylsulfanyl)phenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)meth yl)-3,4- dihydro-2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-2-methoxyphenyl)(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3, 4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-2-methoxyphenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)met hyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-2-chlorophenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)meth yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2- yl)methyl)-3,4- dihydro-2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-phenyl(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 - benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine -7-sulfonamide; N-((R)-phenyl(7-(2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-7-chloro- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-phenyl(7-phenyl- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide; or

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-2,3-dihydro- 1 ,4-benzodioxine-6- sulfonamide.

In aspect 15, the present invention provides compounds, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salts, selected from:

N-((R)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,3-diflu oro-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-hydroxy -3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-fluoro- 3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide; N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 - (trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide;

N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 - (trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4- dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide;

N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((l R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide;

N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((l R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide; N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((lS)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxy -l-methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide;

N-((R)-(2-Chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((lS)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxy -l-methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide; or N-((2-amino-4-pyridinyl)( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide.

In aspect 16, the present invention provides methods of treating type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cataracts, glaucoma, Syndrome X, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, the methods comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound in accordance with any one of aspects 1 to 15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In aspect 17, the present invention provides the methods of aspect 16 wherein the method is the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

In aspect 18, the present invention provides the methods of aspect 16 wherein the methods further comprise administering metformin. In aspect 19, the present invention provides the methods of aspect 16 wherein the methods further comprise administering a DPP-IV inhibitor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In aspect 20, the present invention provides the methods of aspect 16 wherein the methods further comprise administering a sulfonylurea, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In aspect 21, the present invention provides the methods of aspect 16 wherein the methods further comprise administering a PPARy agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In aspect 22, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound in accordance with any one of aspects 1 to 15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides compounds of formula I, II, III or IV as defined above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula I, II, III or IV, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and methods of treating diseases and/or conditions, such as diabetes, using a compound of formula I, II, III or IV, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The term "alkyl" means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon.

Representative examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl and hexyl. Typical alkyl groups are alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, which groups are commonly represented as Ci.galkyl. The term "alkoxy" means an alkyl group bonded to an oxygen atom.

Representative examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, tert-butoxy, propoxy and isobutoxy. Common alkoxy groups are Ci_galkoxy.

The term "halogen" or "halo" means chlorine, fluorine, bromine or iodine.

The term "alkenyl" means a branched or straight chain hydrocarbon having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Representative examples alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, allyl, butenyl and 4-methylbutenyl. Common alkenyl groups are C ₂ - ₈ alkenyl.

The term "alkynyl" means a branched or straight chain hydrocarbon having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Representative examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl (propargyl) and butynyl. Common alkynyl groups are C ₂ _8 alkynyl.

The term "cycloalkyl" means a cyclic, nonaromatic hydrocarbon.

Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. A cycloalkyl group can contain one or more double bond. Examples of cycloalkyl groups that contain double bonds include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl and cyclobutadienyl. Common cycloalkyl groups are C ₃ _gcycloalkyl groups.

The term "perfluoroalkyl" means an alkyl group in which all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine atoms. Common perfluoroalkyl groups are Ci_ ₈ perfluoroalkyl. An example of a common perfluoroalkyl group is CF ₃ .

The term "acyl" means a group derived from an organic acid by removal of the hydroxy group (-OH). For example, the acyl group CH ₃ C(=0)- is formed by the removal of the hydroxy group from CH ₃ C(=0)OH .

The term "aryl" means a cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl. Common aryl groups are six to thirteen membered rings.

The term "heteroatom" as used herein means an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom. The term "heteroaryl" means a cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon in which one or more carbon atoms of an aryl group have been replaced with a heteroatom. If the heteroaryl group contains more than one heteroatom, the heteroatoms may be the same or different. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, triazolyl, pyridazinyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, naphthyridinyl,

quinoxalinyl, isothiazolyl and benzo[b]thienyl. Common heteroaryl groups are five to thirteen membered rings that contain from 1 to 4 heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups that are five and six membered rings that contain 1 to 3 heteroatoms are particularly common.

The term "heterocycloalkyl" means a cycloalkyl group in which one or more of the carbon atoms has been replaced with a heteroatom. If the

heterocycloalkyl group contains more than one heteroatom, the heteroatoms may be the same or different. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include

tetrahydrofuryl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl and pyrrolidinyl. It is also possible for the heterocycloalkyl group to have one or more double bonds, but is not aromatic. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups containing double bonds include dihydrofuran. Common heterocycloalkyl groups are three to ten membered rings containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms. Heterocycloalkyl groups that are five and six membered rings that contain 1 to 3 heteroatoms are particularly common.

It is also noted that the cyclic ring groups, i.e., aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, can comprise more than one ring. For example, the naphthyl group is a fused bicyclic ring system. It is also intended that the present invention include ring groups that have bridging atoms, or ring groups that have a spiro orientation.

Representative examples of five to six membered aromatic rings, optionally having one or two heteroatoms, are phenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridiazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Representative examples of partially saturated, fully saturated or fully unsaturated five to eight membered rings, optionally having one to three heteroatoms, are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl and phenyl. Further exemplary five membered rings are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, 2H- imidazolyl, 2-imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazolinyl,

pyrazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1 ,2-dithiolyl, 1,3-dithiolyl, 3H-1,2- oxathiolyl, 1,2,3-oxadizaolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl,

l,3,4oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-trizaolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 3H-1,2,3- dioxazolyl, 1,2,4-dioxazolyl, 1,3,2-dioxazolyl, 1,3,4-dioxazolyl, 5H-1,2,5- oxathiazolyl, and 1,3-oxathiolyl.

Further exemplary six membered rings are 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, 1 ,2-dioxinyl, 1,3-dioxinyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl, 1,4- dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, 1,3,5- triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, 4H-l,2-oxazinyl, 2H-1,3- oxazinyl, 6H-l,3-oxazinyl, 6H-l,2-oxazinyl, 1 ,4-oxazinyl, 2H-l,2-oxazinyl, 4H- 1 ,4-oxazinyl, 1,2,5-oxathiazinyl, 1 ,4-oxazinyl, o-isoxazinyl, p-isoxazinyl, 1,2,5- oxathiazinyl, l,2,6-(3 oxathiazinyl, and 1,4,2-oxadiazinyl.

Further exemplary seven membered rings are azepinyl, oxepinyl, thiepinyl and 1,2,4-triazepinyl.

Further exemplary eight membered rings are cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl and cyclooctadienyl.

Exemplary bicyclic rings consisting of two fused partially saturated, fully saturated or fully unsaturated five and/or six membered rings, optionally having one to four heteroatoms, are indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl,

cyclopenta(b)pyridinyl, pyrano(3,4-b)pyrrolyl, benzo furyl, isobenzo furyl, benzo(b)thienyl, benzo(c)thienyl, lH-indazolyl, indoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl, anthranilyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, indenyl, isoindenyl, naphthyl, tetralinyl, decalinyl, 2H-l-benzopyranyl, pyrido(3,4-b)pyridinyl, pyrido(3,2-b)pyridinyl, pyrido(4,3-b)-pyridinyl, 2H-1,3- benzoxazinyl, 2H-l,4-benzoxazinyl, lH-2,3-benzoxazinyl, 4H-3,l-benzoxazinyl, 2H-l,2-benzoxazinyl and 4H-l,4-benzoxazinyl.

A cyclic ring group may be bonded to another group in more than one way. If no particular bonding arrangement is specified, then all possible arrangements are intended. For example, the term "pyridyl" includes 2-, 3-, or 4- pyridyl, and the term "thienyl" includes 2-, or 3-thienyl.

The term "substituted" means that a hydrogen atom on a molecule or group is replaced with a group or atom. Typical substituents include: halogen, Ci- galkyl, hydroxyl, Ci-galkoxy, -NR ^X R ^X , nitro, cyano, halo or perhaloCi-galkyl, C ₂ - salkenyl, C ₂ - ₈ alkynyl, -SR ^X , -S(=0) ₂ R ^x , -C(=0)OR ^x , -C(=0)R ^x , wherein each R ^x is independently hydrogen or Ci-Cg alkyl. It is noted that when the substituent is -NR ^X R ^X , the R ^x groups may be joined together with the nitrogen atom to form a ring.

The term "oxo", when used as a substituent, means the =0 group, which is typically attached to a carbon atom.

A group or atom that replaces a hydrogen atom is also called a substituent.

Any particular molecule or group can have one or more substituent depending on the number of hydrogen atoms that can be replaced.

The symbol "-" represents a covalent bond and can also be used in a radical group to indicate the point of attachment to another group. In chemical structures, the symbol is commonly used to represent a methyl group in a molecule.

The location of substituents on a cyclic group can be identified using a numbering system to show the substituents' point of attachment on the cyclic group with respect to the cyclic group's point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. For example, below five and six membered rings are drawn to show the identifying numbers of the different possible points of substitution. It is noted that the cyclic group can contain heteroatoms.

3

The compounds of the present invention include compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that have the R configuration at the designated stereocenter. The compounds of the present invention, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are also intended to include mixtures of the R and S isomer at the designated stereocenter, including racemic mixtures. A preferred mixture is one that comprises substantially pure R isomer. Another preferred mixture is a racemic mixture. Still another preferred mixture is one that comprises more R isomer than S isomer.

It is believed that the compounds of the present invention that show the greatest ability to disrupt the interaction of GKRP with GK have the R

configuration at the stereocenter designated with a * symbol in formula I, II, III or IV.

The term "therapeutically effective amount" means an amount of a compound that ameliorates, attenuates or eliminates one or more symptom of a particular disease or condition, or prevents or delays the onset of one of more symptom of a particular disease or condition.

The term "patient" means animals, such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, sheep and humans. Particular patients are mammals. The term patient includes males and females.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means that the referenced substance, such as a compound of the present invention or a formulation containing a compound of the present invention, or a particular excipient, are suitable for administration to a patient.

The terms "treating", "treat" or "treatment" and the like include preventative (e.g., prophylactic) and palliative treatment. The term "patient in need thereof means a patient who has or is at risk of having a GKRP/GK mediated disease or condition, such as type 2 diabetes.

The term "excipient" means any pharmaceutically acceptable additive, carrier, diluent, adjuvant, or other ingredient, other than the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which is typically included for formulation and/or administration to a patient.

The compounds of the present invention are administered to a patient in a therapeutically effective amount. The compounds can be administered alone or as part of a pharmaceutically acceptable composition or formulation. In addition, the compounds or compositions can be administered all at once, as for example, by a bolus injection, multiple times, such as by a series of tablets, or delivered substantially uniformly over a period of time, as for example, using transdermal delivery. It is also noted that the dose of the compound can be varied over time.

In addition, the compounds of the present invention can be administered alone, in combination with other compounds of the present invention, or with other pharmaceutically active compounds. The other pharmaceutically active compounds can be intended to treat the same disease or condition as the compounds of the present invention or a different disease or condition. If the patient is to receive or is receiving multiple pharmaceutically active compounds, the compounds can be administered simultaneously, or sequentially. For example, in the case of tablets, the active compounds may be found in one tablet or in separate tablets, which can be administered at once or sequentially in any order. In addition, it should be recognized that the compositions may be different forms. For example, one or more compound may be delivered via a tablet, while another is administered via injection or orally as a syrup. All combinations, delivery methods and administration sequences are contemplated.

The compounds of the present invention may used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease and/or condition mediated by

GKRP/GK, such as type 2 diabetes.

The compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with other pharmaceutically active compounds. It is noted that the term "pharmaceutically active compounds" can include biologies, such as proteins, antibodies and peptibodies. Examples of other pharmaceutically active

compounds include, but are not limited to: (a) dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors such as Vildagliptin (Novartis), Sitagliptin (Merck&Co.), Saxagliptin (BMS) Allogliptin (Takeda); (b) insulin sensitizers including (i) PPARy agonists such as the glitazones (e.g., troglitazone, pioglitazone, edaglitazone, rosiglitazone, and the like) and other PPAR ligands, including PPARa/γ dual agonists such as muraglitazar (BMS) and tesaglitazar (AstraZeneca), and PPARa agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate), (ii) biguanides such as metformin and phenformin, and (iii) protein tyrosine phosphatase-lB (PTP-1B) inhibitors; (c) insulin or insulin mimetics; (d) incretin and incretin mimetics such as (i) Exenatide available from Amylin

Pharmaceuticals, (i) amylin and amylin mimetics such as pramlintide acetate, available as Symlin ^® , (iii) GLP-1, GLP-1 mimetics, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, (iv) GIP, GIP mimetics and GIP receptor agonists; (e) sulfonylureas and other insulin secretagogues, such as tolbutamide, glyburide, gliclazide, glipizide, glimepiride, meglitinides, and repaglinide; (f) a-glucosidase inhibitors (such as acarbose and miglitol); (g) glucagon receptor antagonists; (h) PACAP, PACAP mimetics, and PACAP receptor agonists; (i) cholesterol lowering agents such as (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, itavastatin, and rosuvastatin, and other statins), (ii) sequestrants such as cholestyramine, colestipol and dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of a cross-linked dextran, (iii) nicotinyl alcohol, nicotinic acid or a salt thereof, (iv) PPARa agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate), (v) PPARa/γ dual agonists such as muraglitazar (BMS) and tesaglitazar (AstraZeneca), (vi) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, such as beta-sitosterol and ezetimibe, (vii) acyl CoAxholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors such as avasimibe, and (viii) anti-oxidants such as probucol; (j) PPAR5 agonists such as GW-501516 from GSK; (k) anti-obesity compounds such as fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentemine, sibutramine, orlistat, neuropeptide Yl or Y5 antagonists, MTP inhibitors, squalene synthase inhibitor, lipoxygenase inhibitor, ACAT inhibitor, Neuropeptide Cannabinoid CB-1 receptor antagonists, CB-1 receptor inverse agonists and antagonists, fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, appetite suppressants (1) adrenergic receptor agonists, melanocortin receptor agonists, in particular - melanocortin-4 receptor agonists, ghrelin antagonists, and melanin- concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor antagonists; (m) ileal bile acid transporter inhibitors; (n) agents intended for use in inflammatory conditions such as aspirin, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, azalfidine, and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors; (o) antihypertensive agents such as ACE inhibitors (enalapril, lisinopril, captopril, quinapril, fosinoprol, ramipril, spirapril, tandolapril), angiotensin-II (AT-1) receptor blockers (losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, valsartan, telmisartan, eprosartan), beta blockers and calcium channel blockers; and (p) glucokinase activators (GKAs); (q) agents which can be used for the prevention, delay of progression or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive disorders or a drug for improving memory such as anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, neuroprotective agents, glutamate receptor antagonists, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, butyrylcholmesterase inhibitors, MAO inhibitors, dopamine agonists or antagonists, inhibitors of gamma and beta secretases, inhibitors of amyloid aggregation, amyloid beta peptide, antibodies to amyloid beta peptide, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, glucokinase activators, agents directed at modulating GABA, NMD A, cannabinoid, AMPA, kainate, phosphodiesterase (PDE), PKA, PKC, CREB or nootropic systems; ( r ) leukocyte growth promotors intended for the treatment and prevention of reduced bone marrow production, infectious diseases, hormone dependent disorders, inflammatory diseases, HIV, allergies, leukocytopenia, and rheumatism; (s) SGLT2 inhibitor; (t) glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor; (u) aP2 inhibitors; (v) aminopeptidase N inhibitor (w) vasopeptidase inhibitors like neprilysin inhibitors and/or ACE inhibitors or dual NEP/ACE inhibitor; (x) growth hormone secretagogue for enhancing growth hormone levels and for treating growth retardation / dwarfism or metabolic disorders or where the disorder is an injury, or a wound in need of healing, or a mammalian patient recovering from surgery; (y) 5-HT 3 or 5-HT 4 receptor modulators (tegaserod, cisapride, nor-cisapride, renzapride, zacopride, mosapride, prucalopride, buspirone, norcisapride, cilansetron, ramosetron, azasetron, ondansetron, etc.); (Za) aldose reductase inhibitors; (Zb) sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors; (Zc) AGE inhibitors; (Zd) erythropoietin agonist such as EPO, EPO mimetics, and EPO receptor agonists. The compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with GPR40 agonists.

Examples of glucokinase activators that can be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention include those set forth in WO

2009/042435, published April 2, 2009. Examples of specific compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, disclosed in the published application that may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, include compounds selected from:

(S)- 1 -(5-(5-bromo-3-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)pyridin-2-ylamino)- 1 ,2,4- thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)-l-(5-(5 -trifluoromethyl-3 -(2-methylpyridin-3 -yloxy)pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)-l-(5-(5 -phenylthio-3 -(2-methylpyridin-3 -yloxy)pyridin-2-ylamino)- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl) ethane- 1 ,2-diol;

(S)-l-(5-(5-phenylthio-3-(pyridin-3-yloxy)pyridin-2-ylamino) -l,2,4- thiadiazol-3-yl)piperidin-l-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5 -(3 -(2-methy lpyridin-3 -yloxy)-5 -(pyridin-2-y lthio)pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5 -(5 (2hydroxyethylthio)-3 -(2-methylpyridin-3 -yloxy)pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5-pyridin-2-ylthio)pyridin-2-ylamino)- 1 ,2,4- thiadiazol-3-yl) ethane- 1 ,2-diol;

(R)-l-(2-(5-bromo-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridin-2-ylamino)thiaz ol-4- yl)ethane- 1 ,2-diol;

(S)-l-(2-(5-bromo-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridin-2-ylamino)thiaz ol-4- yl)ethane- 1 ,2-diol; (R)- 1 -(2-(3 -(4-fluorophenoxy)-5 -(pyridin-2-ylthio)pyridin-2- ylamino)thiazol-4-yl)-ethane- 1 ,2-diol;

(lS)-l-(5-(5-bromo-3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-5-yloxy)pyr idin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5 -(5 -bromo-3 -(1 -(2-hydroxy ethyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-4-yloxy )pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(R)- 1 -(2-(5 -bromo-3 -(2 -methylpyridin-3 -yloxy)pyridin-2-ylamino)thiazol- 4-yl)-ethane- 1 ,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5 -(5 -(2-hydroxyethylthio)-3 -(pyridin-3 -yloxy)pyridin-2-ylamino)- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane- 1 ,2-diol;

(S)-l -(5 -(5 -bromo-3 -(1 -methyl- lH-pyrazol-4-yloxy)pyridin-2-ylamino)- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane- 1 ,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5 -(3 -(1 -methyl- lH-pyrazol-4-yloxy)-5 -(2 -methylpyridin-3 - ylthio)pyridin-2-ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-d iol;

(S)-l-(5-(5-(2-methylpyridin-3-ylthio)-3-(l,3,5-trimethyl-lH -pyrazol-4- yloxy)-pyridin-2-ylamino)- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane- 1 ,2-diol;

-32-

-33 -

-34-

-35 -

-36-

-40-

met ypyr - -y

-45 -

-46-

-48-

(S)-l-(5-(3-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)-5-(pyridin-2-ylthio )pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5 -(3 -(2,6-dimethylpyridin-3 -yloxy)-5 -(pyridin-2-ylthio)pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5 -(5 -(cyclopropylmethylthio)-3 -(2-methylpyridin-3 -yloxy)pyridin- 2-yl-amino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)-l-(5-(3-(2-ethylpyridin-3-yloxy)-5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)pyr idin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5-(5-(3-methoxypropylthio)-3-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)pyri din-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)-l-(5-(3-(l-Ethyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-5-(pyridin-2-ylthio )pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)-l-(5-(3-(l-ethyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-5-(pyridin-2-ylthio )pyridin-2- ylamino)- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-methylpropane- 1 ,2-diol;

(S)- 1 -(5 -(5 -(3 -methylpyridin-2-ylthio)-3 -(2-methylpyridin-3 - yloxy)pyridin-2-yl-amino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-d iol;

(S)- 1 -(5 -(3 -(2,4-dimethylpyridin-3 -yloxy)-5 -(pyridin-2-ylthio)pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)-2-methyl- 1 -(5-(3-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)-5-(pyridin-2- ylthio)pyridin-2-ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)propane-l,2- diol; (S)- 1 -(5 -(5 -(2-methoxyethylthio)-3 -(2-methylpyridin-3 -yloxy)pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(lS,2S)-l-(5-(3-(2-ethylpyridin-3-yloxy)-5-(pyridin-2-ylthio )pyridin-2- ylamino)- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-3-methoxypropane- 1 ,2-diol;

(S)-2-methyl 5-(5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)-3-(l,3,5-trimethyl-lH-pyrazol-4- yloxy)-pyridin-2-ylamino)- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-3 -yl)propane- 1 ,2-diol;

(S)-l-(5-(5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)-3-(l,3,5-trimethyl-lH-pyrazol -4- yloxy)pyridin-2-yl-amino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-d iol;

(S)-l-(5-(5-(2-methoxyethylthio)-3-(l,3,5-trimethyl-lH-pyraz ol-4- yloxy)pyridin-2-yl-amino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-d iol;

(R)- 1 -(5 -(3 -(2-methylpyridin-3 -yloxy)-5 -(pyridin-2-ylthio)pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)ethane-l,2-diol;

(S)-2-(5-(3-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)-5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)py ridin-2- ylamino)- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)propane- 1 ,2-diol; or

(R)-2-(5 -(3 -(2-methylpyridin-3 -yloxy)-5 -(pyridin-2-ylthio)pyridin-2- ylamino)-l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)propane-l,2-diol, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other compounds that may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention include the IL1-R1 compounds set forth in U.S. patent no. 7,438,910. A particular disease that can be treated with the combination is type 2 diabetes.

The compounds of the present invention can also be used in combination with FGF-21 compounds, and particularly for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Examples of FGF-21 compounds are disclosed in U.S. patent no. 7,671,180; U.S. patent no. 7,667,008; U.S. patent no. 7,459,540; U.S. patent no. 7,696,172; PCT application publication no. WO 2010/042747; and PCT application publication no. WO 2009/149171.

The compounds of the present invention can be also be used in

combination with anakinra, particularly for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

In one particular aspect, the compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with metformin. The compounds of the present invention are used in the treatment diseases or symptoms mediated by GK P and/or GK (GKRP/GK). Examples of diseases or symptoms mediated by GKRP/GK include, but are not limited to, Type II (type 2) diabetes and related disorders, such as hyperglycemia, low or impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders such as dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis, and vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, other inflammatory conditions, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cataracts, glaucoma, glomerulosclerosis, foot ulcerations and ulcerative colitis, altered gastrointestinal motility, Syndrome X, ovarian hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, premenstrual syndrome, other disorders where insulin resistance is a component. In Syndrome X, also known as Metabolic Syndrome, obesity is thought to promote insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and increased cardiovascular risk, growth hormone deficiency, neutropenia, neuronal disorders, tumor invasion and metastasis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, gingivitis, osteoporosis, frailty of aging, intestinal injury, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and sperm motility/male contraception.

The compounds of the present invention are also useful for the prevention, delay of progression or the treatment of an early cardiac or early cardiovascular diseases or damages, renal diseases or damages, heart Failure, or heart Failure associated diseases like (i) cardiovascular diseases or damages e.g. cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction, pulmonary congestion and cardiac fibrosis in dilated or in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiomyopathy such as dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mesanglial hypertrophy, or diabetic cardiomyopathy, left or right ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmia, cardiac dysrhythmia, syncopy, angina pectoris, cardiac bypass reocclusion, intermittent claudication, diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction, diabetic myopathy, stroke prevention in congestive heart failure, hypertrophic medial thickening in arteries and/or large vessels, mesenteric vasculature hypertrophy or atherosclerosis, preferably atherosclerosis in mammalian patients with hypertension of diabetes; (ii) renal diseases or damages like renal hyperfiltration such as after portal renal ablation, proteinuria in chronic renal disease, renal arteriopathy as a consequence of hypertension, nephrosclerosis, hypertensive nephrosclerosis or mesanglial hypertrophy; (iii) Heart Failure to be treated is secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and/or coronary ischemic disease.

The compounds of the present invention can also be used for the prevention, the delay of the onset, the delay of progression or the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive disorders and for improving memory (both short term and long term) and learning ability wherein the (i) neurodegenerative disorder is dementia, senile dementia, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer related dementia, Huntington's chores, tardive dyskinesia,

hyperkinesias, mania, Morbus Parkinson, Steel-Richard syndrome, Down's syndrome, myasthenia gravis, nerve and brain trauma, vascular amyloidosis, cerebral haemorrhage I with amyloidosis, brain inflammation, Friedrich ataxia, acute confusion disorders, acute confusion disorders with apoptotic necrocytosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, glaucoma, and Alzheimer's disease; (ii) cognitive disorders like cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, age-induced memory impairment, cognitive deficits associated with psychosis, cognitive impairment associated with diabetes, cognitive deficits associated with post- stroke, memory defects associated hypoxia, cognitive and attention deficits associated with senile dementia, attention deficits disorders, memory problems associated with mild cognitive impairment, impaired cognitive function associated with vascular dementia, cognitive problems associated with brain tumors, Pick's disease, cognitive deficits due to autism, cognitive deficits post electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury, amnesic disorders, deliriums, vitamin deficiency, dementias, impaired cognitive function associated with Parkinson's disease, attention-deficit disorders; (iii) prevention of memory impairment as a result of Alzheimer disease, Creutzfeld- Jakob disease, Pick disease, Huntington disease, AIDS, brain injury, brain aneurysm, epilepsy, stroke, toxicant exposure, mental retardation in children, Huntington's disease; (iv) to improve learning speed and potential in educational and rehabilitation contexts.

The compounds of the present invention can also be used for stimulating an immune response in a subject having or at risk of having cancer wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of basal cell carcinomas including cancers of the binary tract, bladder, urinary system, bone, brain, breast, cervical, endometrial, ovarian, uterine, choriocarcinoma, central nervous system, colon and rectal cancers, connective tissue cancer, cancer of the digestive system, esophageal, gastric, stomach, larynx, liver, pancreatic, colorectal, renal cancers; cancers of the urinary system; cancers of eye, head and neck, oral cavity, skin, prostate; cancers of biliary tract, testicular, thyroid; intra- epithelial neoplasm, leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphoid leukemia; and other cancers of the respiratory system, lung, small cell lung, non-small cell lung; lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma; melanoma, myeloma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, fibrosarcoma (bone or connective tissue sarcoma), rhabdomyosarcoma; and other cancers including neoplastic conditions, adipose cell tumors, adipose cell carcinomas, such as liposarcoma.

The compounds of the present invention can also be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, allergies or asthma.

The compounds of the present invention can also be used in the treatment of pain, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid pain, osteoarthritis pain, anesthesia adjunct in mammalian patients undergoing surgery, chronic pain in advanced cancer, treatment of refractory diarrhea, biliary pain caused by gallstones.

The compounds of the present invention can also be used for the treatment of mammalian patients undergoing islet/pancreas transplantation, for the prevention or the delay of transplant rejection, or allograft rejection in

transplantation, for improving pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes patients, and for improving pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells in general.

Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment of mammalian patients with acne, skin disorders (e.g. pigmentation disorders or psoriasis), scleroderma, mycoses; anxiety, anxiety neurosis, major depression disorder, drug abuse, alcohol addiction, insomnia, chronic fatigue, sleep apnea; anorexia nervosa; epilepsy; migraine; encephalomyelitis;

osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, calcitonin-induced osteoporosis; male and female sexual dysfunction, infertility; Type 1 diabetes; immunosuppression, HIV infection; hematopoiesis, anemia; and for weight reduction.

Additionally, the compounds of the present invention are useful for the prevention, delay of progression or treatment of (i) bacterial infections from Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptoococcus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium difficile infection, Legionella, Pneumococcus, Haemophilus, Klebsiella,

Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Neisseria, Shigella, Salmonella, Listeria, Pasteurella, StreptobaciUus, Spirillum, Treponema, Actinomyces, Borrelia, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Gardnerella, Campylobacter, Spirochaeta, Proteus, Bacteriodes, Helicobacter pylori, and anthrax infection; (ii) mycobacterial infection from tuberculosis and leprosy; (iii) viral infection from HIV, Herpes simplex virus 1 , Herpes simplex virus 2, Cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein Barr virus, rotavirus, adenovirus, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, varicella-zoster virus, small pox, monkey pox and SARS; (iv) fungal infection from candidiasis, ringworm, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis,

cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, chromomycosis, mycetoma infections,

pseudallescheriasis, Tinea versicolor infection; (v) parasite infection from amebiasis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Fascioliasis, Leishmaniasis, Plasmodium, Onchocerciasis, Paragonimiasis, Trypanosoma brucei, Pneumocystis,

Trichomonas vaginalis, Taenia, Hymenolepsis, Echinococcus, Schistosomiasis, neurocysticerosis, Necator americanus, and Trichuris trichuria. Since one aspect of the present invention contemplates the treatment of the disease/conditions with a combination of pharmaceutically active compounds that may be administered separately, the invention further relates to combining separate pharmaceutical compositions in kit form. The kit comprises two separate pharmaceutical compositions: a compound of the present invention, and a second pharmaceutical compound. The kit comprises a container for containing the separate compositions such as a divided bottle or a divided foil packet. Additional examples of containers include syringes, boxes and bags. Typically, the kit comprises directions for the use of the separate components. The kit form is particularly advantageous when the separate components are preferably administered in different dosage forms (e.g., oral and parenteral), are administered at different dosage intervals, or when titration of the individual components of the combination is desired by the prescribing physician or veterinarian.

An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack. Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparent plastic material. During the packaging process recesses are formed in the plastic foil. The recesses have the size and shape of the tablets or capsules to be packed. Next, the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed. As a result, the tablets or capsules are sealed in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet. Preferably the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening.

It may be desirable to provide a memory aid on the kit, e.g., in the form of numbers next to the tablets or capsules whereby the numbers correspond with the days of the regimen which the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested. Another example of such a memory aid is a calendar printed on the card, e.g., as follows "First Week, Monday, Tuesday, . . . etc . . . Second Week, Monday, Tuesday, . . . " etc. Other variations of memory aids will be readily apparent. A "daily dose" can be a single tablet or capsule or several pills or capsules to be taken on a given day. Also, a daily dose of a compound of the present invention can consist of one tablet or capsule, while a daily dose of the second compound can consist of several tablets or capsules and vice versa. The memory aid should reflect this and aid in correct administration of the active agents.

In another specific embodiment of the invention, a dispenser designed to dispense the daily doses one at a time in the order of their intended use is provided. Preferably, the dispenser is equipped with a memory-aid, so as to further facilitate compliance with the regimen. An example of such a memory-aid is a mechanical counter which indicates the number of daily doses that has been dispensed. Another example of such a memory-aid is a battery-powered microchip memory coupled with a liquid crystal readout, or audible reminder signal which, for example, reads out the date that the last daily dose has been taken and/or reminds one when the next dose is to be taken.

The compounds of the present invention and other pharmaceutically active compounds, if desired, can be administered to a patient either orally, rectally, parenterally, (for example, intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously) intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, intravesically, locally (for example, powders, ointments or drops), or as a buccal or nasal spray. All methods that are used by those skilled in the art to administer a pharmaceutically active agent are contemplated.

Compositions suitable for parenteral injection may comprise

physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions, or emulsions, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents, or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispersing agents. Microorganism contamination can be prevented by adding various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride, and the like. Prolonged absorption of injectable pharmaceutical compositions can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum

monostearate and gelatin.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is admixed with at least one inert customary excipient (or carrier) such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate or (a) fillers or extenders, as for example, starches, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, and silicic acid; (b) binders, as for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia; (c) humectants, as for example, glycerol; (d) disintegrating agents, as for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain complex silicates, and sodium carbonate; (e) solution retarders, as for example, paraffin; (f) absorption accelerators, as for example, quaternary ammonium compounds; (g) wetting agents, as for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (h) adsorbents, as for example, kaolin and bentonite; and (i) lubricants, as for example, talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, or mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, and tablets, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be used as fillers in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols, and the like.

Solid dosage forms such as tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and others well known in the art. They may also contain opacifying agents, and can also be of such composition that they release the active compound or compounds in a certain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used are polymeric substances and waxes. The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage form may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, as for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils, in particular, cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil, and sesame seed oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.

Besides such inert diluents, the composition can also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. Suspensions, in addition to the active compound, may contain suspending agents, as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.

Compositions for rectal administration are preferable suppositories, which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of the present invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax, which are solid at ordinary room temperature, but liquid at body temperature, and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.

Dosage forms for topical administration of a compound of the present invention include ointments, powders, sprays and inhalants. The active compound or fit compounds are admixed under sterile condition with a physiologically acceptable carrier, and any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required. Opthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

The compounds of the present invention can be administered to a patient at dosage levels in the range of about 0.1 to about 3,000 mg per day. For a normal adult human having a body weight of about 70 kg, a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to about 100 mg per kilogram body weight is typically sufficient. The specific dosage and dosage range that can be used depends on a number of factors, including the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition or disease being treated, and the pharmacological activity of the compound being

administered. The determination of dosage ranges and optimal dosages for a particular patient is within the ordinary skill in the art.

The compounds of the present invention can be administered as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, amides or prodrugs. The term "salts" refers to inorganic and organic salts of compounds of the present invention. The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of a compound, or by separately reacting a purified compound in its free base or acid form with a suitable organic or inorganic base or acid and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, palmitiate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts, and the like. The salts may include cations based on the alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like, as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations including, but not limited to, ammonium, tetramethylammonium,

tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine,

triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like. See, for example, S. M. Berge, et al., "Pharmaceutical Salts," J Pharm Sci, 66: 1-19 (1977).

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the compounds of the present invention include Ci-Cg alkyl esters. Acceptable esters also include C5-C7 cycloalkyl esters, as well as arylalkyl esters such as benzyl. C1-C4 alkyl esters are commonly used. Esters of compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to methods that are well known in the art.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable amides of the compounds of the present invention include amides derived from ammonia, primary Ci-Cs alkyl amines, and secondary Ci-Cs dialkyl amines. In the case of secondary amines, the amine may also be in the form of a 5 or 6 membered heterocycloalkyl group containing at least one nitrogen atom. Amides derived from ammonia, C1-C3 primary alkyl amines and C1-C2 dialkyl secondary amines are commonly used. Amides of the compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to methods well known to those skilled in the art.

The term "prodrug" means compounds that are transformed in vivo to yield a compound of the present invention. The transformation may occur by various mechanisms, such as through hydrolysis in blood. A discussion of the use of prodrugs is provided by T. Higuchi and W. Stella, "Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems," Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.

To illustrate, if the compound of the invention contains a carboxylic acid functional group, a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a group such as (Ci-Cg alkyl, (C ₂ - Cl ₂ )alkanoyloxymethyl, l-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 1 -methyl- l-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms,

alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1- (alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 -methyl- 1 - (alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N- (alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-(N- (alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, 3-phthalidyl, 4- crotonolactonyl, gamma-butyrolacton-4-yl, di-N,N-(C i-C ₂ )alkylamino(C ₂ - C ₃ )alkyl (such as β-dimethylaminoethyl), carbamoyl-(Ci-C ₂ )alkyl, N,N-di(C ₁ - C ₂ )alkylcarbamoyl-(Ci-C ₂ )alkyl and piperidino-, pyrrolidino- or morpholino(C ₂ - ₃ )alkyl.

Similarly, if a compound of the present invention comprises an alcohol functional group, a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the alcohol group with a group such as (Ci-C ₆ )alkanoyloxymethyl, l-((Ci- C ₆ )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, 1 -methyl- 1 -((C i-C ₆ )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, (C i - C ₆ )alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl, N-(Ci-C ₆ )alkoxycarbonylaminomethyl, succinoyl, (Ci-C ₆ )alkanoyl, a-amino(Ci-C4)alkanoyl, arylacyl and a-aminoacyl, or a- aminoacyl-a-aminoacyl, where each a-aminoacyl group is independently selected from the naturally occurring L-amino acids, -P(0)(OH) ₂ , -P(0)(0(Ci-C ₆ )alkyl) ₂ or glycosyl (the radical resulting from the removal of a hydroxyl group of the hemiacetal form of a carbohydrate).

The compounds of the present invention may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and therefore, exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is contemplated that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds as well as mixtures thereof, including racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention. In addition, the present invention contemplates all geometric and positional isomers. For example, if the compound contains a double bond, both the cis and trans forms (designated as S and E, respectively), as well as mixtures, are contemplated.

Mixture of stereoisomers, such as diastereomeric mixtures, can be separated into their individual stereochemical components on the basis of their physical chemical differences by known methods such as chromatography and/or fractional crystallization. Enantiomers can can also be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diasteromeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g., an alcohol), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers. Also, some compounds may be atropisomers (e.g., substituted biaryls).

The compounds of the present invention may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water (hydrate), ethanol, and the like. The present invention contemplates and encompasses both the solvated and unsolvated forms.

It is also possible that compounds of the present invention may exist in different tautomeric forms. All tautomers of compounds of the present invention are contemplated. For example, all of the tautomeric forms of the tetrazole moiety are included in this invention. Also, for example, all keto-enol or imine-enamine forms of the compounds are included in this invention.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the compound names and structures contained herein may be based on a particular tautomer of a compound. While the name or structure for only a particular tautomer may be used, it is intended that all tautomers are encompassed by the present invention, unless stated otherwise.

It is also intended that the present invention encompass compounds that are synthesized in vitro using laboratory techniques, such as those well known to synthetic chemists; or synthesized using in vivo techniques, such as through metabolism, fermentation, digestion, and the like. It is also contemplated that the compounds of the present invention may be synthesized using a combination of in vitro and in vivo techniques.

The present invention also includes isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as ² H, ³ H, ¹³ C, ¹⁴ C, ¹⁵ N, ¹⁶ 0, ¹⁷ 0, ³¹ P, ³² P, ³⁵ S, ¹⁸ F, and ³⁶ C1.

Compounds of the present invention that contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³ H and ¹⁴ C are

incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.

Tritiated, i.e., ³ H, and carbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴ C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detection. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ² H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances.

Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention can generally be prepared by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.

The compounds of the present invention may exist in various solid states including crystalline states and as an amorphous state. The different crystalline states, also called polymorphs, and the amorphous states of the present

compounds are contemplated as part of this invention.

In synthesizing compounds of the present invention, it may be desirable to use certain leaving groups. The term "leaving groups" ("LG") generally refer to groups that are displaceable by a nucleophile. Such leaving groups are known in the art. Examples of leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halides (e.g., I, Br, F, CI), sulfonates (e.g., mesylate, tosylate), sulfides (e.g., SCH ₃ ), N- hydroxsuccinimide, N-hydroxybenzotriazole, and the like. Examples of nucleophiles include, but are not limited to, amines, thiols, alcohols, Grignard reagents, anionic species (e.g., alkoxides, amides, carbanions) and the like.

All patents and other publications recited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

The examples presented below illustrate specific embodiments of the present invention. These examples are meant to be representative and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims in any manner.

EXAMPLES

The following abbreviations may be used herein:

1 ,5-diphenylpenta- 1 ,4-dien-3

lithium aluminum hydride

trimethylsilyl TLC Thin layer chromatography MHz megahertz

br. broad

s singlet

d doublet

t triplet

dt doublet of triplet dd doublet of doublet quin quintuplet

q quartet

about

+ve or pos. ion positive ion

Δ heat

Ac acetyl

Ac ₂ 0 acetic anhydride

ACN acetonitrile

Aq aqueous

BOC tert-butyloxycarbonyl

Bu butyl

Bz or Bn benzyl

Calcd or Calc'd calculated

Cone. concentrated

DCM dichloromethane

DEA diethylamine

DIEA diisopropylethylamine

DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine

DME dimethoxyl ethyl ether

DMF N,N-dimethylformamide

DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide

DTT dithiothreitol

ESI or ES electrospray ionization Et ethyl

Et ₂ 0 diethyl ether

Et ₃ N triethylamine

EtOAc ethyl acetate

EtOH ethyl alcohol

g grams

h hour

Hex hexanes

HOAc acetic acid

HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography

IPA or iPrOH isopropyl alcohol

iPr ₂ NEt N-ethyl diisopropylamine

LCMS, LC-MS or LC/MS liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy LDA lithium diisopropylamide

m/z mass divided by charge

Me methyl

MeCN acetonitrile

Mel iodomethane

MeOH methyl alcohol

mg milligrams

min minutes

mL milliliters

MS mass spectra

MsCl mesylchloride

NMR nuclear magnetic resonance

RT or rt room temperature

Sat. or sat'd or satd saturated

SFC supercritical fluid chromatography

TFA trifluoroacetic acid

Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane The following synthetic schemes show generally how to make compounds of the present invention.

Scheme 1

The N-sulfonylimine intermediates can be synthesized by the condensation of a substituted aldehyde with a sulfonamide in an anhydrous solvent (such as toluene or benzene) in the presence of either an inorganic or organic acid (such as Montmorillonite K10 (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) or p-toluenesulfonic acid). The sulfonamide final product can be synthesized by nucleophilic addition of an aryl anion species (such as [M] = Mg or Li salts) or metal-catalyzed cross- coupling of an aryl metal species (such as [M] = B or Sn salts).

Scheme 2

The N-sulfonylimine intermediates can be synthesized by the condensation of a substituted aldehyde with a sulfonamide in an anhydrous solvent (such as toluene or benzene) in the presence of either an inorganic or organic acid (such as Montmorillonite K10 (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) or p-toluenesulfonic acid). The sulfonamide final product can be synthesized by nucleophilic addition of an aryl anion species (such as [M] = Mg or Li salts) or metal-catalyzed cross- coupling of an aryl metal species (such as [M] = B or Sn salts).

Scheme 3

Sulfonyl chloride intermediates can be synthesized by metallation of an aryl or aryl halide species (such as X = Br or I) followed by coupling of the aryl metal species with S0 ₂ and subsequent oxidative chlorination of the intermediate sulfuric acid salt. The sulfonamide final product can be synthesized by

nucleophilic addition of a benzylic amine species to the sulfonyl chloride in the presence of a base (such as Et ₃ N or z ^' -Pr ₂ NEt). Intermediate 1

N-((S,lE)-(2-Chlorophenyl)methylidene)-2-methyl-2-propanesul finamide

A I L round-bottomed flask was charged with (S)-2-methyl-2- propanesulflnamide (26 g, 210 mmol, AK Scientific, Mountain View, CA), dichloromethane (430 mL), 2-chlorobenzaldehyde (30 g, 210 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and titanium(IV) tetraethanolate (220 mL, 1100 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 22 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was added to water (1 L), dichloromethane (1.5 L) was added, the mixture was agitated vigorously, filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth (100 g), the two layers comprising the filtrate were separated, the organic material was dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (500 g of silica gel, 9: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to afford N-((S,1 E)-(2- chlorophenyl)methylidene)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (46 g) as a clear yellow oil.

Intermediate 2

(R)- 1 -( 1 -Benzothiophen-2-yl)- 1 -(2-chlorophenyl)methanamine hydrochloride

Step 1. A 150 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 1- benzothiophene (0.79 g, 5.9 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (26 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (2.6 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 6.4 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, a solution of N-((S,E)-(2-chlorophenyl)methylidene)-2-methyl-2- propanesulfinamide (Intermediate 1) (1.3 g, 5.3 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (26 mL) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 90 min. After that time, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride was (53 mL) added. The reaction vessel was removed from the cooling bath, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, partitioned between ethyl acetate (53 mL) and more saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (53 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (110 mL) and brine (110 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, the filtrate was concentrated, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (20 mL), silica gel (10 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (120 g of silica gel, gradient elution of 9:1 to 4: 1 to 3: 1 to 2: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate). The isolated material (1.4 g) was dissolved with dichloromethane (20 mL), silica gel (7.0 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (120 g of silica gel, gradient elution of 3: 1 to 2: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give (S)-N-((R)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (1.3 g) as a colorless solid.

Step 2. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with (S)-N-((R)-1- benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methyl-2-propane sulfinamide (from Step 1) (1.3 g, 3.4 mmol), methanol (3.4 mL), and hydrogen chloride (1.7 mL of a 4.0 M solution with 1,4-dioxane, 6.9 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 80 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was concentrated under a vacuum, diethyl ether (50 mL) was added to the residue, the resulting slurry was sonicated for 5 min, filtered, and the filter cake was collected to afford (R)-l-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl)-l-(2- chlorophenyl)methanamine hydrochloride (0.90 g) as an off-white solid.

Intermediate 3

2-(2-(2-((R)-Amino(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- -hexafiuoro-2-propanol hydrochloride

Step 1. Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (2.52 mL, 17.05 mmol, Alfa

Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) was added to a mixture of 2-chloro-4-pyridinecarbonyl chloride (1.00 g, 5.68 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and

tetramethylammonium fluoride (1.59 g, 17.05 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in DME (15 mL) at -78 °C and the mixture was stirred for 17 h while it warmed up to room temperature. The mixture was cooled to -78 °C,

tetramethylammonium fluoride (0.529 g, 5.68 mmol) followed by

trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (0.840 mL, 5.68 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 4 h while it warmed up to room temperature. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C, quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NaHC0 ₃ (20 mL), and extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow oil was purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 10% to 30% EtOAc/hexanes) to deliver 2-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2- propanol (1.29 g) as an off- white solid.

Step 2. A mixture of 2-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-l, 1,1,3, 3,3-hexafluoro-2- propanol (1.27 g, 4.55 mmol), 2-(l-benzothiophen-7-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2- dioxaborolane (2.01 g, 7.73 mmol, See Wang, B.; Akay, S.; Yang, W.; Wang, J. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2007, 70, 279-289), dicyclohexyl(2',4 ^, ,6 ^* -tris(l- methylethyl)-2-biphenylyl)phosphane (108 mg, 0.227 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), chloro(2-propen-l-yl)palladium dimer (41.6 mg, 0.114 mmol, Strem, Newburyport, MA), and sodium carbonate monohydrate (204 mg, 13.65 mmol, Mallinckrodt Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ) in dioxane/water (4: 1, 10 mL) was stirred at 80 °C for 5 h. Dicyclohexyl(2',4',6'-tris(l-methylethyl)-2-biphenylyl)phosp hane (108 mg, 0.227 mmol) and chloro(2-propen-l-yl)palladium dimer (41.6 mg, 0.114 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with MeOH/DCM, absorbed onto silica gel, and purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 10%> to 30%>

EtOAc/hexanes) to deliver 2-(2-(l-benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)-l, 1,1,3, 3,3- hexafluoro-2 -propanol (1.50 g) as an off-white solid.

Step 3. Butyllithium (3.32 mL of a 2.5M solution in toluene, 8.29 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a solution of 2-(2-(l-benzothiophen- 7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)-l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (1.49 g, 3.95 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at -78 °C and the mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 0.5 h. A solution of (S)-N-((lE)-(2-chlorophenyl)methylidene)-2-methyl-2-propanes ulfinamide (Intermediate 1) (1.25 mg, 5.13 mmol) in THF (4 mL) at -78 °C was added dropwise via cannula and the resulting mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 2.5 h. Saturated aqueous NH ₄ C1 (10 mL) was added and the mixture was warmed to room temperature. The mixture was partitioned between half-saturated aqueous NH ₄ C1 (30 mL) and EtOAc (40 mL), the layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow oil was purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 30% to 70%> EtOAc/hexanes) and again by by flash chromatography (80 g of silica gel, 30% to 70% EtOAc/hexanes) to deliver (S)-N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trif uoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)- 2-methyl-2-propanesulfmamide (1.26 g) as a white solid.

Step 4. Hydrogen chloride (7.92 mL of a 1 M solution in Et ₂ 0, 7.92 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a solution of (S)-N-((R)-(2- chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-2-methyl-2-propanesu lfinamide (1.23 g, 1.98 mmol) in Et ₂ 0 (12 mL) and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The solid was removed by filtration, washed with Et ₂ 0 (10 mL) and dried under reduced pressure to deliver 2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 ,3 ,3 ,3-hexafluoro- 2-propanol hydrochloride (Intermediate 1) (1.05 g) as a light yellow solid.

Intermediates 4 and 5

2-(2-Chloro-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2-propanol

A mixture of l-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)ethanone (14.8 g, 95.0 mmol, Maybridge, Tintagel, United Kingdom) and trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (18.3 mL, 124 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) in DME (100 mL) was cooled until the inside temperature of the reaction mixture reached -78 °C. Cesium fluoride (0.867 g, 5.71 mmol, Strem, Newburyport, MA) was added and the reaction was warmed to room temperature. 10% Aqueous HC1 (200 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. Water (300 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with Et ₂ 0 (4 x 150 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (200 mL), dried (Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), and

concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 25% EtOAc/hexane) to deliver 2-(2-chloro- 4-pyridinyl)-l,l,l-trifluoro-2-propanol (19.0 g) as a light yellow solid (racemic mixture).

The racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralcel ^® OJ- H column (Chiral Technologies, Inc, Westchester, PA) (two 250 mm x 30 mm, 5 μιη columns run in series) eluting with 90%> liquid C0 ₂ in 10%> mixture of hexane/isopropanol (75:25 v/v) containing 20 mM ammonia in methanol at a flow rate of 120 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 98% enantiomeric excess.

The absolute configurations at the chiral carbinol center of these two enantiomeric products were determined via vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) studies (See Stephens, P.J.; Devlin, F.J.; Pan, J.-J. Chirality 2008, 20, 643-663).

1. Computational: The conformational ensemble of the enantiomer with the (S)-configuration was initially generated via stochastic search with the MMFF94 molecular mechanics force field as implemented in the MOE (2008.10) package (Chemical Computing Group, Montreal, CA). This was followed by geometry optimization, vibrational frequency, and VCD rotational strength determination of the structurally unique conformers using the B3PW91 density functional and the 6-31 lG(2d,2p) basis set as implemented in the Gaussian 03 quantum chemical program system (Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford, CT). The resultant VCD line spectra were convolved utilizing a Lorentzian lineshape function (4 cm ^"1 half-width), and summed over the conformational ensemble based on the relative free energies (and thus population) of each conformer. 2. Experimental: VCD spectra of each enantiomer were measured on a Biotools/BoMem ChirallR instrument (Biotools, Inc., Jupiter, FL) at

concentrations of ca. 30 mg/mL in CDCI ₃ in a 100 μΜ BaF2 cell over 4 hr acquisition time at 4 cm ^"1 resolution.

Comparison of the predicted and experimental VCD spectra (from 1. and

2. above, respectively) afforded the absolute configuration assignment.

First eluting peak (peak #1): (2R)-2-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro- 2-propanol (Intermediate 4).

Second eluting peak (peak #2): (2S)-2-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 - trifluoro-2 -propanol (Intermediate 5).

Intermediate 6

(2R)-2-(2-(2-((R)-Amino(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-l-benzothioph en-7-yl)- 4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2 -propanol

Step 1. A mixture of (2R)-2-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2 - propanol (Intermediate 4) (3.00 g, 13.3 mmol), 2-(l-benzothiophen-7-yl)-4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (6.23 g, 23.9 mmol, See Wang, B.; Akay, S.; Yang, W.; Wang, J. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2007, 70, 279-289),

dicyclohexyl(2',4',6'-tris(l-methylethyl)-2-biphenylyl)ph osphane (0.697 g, 1.46 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), chloro(2-propen-l-yl)palladium dimer (0.122 g, 0.332 mmol, Strem, Newburyport, MA), and sodium carbonate (4.23 g, 39.9 mmol, Mallinckrodt Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ) in dioxane/water (4: 1, 40 mL) was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, water (300 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 350 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (200 mL), dried (Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 25% EtOAc/hexane) and again by flash chromatography (150 g of silica gel, 10% EtOAc/hexane) to afford (2R)-2-(2-( 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2-propanol (2.8 g) as a light yellow solid.

Step 2. Butyllithium (8.44 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 13.5 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a solution of (2R)-2-(2-(l- benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)-l,l,l-trifluoro-2-propanol (1.82 g, 5.63 mmol) in THF (27 mL) at -78 °C and the mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 10 min. A solution of (S)-N-(( 1 E)-(2-chlorophenyl)methylidene)-2-methyl-2- propanesulfmamide (Intermediate 1) (2.06 g, 8.44 mmol) in THF (8 mL) was added dropwise via cannula and the resulting mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 2 h. Saturated aqueous NH ₄ C1 (4 mL) was added and the mixture was warmed to room temperature. The mixture was partitioned between half-saturated aqueous NH ₄ C1 (50 mL; can be made by taking 25mL of a saturated solution and adding 25 mL of water) and EtOAc (50 mL), the layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow oil was absorbed onto silica gel and purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 10% to 60% EtOAc/hexanes) and again by flash chromatography (120 g of silica gel, 30% to 60% EtOAc/hexanes) to deliver (S)-N-((R)-(2- chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(( 1 R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (1.87 g) as a white foam.

Step 3. Hydrogen chloride (8.16 mL of a 2 M solution in Et ₂ 0, 16.31 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a solution of (S)-N-((R)-(2- chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(( 1 R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (1.85 g, 3.26 mmol) in Et ₂ 0 (24 mL) and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with Et ₂ 0 (20 mL). The solid was dissolved in 2 M NH ₄ in MeOH/DCM, absorbed onto silica gel, and purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 30% to 70% EtOAc/hexanes) to deliver (2R)-2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-l- benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)-l,l,l-trifluoro-2-propanol (Intermediate 6) (1.34 g) as a white solid.

Intermediate 7

(2S)-2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-l-benzothioph en-7-yl)-4- pyridin - 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2-propanol

Step 1. A mixture of (2S)-2-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2- propanol (Intermediate 5) (1.07 g, 4.74 mmol), 2-(l-benzothiophen-7-yl)-4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (2.10 g, 8.06 mmol, See Wang, B.; Akay, S.; Yang, W.; Wang, J. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2007, 70, 279-289),

dicyclohexyl(2',4',6'-tris(l-methylethyl)-2-biphenylyl)ph osphane (226 mg, 0.474 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), chloro(2-propen-l-yl)palladium dimer (87 mg, 0.237 mmol, Strem, Newburyport, MA), and sodium carbonate monohydrate (1.76 g, 14.2 mmol, Mallinckrodt Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ) in dioxane/water (4: 1, 10 mL) was stirred at 80 °C for 7 h and at room temperature for 14 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was taken up in MeOH/DCM, absorbed onto silica gel, and purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 10% to 30% EtOAc/hexanes) and again by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 10% to 30% EtOAc/hexanes) to deliver (2S)-2-(2-(l- benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)-l,l,l-trifluoro-2-propanol (769 mg) as a colorless oil.

Step 2. Butyllithium (3.21 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane, 5.14 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a solution of (2S)-2-(2-(l- benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)-l,l,l-trifluoro-2-propanol (755 mg, 2.34 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at -78 °C and the mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min. A solution of (S)-N-(( 1 E)-(2-chlorophenyl)methylidene)-2-methyl-2- propanesulfmamide (Intermediate 1) (740 mg, 3.04 mmol) in THF (1 mL) at -78 °C was added dropwise via cannula and the resulting mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 3 h. Saturated aqueous NH ₄ C1 (2 mL) was added and the mixture was warmed to room temperature. It was partitioned between half-saturated aqueous NH ₄ C1 (20 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL), the layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow oil was purified by flash chromatography (80g of silica gel, 10%> to 60%> EtOAc/hexanes) and again by flash chromatography (25 g of silica gel, 30% to 60% EtOAc/hexanes) to deliver (S)-N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((lS)-2,2,2- trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-2- methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (674 mg) as a light yellow foam.

Step 3. Hydrogen chloride (2.90 mL of a 2 M solution in Et ₂ 0, 5.80 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) was added to a solution of (S)-N-((R)-(2- chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(( 1 S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 - benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (658 mg, 1.16 mmol) in Et ₂ 0 (8 mL) and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The solid was removed by filtration, washed with Et ₂ 0 (10 mL), and dried under reduced pressure. The solid was dissolved in 2 M NH ₄ in MeOH/DCM, absorbed onto silica gel, and purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica gel, 30% to 70% EtOAc/hexanes) to deliver (2S)-2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2- propanol (Intermediate 7) (505 mg) as a white foam.

Example 1

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzo dioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A racemic mixture of N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine) was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralcel ^® OJ-H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ) (150 mm x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 85%> liquid C0 ₂ in 15%> isopropanol (with 0.10% diethylamine) at a flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 98% enantiomeric excess. N-((R)-l-benzomran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-be nzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.45 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.09 (m, 9 H), 6.78 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 5.76 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.24 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.17 - 3.93 (m, 4 H), 2.21 - 2.04 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 458.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.17 μΜ.

N-((S)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l, 5-benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.45 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.09 (m, 9 H), 6.78 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 5.76 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.24 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.17 - 3.93 (m, 4 H), 2.21 - 2.04 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 458.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 4.6 μΜ.

Intermediate A

N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodio xepine-7- sulfonamide

A 250 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-benzofuran-2- carbaldehyde (4.0 g, 27 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (6.3 g, 27 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (4.0 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (140 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered, and the filter cake was collected to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (7.6 g) as a colorless solid. It is noted that the intermediates used in the synthesis of the Examples herein were generally used as obtianed without further pruifcation.

Example 2

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL), and bromo(2- methylphenyl)magnesium (0.15 mL of a 2.0 M solution with diethyl ether, 0.31 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane- ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.12 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.42 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.30 - 7.19 (m, 3 H), 7.19 - 7.11 (m, 4 H), 7.11 - 7.04 (m, 1 H), 6.78 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.36 (s, 1 H), 5.97 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.13 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.21 - 4.02 (m, 3 H), 4.02 - 3.92 (m, 1 H), 2.41 (s, 3 H), 2.21 - 2.00 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 472.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.11 μΜ. This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(150 mm x 20 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 55% liquid C0 ₂ in 45% methanol at a flow rate of 75 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.85 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.32 - 7.03 (m, 8 H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 5.83 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 - 3.84 (m, 4 H), 2.30 (s, 3 H), 2.15 - 1.94 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 471.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀

(LCMS/MS) > 50 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.85 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.32 - 7.02 (m, 8 H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 5.83 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 - 3.85 (m, 4 H), 2.30 (s, 3 H), 2.04 (t, J= 5.4 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 471.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.043 μΜ.

Example 3

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dih ydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-bromo-4-fluoro-2- methylbenzene (0.088 mL, 0.70 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.28 mL of a 2.5 M solution with hexane, 0.70 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 h, water (0.10 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and

concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA) (150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(4-fluoro-2- methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sul fonamide (0.11 g) as a yellow oil (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.53 (dd, J= 3.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.45 (m, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.14 (m, 5 H), 7.09 (dd, J= 3.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.95 - 6.78 (m, 3 H), 6.38 (m, 1 H), 5.92 (s, 1 H), 4.15 - 3.90 (m, 4 H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.15 - 2.07 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 490.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.44 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.8 μΜ. Example 4

N-(l-benzomran-2-yl(5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihy dro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromo-4-fluoro-l- methylbenzene (0.087 mL, 0.70 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.28 mL of a 2.5 M solution with hexane, 0.70 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 h, water (0.10 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and

concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA) (150 x 30 mm, 5 μπι) eluting with 0.10% trifluroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(5-fluoro-2- methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sul fonamide (0.032 g) as a yellow film (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 8.91 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.52 (m, 1 H), 7.45 (m, 1 H), 7.29 - 7.07 (m, 6 H), 6.99 (td, J= 3.0, 6.0 Hz 1 H), 6.87 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.48 (s, 1 H), 5.82 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.09 - 3.94 (m, 4 H), 2.25 (s, 3 H), 2.11 - 2.03 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 490.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.46 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.4 μΜ. Example 5

N-(l-benzomran-2-yl(2-fluoro-6-methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihy dro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromo-l-fluoro-3- methylbenzene (0.13 mL, 0.70 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.28 mL of a 2.5 M solution with hexane, 0.70 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 h, water (0.10 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and

concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-fluoro-6- methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sul fonamide (0.013 g) as a yellow film (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.48 (m, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.30 (m, 2 H), 7.25 - 7.14 (m, 5 H), 6.97 (d, J= 6.0 Hz 1 H), 6.86 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.80 (m, 1 H), 6.51 (s, 1 H), 6.11 (s, 1 H), 4.20 - 4.15 (m, 2 H), 4.13 - 4.08 (m, 2 H), 2.41 (s, 3 H), 2.20 - 2.12 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 490.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.79 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.0 μΜ. Example 6

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL), and bromo(2- ethylphenyl)magnesium (a total of 1.6 mL of a 0.50 M solution with

tetrahydrofuran, added in three portions, 0.78 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 50 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2- yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7 -sulfonamide (0.11 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.87 (d, J= 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.31 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.26 - 7.03 (m, 7 H), 6.88 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.41 (s, 1 H), 5.87 (d, J= 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 - 4.00 (m, 2 H), 4.00 - 3.84 (m, 2 H), 2.65 (q, J= 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 2.05 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 1.15 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 485.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.067 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.22 μΜ. This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak® AD-H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(150 mm x 20 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 55% liquid C0 ₂ in 45% methanol at a flow rate of 75 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.87 (br. s., 1 H), 7.50 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.31 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.26 - 7.03 (m, 7 H), 6.88 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.41 (s, 1 H), 5.86 (br. s., 1 H), 4.14 - 3.86 (m, 4 H), 2.65 (q, J= 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 2.05 (br. s., 2 H), 1.15 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 485.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) > 50 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 4.8 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.87 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.31 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.28 - 7.04 (m, 7 H), 6.88 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (s, 1 H), 5.87 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 - 3.85 (m, 4 H), 2.65 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 2.05 (br. s., 2 H), 1.15 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 485.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.040 μΜ. GK- GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.11 μΜ.

Example 7

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethenylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-bromo-2- ethenylbenzene (0.092 g, 0.50 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.34 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.55 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.15 g, 0.42 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 5 min, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5.0 mL) was added, the resulting mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (25 mL) and water (20 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous material was washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 25 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (25 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered. Silica gel (1.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 80 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 10% to 35% ethyl acetate - hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2- ethenylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-su lfonamide (0.057 g) as a colorless oil (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.92 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.49 (dd, J = 11.6, 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.41 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.14 (m, 6 H), 7.12 - 6.99 (m, 2 H), 6.86 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 5.96 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.67 (dd, J = 17.2, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.42 - 5.30 (m, 1 H), 4.12 - 3.86 (m, 4 H), 2.11 - 1.99 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 484.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GK P EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS)

μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.098 μΜ.

Example 8

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-ethynylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with ((2- bromophenyl)ethynyl)(trimethyl)silane (0.12 g, 0.50 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (2.1 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n- butyllithium (0.31 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.50 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A)(0.15 g, 0.42 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 10 min, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature andpartitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The layers were separated, the aqueous material was washed with ethyl acetate (50 mL), and the combined organic extract was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The isolated material (0.22 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with the isolated material (0.22 g) from Step 1, tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL), and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.84 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.84 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (50 mL) and ethyl acetate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the aqueous material was washed with ethyl acetate (50 mL), and the combined organic extract was concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 20 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran- 2-yl(2-ethynylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepi ne-7-sulfonamide (0.022 g) as a yellow solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.99 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.52 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.43 (dd, J= 13.8, 7.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.37 - 7.30 (m, 1 H), 7.29 - 7.14 (m, 4 H), 7.12 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.34 (s, 1 H), 6.17 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.48 (s, 1 H), 4.21 - 3.84 (m, 4 H), 2.12 - 1.99 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 482.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.072 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.047 μΜ.

Example 9

N-(l -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(l -methylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL), and bromo(2-(l- methylethyl)phenyl)magnesium (0.62 mL of a 0.50 M solution with

tetrahydrofuran, 0.31 mmol, Novel Chemical Solutions, Crete, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.65 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-(l- methylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine -7-sulfonamide (0.089 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.91 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.42 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.14 (m, 6 H), 7.14 - 7.00 (m, 2 H), 6.89 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.41 (s, 1 H), 5.96 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 - 3.85 (m, 4 H), 3.25 - 3.10 (m, 1 H), 2.05 (m, 2 H), 1.20 (d, J= 6.7 Hz, 3 H), 1.10 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 499.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.28 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.1 μΜ.

Example 10

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl (2,6-dimethylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL), and bromo(2,6-dimethylphenyl)magnesium (0.31 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.31 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2,6-dimethylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.12 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.63 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.53 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.39 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.30 (dd, J= 2.2, 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.27 - 7.13 (m, 3 H), 7.13 - 7.01 (m, 1 H), 7.01 - 6.86 (m, 3 H), 6.53 (s, 1 H), 6.05 (d, J= 6.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.17 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 4.14 - 4.02 (m, 2 H), 2.20 (s, 6 H), 2.12 (dd, J = 3.9, 5.7 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 485.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀

(LCMS/MS) = 3.8 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 4.1 μΜ.

Example 11

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-propylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 50 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-bromo-2-(l- propen-l-yl)benzene (0.55 g, 2.8 mmol, Hibino, S.; Sugino, E.; Adachi, Y.; Nomi, K.; Sato, K.; Fukumoto, K. Heterocycles 1989, 28, 275-282), magnesium turnings (0.17 g, 7.0 mmol, Strem, Newburyport, MA), tetrahydrofuran (14 mL), and 1,2- dibromoethane (0.13 g, 0.70 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 90 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an aliquot (a total of 1.7 mL added in three portions) was transferred by syringe to a mixture of N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (1.4 mL), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, ethanol (1.0 mL) was added and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The isolated material (0.13 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with the isolated material (0.13 g) from Step 1, ethanol (2.7 mL), and palladium 10 wt% (dry basis) on activated carbon (wet) Degussa type E101 NE/W (0.16 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm; 101 kpascal), then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, silica gel (0.65 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 9: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate), to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2- propylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sul fonamide (0.082 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.86 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.31 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.27 - 7.03 (m, 7 H), 6.88 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.40 (s, 1 H), 5.85 (d, J= 6.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.11 - 3.86 (m, 4 H), 2.70 - 2.54 (m, 2 H), 2.05 (m, 2 H), 1.53 (m, 2 H), 0.91 (t, J= 7.3 Hz, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 499.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.7 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.8 μΜ.

Example 12

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A microwave vial was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A)(0.050 g, 0.14 mmol), magnesium turnings (0.016 g, 0.66 mmol, Strem, Newburyport, MA), 1- bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (0.14 mL, 0.63 mmol, Fluka, Buchs,

Switzerland), and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL), and then the reaction mixture was heated in a microwave reactor at 80 °C for 10 min. After that time, water (1.0 mL) was added, and the mixture was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 -benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (0.027 g) as a pale yellow oil (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.84 - 7.75 (m, 2 H), 7.68 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 - 7.43 (m, 4 H), 7.38 - 7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.31 - 7.14 (m, 3 H), 6.85 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.25 (s, 1 H), 6.12 (s, 1 H), 4.15 - 4.12 (m, 2 H), 4.04 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.14 (quin., J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 526.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.32 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.0 μΜ.

Example 13

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran- 2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfona mide

(intermediate a)(0.10 g, 0.28 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL), and (3- (benzyloxy)phenyl)(bromo)magnesium (a total of 1.2 mL of a 0.50 M solution with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, added in two equal portions, 0.62 mmol, Novel Chemical Solutions, Crete, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 19 h. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) was added and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The isolated material (0.15 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with the isolated material (0.15 g) from Step 1, ethanol (2.8 mL), and palladium 10 wt% (dry basis) on activated carbon (wet) Degussa type E101 NE/W (0.16 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm), then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.0 mL), silica gel (0.50 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 2: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (5.0 g of silica gel, 2: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.020 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.43 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.24 (m, 3 H), 7.24 - 7.07 (m, 3 H), 6.87 - 6.65 (m, 4 H), 6.43 (s, 1 H), 5.69 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.55 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.33 (br. s., 1 H), 4.10 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H),

4.04 - 3.93 (m, 2 H), 2.10 (quin, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 473.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.8 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) =

2.5 μΜ.

Example 14

N-((3-aminophenyl)(l-benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran- 2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfona mide

(intermediate A)(0.050 g, 0.14 mmol), 3-nitrobenzeneboronic acid (0.023 g, 0.14 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 1,4-dioxane (2.0 mL), and

bis(acetonitrile)(l,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (0.0053 g, 0.014 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was heated at 90 °C for 17 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(3-nitrophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l, 5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.026 g) as an orange oil.

Step 2. A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran- 2-yl(3-nitrophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine -7-sulfonamide (0.026 g, 0.054 mmol), ethanol (2.0 mL), water (0.20 mL), iron powder (0.030 g, 0.54 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and ammonium chloride (0.00072 g, 0.013 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered, and the filtrate was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min), the isolated fraction was filtered through a Stratospheres SPE PL-HCO ₃ MP-Resin column (500 mg/6.0 mL tube, 0.90 mmol nominal) (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA), and the filtrate was concentrated to give N-((3-aminophenyl)(l-benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.013 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.45 (m, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.29 (m, 2 H), 7.24 - 7.13 (m, 3 H), 7.01 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.81 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.65 - 6.58 (m, 3 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 5.59 (s, 1 H), 4.05 (t, J= 3.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.94 (t, J= 3.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.08 (quin, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 451.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.6 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.2 μΜ. Example 15

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with ((2- bromobenzyl)oxy)(tris(l-methylethyl))silane (0.58 g, 1.7 mmol, Garcia Ruano, J. L.; Carreno, M. C; Toledo, M. A.; Aguirre, J. M.; Aranda, M. T.; Fischer, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 2736-2737), magnesium turnings (0.082 g, 3.4 mmol, Strem, Newburyport, MA), diethyl ether (2.8 mL), and 1 ,2-dibromoethane (0.063 g, 0.34 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 90 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and transferred by syringe to a mixture of N-(l- benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin e-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) and diethyl ether (2.8 mL), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5.0 mL) was added, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The isolated material (0.87 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A 50 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with the isolated material (0.87 g) from Step 1, tetrahydrofuran (14 mL), and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1.7 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 1.7 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 50 mL) and brine (2 x 50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to flash

chromatography on silica gel (33 g of silica gel, 2:1 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (24 g of silica gel, 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2- yl(2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzod ioxepine-7- sulfonamide (0.29 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.81 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.49 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.32 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.29 - 7.14 (m, 5 H), 7.13 (d, J= 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.85 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.39 (s, 1 H), 6.01 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.25 (br. s., 1 H), 4.67 - 4.45 (m, 2 H), 4.12 - 3.86 (m, 4 H), 2.04 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 487.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.6 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 4.6 μΜ.

Example 16

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4-di hydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with (2-(2- bromophenyl)ethoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane (0.53 g, 1.7 mmol, Combi-Blocks, San Diego, CA), magnesium turnings (0.082 g, 3.4 mmol, Strem, Newburyport, MA), diethyl ether (2.8 mL), and 1 ,2-dibromoethane (0.063 g, 0.34 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 90 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and transferred by syringe to a mixture of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A)(0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) and diethyl ether (2.8 mL), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h. After that time, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5.0 mL) was added, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The isolated material (0.83 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A 50 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with the isolated material (0.83 g) from Step 1, tetrahydrofuran (14 mL), and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1.7 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 1.7 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 50 mL) and brine (2 x 50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to flash

chromatography on silica gel (70 g of silica gel, 2:1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.43 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.43 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.07 (m, 9 H), 6.81 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 6.01 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.87 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.25 - 4.04 (m, 3 H), 4.04 - 3.83 (m, 3 H), 3.13 - 2.97 (m, 1 H), 2.93 - 2.85 (m, 1 H), 2.22 - 2.05 (m, 2 H), 1.66 (br. s., 1 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 501.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 3.2 μΜ. Example 17

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate A)(0.050 g, 0.14 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL), and bromo(2- methoxyphenyl)magnesium (0.42 mL of a 0.50 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.21 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2.0 mL) and dichloromethane (2.0 mL) were added sequentially, the mixture was filtered through a Radleys phase separation column (Brinkmann Instruments, Inc., Westbury, NY), and the filtrate was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2- methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-su lfonamide (0.046 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture). 1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.48 - 7.43 (m, 2 H), 7.35 - 7.13 (m, 7 H), 6.91 - 6.87 (m, 2 H), 6.84 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.36 (s, 1 H), 6.10 (s, 1 H), 4.13 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 4.04 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.14 (quin, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 488.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.095 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.17 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AD-H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 60% liquid C0 ₂ in 40% methanol (with 20 mM NH ₃ ) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.46 - 7.39 (m, 1 H), 7.32 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.30 - 7.10 (m, 6 H), 6.86 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.78 (dd, J= 3.1, 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 6.42 (s, 1 H), 5.90 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.81 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.25 - 4.12 (m, 2 H), 4.08 (dt, J= 2.7, 5.9 Hz, 2 H), 3.74 (s, 3 H), 2.15 (quin, J = 5.9 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 487.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 6.1 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.2 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.43 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.30 - 7.11 (m, 6 H), 6.86 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.78 (dd, J= 3.3, 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 6.42 (s, 1 H), 5.90 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.81 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.16 (m, 2 H), 4.08 (dt, J= 2.7, 5.9 Hz, 2 H), 3.74 (s, 3 H), 2.15 (quin, J = 5.9 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 487.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GK P EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.052 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.052 μΜ.

Example 18

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-bromo-2-

(trifluoromethoxy)benzene (0.17 g, 0.70 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.28 mL of a 2.5 M solution with hexane, 0.70 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A)(0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 h, water (0.10 mL) was added, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-

(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 -benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (0.11 g) as a yellow oil (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.74 (dd, J= 3.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.48 - 7.14 (m, 9 H), 6.85 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.37 (s, 1 H), 6.07 (s, 1 H), 4.11 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 4.01 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.12 (quin, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 542.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.34 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC (Binding) = 0.97 μΜ.

Example 19

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4 -dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL), and bromo(2-

(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)magnesium (0.62 mL of a 0.50 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.31 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.60 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.0 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2- (methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxe pine-7- sulfonamide (0.078 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.94 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.48 - 7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.35 - 7.07 (m, 7 H), 6.89 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.30 (s, 1 H), 6.16 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.18 - 4.05 (m, 2 H), 4.05 - 3.90 (m, 2 H), 2.44 (s, 3 H), 2.07 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 503.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.038 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.16 μΜ. This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 58% liquid C0 ₂ in 42% methanol (with 0.20% diethylamine) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl) -3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.43 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.07 (m, 9 H), 6.81 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.41 (s, 1 H), 6.25 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.66 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.27 - 3.98 (m, 4 H), 2.42 (s, 3 H), 2.16 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 503.8 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.29 μΜ. GK-GKRP ICso (Binding) = 0.97 μΜ.

N-((R)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl) -3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.43 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.07 (m, 9 H), 6.86 - 6.73 (m, 1 H), 6.41 (s, 1 H), 6.25 (s, 1 H), 5.67 (br. s., 1 H), 4.27 - 3.99 (m, 4 H), 2.42 (s, 3 H), 2.16 (quin, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 503.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.023 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.046 μΜ.

Example 20

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A microwave vial was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.050 g, 0.14 mmol), magnesium turnings (0.016 g, 0.66 mmol, Strem, Newburyport, MA), l-bromo-2- chlorobenzene (0.073 mL, 0.63 mmol, Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland), and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL), and then the reaction mixture was heated in microwave reactor at 80 °C for 10 min. After that time, water (1.0 mL) was added, and then the mixture was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.018 g) as a pale yellow oil (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.69 (dd, J= 3.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.55 - 7.45 (m, 3 H), 7.38 - 7.14 (m, 7 H), 6.86 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.36 (s, 1 H), 6.19 (s, 1 H), 4.14 (t, J= 6.0 Hz , 2 H), 4.05 (m, 2 H), 2.14 (quin, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 492.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.070 μΜ. GK- GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.22 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 60% liquid C0 ₂ in 40% methanol (with 40 mM NH ₃ ) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess. N-((S)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.44 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 - 7.36 (m, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.29 (m, 4 H), 7.28 - 7.14 (m, 4 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.43 (s, 1 H), 6.15 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.40 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.19 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 4.11 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.17 (quin, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 491.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) > 20 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀

(Binding) = 5.7 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihy dro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.44 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 - 7.36 (m, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.29 (m, 4 H), 7.29 - 7.14 (m, 4 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.43 (s, 1 H), 6.15 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.40 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.19 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 4.11 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.17 (quin, J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 491.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.030 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.078 μΜ.

Example 21

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-iodophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 -benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 1 ,2-diiodobenzene (0.20 g, 0.62 mmol, Oakwood, West Columbia, SC) and tetrahydrofuran (1.6 mL). The solution was cooled to -40 °C, isopropylmagnesium chloride lithium chloride complex (0.52 mL of a 1.3 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.67 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was warmed to -20 °C for 20 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate A)(0.20 g, 0.56 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.6 mL) was added, and then the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for 90 min, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (1.6 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (16 g of silica gel, 4:1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-iodophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 -benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide (0.17 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.06 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.79 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 - 7.41 (m, 3 H), 7.38 - 7.17 (m, 4 H), 7.14 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.07 - 6.94 (m, 1 H), 6.89 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.30 (s, 1 H), 5.93 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.22 - 3.92 (m, 4 H), 2.09 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 583.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.076 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.228 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AD-H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(150 mm x 20 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 50% liquid C0 ₂ in 50% methanol:ethanol:isopropanol (1 :1 : 1 with 0.1% diethylamine) at a flow rate of 65 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-iodophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1) 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.06 (br. s., 1 H), 7.79 (dd, J= 1.0, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.57 - 7.39 (m, 3 H), 7.37 - 7.15 (m, 4 H), 7.14 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.01 (dt, J= 1.6, 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.89 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.30 (s, 1 H), 5.93 (br. s., 1 H), 4.24 - 3.87 (m, 4 H), 2.09 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 583.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) > 20 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) > 33 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-iodophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.06 (br. s., 1 H), 7.79 (dd, J= 1.0, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 - 7.40 (m, 3 H), 7.37 - 7.16 (m, 4 H), 7.14 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.01 (dt, J= 1.6, 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 6.89 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.30 (s, 1 H), 5.93 (br. s., 1 H), 4.25 - 3.91 (m, 4 H), 2.20 - 1.94 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 583.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.042 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.040 μΜ.

Example 22

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-bromophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with isopropylmagnesium chloride lithium chloride complex (0.52 mL of a 1.3 M solution with

tetrahydrofuran, 0.67 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), the solution was cooled to -15 °C, 1 ,2-dibromobenzene (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Heysham, United Kingdom) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 90 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.20 g, 0.56 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (2.2 mL) was added and then the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for 90 min, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (1.4 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (15 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was re- subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (3.5 g of silica gel,

dichloromethane) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-bromophenyl)methyl)-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.038 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.10 (d, J= 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.61 - 7.50 (m, 3 H), 7.46 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.16 (m, 5 H), 7.12 (d, J= 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.89 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.37 (s, 1 H), 6.05 (d, J= 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.18 - 3.92 (m, 4 H), 2.15 - 1.97 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 535.7, 537.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.058 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.15 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AD-H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 60% liquid C0 ₂ in 40% methanol (with 2.0 mM NH ₃ ) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-bromophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.54 - 7.47 (m, 1 H), 7.44 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 (dd, J= 1.6, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.29 (m, 3 H), 7.28 - 7.09 (m, 4 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.43 (s, 1 H), 6.16 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.46 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.19 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 4.11 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.17 (quin, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 535.7, 537.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) > 20 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 4.5 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-bromophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.51 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.44 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.42 - 7.37 (m, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.29 (m, 3 H), 7.29 - 7.09 (m, 4 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.43 (s, 1 H), 6.16 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.46 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.20 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 4.11 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.17 (quin, J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 535.7, 537.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.026 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.083 μΜ.

Example 23

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-fluorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-bromo-2- fluorobenzene (0.059 g, 0.34 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (1.4 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.12 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 0.31 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A)(0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (1.4 mL) was added. After stirring for 15 min, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.65 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2- f uorophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfo namide (0.090 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.04 (d, J= 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.53 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.49 - 7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.32 (m, 1 H), 7.28 - 7.03 (m, 6 H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.53 (s, 1 H), 5.92 (d, J= 6.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.07 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.99 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.06 (quin., J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 475.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.45 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.49 μΜ.

Example 24

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -fiuorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate A)(0.050 g, 0.14 mmol), 3-f uoroboronic acid (0.039 g, 0.28 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 1,4-dioxane (2.0 mL), and bis(acetonitrile)(l,5- cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (0.0053 g, 0.014 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was heated at 90 °C for 1 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C 18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -fluorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.037 g) as an amorphous solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.95 (d, J= 12.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.55 - 7.53 (m, 1 H), 7.43 (m, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.05 (m, 8 H), 6.88 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.52 (s, 1 H), 5.81 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.06 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.97 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.06 (quin, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 476.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.8 μΜ.

Example 25

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromopyridine (0.015 mL, 0.15 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.12 mL of a 2.5 M solution with hexane, 0.31 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l- benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin e-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.050 g, 0.14 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (1.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 10 min, water (0.10 mL) was added, and then the mixture was warmed to room temperature and subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30

- I l l - mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-pyridinyl)methyl)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.014 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.76 (dd, J= 3.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 8.27 (td, J= 3.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.96 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.72 (m, 1 H), 7.55 (br s, 1 H), 7.48 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.39 - 7.17 (m, 5 H), 6.89 (m, 1 H), 6.70 (s, 1 H), 6.15 (s, 1 H), 4.22 - 4.18 (m, 2 H), 4.14 - 4.10 (m, 2 H), 2.21 - 2.12 (m, 2H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 437.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.27 μΜ. GK-GKRP ICso (Binding) = 1.4 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AD-H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 60% liquid C0 ₂ in 40% methanol (with 2.0 mM NH ₃ ) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.53 (br. s., 1 H), 7.69 (t, J= 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.45 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.22 (m, 5 H), 7.22 - 7.10 (m, 2 H), 6.93 (d, J= 6.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.75 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.61 (s, 1 H), 5.84 (d, J= 6.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 - 3.92 (m, 4 H), 2.18 - 2.01 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 436.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 6.0 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 3.8 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.54 (br. s., 1 H), 7.65 (m, 1 H), 7.44

(d, J= 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.22 (m, 5 H), 7.22 - 7.07 (m, 2 H), 6.86 (m, 1 H), 6.74 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.59 (s, 1 H), 5.80 (m, 1 H), 4.15 - 3.91 (m, 4 H), 2.10 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 436.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.29 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.21 μΜ.

Example 26

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate A)(0.050 g, 0.14 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL), and bromo(3-methyl-2- pyridinyl)magnesium (0.67 mL of a 0.25 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.17 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE) and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (1.0 mL) and dichloromethane (1.0 mL) were added, the mixture was filtered through a Radleys phase separation column (Brinkmann Instruments, Westbury, NY), and then the filtrate was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 12 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of hexane to 25% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2- yl(3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodiox epine-7- sulfonamide (0.031 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 8.72 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 8.30 (m, 1 H), 7.57 (m, 1 H), 7.50 (m, 1 H), 7.38 (m, 1 H), 7.26 - 7.14 (m, 5 H), 6.81 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.54 (s, 1 H), 5.94 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.07 - 3.87 (m, 4 H), 2.32 (s, 3 H), 2.04 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 450.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀

(LCMS/MS) = 0.19 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.42 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AD-H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 62% liquid C0 ₂ in 38% methanol (with 2.0 mM NH ₃ ) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)-l-benzofuran-2-yl(3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4 -dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.39 (d, J= 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 - 7.22 (m, 3 H), 7.22 - 7.08 (m, 3 H), 7.05 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.69 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.43 (s, 1 H), 5.91 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 - 3.88 (m, 4 H), 2.28 (s, 3 H), 2.10 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 450.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK- GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) > 33 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.39 (d, J= 4.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 - 7.23 (m, 3 H), 7.23 - 7.08 (m, 3 H), 7.05 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.69 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.43 (s, 1 H), 5.91 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.17 - 3.89 (m, 4 H), 2.28 (s, 3 H), 2.10 (m, 2 H). m z (ESI, +ve ion) 450.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.085 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.12 μΜ.

Example 27

N-(l -benzofuran-2-yl(2-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL reaction vial was charged with tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) and diisopropylamine (0.040 mL, 0.28 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.19 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.31 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min. After that time, a solution of 2-chloropyridine (0.026 mL, 0.28 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N- ( 1 -benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 -benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) was added, and then the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1.0 mL) and dichloromethane (1.0 mL) were added, the mixture was filtered through a Radleys phase separation column (Brinkmann Instruments, Inc., Westbury, NY), and the filtrate was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran- 2-yl(2-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodi oxepine-7- sulfonamide (0.054 g) as a yellow oil (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.16 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 8.33 (dd, J = 3.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.95 (dd, J= 3.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.55 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.48 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.44 (dd, J= 3.0, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.32 - 7.19 (m, 3 H), 7.15 (d, J= 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.92 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.51 (s, 1 H), 5.99 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 - 4.00 (m, 4 H), 2.14 - 2.08 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 471.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.2 μΜ.

Example 28

N-(l -benzofuran-2-yl(3-chloro-4-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL reaction vial was charged with tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) and diisopropylamine (0.040 mL, 0.28 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.19 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.31 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min. After that time, a solution of 3-chloropyridine (0.026 mL, 0.28 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l- benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin e-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) was added, and then the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1.0 mL) and dichloromethane (1.0 mL) were added, the mixture was filtered through a Radleys phase separation column (Brinkmann Instruments, Inc., Westbury, NY), and the filtrate was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(3-chloro-4- pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfon amide (0.043 g) as a yellow oil (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.25 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 8.58 (s, 1 H), 8.47 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.56 - 7.53 (m, 2 H), 7.48 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1H), (7.32 - 7.19 (m, 3 H), 7.13 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1 H), 6.92 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.54 (s, 1 H), 6.01 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.14 - 3.98 (m, 4 H), 2.13 - 2.06 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 471.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.6 μΜ.

Example 29

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromopyrimidine (0.053 g, 0.34 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and dichloromethane (2.8 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.12 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 0.31 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N- ( 1 -benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 -benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate A) (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.4 mL) was added and then the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room

temperature. After stirring for 40 min, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.61 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, gradient elution 2: 1 to 1 :1 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (2.8 g of silica gel, 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-pyrimidinyl)methyl)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.012 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.69 (d, J= 4.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.50 - 7.41 (m, 1 H), 7.33 - 7.23 (m, 3 H), 7.23 - 7.09 (m, 3 H), 6.71 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.66 (s, 1 H), 6.61 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.97 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.14 - 3.86 (m, 4 H), 2.09 (quin, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 437.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.99 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.8 μΜ.

Example 30

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromo-l,3,5- trimethylbenzene (0.56 g, 2.8 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (5.6 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, t-butyllithium (3.5 mL of a 1.7 M solution with pentane, 5.6 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was warmed to -23 °C, 3-methoxypyridine (0.31 g, 2.8 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h. After that time, an aliquot of this reaction mixture (1.0 mL) was added to a solution of N-(l-benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate A)(0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL) at 0 °C. After stirring for 75 min, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, gradient elution 6: 1 to 2: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (3.0 g of silica gel, 99.5:0.5 dichloromethane -methanol) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(3-methoxy-2- pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfon amide (0.020 g) as a pale yellow tar (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.16 - 8.08 (m, 1 H), 7.44 - 7.38 (m, 1 H), 7.32 - 7.22 (m, 3 H), 7.20 - 7.05 (m, 4 H), 6.77 - 6.63 (m, 2 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H),

6.19 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.14 - 3.96 (m, 3 H), 3.96 - 3.87 (m, 1 H), 3.79 (s, 3 H),

2.20 - 1.94 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 466.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀

(LCMS/MS) = 0.15 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.31 μΜ.

Example 31

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(2-thiophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 -benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromothiophene (0.025 g, 0.15 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.12 mL of a 2.5 M solution with hexane, 0.31 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N- ( 1 -benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 -benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate A)(0.050 g, 0.14 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 10 min, water (0.10 mL) was added, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(2-thiophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.038 g) as an amorphous solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.47 (dd, J= 3.0, 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.16 (m, 6 H), 6.92 - 6.89 (m, 2 H), 6.78 (d, J= 6.0 Hz 1 H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.00 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.30 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.09 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.99 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.11 (quin, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 464.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.74 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 3.2 μΜ.

Example 32

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(3-thiophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 -benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (0.20 g, 0.56 mmol), 3-thiophenylboronic acid (0.14 g, 1.1 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 1,4-dioxane (2.2 mL), and bis(acetonitrile)(l,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (0.021 g, 0.056 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was heated at 95 °C for 22 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (20 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (13 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(3-thiophenyl)methyl)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.050 g) as a tan solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.45 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.16 (m, 6 H), 7.12 (br. s., 1 H), 6.99 (d, J= 4.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.77 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.46 (s, 1 H), 5.83 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.24 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.09 (t, J= 5.1 Hz, 2 H), 3.98 (t, J= 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 2.21 - 2.00 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 463.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.4 μΜ.

Example 33

N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methyl-2-thiophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate A)(0.050 g, 0.14 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL), and bromo(3-methyl-2- thiophenyl)magnesium (0.28 mL of a 0.50 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.14 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, water (1.0 mL) was added, and then the mixture was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C 18 column

(Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(3 -methyl-2-thiophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.055 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.47 (m, 1 H), 7.38 - 7.31 (m, 2 H), 7.27 - 7.15 (m, 3 H), 6.83 (d, 2 H), 6.83 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.79 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.50 (s, 1 H), 6.00 (s, 1 H), 4.09 - 3.93 (m, 4 H), 2.22 (s, 3 H), 2.10 (quin, J = 6.0 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 478.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.2 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.4 μΜ.

Example 34

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(l,3-thiazol-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H -l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 5 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromo-l,3-thiazole (0.025 g, 0.15 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.12 mL of a 2.5 M solution with hexane, 0.31 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N- ( 1 -benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 -benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate A)(0.050 g, 0.14 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 30 min, water (0.10 mL) was added, and then the mixture was warmed to room temperature and subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran- 2-yl(l,3-thiazol-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxep ine-7-sulfonamide (0.0047 g) as an amorphous solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (300 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.73 (d, J= 3.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (m, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.31 (m, 4 H), 7.27 - 7.15 (m, 2 H), 6.81 (m, 1 H), 6.60 (s, 1 H), 6.18 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.09 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.14 - 4.10 (m, 2 H), 4.03 (t, J= 6.0 Hz 2 H), 2.17 - 2.08 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 443.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 2.8 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 6.6 μΜ. Example 35

N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 250 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l,3-dibromo-2- propanol (10 g, 46 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), dichloromethane (92 mL), N-ethyl-N-(l -methyl ethyl)-2-propanamine (24 mL, 140 mmol, EMD, Gibbstown, NJ), and tris(l-methylethyl)silyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (14 mL, 51 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. After that time, silica gel (34 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (340 g of silica gel, hexane) to give (2-bromo-l- (bromomethyl)ethoxy)(tris(l-methylethyl))silane (14 g) as a clear, colorless oil.

Step 2. A 150 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with (2-bromo-l- (bromomethyl)ethoxy)(tris(l-methylethyl))silane (9.9 g, 27 mmol), N,N- dimethylformamide (53 mL), 4-bromo-l,2-benzenediol (5.0 g, 27 mmol, Best PharmaTech, Schaumburg, IL), and potassium carbonate (11 g, 79 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was heated to 80 °C for 18 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, partitioned between ethyl acetate (250 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (250 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (3 x 250 mL) and brine (2 x 250 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (500 g of silica gel, gradient elution of 9: 1 to 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate), the isolated material was re- subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (100 g of silica gel, hexane), and then the isolated material was dissolved with hexane (50 mL) and the solution was filtered through a plug of silica gel (20 g) to afford ((7-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepin-3-yl)oxy)(tris(l-methylethyl))silane (3.4 g) as a clear, colorless oil.

Step 3. A 250 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with tetrahydrofuran (65 mL), cooled to -78 °C, t-butyllithium (10 mL of a 1.7 M solution with pentane, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and a solution of ((7-bromo-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepin-3-yl)oxy)(tris(l-methylethyl))silane (3.4 g, 8.5 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) were added sequentially, the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min, sparged with sulfur dioxide (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 5 min, and then warmed to room temperature. After stirring for 90 min, the reaction mixture was concentrated, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (85 mL), l-chloro-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (1.3 g, 9.4 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 90 min. After that time, l-(l-benzofuran-2-yl)-l-phenylmethanamine hydrochloride (2.2 g, 8.6 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine) and N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (7.5 mL, 43 mmol, EMD, Gibbstown, NJ) were added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was concentrated, the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (250 g of silica gel, 9: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3- ((tris(l-methylethyl)silyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodiox epine-7-sulfonamide (2.9 g) as pale, peach-colored solid.

Step 4. A 150 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l- benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3 -((tris( 1 -methylethyl)silyl)oxy)-3 ,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (2.9 g, 4.8 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (48 mL), and and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (4.8 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 4.8 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 90 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (2 x 50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (110 g of silica gel, gradient elution of 1.5:1 to 1 : 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2- yl(phenyl)methyl)-3-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin e-7-sulfonamide (2.0 g) as a colorless solid.

Step 5. A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran- 2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxep ine-7- sulfonamide (0.10 g, 0.22 mmol), tetrabutylammonium dihydrogentrifluoride (1.1 mL of a 50-55 wt% solution with dichloroethane, Acros, Geel, Belgium), and diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (0.088 mL, 0.66 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was added to saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the mixture was stirred vigorously for 15 h, ethyl acetate (50 mL) was added, the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 9: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(100 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 20 min) to give N-(l-benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3- fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.019 g) as a colorless solid (mixture of four stereoisomers).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.45 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.27 (m, 7 H), 7.26 - 7.15 (m, 3 H), 6.78 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 5.77 (dd, J = 3.3, 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.31 (dd, J= 4.4, 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.95 (m, 1 H), 4.34 - 4.05 (m, 4 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 475.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 3.1 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 2.3 μΜ.

Intermediate B

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-be nzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A 100 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-benzothiophene-2- carbaldehyde (2.0 g, 12 mmol, Maybridge, Tintagel, United Kingdom), 3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (2.8 g, 12 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (2.0 g, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (62 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered, and the filter cake was collected to give N-(l-benzothiophen-2-ylmethylidene)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (3.3 g) as a pale yellow solid. Example 36

N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzothiophen-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate B) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL), and bromo(2- methylphenyl)magnesium (0.15 mL of a 2.0 M solution with diethyl ether, 0.30 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 75 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.60 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane- ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.094 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.94 (br. s., 1 H), 7.92 - 7.79 (m, 1 H), 7.74 - 7.58 (m, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.24 (m, 3 H), 7.22 (dd, J= 2.3, 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.18 - 7.00 (m, 4 H), 6.91 - 6.76 (m, 2 H), 5.91 (br. s., 1 H), 4.13 - 4.00 (m, 2 H), 4.00 - 3.86 (m, 2 H), 2.24 (s, 3 H), 2.13 - 2.00 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 487.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.15 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.29 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 58% liquid C0 ₂ in 42% methanol (with 0.20% diethylamine) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methy l)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.69 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.64 - 7.52 (m, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.22 (m, 4 H), 7.22 - 7.14 (m, 2 H), 7.14 - 7.04 (m, 2 H), 6.90 - 6.76 (m, 2 H), 6.07 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.27 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.27 - 3.97 (m, 4 H), 2.30 (s, 3 H), 2.24 - 2.07 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 487.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) > 20 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 4.0 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.69 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.58 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.22 (m, 4 H), 7.22 - 7.13 (m, 2 H), 7.13 - 7.05 (m, 2 H), 6.89 - 6.74 (m, 2 H), 6.07 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.28 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.27 - 3.97 (m, 4 H), 2.30 (s, 3 H), 2.23 - 2.01 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 487.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.062 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.24 μΜ.

Example 37

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H -l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzothiophen-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate B) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL), and bromo(2- ethylphenyl)magnesium (a total of 1.8 mL of a 0.50 M solution with

tetrahydrofuran, added in three equal portions, 0.89 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.60 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H -l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.084 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.98 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.92 - 7.78 (m, 1 H), 7.73 - 7.61 (m, 1 H), 7.40 - 7.24 (m, 3 H), 7.24 - 7.01 (m, 5 H), 6.87 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.81 (s, 1 H), 5.96 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.06 (t, J= 6.8 Hz, 2 H), 4.01 - 3.87 (m, 2 H), 2.66 - 2.53 (m, 2 H), 2.14 - 1.96 (m, 2 H), 1.11 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 501.8 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.16 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.30 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 58% liquid C0 ₂ in 42% methanol (with 0.20% diethylamine) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.76 - 7.63 (m, 1 H), 7.63 - 7.53 (m, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.13 (m, 7 H), 7.13 - 7.02 (m, 1 H), 6.92 - 6.76 (m, 2 H), 6.14 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.26 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.28 - 3.99 (m, 4 H), 2.65 (q, J= 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.26 - 2.04 (m, 2 H), 1.20 (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 501.8 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) > 20 μΜ. GK-GK P IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.3 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.75 - 7.64 (m, 1 H), 7.63 - 7.53 (m, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.13 (m, 7 H), 7.13 - 7.03 (m, 1 H), 6.92 - 6.77 (m, 2 H), 6.14 (s, 1 H), 5.27 (br. s., 1 H), 4.28 - 3.98 (m, 4 H), 2.65 (q, J= 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.16 (m, 2 H), 1.19 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 501.8 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.038 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.13 μΜ.

Example 38

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethenylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-bromo-2- ethenylbenzene (0.074 g, 0.40 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.25 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.40 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, a solution of N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-ylmethylidene)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate B) (0.15 g, 0.40 mmol) in

tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 5 min, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered, silica gel (2.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 10% to 30% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give N-(l-benzothiophen-2- yl(2-ethenylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine -7-sulfonamide (0.0021 g) as an off-white oil (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d ₃ ) δ 7.84 - 7.74 (m, 1 H), 7.68 - 7.59 (m, 1 H), 7.50 - 7.39 (m, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.17 (m, 6 H), 7.13 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.97 (dd, J= 17.1, 11.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 - 6.79 (m, 2 H), 6.70 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.10 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.68 - 5.54 (m, 1 H), 5.32 (dd, J= 11.0, 0.98 Hz, 1 H), 4.21 - 3.94 (m, 4 H), 2.11 (s, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 499.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.031 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.025 μΜ.

Example 39

N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethynylpheny l)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with ((2- bromophenyl)ethynyl)(trimethyl)silane (0.20 g, 0.80 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n- butyllithium (0.50 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.80 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzothiophen-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate B)(0.15 g, 0.40 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 min, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and water (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (25 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The isolated material (0.22 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with the isolated material (0.22 g) from Step 1, tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL), and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.40 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.40 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (50 mL) and ethyl acetate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed- phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 20 min) to give N-(l- benzothiophen-2-yl(2-ethynylphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l, 5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.018 g) as a tan solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.10 (d, J= 10 Hz, 1 H), 7.94 - 7.81 (m, 1 H), 7.75 - 7.63 (m, 1 H), 7.49 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.43 - 7.36 (m, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.21 (m, 4 H), 7.17 (dd, J= 8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.08 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.85 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.79 (s, 1 H), 6.26 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.47 (s, 1 H), 4.15 - 3.92 (m, 4 H), 2.13 - 2.01 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 497.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.037 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.017 μΜ. Example 40

N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzothiophen-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate B)(0.20 g, 0.54 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (8.0 mL), and bromo(2- methoxyphenyl)magnesium (0.54 mL of a 1.0 M solution with diethyl ether, 0.54 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was added to saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), ethyl acetate (50 mL) was added, the layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (30 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to recrystallization (methanol) to give N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2- methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-su lfonamide (0.086 g) as a pale yellow solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.85 (d, J= 9.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.84 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J= 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.42 - 7.13 (m, 5 H), 7.07 (s, 1 H), 6.96 - 6.72 (m, 4 H), 6.13 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.17 - 3.90 (m, 4 H), 3.72 (s, 3 H), 2.18 - 1.93 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 503.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.046 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.11 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AD-H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(150 mm x 20 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 60% liquid C0 ₂ in 40% methanol (with 0.20% diethylamine) at a flow rate of 75 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 95% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3,4-d ihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.83 (br. s., 1 H), 7.90 - 7.79 (m, 1 H), 7.72 - 7.62 (m, 1 H), 7.39 - 7.14 (m, 5 H), 7.06 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.93 - 6.77 (m, 4 H), 6.13 (s, 1 H), 4.07 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.99 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.72 (s, 3 H), 2.06 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 503.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.13 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.36 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.83 (br. s., 1 H), 7.89 - 7.79 (m, 1 H), 7.71 - 7.63 (m, 1 H), 7.39 - 7.15 (m, 5 H), 7.06 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.94 - 6.78 (m, 4 H), 6.13 (br. s., 1 H), 4.07 (t, J= 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.99 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.72 (s, 3 H), 2.06 (quin, J = 5.5 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 503.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.026 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.028 μΜ.

Example 41

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4 -dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzothiophen-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate B)(0.15 g, 0.40 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (4.0 mL), and bromo(2- (methylsulfanyl)phenyl)magnesium (0.80 mL of a 0.50 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.40 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) was added, the mixture was partitioned between water (30 mL) and ethyl acetate (30 mL), the layers were separated, the aqueous material was washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 30 mL), the combined organic extract was washed with brine (30 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, silica gel (1.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 10% to 30% ethyl acetate - hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2- (methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxe pine-7- sulfonamide (0.022 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.79 - 7.67 (m, 1 H), 7.63 - 7.52 (m, 1 H), 7.34 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.31 - 7.21 (m, 4 H), 7.19 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.14 - 7.05 (m, 1 H), 6.83 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.71 (s, 1 H), 6.42 (s, 1 H), 4.14 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 4.05 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.44 (s, 3 H), 2.13 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 519.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.027 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.057 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 55% liquid C0 ₂ in 45%> methanol (with 20 mM NH ₃ ) at a flow rate of 60 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 95% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.05 (s, 1 H), 7.91 - 7.81 (m, 1 H), 7.73 - 7.62 (m, 1 H), 7.43 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.15 (m, 5 H), 7.14 - 7.02 (m, 2 H), 6.88 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.76 (s, 1 H), 6.25 (s, 1 H), 4.18 - 3.90 (m, 4 H), 2.44 (s, 3 H), 2.12 - 2.01 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 519.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.040 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.14 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.05 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.92 - 7.80 (m, 1 H), 7.73 - 7.62 (m, 1 H), 7.43 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.16 (m, 5 H), 7.14 - 7.03 (m, 2 H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.76 (s, 1 H), 6.26 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.16 - 3.89 (m, 4 H), 2.44 (s, 3 H), 2.14 - 2.00 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 519.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.013 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.008 μΜ.

Example 42

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2 H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-bromo-2- chlorobenzene (0.10 g, 0.54 mmol, Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) and

tetrahydrofuran (5.4 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.33 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.54 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min. After that time, a solution of N-(l-benzothiophen-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate B)(0.20 g, 0.54 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 5 min, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (5.0 mL) was added, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, partitioned between water (30 mL) and ethyl acetate (30 mL), the layers were separated, the aqueous material was washed with ethyl acetate (30 mL). The combined organic extract was washed with brine (20 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 24 min) to give N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.023 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.81 - 7.71 (m, 1 H), 7.65 - 7.55 (m, 1 H), 7.48 - 7.39 (m, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.31 (m, 1 H), 7.31 - 7.16 (m, 6 H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.75 (s, 1 H), 6.28 (s, 1 H), 4.21 - 3.99 (m, 4 H), 2.20 - 2.07 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 507.8 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.041 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.11 μΜ.

Example 42 (Enantioselective Synthesis)

N-((R)- 1 -Benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with (R)-l-(l-benzothiophen- 2-yl)-l-(2-chlorophenyl)methanamine hydrochloride (Intermediate 2) (0.10 g, 0.32 mmol), dichloromethane (3.2 mL), N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2- propanamine (0.17 mL, 0.97 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and 3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonyl chloride (0.080 g, 0.32 mmol, ChemBridge, San Diego, CA) and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, N,N-dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (0.0039 g, 0.032 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h. After that time, more N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (0.17 mL, 0.97 mmol) was added and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, more 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonyl chloride (0.080 g, 0.32 mmol) was added and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 23 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.0 mL), silica gel (1.0 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (10 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-((R)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sul fonamide (0.12 g) as a colorless solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.16 (br. s., 1 H), 7.93 - 7.84 (m, 1 H), 7.75 - 7.66 (m, 1 H), 7.56 - 7.49 (m, 1 H), 7.42 - 7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.22 (m, 4 H), 7.20 (dd, J= 2.2, 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.09 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.88 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.82 (s, 1 H), 6.16 (br. s., 1 H), 4.17 - 3.96 (m, 4 H), 2.08 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 507.8 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.0060 μΜ.

Example 43

N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(3 -methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 - benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromo-l,3,5- trimethylbenzene (0.53 g, 2.7 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (5.6 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, t-butyllithium (3.4 mL of a 1.7 M solution with pentane, 5.4 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was warmed to -23 °C, 3-methoxypyridine (0.29 g, 2.7 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h. After that time, an aliquot of this reaction mixture (1.0 mL) was added to a solution of N-(l-benzothiophen-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate B)(0.10 g, 0.27 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL) at 0 °C. After stirring for 35 min, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, gradient elution with 6: 1 to 2: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (3.0 g of silica gel, 99.5:0.5 dichloromethane -methanol) to give N-(l-benzothiophen-2- yl(3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodio xepine-7- sulfonamide (0.024 g) as a pale yellow tar (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.09 (d, J= 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.65 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.32 - 7.17 (m, 4 H), 7.15 (dd, J= 4.7, 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.07 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.03 (s, 1 H), 6.79 - 6.67 (m, 2 H), 6.30 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 - 3.95 (m, 3 H), 3.89 (m, 1 H), 3.80 (s, 3 H), 2.17 - 2.00 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 482.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.047 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.041 μΜ.

Intermediate C

N-((3-methyl-l-benzofuran-2-yl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 50 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 3 -methyl- 1-benzofuran- 2-carbaldehyde (0.45 g, 2.8 mmol, ChemBridge, San Diego, CA), 3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.64 g, 2.8 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (0.45 g, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (14 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under a vacuum to a volume of ~ 5 mL, hexane (50 mL) was added, the resulting slurry was filtered, and the filter cake was collected to provide N-((3 -methyl- l-benzofuran-2-yl)methylidene)-3, 4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.78 g) as an orange solid. Example 44

N-((3 -methyl- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-((3 -methyl- 1- benzofuran-2-yl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepi ne-7-sulfonamide (intermediate C) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL), and

bromo(phenyl)magnesium (0.30 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.30 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.0 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-((3 -methyl- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.080 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.90 (d, J= 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.43 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 - 7.35 (m, 2 H), 7.35 - 7.29 (m, 3 H), 7.29 - 7.14 (m, 4 H), 7.12 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.73 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.75 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.02 - 3.82 (m, 3 H), 3.82 - 3.69 (m, 1 H), 2.06 (s, 3 H), 2.03 - 1.86 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 471.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.48 μΜ. GK-GKRP ICso (Binding) = 1.0 μΜ. Example 45

N-((3 -methyl- 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)(2-methylphenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-((3 -methyl- 1- benzofuran-2-yl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepi ne-7-sulfonamide (intermediate C) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL), and bromo(2- methylphenyl)magnesium (0.15 mL of a 2.0 M solution with diethyl ether, 0.30 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane- ethyl acetate) to give N-((3 -methyl- 1-benzo furan-2-yl)(2 -methylphenyl)methyl)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.086 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.83 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.56 - 7.47 (m, 1 H), 7.44 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.27 - 7.08 (m, 7 H), 6.77 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.83 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.04 - 3.75 (m, 4 H), 2.28 (s, 3 H), 2.01 (m, 5 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 485.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀

(LCMS/MS) = 2.0 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.7 μΜ.

Intermediate D

N-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A 100 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with thieno[2,3-b]pyridine- 2-carbaldehyde (1.0 g, 6.1 mmol, Maybridge, Tintagel, United Kingdom), 3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (1.4 g, 6.1 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (1.4 g, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (31 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 5 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered, and the filter cake was collected to give N-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (1.1 g) as pale, peach-colored solid.

Example 46

N-(phenyl(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin- 2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfona mide

(intermediate D) (0.074 g, 0.20 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL), and

bromo(phenyl)magnesium (a total of 0.40 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, added in two equal portions, 0.40 mmol, Acros, Waltham, MA), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between water (100 mL) and dichloromethane (50 mL), the layers were separated. The aqueous material was washed with

dichloromethane (50 mL), the combined organic extract was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate) and filtered. Silica gel (2.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of hexane to 30% ethyl acetate- hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE), and then the isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C 18 column

(Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 24 min) to give N-(phenyl(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.0025 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.02 (d, J= 9.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.45 (dd, J = 4.5, 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 8.09 (dd, J= 8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 - 7.19 (m, 7 H), 7.11 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.92 (s, 1 H), 6.86 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.87 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.04 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.96 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.05 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 452.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.22 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.36 μΜ.

Example 47

N-((2-methoxyphenyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3, 4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin- 2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfona mide

(intermediate D) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL), and bromo(2- methoxyphenyl)magnesium (a total of 0.88 mL of a 1.0 M solution with diethyl ether, added in three equal portions, 0.88 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 25 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 99: 1 dichloromethane -methanol), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (3.0 g of silica gel, 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol) to give N-((2- methoxyphenyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro -2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.041 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.89 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.45 (dd, J= 1.4, 4.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.08 (dd, J= 1.4, 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.38 - 7.30 (m, 2 H), 7.26 - 7.15 (m, 2 H), 7.07 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.89 - 6.79 (m, 3 H), 6.13 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.08 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 4.01 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.73 (s, 3 H), 2.07 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 482.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.059 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.027 μΜ.

Example 48

N-((2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)m ethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin- 2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfona mide

(intermediate D) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL), and bromo(2- (methylsulfanyl)phenyl)magnesium (a total of 1.2 mL of a 0.50 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, added in two equal portions, 0.59 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 99: 1 dichloromethane -methanol), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.0 g of silica gel, 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol) to give N-((2- (methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3, 4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.023 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.51 - 8.42 (m, 1 H), 7.85 (dd, J = 1.4, 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.18 (m, 6 H), 7.15 - 7.08 (m, 1 H), 6.85 - 6.78 (m, 2 H), 6.29 - 6.11 (m, 2 H), 4.23 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 4.15 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.37 (s, 3 H), 2.19 (quin, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 498.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.022 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.010 μΜ.

Example 49

N-((3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl) -3,4-dihydro l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 niL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromo-3- methoxypyridine (0.25 g, 1.3 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and toluene (2.7 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.53 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 1.3 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, an aliquot of this reaction mixture (a total of 1.2 mL added in two equal portions) was added to a solution of N-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate D)(0.10 g, 0.27 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL). After stirring for 15 h, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol), and then the isolated material was re- subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (4.0 g of silica gel, gradient elution of 4: 1 to 3: 1 to 2: 1 to 1 : 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-((3-methoxy-2- pyridinyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide (0.016 g) as a pale yellow solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.46 - 8.38 (m, 1 H), 8.09 (d, J= 4.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.30 - 7.23 (m, 2 H), 7.23 - 7.13 (m, 2 H), 7.13

- 7.06 (m, 1 H), 7.04 (s, 1 H), 6.78 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.73 - 6.66 (m, 1 H), 6.28 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.19 - 4.02 (m, 3 H), 4.02 - 3.92 (m, 1 H), 3.82 (s, 3 H), 2.19

- 2.03 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 483.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.15 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.093 μΜ. Example 50

N-((3-methoxy-4-pyridinyl)(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl) -3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with tetrahydrofuran (12 mL) and t-butyllithium (4.2 mL of a 1.7 M solution with pentane, 7.1 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at -78 °C, 2-bromo-l,3,5-trimethylbenzene (0.70 g, 3.5 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, 3-methoxypyridine (0.39 g, 3.5 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was warmed to -23 °C. After stirring for 3 h, an aliquot of this reaction mixture (1.0 mL) was added to a solution of N-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate D)(0.44 g, 1.2 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (12 mL). After stirring for 40 min, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (28 g of silica gel, 49: 1 dichloromethane-methanol), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (4.0 g of silica gel, 49: 1 dichloromethane-methanol) to give N-((3-methoxy-4-pyridinyl)(thieno[2,3- b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-s ulfonamide (0.043 g) as a pale yellow solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.10 (br. s., 1 H), 8.48 (dd, J= 1.6, 4.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.28 (s, 1 H), 8.14 - 8.05 (m, 2 H), 7.41 - 7.29 (m, 2 H), 7.19 (dd, J = 2.2, 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.06 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.92 - 6.83 (m, 2 H), 6.08 (br. s., 1 H), 4.11 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 4.04 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 3.86 (s, 3 H), 2.09 (quin, J = Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 483.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0, μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.41 μΜ.

Intermediate E

N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benz odioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A 100 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l,3-benzothiazole-2- carbaldehyde (1.5 g, 9.2 mmol, ASDI, Newark, DE), 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (1.4 g, 6.1 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (1.4 g, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (31 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 3 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature, concentrated under stream of dry nitrogen to a volume of ~10 mL, filtered, and the filter cake was collected to give N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.97 g) as a pale yellow solid.

Example 51

N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro -2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate E) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL), and bromo(2- methoxyphenyl)magnesium (a total of 0.44 mL of a 1.0 M solution with diethyl ether, added in two portions, 0.44 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 90 min. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 99.5:0.5 dichloromethane -methanol), the isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(100 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 20 min), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (3.0 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2- yl(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine -7-sulfonamide (0.039 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.90 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.46 - 7.38 (m, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.28 (m, 3 H), 7.22 (dd, J= 6.1, 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 6.86 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.81 - 6.78 (m, 2 H), 6.48 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.05 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.14 (m, 2 H), 4.08 (m, 2 H), 3.75 (s, 3 H), 2.14 (quin, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 482.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.068 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.042 μΜ. Example 52

N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3, 4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate E) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL), and bromo(2- (methylsulfanyl)phenyl)magnesium (a total of 0.89 mL of a 0.50 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, added in two portions, 0.44 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 99.5:0.5 dichloromethane -methanol), the isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(100 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 20 min), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (3.0 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-(l,3- benzothiazol-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihyd ro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.026 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.93 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.44 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.39 - 7.29 (m, 4 H), 7.29 - 7.18 (m, 2 H), 7.14 - 7.04 (m, 1 H), 6.81 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.65 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.41 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 4.09 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.47 (s, 3 H), 2.15 (quin, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 498.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GK P EC (LCMS/MS) = 0.029 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.006 μΜ.

Example 53

N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl)-3, 4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-bromo-3- methoxypyridine (0.25 g, 1.3 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and toluene (2.7 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.53 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 1.3 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h. After that time, an aliquot of this reaction mixture (a total of 0.90 mL added in two equal portions) was added to a solution of N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate E) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (2.7 mL) at 0 °C. After stirring for 1 h, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol), the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 99.5:0.5

dichloromethane-methanol), the isolated material was again re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (3.0 g of silica gel, 99.5:0.5 dichloromethane- methanol), the isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(100 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 20 min), and then the isolated material was partitioned between ethyl acetate (20 mL) and aqueous sodium carbonate (20 mL), the layers were separated. The organic material was washed sequentially with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate (2 x) and brine, dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(3-methoxy-2- pyridinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfon amide (0.0051 g) as a pale yellow solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.11 (dd, J= 1.0, 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.78 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.42 - 7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.27 (m, 3 H), 7.19 (dd, J= 4.6, 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.12 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.02 - 6.87 (m, 1 H), 6.72 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 - 3.90 (m, 4 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H), 2.16 - 2.04 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 483.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.36 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.27 μΜ.

Intermediate F

N-(l ,3-benzoxazol-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5-benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A 50 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l,3-benzoxazole-2- carbaldehyde (0.39 g, 2.6 mmol, Biofine International, Vancouver, BC), 3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.30 g, 1.3 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (0.30 g, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (15 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under a vacuum until a precipitate was observed, cooled to -20 °C, filtered, and the filter cake was collected to give N-(l,3-benzoxazol-2-ylmethylidene)-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.34 g) as a colorless solid. Example 54

N-(l,3-benzoxazol-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-ben zodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l,3-benzoxazol-2- ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonami de (intermediate F)(0.10 g, 0.28 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL), and bromo(phenyl)magnesium (a total of 0.17 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, added in three equal portions, 0.17 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 h. After that time, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (5.0 mL) was added, the mixture was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and ethyl acetate (50 mL), the layers were separated, and the organic material was concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C 18 column

(Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 24 min) to give N-(l,3-benzoxazol-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-ben zodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide (0.020 g) as a pale pink solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.68 - 7.60 (m, 1 H), 7.46 - 7.39 (m, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.27 (m, 9 H), 6.77 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.93 - 5.82 (m, 2 H), 4.15 - 3.94 (m, 4 H), 2.16 - 2.05 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 437.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.75 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.1 μΜ. Intermediate G

:N-(2-naphthalenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxe pine-7- sulfonamide

A 100 niL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2- naphthalenecarbaldehyde (1.0 g, 6.5 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (1.0 g, 4.4 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (1.0 g, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (22 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give N-(2-naphthalenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (2.0 g) as a pale yellow oil.

Example 55

N-(2-naphthalenyl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodio xepine-7- sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(2- naphthalenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7 -sulfonamide (intermediate G) (0.20 g, 0.54 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (6.0 mL), and

bromo(phenyl)magnesium (0.54 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.54 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) and dichloromethane (10 mL), the layers were separated, the aqueous material was washed with dichloromethane (2 x 10 mL), the combined organic extract was washed with brine (10 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 24 min) to give N-(2-naphthalenyl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodio xepine-7- sulfonamide (0.035 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.81 - 7.73 (m, 1 H), 7.73 - 7.64 (m, 2 H), 7.52 (s, 1 H), 7.48 - 7.39 (m, 2 H), 7.30 - 7.16 (m, 7 H), 7.08 - 7.01 (m, 1 H), 6.74 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.71 (s, 1 H), 3.98 - 3.69 (m, 4 H), 2.06 - 1.90 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 467.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.24 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.86 μΜ.

Intermediate H

N-(2-quinolinylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin e-7-sulfonamide

A 100 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2- quinolinecarbaldehyde (1.0 g, 6.5 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA), 3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (1.0 g, 4.4 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (1.0 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (22 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate was

concentrated to give N-(2-quinolinylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (1.6 g) as a brown oil. Example 56

N-(phenyl(2-quinolinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxe pine-7- sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(2- quinolinylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-s ulfonamide (intermediate H) (0.30 g, 0.81 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL), and

bromo(phenyl)magnesium (0.81 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 0.81 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 h. After that time, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5.0 mL) was added, the aqueous material was washed with ethyl acetate (3 x 10 mL), the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column

(Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 24 min) to give N-(phenyl(2-quinolinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxe pine-7- sulfonamide, trifluoroacetic acid salt (0.0042 g) as a pink solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 8.33 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.05 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.95 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.85 (t, J= 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.66 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.51 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.19 (m, 6 H), 7.16 (s, 1 H), 6.73 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.85 (s, 1 H), 4.08 - 3.76 (m, 4 H), 2.11 - 1.92 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 447.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.72 μΜ. GK-GKRP ICso (Binding) = 1.4 μΜ. Intermediate I

N-(phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-su lfonamide

A 100 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with benzaldehyde (2.8 g, 26 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (5.0 g, 22 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (5.0 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (110 mL), fitted with a Dean- Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 1.5 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature, concentrated under a vacuum to a volume of ~ 20 mL, filtered, and the filter cake was collected to give N- (phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulf onamide (5.2 g) as a colorless solid.

Example 57

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-be nzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 1-benzothiophene (0.042 g, 0.32 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (3.2 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.20 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.32 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min. After that time, a solution of N- (phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulf onamide

(intermediate I) (0.10 g, 0.32 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 5 min, water (2.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, partitioned between ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (10 mL), the layers were separated, the aqueous material was washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 10 mL). The combined organic extract was washed with brine (10 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, silica gel (2.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of hexane to 30% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.020 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.98 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.20 (m, 8 H), 7.10 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (s, 1 H), 6.86 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.83 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.02 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.93 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.07 - 1.99 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 473.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.11 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.31 μΜ.

This racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 60% liquid C0 ₂ in 40% methanol:ethanol:isopropanol (1 : 1 :1 with 0.10% diethylamine) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 95%

enantiomeric excess. N-((S)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.73 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.33 - 7.19 (m, 8 H), 7.15 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (s, 1 H), 6.81 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.83 (s, 1 H), 4.55 (s, 1 H), 4.09 - 3.85 (m, 4 H), 2.13 - 2.00 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 473.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.70 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 3.0 μΜ.

N-((R)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.73 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.31 - 7.20 (m, 8 H), 7.15 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (s, 1 H), 6.81 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.83 (s, 1 H), 4.56 (s, 1 H), 4.09 - 3.83 (m, 4 H), 2.12 - 2.00 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 473.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.087 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.9 μΜ.

Example 58

N-((5-methoxy-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihyd ro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 5-methoxy-l- benzothiophene (0.16 g, 0.95 mmol, Small Molecules, Hoboken, NJ) and tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.59 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.95 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min. After that time, a solution of N-(phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate I) (0.30 g, 0.95 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 min, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and water (100 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, silica gel (1.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of hexane to 50% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give N- ((5-methoxy-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro -2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.24 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

¹ H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.96 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.17 (m, 7 H), 7.10 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (dd, J= 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.86 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.82 (s, 1 H), 5.78 (t, J= 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.04 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.96 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.75 (s, 3 H), 2.09 - 2.00 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 503.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.20 μΜ. GK- GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.79 μΜ.

Example 59

N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l, 5-benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 1,3-benzothiazole (0.32 g, 0.24 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and diethyl ether (2.4 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.15 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.24 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min. After that time, a solution of N- (phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulf onamide

(intermediate I) (0.075 g, 0.24 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (1.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 min, water (1.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature and partitioned between ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (10 mL). After the layers were separated, the aqueous material was washed with dichloromethane (10 mL), and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 20 min) to give N-(l,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.0010 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.95 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (t, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 (t, J= 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.32 - 7.27 (m, 7 H), 6.81 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.24 (d, J= 6.3 Hz, 1 H), 5.86 (d, J= 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.19 - 4.01 (m, 4 H), 2.18 - 2.09 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 452.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.30 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.63 μΜ. Example 60

N-(phenyl(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5-benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with thieno[2,3-c]pyridine (0.075 g, 0.56 mmol, Frontier Scientific, Logan, UT) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.35 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.56 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min. After that time, a solution of N- (phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulf onamide

(intermediate I) (0.18 g, 0.56 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 min, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 24 min) to give N-(phenyl(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.060 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 9.40 (s, 1 H), 8.54 (d, J= 6.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.91 (d, J= 6.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.28 (m, 6 H), 7.21 - 7.11 (m, 2 H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.40 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.92 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.33 - 4.09 (m, 4 H), 2.29 - 2.13 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 452.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.57 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.36 μΜ. Example 61

N-(phenyl(thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with thieno[3,2-b]pyridine (0.20 g, 1.5 mmol, Aces Pharma, Branford, CT) and tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (1.0 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 1.6 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. After that time, a solution of N- (phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulf onamide

(intermediate I) (0.47 g, 1.5 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL) was added. After stirring for 1 min, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL). The layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 20% to 50% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give N-(phenyl(thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.31 g) as an off-white solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.06 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.56 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.33 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 - 7.20 (m, 7 H), 7.14 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.05 (s, 1 H), 6.85 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.91 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.09 - 3.87 (m, 4 H), 2.12 - 1.99 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 452.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 2.5 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 2.3 μΜ.

Example 62

N-(phenyl(thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2 H-l,5-benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with thieno[3,2-c]pyridine (0.085 g, 0.63 mmol, Aces Pharma, Branford, CT) and tetrahydrofuran (10 mL). the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.39 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.63 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min. After that time, a solution of N- (phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulf onamide

(intermediate I) (0.20 g, 0.63 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added, and then the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature. After stirring for 30 min, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini CI 8 column

(Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 0% to 100% over 24 min) to give N-(phenyl(thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.080 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 9.21 (s, 1 H), 8.53 (d, J= 6.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.11 (d, J= 6.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.38 - 7.28 (m, 6 H), 7.21 - 7.11 (m, 2 H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.07 - 5.97 (m, 1 H), 5.87 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.33 - 4.10 (m, 4 H), 2.29 - 2.14 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 452.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GK P EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 4.6 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 11 μΜ.

Example 63

N-((5-hydroxy-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-di hydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 5.0 mL reaction vial was charged with 5-methoxy-l- benzothiophene (0.64 g, 3.9 mmol, Small Molecules, Hoboken, NJ) and pyridine hydrochloride (1.3 g, 12 mmol, Acros, Waltham, MA), and then the reaction mixture was heated at 190 °C for 3.5 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) water (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (25 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The isolated material (0.64 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with the isolated material (0.64 g) from Step 1 (5-hydroxybenzothiophene), cesium carbonate (2.8 g, 8.5 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA), N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL), and (bromomethyl)benzene (0.51 mL, 4.3 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between diethyl ether (100 mL) and water (100 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The isolated material (0.82 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification. Step 3. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with a portion of the isolated material (0.30 g) from Step 2 and tetrahydrofuran (6.0 mL), cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.79 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 1.3 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, a solution of N-(phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate I)(0.40 g, 1.3 mmol) and

tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min. After that time, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, partitioned between water (50 mL) and ethyl acetate (50 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous material was washed with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (25 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered, silica gel (2.0 g) was added to the filtrate and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 0% to 35% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give N-((5-(benzyloxy)-l- benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzod ioxepine-7- sulfonamide (0.17 g) as a colorless solid.

Step 4. A 150 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-((5- (benzyloxy)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.17 g, 0.31 mmol), dichloromethane (10 mL), ethanol (10 mL), and palladium 10 wt% (dry basis) on activated carbon (wet) Degussa type E101 NE/W (0.50 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm; 101 kpascal), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, silica gel (2.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 0%> to 50%> ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give N-((5 -hydroxy- 1 - benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzod ioxepine-7- sulfonamide (0.030 g) as a pale yellow solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d ₃ ) δ 7.57 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.20 (m, 6 H), 7.16 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.04 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (s, 1 H), 6.87 - 6.80 (m, 2 H), 6.77 (s, 1 H), 6.63 (d, J= 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.80 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.15 - 4.08 (m, 2 H), 4.01 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.13 - 2.05 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 490.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 3.2 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 4.2 μΜ.

Intermediate J

N-((2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5 -benzodioxepine- 7-sulfonamide

A 150 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2- (methylsulfanyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 g, 13 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (3.0 g, 13 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (3.0 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (65 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 20 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give N-((2- (methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methylidene)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 -benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (3.3 g) as a yellow oil.

Example 64

N-((2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)meth yl)-3,4-dihydro- l,5-benzodioxepine- -sulfonamide

A 15 niL round-bottomed flask was charged with thieno[2,3-c]pyridine (0.10 g, 0.74 mmol, Frontier Scientific, Logan, UT) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.33 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 0.81 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, a solution of N-^- ^ethylsulfany^pheny^methylidene^^-dihydro^H-^ _^

sulfonamide (intermediate J) (0.27 g, 0.74 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL) was added. After stirring for 5 min, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (19 g of silica gel; 1 : 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-((2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin- 2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.12 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.17 (br. s., 1 H), 9.12 (s, 1 H), 8.39 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (dd, J= 0.9, 5.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.46 - 7.40 (m, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.29 (m, 1 H), 7.29 - 7.22 (m, 1 H), 7.20 (dd, J= 2.2, 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.14 - 7.05 (m, 2 H), 6.91 (s, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.31 (br. s., 1 H), 4.09 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 4.01 (qd, J= 6.2, 12.5 Hz, 2 H), 2.45 (s, 3 H), 2.07 (quin, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 498.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.020 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.0040 μΜ.

The racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 60% liquid C0 ₂ in 40%> methanol (with 40 mM NH ₃ ) at a flow rate of 75 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess. Product 1 (first eluting peak, peak #1) was dissolved with methanol (3.0 mL) and then the solution was filtered through a StratoSpheres SPE PL-HC0 ₃ MP-Resin column (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA), the isolated material was dissolved with methanol (3.0 mL) and then the solution was filtered through a SPE-R66030B- 06S Si-Carbonate (6 mL, 1 g) column (SiliCycle, Quebec City, Canada) and the filtrate was concentrated. Product 2 (second eluting peak, peak #2) was dissolved with methanol (3.0 mL) and then the solution was filtered through a SPE- R66030B-06S Si-Carbonate (6 mL, 1 g) column (SiliCycle, Quebec City, Canada) and the filtrate was concentrated.

N-((S)-(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2- yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.99 (s, 1 H), 8.43 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.48 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.33 - 7.22 (m, 4 H), 7.20 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.13 (t, J= 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.94 (s, 1 H), 6.83 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.25 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.19 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.23 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 4.15 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.37 (s, 3 H), 2.19 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 498.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.18 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.43 μΜ.

N-((R)-(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2- yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2) 1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.98 (s, 1 H), 8.42 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.22 (m, 4 H), 7.22 - 7.16 (m, 1 H), 7.16 - 7.08 (m, 1 H), 6.93 (s, 1 H), 6.82 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.29 (br. s., 1 H), 6.20 (br. s., 1 H), 4.22 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 4.14 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.36 (s, 3 H), 2.19 (quin, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 498.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.010 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.0010 μΜ.

Example 65

N-((2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2- yl)methyl)-3,4- dihydro-2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with [l,3]thiazolo[5,4- b]pyridine (0.10 g, 0.73 mmol, Atlantic, Stratton, UK) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.32 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 0.81 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, a solution of N- ((2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate J) (0.27 g, 0.73 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL) was added. After stirring for 10 min, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2.0 mL) was added, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, the filtrate was concentrated, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.0 mL), silica gel (0.50 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (19 g of silica gel; 1 : 1 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (10 g of silica gel; 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol) to give N-((2- (methylsulfanyl)phenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)met hyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.090 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.33 (br. s., 1 H), 8.58 (dd, J= 1.4, 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.27 (dd, J= 1.6, 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (dd, J= 4.6, 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.45 - 7.37 (m, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.30 (m, 1 H), 7.30 - 7.20 (m, 2 H), 7.18 - 7.07 (m, 2 H), 6.90 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (br. s., 1 H), 4.10 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 4.03 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.44 (s, 3 H), 2.09 (quin, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 499.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.037 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.0090 μΜ.

The racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(150 mm x 20 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 65% liquid C0 ₂ in 35% methanol:ethanol:isopropanol (1 : 1 :1 with 0.10% diethylamine) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99%

enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)-(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyr idin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4- dihydro-2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.30 (br. s., 1 H), 8.62 - 8.54 (m, 1 H), 8.30 - 8.21 (m, 1 H), 7.54 (dd, J= 4.7, 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.38 - 7.31 (m, 1 H), 7.31 - 7.19 (m, 2 H), 7.18 - 7.06 (m, 2 H), 6.89 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (s, 1 H), 4.10 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 4.03 (t, J= 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 2.44 (s, 3 H), 2.09 (quin, J = 5.5 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 499.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP ICso (Binding) = 0.90 μΜ. N-((R)-(2 methylsulfanyl)phenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)meth yl)-3,4- dihydro-2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

Component 2: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.32 (br. s., 1 H), 8.58 (d, J= 3.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.27 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (dd, J= 4.7, 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.31 (m, 1 H), 7.31 - 7.20 (m, 2 H), 7.19 - 7.06 (m, 2 H), 6.89 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (s, 1 H), 4.10 (t, J= 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 4.03 (t, J= 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 2.44 (s, 3 H), 2.09 (quin, J = 5.5 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 499.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.015 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.0070 μΜ.

Intermediate K

N-((2-methoxyphenyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodio xepine-7- sulfonamide

A 150 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2- methoxybenzaldehyde (1.8 g, 13 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (3.0 g, 13 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (3.0 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (65 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 3 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under a stream of dry nitrogen to give N-((2-methoxyphenyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (3.6 g) as an off- white solid.

Example 66

N-((2-methoxyphenyl)(thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-d ihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with thieno[2,3-c]pyridine (0.10 g, 0.74 mmol, Frontier Scientific, Logan, UT) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.33 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 0.81 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, a solution of N-((2- methoxyphenyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine -7-sulfonamide (intermediate K) (0.26 g, 0.74 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL) was added. After stirring for 5 min, methanol (1.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, silica gel (0.50 g) was added, and then the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (19 g of silica gel; 1 : 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-((2- methoxyphenyl)(thieno [2,3 -c]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.21 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.10 (s, 1 H), 8.95 (d, J= 5.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.38 (d, J= 5.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.29 (m, 1 H), 7.27 - 7.15 (m, 2 H), 7.07 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.98 (s, 1 H), 6.91 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.89 - 6.79 (m, 2 H), 6.25 - 6.09 (m, 1 H), 4.13 - 4.04 (m, 2 H), 4.01 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 3.73 (s, 3 H), 2.07 (quin, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 482.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.082 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.072 μΜ.

Example 67

N-((2-methoxyphenyl)([l ,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with [l,3]thiazolo[5,4- b]pyridine (0.10 g, 0.73 mmol, Atlantic, Stratton, UK) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.32 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 0.81 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, a solution of N- ((2-methoxyphenyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxe pine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate K) (0.26 g, 0.73 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL) was added. After stirring for 10 min, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2.0 mL) was added, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, the filtrate was concentrated, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.0 mL), silica gel (0.50 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (19 g of silica gel; 1 : 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give N-((2-methoxyphenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl )-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.081 g) as a pale yellow solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.06 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 8.58 (dd, J = 1.2, 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.25 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.53 (dd, J= 4.7, 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.31 - 7.20 (m, 3 H), 7.16 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 6.84 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.17 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.17 - 4.07 (m, 2 H), 4.07 - 3.98 (m, 2 H), 3.67 (s, 3 H), 2.09 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 483.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.095 μΜ. GK-GK P IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.058 μΜ.

The racemic mixture obtained was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralcel ^® OD-H column (Sepax, Inc., Newark, DE)(250 mm x 20 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 70% liquid C0 ₂ in 30% methanol (with 20 mM NH ₃ ) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)-(2-methoxyphenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl )methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.51 (d, J= 4.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.12 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 (dd, J= 4.7, 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.33 - 7.28 (m, 2 H), 7.28 - 7.21 (m, 1 H), 7.18 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.80 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 6.42 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.01 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.17 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 4.11 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 3.74 (s, 3 H), 2.16 (quin, J = 5.7 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 483.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 2.8 μΜ.

N-((R)-(2-methoxyphenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl )methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.51 (d, J= 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.12 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 (dd, J= 4.7, 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.33 - 7.28 (m, 2 H), 7.28 - 7.21 (m, 1 H), 7.18 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.80 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 6.42 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.01 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.17 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 4.11 (t, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 3.74 (s, 3 H), 2.16 (quin, J= 5.8 Hz, 2 H). m z (ESI, +ve ion) 483.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.024 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.048 μΜ. Intermediate L

N-((2-chlorophenyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodiox epine-7- sulfonamide

A 250 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-chlorobenzaldehyde (2.5 g, 17 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (4.0 g, 17 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (4.0 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (87 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 19 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give N-((2-chlorophenyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (3.9 g) as an off-white solid.

Example 68

N-((2-chlorophenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl) -3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with [l,3]thiazolo[5,4- b]pyridine (0.10 g, 0.73 mmol, Atlantic, Stratton, UK) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.32 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 0.81 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. After that time, a solution of N- ((2-chlorophenyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxep ine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate L) (0.26 g, 0.73 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL) was added. After stirring for 10 min, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, methanol (1.0 mL) and silica gel (0.50 g) were added sequentially, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (19 g of silica gel; gradient elution of 3: 1 to 2: 1 to 1 : 1 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (10 g of silica gel; 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol) to give N-((2-chlorophenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl) -3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.054 g) as an off-white solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.46 (br. s., 1 H), 8.60 (dd, J= 1.6, 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.29 (dd, J= 1.6, 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.56 (dd, J= 4.7, 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (dd, J= 2.0, 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.39 (dd, J= 1.6, 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.20 (m, 3 H), 7.16 (d, J= 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (d, J= 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.28 (s, 1 H), 4.17 - 4.09 (m, 2 H), 4.05 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.10 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 487.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.063 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.054 μΜ.

The racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 60% liquid C0 ₂ in 40%> isopropanol at a flow rate of 65 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)-(2-chlorophenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl) methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.46 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 8.61 (d, J =

3.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.30 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.56 (dd, J= 4.7, 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (d, J =

6.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 - 7.21 (m, 3 H), 7.16 (br. s., 1 H), 6.91 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.29 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.12 (m, 2 H), 4.06 (m, 2 H), 2.10 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 487.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 2.0 μΜ.

N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl) methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

Component 2: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.46 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 8.61 (d, J= 3.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.30 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.56 (dd, J= 4.6, 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.20 (m, 3 H), 7.16 (br. s., 1 H), 6.91 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.29 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.12 (m, 2 H), 4.06 (m, 2 H), 2.10 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 487.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.029 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.020 μΜ.

Intermediate M

N-((3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-be nzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

A 150 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 3-methoxy-2- pyridinecarbaldehyde (1.8 g, 13 mmol, Chem-Impex, Wood Dale, IL), 3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (3.0 g, 13 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), Montmorillonite K 10 (3.0 g, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and toluene (65 mL), fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature, the mother liquor was decanted, and the remaining residue was collected to give N- ((3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benz odioxepine-7- sulfonamide (0.73 g) as a yellow solid. Example 69

N-((3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl) methyl)-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepi -7-sulfonamide

A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with [l,3]thiazolo[5,4- b]pyridine (0.10 g, 0.73 mmol, Atlantic, Stratton, UK) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.32 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 0.81 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, a solution of N- ((3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benz odioxepine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate M) (0.26 g, 0.73 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL) was added. After stirring for 6 h, methanol (1.0 mL) was added, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, silica gel (0.50 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (19 g of silica gel; 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol), the isolated material was re-subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (10 g of silica gel; 1 : 1.5 hexane-ethyl acetate), and then the isolated material was re- subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (2.5 g of silica gel; 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol) to give N-((3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)([l,3]thiazolo[5,4- b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-s ulfonamide (0.00080 g) as an off-white solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.51 (d, J= 4.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.16 - 8.07 (m, 2 H), 7.39 - 7.31 (m, 3 H), 7.31 - 7.12 (m, 3 H), 6.75 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.46 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.22 - 3.98 (m, 4 H), 3.87 (s, 3 H), 2.14 (br. s., 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 484.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.5 μΜ.

Example 70

N-(phenyl(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 - benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine -7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 50 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 4-bromo-2 chloropyridine (0.58 mL, 5.2 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and tetrahydrofuran (26 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (3.3 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 5.2 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. After that time, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone (0.93 mL, 9.9 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added. After stirring for 20 min, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature and concentrated under a vacuum. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated. The organic material was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The isolated material (0.75 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A microwave vial was charged with a portion of the isolated material (0.20 g) from Step 1, l-benzothiophen-7-ylboronic acid (0.16 g, 0.89 mmol, Focus Synthesis, San Diego, CA), [1,1- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) chloride 1 : 1 complex with dichloromethane (0.072 g, 0.089 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), cesium carbonate (0.87 g, 2.7 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA), tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL), and water (1.0 mL). Then the reaction mixture was stirred and heated 100 °C (100 W) in a microwave reactor (Personal Chemistry Initiator model, Biotage AB, Upssala, Sweden) for 30 min. After that time, silica gel (2.0 g) was added, the volatiles were removed under vacuum, and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 0% to 20% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to give 2-(2-(benzo[b]thiophen-7-yl)pyridin-4-yl)- 1,1,1 - trifluoropropan-2-ol (0.12 g) as a colorless oil.

Step 3. A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-(2-(l- benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)-l,l,l-trifluoro-2-propanol (from step 2) (0.12 g, 0.37 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (4.0 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n- butyllithium (0.46 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.74 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, a solution of N-(phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (intermediate I) (0.12 g, 0.37 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) was added. After stirring for an additional for 5 min, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (1.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature. Silica gel (1.0 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 0% to 40% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to afford N-(phenyl(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepi ne-7-sulfonamide (0.13 g) as a white solid (mixture of four stereoisomers).

1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 8.73 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.23 (s, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.70 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.56 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.49 - 7.40 (m, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.19 (m, 6 H), 7.17 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.94 (s, 1 H), 6.76 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.86 (s, 1 H), 3.92 (t, J= 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.79 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.00 - 1.92 (m, 2 H), 1.80 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 640.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.026 μΜ. GK-GK P IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.021 μΜ.

The resulting mixture of four stereoisomers was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AD-H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 50% liquid C0 ₂ in 50%> isopropanol (with 20 mM NH ₃ ) at a flow rate of 50 mL/min) to give four products in greater than 99% enantiomeric excess.

N-((R)-Phenyl(7-(4-((R)-2,2,2-trifiuoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (300 MHz, acetonitrile-d ₃ ) δ 8.76 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.21 (s, 1 H), 7.98 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.76 (d, J= 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 - 7.42 (m, 2 H), 7.35 - 7.23 (m, 6 H), 7.18 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.03 - 6.93 (m, 1 H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.66 (d, J= 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.89 (d, J= 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.67 (s, 1 H), 4.01 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.90 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.04 (quin, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 1.81 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 640.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.017 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.0070 μΜ.

N-((R)-Phenyl(7-(4-((S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (300 MHz, acetonitrile -d ₃ ) δ 8.76 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.20 (s, 1 H), 7.98 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.76 (d, J= 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 - 7.42 (m, 2 H), 7.37 - 7.23 (m, 6 H), 7.18 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.99 (s, 1 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.66 (d, J= 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.89 (d, J= 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.67 (s, 1 H), 4.01 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.90 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.03 (quin, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 1.81 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 640.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.022 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.0060 μΜ. N-((S)-Phenyl(7-(4-((R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

Third eluting peak (peak #3)

1H NMR (300 MHz, acetonitrile -d ₃ ) δ 8.76 (d, J= 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 8.21 (s, 1 H), 7.98 (d, J= 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.76 (d, J= 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (d, J= 4.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.52 - 7.43 (m, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.23 (m, 6 H), 7.18 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.01 - 6.96 (m, 1 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.66 (d, J= 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.89 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.67 (s, 1 H), 4.01 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.90 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.04 (quin, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 1.81 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 640.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.17 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.33 μΜ.

N-((S)-Phenyl(7-(4-((S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

Fourth eluting peak (peak #4)

1H NMR (300 MHz, acetonitrile -d ₃ ) δ 8.76 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.21 (s, 1 H), 7.98 (d, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.76 (d, J= 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.58 - 7.41 (m, 2 H), 7.36 - 7.23 (m, 6 H), 7.18 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.99 (s, 1 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.66 (d, J= 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.89 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.68 (s, 1 H), 4.01 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.91 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.04 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 1.81 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 640.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.074 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.11 μΜ.

Example 71

N-(phenyl(7-(2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A microwave vial was charged with 2-(l-benzothiophen-7-yl)- 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (0.30 g, 1.2 mmol, See Wang, B.; Akay, S.; Yang, W.; Wang, J. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2007, 70, 279-289), 2- bromopyridine (0.11 mL, 1.2 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA), [1,1- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) chloride 1 : 1 complex with dichloromethane (0.047 g, 0.058 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), cesium carbonate (1.1 g, 3.5 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA), tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL), and water (1.0 mL). Then the reaction mixture was stirred and heated 100 °C (100 W) in a microwave reactor (Personal Chemistry Initiator model, Biotage AB, Upssala, Sweden) for 30 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between dichloromethane (100 mL) and water (100 mL), the layers were separated. The organic material was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate) and filtered. Silica gel (1.0 g) was added to the filtrate, the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 0% to 20% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to afford 2-(l-benzothiophen-7-yl)pyridine (0.18 g) as a colorless oil.

Step 2. A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 2-(l- benzothiophen-7-yl)pyridine (from step 1) (0.12 g, 0.57 mmol) and

tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.31 mL of a 1.6 M solution with hexane, 0.49 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, a solution of N-(phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate I) (0.13 g, 0.41 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) was added. After stirring for an additional 5 min, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (5.0 mL) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature and partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL). The layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate) and filtered. Silica gel (1.0 g) was added to the filtrate, the volatiles were removed under vacuum, and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 20% to 40% ethyl acetate- hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to afford N-(phenyl(7-(2-pyridinyl)-l- benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine -7-sulfonamide (0.13 g) as white solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.97 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.77 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.18 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 8.03 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.99 - 7.91 (m, 1 H), 7.78 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.53 - 7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.36 - 7.17 (m, 6 H), 7.11 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.98 (s, 1 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.84 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 3.98 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.87 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 1.99 (quin, J= 5.5 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 529.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.29 μΜ. GK- GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.54 μΜ.

The racemic mixture was resolved using preparative SFC (Chiralpak ^® AS- H column (Daicel, Inc., Fort Lee, NJ)(250 mm x 21 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 60% liquid C0 ₂ in 40% methanol (with 40 mM ammonia) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to give two products in greater than 98% enantiomeric excess.

N-((S)-phenyl(7-(2-pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl )-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

First eluting peak (peak #1)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.97 (d, J= 9.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.77 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.18 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 8.03 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.95 (t, J= 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.78 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.52 - 7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.35 - 7.17 (m, 6 H), 7.11 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.98 (s, 1 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.84 (d, J= 9.6 Hz, 1 H), 3.98 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.87 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 1.99 (quin, J = 5.4 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 529.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.79 μΜ.

N-((R)-phenyl(7-(2-pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl )-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Second eluting peak (peak #2)

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.96 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 8.77 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.18 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 8.03 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.99 - 7.91 (m, 1 H), 7.78 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.52 - 7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.36 - 7.17 (m, 6 H), 7.11 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.98 (s, 1 H), 6.84 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.84 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.98 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2 H), 3.87 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 1.99 (quin, J = 5.4 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 529.0 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.12 μΜ. GK- GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.35 μΜ.

Intermediate N

N-((7-chloro- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methylidene)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 100 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (1.2 g, 5.1 mmol, Enamine, Kiev, Ukraine), 7- chloro-l-benzothiophene-2-carbaldehyde (1.0 g, 5.1 mmol, Aurigene, Bangalore, India), toluene (25 mL), and Montmorillonite K 10 (1.0 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The reaction was fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, the filtrate cooled to -20 °C for 15 h, the mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was collected to afford N-((7-chloro-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (1.4 g) as a light yellow solid.

Example 72

N-((7-chloro- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-((7-chloro-l- benzothiophen-2-yl)methylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodiox epine-7- sulfonamide (intermediate N) (0.50 g, 1.2 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (6.0 mL), bromo(phenyl)magnesium (1.4 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 1.3 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was added to saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL). After stirring vigorously for 15 h, ethyl acetate (30 mL) was added, the layers were separated, the aqueous material was washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 30 mL). The combined organic extract was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate) and filtered. Silica gel (1.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 0% to 30% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to afford N-((7-chloro-l- benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzod ioxepine-7- sulfonamide (0.46 g) as a colorless solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.58 (m, 1 H), 7.31 - 7.25 (m, 8 H), 7.17 (m, 1 H), 6.96 (br. s., 1 H), 6.81 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.86 (br. s., 1 H), 4.06 (m, 2 H), 3.96 (m, 2 H), 2.09 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 507.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.48 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.0 μΜ.

Example 73

N-(phenyl(7 -phenyl- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-((7-chloro-l- benzothiophen-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzod ioxepine-7- sulfonamide (Example 72) (0.93 g, 1.9 mmol), phenylboronic acid (0.44 g, 3.6 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 1,4-dioxane (9.6 mL), l,3-bis(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (0.13 g, 0.38 mmol),

tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.18 g, 0.19 mmol, Strem,

Newburyport, MA), cesium carbonate (1.5 g, 4.6 mmol, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA). The reaction was fitted with a reflux condenser, and then heated at reflux for 15 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and water (100 mL) and the layers were separated. The organic material was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate) and filtere. Silica gel (1.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 120 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 0% to 40% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to afford N- (phenyl(7 -phenyl- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.0053 g) as a colorless solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d ₄ ) δ 7.61 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 3 H), 7.47 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.43 - 7.35 (m, 2 H), 7.33 - 7.21 (m, 7 H), 7.16 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.95 (s, 1 H), 6.81 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.84 (s, 1 H), 4.05 - 3.92 (m, 2 H), 3.92 - 3.78 (m, 2 H), 2.08 - 1.98 (m, 2 H),. m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 550.0 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK- GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 1.0 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 1.2 μΜ. Intermediate O

1 -( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)- 1 -(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methanamine

Step 1. A 250 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 1- benzothiophene-2-carbaldehyde (4.1 g, 25 mmol, Maybridge, Tintagel, United Kingdom), 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (3.7 g, 31 mmol, AK Scientific, Mountain View, CA), copper(II) sulfate (3.8 mL, 76 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and dichloromethane (51 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 h at room temperature. After that time, volatiles were removed under vacuum. Toluene (100 mL) was added to the resulting residue, the reaction vessel was fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was heated at refiux for 2 h. After that time, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the suspension was filtered. Silica gel (3.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 80 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 0% to 10% ethyl acetate- hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to afford N-(l-benzothiophen-2- ylmethylidene)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (3.3 g) as light-yellow solid. Step 2. A 150 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l- benzothiophen-2-ylmethylidene)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (from step 1) (2.5 g, 9.4 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (19 mL), (2-(methylthio)phenyl)magnesium bromide (38 ml of a 0.50 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 19 mmol, Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE). The reaction mixture was stirred for 96 h at room temperature. After that time, the reaction mixture was added to saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL), and then the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The aqueous material was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 mL), the combined organic extract was washed with brine (50 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate) and filtered. Silica gel (5.0 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 120 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 0% to 70% ethyl acetate -hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to afford N-(l -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methy l-2- propanesulfmamide (2.1 g) as a yellow oil.

Step 3. A 250 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l- benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methyl -2- propanesulfmamide (from step 2) (2.1 g, 6.4 mmol), diethyl ether (32 mL), hydrogen chloride, (13 mL of a 1.0 M with diethyl ether, 13 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. After that time, the volatiles were removed under vacuum, and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (200 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL). The layers were separated, the organic material was washed with brine (100 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to afford l-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl)-l-(2- (methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methanamine (1.3 g) as a dark orange oil.

Example 74

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3,4 -dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged l-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl)-l- (2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methanamine (intermediate O) (0.050 g, 0.18 mmol), N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (0.091 mL, 0.53 mmol, EMD, Gibbstown, NJ), 3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.037 g, 0.16 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), dichloromethane (5.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred and heated at reflux for 48 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, silica gel (1.0 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 20% to 40% ethyl acetate -hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to afford N-( 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-3 ,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.025 g) as an off-white solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d ₃ ) δ 7.82 - 7.74 (m, 1 H), 7.65 - 7.58 (m, 1 H), 7.41 - 7.22 (m, 6 H), 7.18 - 7.09 (m, 2 H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.78 (s, 1 H), 6.72 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.24 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.81 (s, 3 H), 3.71 (s, 3 H), 2.39 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 507.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 2.7 μΜ.

Example 75

N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-2,3 -dihydro-l,4- benzodioxine-6-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with l-(l-benzothiophen-2- yl)-l-(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methanamine (intermediate O) (0.10 g, 0.35 mmol), N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (0.12 mL, 0.70 mmol, EMD, Gibbstown, NJ), 2,3-dihydro-l,4-benzodioxine-6-sulfonyl chloride (0.074 g, 0.32 mmol, Maybridge, Tintagel, United Kingdom), 1 ,2-dichloroethane (10 mL). The reaction flask was equipped with a reflux condenser, and then the reaction mixture was stirred and heated at reflux for 48 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, silica gel (1.0 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Isco CombiFlash ^® system, 40 g RediSep ^® normal phase column, gradient elution of 20% to 40% ethyl acetate-hexane, Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE) to afford N-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)methyl)-2,3 - dihydro-l,4-benzodioxine-6-sulfonamide (0.027 g) as a yellow solid (racemic mixture).

1H NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d ₃ ) δ 7.83 - 7.75 (m, 1 H), 7.67 - 7.60 (m, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.24 (m, 5 H), 7.20 (dd, J= 2.2, 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.17 - 7.09 (m, 2 H), 6.83 - 6.77 (m, 2 H), 6.73 (d, J= 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.26 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.26 - 4.20 (m, 2 H), 4.20 - 4.13 (m, 2 H), 2.42 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 505.9 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP EC ₅₀ (LCMS/MS) = 0.34 μΜ. GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.95 μΜ. Example 76

N-((R)-l-Benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,3-diflu oro-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 250 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with ((7- bromo-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin-3-yl)oxy)(tris(l-meth ylethyl))silane (Example 35, Step 2) (6.6 g, 16 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (160 mL), and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (18 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 18 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was concentrated under a vacuum, the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (200 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (200 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (200 mL) and brine (2 x 200 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under a vacuum, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (100 mL), silica gel (12 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (200 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate). The isolated material was partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 100 mL) and brine (2 x 100 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, silica gel (20 g) was added to the filtrate, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (200 g of silica gel, 4: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give 7-bromo-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin-3-ol (2.2 g) as a colorless solid.

Step 2. A 150 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 7-bromo-3,4- dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin-3-ol (from Step 1) (1.0 g, 4.1 mmol),

dichloromethane (41 mL), and Dess-Martin periodinane (1.9 g, 4.5 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, silica gel (5.0 g) was added to the reaction mixture and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash

chromatography on silica gel (50 g of silica gel, 2:1 hexane-ethyl acetate) to give 7-bromo-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin-3(4H)-one (0.86 g) as a colorless solid.

Step 3. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 7-bromo-2H-l,5- benzodioxepin-3(4H)-one (from Step 2) (0.20 g, 0.82 mmol), dichloromethane (4.1 mL), ethanol (9.6 μί, 0.17 mmol, Pharmaco-Aaper, Brookfield, CT), and (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride (0.54 mL, 4.1 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 22 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was added to saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the mixture was stirred vigorously for 1 h, ethyl acetate (50 mL) was added, the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under a vacuum, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.0 mL), silica gel (1.1 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash

chromatography on silica gel (11 g of silica gel, hexane) to give 7-bromo-3,3- difluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine (0.15 g) as a colorless solid.

Step 4. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 7-bromo-3,3- difluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine (from Step 3) (0.15 g, 0.57 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (5.7 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.25 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 0.62 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was sparged with sulfur dioxide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 5 min. After stirring for an additional 10 min, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and then concentrated under a vacuum. The residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.7 mL), l-chloro-2,5- pyrrolidinedione (0.083 g, 0.62 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, N-ethyl-N-(l- methylethyl)-2-propanamine (0.59 mL, 3.4 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and (R)- 1 -(1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)- 1 -(2-chlorophenyl)methanamine hydrochloride (Intermediate 2) (0.18 g, 0.57 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. After that time, N,N-dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (0.0069 g, 0.057 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 90 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under a vacuum, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.0 mL), silica gel (1.0 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (15 g of silica gel, 4:1 hexane-ethyl acetate). The isolated material was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.0 mL), silica gel (1.0 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (15 g of silica gel, 6: 1 hexane- ethyl acetate). The isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C ₁₈ column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoro acetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 20 min) to give N-((R)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)-3,3-difluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodi oxepine-7- sulfonamide (0.048 g) as an off-white solid.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.25 (d, J= 9.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.94 - 7.83 (m, 1 H), 7.76 - 7.67 (m, 1 H), 7.56 - 7.47 (m, 1 H), 7.42 -7.38 (m, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.22 (m, 5 H), 7.13 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.00 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.85 (s, 1 H), 6.18 (d, J= 9.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.51 - 4.31 (m, 4 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 543.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK- GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.62 μΜ.

Example 77

N-((R)-l-Benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-hydr oxy-3,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 50 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with ((7-bromo-3,4- dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 -benzodioxepin-3 -yl)oxy)(tris( 1 -methylethyl))silane (Example 35 , Step 2) (0.61 g, 1.5 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (15 mL), the solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.67 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 1.7 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was sparged with sulfur dioxide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 5 min. After stirring for an additional 10 min, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and then concentrated under a vacuum. The residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (15 mL), l-chloro-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (0.22 g, 1.7 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After that time, N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (1.6 mL, 9.1 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), (R)-l-(l-benzothiophen-2-yl)-l-(2- chlorophenyl)methanamine hydrochloride (Intermediate 2) (0.47 g, 1.5 mmol), and N,N-dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (0.019 g, 0.15 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were added and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (200 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (200 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (200 mL) and brine (200 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under a vacuum. The isolated material (0.68 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A 50 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with the isolated material from Step 1 (0.68 g), tetrahydrofuran (10 mL), and and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (2.3 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 2.3 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h. After that time, more tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1.1 mL of a 1.0 M solution with tetrahydrofuran, 1.1 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 50 mL) and brine (3 x 50 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under a vacuum, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (20 mL), silica gel (2.5 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (25 g of silica gel, gradient elution of 1.5 : 1 to 1 : 1 hexane-ethyl acetate). The isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C ₁₈ column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 20 min) to give N-( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3 -hydroxy-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.087 g) as an off-white solid.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.15 (br. s., 1 H), 7.93 - 7.82 (m, 1 H), 7.75 - 7.66 (m, 1 H), 7.55 - 7.46 (m, 1 H), 7.42 - 7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.35 - 7.20 (m, 4 H), 7.17 (td, J= 2.3, 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.05 (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.85 (dd, J= 2.3, 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.82 (s, 1 H), 6.15 (br. s., 1 H), 5.39 (d, J= 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.25 - 4.05 (m, 3 H), 4.00 - 3.79 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 523.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.097 μΜ.

Example 78

N-((R)-l-Benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-fiuoro- 3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 10 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran-2- yl(phenyl)methyl)-3-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin e-7-sulfonamide (Example 77) (0.069 g, 0.14 mmol), tetrabutylammonium dihydrogentrifluoride (1.1 mL of a 50-55 wt% solution with dichloroethane, Acros, Geel, Belgium), and (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride (0.054 mL, 0.41 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. After that time, the reaction mixture was added to saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL), the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h, ethyl acetate (25 mL) was added, the layers were separated, the organic material was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL) and brine (25 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, the filtrate was concentrated, the residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (10 mL), silica gel (0.50 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (5.0 g of silica gel, 2: 1 dichloromethane-pentane). The isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C ₁₈ column

(Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 20 min). The isolated material was dissolved with methanol (5.0 mL), the solution was filtered through a SPE-R66030B-06S Si-Carbonate (6 mL, 1 g) column (SiliCycle, Quebec City, Canada), and the filtrate was concentrated. The isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini C ₁₈ column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 50 mm, 10 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 95% over 16 min) to give N-((R)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl(2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-fluoro- 3,4-dihydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.011 g) as a pale yellow viscous liquid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.71 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.42 - 7.17 (m, 8 H), 6.92 - 6.81 (m, 2 H), 6.20 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.59 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.03 (m, 1 H), 4.48 - 4.18 (m, 4 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 525.8 (M+Na) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.047 μΜ.

Example 79

N-((6-amino-2-pyridinyl)( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with N-(l-benzofuran- 2-ylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfona mide

(Intermediate A) (0.20 g, 0.56 mmol), di-tert-butyl (6-bromo-2- pyridinyl)imidodicarbonate (0.23 g, 0.62 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and tetrahydrofuran (5.6 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, t-butyllithium (0.72 mL of a 1.7 M solution with pentane, 1.2 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. After that time, methanol (2.0 mL) was added, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, and then the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The isolated material (0.37 g) was used in the next step of the synthesis without purification.

Step 2. A 15 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with the isolated material from Step 1 (0.37 g), dichloromethane (5.7 mL), and hydrogen chloride (1.4 mL of a 4.0 M solution with 1,4-dioxane, 5.7 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St.

Louis, MO), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 h. After that time, the reaction mixture was concentrated, the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (25 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL), the layers were separated, the organic material was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL) and brine (25 mL), dried (sodium sulfate), filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under a vacuum, silica gel (1.3 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (13 g of silica gel, 1 : 1 hexane-ethyl acetate). The isolated material was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.0 mL), silica gel (0.50 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 49: 1 dichloromethane-methanol). The isolated material was dissolved with

dichloromethane (5.0 mL), silica gel (0.50 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (6.5 g of silica gel, 99: 1 dichloromethane-methanol). The isolated material was subjected to reversed-phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini Ci8 column (Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA)(150 x 30 mm, 5 μιη) eluting with 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water, gradient of 10% to 90% over 10 min) to give N-((6-amino-2-pyridinyl)(l-benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihyd ro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.032 g) as an off- white solid.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 8.61 (d, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (dd, J = 0.9, 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.42 - 7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.33 - 7.12 (m, 5 H), 6.88 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.54 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.50 (s, 1 H), 6.30 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.91 (s, 2 H), 5.43 (d, J= 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.04 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.95 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.04 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 451.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.098 μΜ.

Example 80

N-((7-Chlorothieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-di hydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

A 25 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with 7- chlorothieno[2,3-c]pyridine (0.25 g, 1.5 mmol, Ellanova, Hamden, CT) and tetrahydrofuran (7.4 mL). The solution was cooled to -78 °C, n-butyllithium (0.65 mL of a 2.5 M solution with toluene, 1.6 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. After that time, a solution of N-(phenylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (Intermediate I) (0.51 g, 1.6 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (7.4 mL) was added. After stirring for 10 min, methanol (2.0 mL) was added, the reaction mixture was removed from the cooling bath and allowed to warm to room temperature, silica gel (3.5 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (35 g of silica gel, gradient elution, 3:1 to 2: 1 hexane-ethyl acetate). The isolated material was dissolved with dichloromethane (20 mL), silica gel (3.5 g) was added, and the volatiles were removed under a vacuum. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (35 g of silica gel, 49:1 dichloromethane-diethyl ether) to give N-((7-chlorothieno[2,3-c]pyridin-2-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-3,4-di hydro- 2H-l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (0.42 g) as a colorless solid.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 9.11 (br. s., 1 H), 8.26 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.75 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 - 7.21 (m, 6 H), 7.19 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.13 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.98 (br. s., 1 H), 4.05 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 4.01 - 3.90 (m, 2 H), 2.11 - 1.98 (m, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 486.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP ICso (Binding) = 1.1 μΜ. Example 81

N-((R)-(2-Chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 - (trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydro- 2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepine- -sulfonamide

N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (1.06 mg, 8.67 μηιοΐ, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a mixture of 2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 ,3 ,3 ,3-hexafluoro- 2-propanol hydrochloride (Intermediate 3) (48 mg, 0.087 mmol), 3,4-dihydro-2H- l,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonyl chloride (32.4 mg, 0.130 mmol, ChemBridge, San Diego, CA), and N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (45.3 μΐ., 0.260 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in DMF (0.7 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (1 mL), filtered, and purified by reversed phase HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini-NX 10μ Ci8 HOA, 100 x 50 mm, 10% to 95% H ₂ 0/MeCN, 0.1% TFA). The product containing fractions were combined, basified with solid NaHCOs, and extracted with DCM (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver N-((R)-(2- chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (33 mg) as a white solid.

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-^ ) δ 8.90 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.26 (s, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.71 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.58 (d, J= 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.49 - 7.40 (m, 2 H), 7.40 - 7.33 (m, 2 H), 7.33 - 7.28 (m, 1 H), 7.26 - 7.19 (m, 2 H), 6.92 (s, 1 H), 6.88 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.24 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.55 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H) 4.22 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 4.14 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.18 (quin, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 728.7 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GK P IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.087 μΜ.

Example 82

N-((R)-(2-Chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 - (trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4- dimethoxybenzenesulfonami

N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (1.83 mg, 0.015 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a mixture of 2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 ,3 ,3 ,3-hexafluoro- 2-propanol hydrochloride (Intermediate 3) (83 mg, 0.150 mmol), 3,4- dimethoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (46.1 mg, 0.195 mmol, Acros, Geel,

Belgium), and N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (78 μί, 0.450 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in DMF (0.7 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (46.1 mg, 0.195 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (1 mL), filtered, and purified by reversed phase HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini-NX 10μ Ci ₈ 110A, 100 x 50 mm, 10% to 95% H ₂ 0/MeCN, 0.1%) TFA). The product containing fractions were combined, basified with solid NaHC0 ₃ , and extracted with DCM (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l- hydroxy- 1 -(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)- 3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (42 mg) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-^ ) δ 8.89 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.25 (s, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.70 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 (d, J= 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 - 7.42 (m, 3 H), 7.33 - 7.28 (m, 1 H), 7.26 - 7.20 (m, 3 H), 6.89 (d, J= 0.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.80 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.23 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.53 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 3.89 (s, 3 H), 3.81 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 717.7 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.907 μΜ.

Example 83

N-((R)-(2-Chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((l R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (1.90 mg, 0.016 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St.

Louis, MO) was added to a mixture of (2R)-2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2- propanol (Intermediate 6) (72 mg, 0.156 mmol), 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonyl chloride (46.4 mg, 0.187 mmol, ChemBridge, San Diego, CA), and N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (81.0 μΐ., 0.467 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in DMF (0.7 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (1 mL), filtered, and purified by reversed phase HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini-NX 10μ Ci8 HOA, 100 x 50 mm, 10% to 95% H ₂ 0/MeCN, 0.1% TFA). The product containing fractions were combined, basified with solid NaHC0 ₃ , and extracted with DCM (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver N-((R)-(2- chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(( 1 R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l ,5-benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (98 mg) as a white foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-; ) δ 8.82 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.13 (s, 1

H), 7.86 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.69 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.48 - 7.39 (m, 3 H), 7.39 - 7.32 (m, 2 H), 7.32 - 7.28 (m, 1 H), 7.25 - 7.20 (m, 2 H), 6.91 (s, 1 H), 6.88 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.24 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.53 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.22 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 4.14 (t, J= 5.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.18 (quin, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 1.84 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 674.7 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.038 μΜ.

Example 84

N-((R)-(2-Chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((l R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2- pyridin - 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide

N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (1.40 mg, 0.01 1 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a mixture of (2R)-2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- 1, 1 ,1 -trifluoro-2- propanol (Intermediate 6) (53 mg, 0.1 14 mmol), 3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (35.2 mg, 0.149 mmol, Acros, Geel, Belgium), and N-ethyl-N-(l- methylethyl)-2-propanamine (59.7 μΐ,, 0.343 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in DMF (0.7 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (35.2 mg, 0.149 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (1 mL), filtered, and purified by reversed phase HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini-NX 10μ Ci ₈ 110A, 100 x 50 mm, 10% to 95% H ₂ 0/MeCN, 0.1% TFA). The product containing fractions were combined, basified with solid NaHC0 ₃ , and extracted with DCM (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver N-((R)-(2- chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(( 1 R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (66 mg) as a white foam.

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-;/) δ 8.80 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 8.12 (s, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 - 7.39 (m, 4 H), 7.33 7.28 (m, 1 H), 7.25 - 7.18 (m, 3 H), 6.87 (s, 1 H), 6.80 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.22 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.55 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 3.89 (s, 3 H), 3.81 (s, 3 H), 2.28 (br s, 1 H), 1.84 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 662.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.276 μΜ.

Example 85

N-((R)-(2-Chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((lS)-2,2,2-trifiuoro-l-hydroxy -l-methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)-l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-b enzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide

N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (1.21 mg, 0.01 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a mixture of (2S)-2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2- propanol (Intermediate 7) (46 mg, 0.099 mmol), 3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonyl chloride (29.7 mg, 0.119 mmol, ChemBridge, San Diego, CA), and N-ethyl-N-(l-methylethyl)-2-propanamine (51.9 μΐ., 0.298 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in DMF (0.7 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (1 mL), filtered, and purified by reversed phase HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini-NX 10μ C ₁₈ 11 OA, 100 x 50 mm, 10% to 95% H ₂ 0/MeCN, 0.1% TFA). The product containing fractions were combined, basified with solid NaHC0 ₃ , and extracted with DCM (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver N-((R)-(2- Chlorophenyl)(7-(4-(( 1 S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- l-benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepi ne-7-sulfonamide (49 mg) as a white solid.

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-;/) δ 8.84 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.15 (s, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.70 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 - 7.40 (m, 3 H), 7.40 - 7.32 (m, 2 H), 7.32 - 7.28 (m, 1 H), 7.25 - 7.19 (m, 2 H), 6.91 (s, 1 H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.24 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.50 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.22 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 4.14 (t, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.19 (quin, J= 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 1.85 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 674.7 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀ (Binding) = 0.023 μΜ.

Example 86

N-((R)-(2-Chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((lS)-2,2,2-trifiuoro-l-hydroxy -l-methylethyl)-2- pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide

N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (1.03 mg, 8.42 μιηοΐ, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a mixture of (2S)-2-(2-(2-((R)-amino(2- chlorophenyl)methyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-7-yl)-4-pyridinyl)- 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2- propanol (Intermediate 7) (39 mg, 0.084 mmol), 3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (23.9 mg, 0.101 mmol, Acros, Geel, Belgium), and N-ethyl-N-(l- methylethyl)-2-propanamine (44.0 μί, 0.253 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in DMF (0.7 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (23.9 mg, 0.101 mmol, Acros, Geel, Belgium) and N,N-dimethyl-4-pyridinamine (1.03 mg, 8.42 μιηοΐ, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with MeOH (1 mL), filtered, and purified by reversed phase HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini-NX 10μ Ci ₈ 110A, 100 x 50 mm, 10% to 95% H ₂ 0/MeCN, 0.1%) TFA). The product containing fractions were combined, basified with solid NaHCOs, and extracted with DCM (2 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver N-((R)-(2-chlorophenyl)(7-(4-((lS)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxy - 1 -methylethyl)-2-pyridinyl)- 1 -benzothiophen-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4- dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (45 mg) as a white solid.

1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-;/) δ 8.80 (d, J= 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.14 (s, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J= 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 - 7.41 (m, 4 H), 7.33 - 7.28 (m, 1 H), 7.25 - 7.19 (m, 3 H), 6.87 (s, 1 H), 6.79 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.22 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 5.57 (d, J= 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 3.89 (s, 3 H), 3.81 (s, 3 H), 2.46 (br. s, 1 H), 1.85 (s, 3 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 662.8 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP IC ₅₀

(Binding) = 0.072 μΜ.

Example 87

N-((2- Amino-4-pyridinyl)( 1 -benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3 ,4-dihydi

benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide

Step 1. Butyllithium (0.804 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane, 1.29 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a solution of tert-butyl (4-iodo-2- pyridinyl)carbamate (0.188 g, 0.587 mmol, Adesis, New Castle, DE) in THF (5 mL) at -78 °C and the mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 5 min. A solution of N- (( 1 E)- 1 -benzofuran-2-ylmethylidene)-3 ,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5 -benzodioxepine-7- sulfonamide (Intermediate A) (0.20 g, 0.560 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise while the internal reaction mixture was maintained below -65 °C. The cold bath was removed and the reaction mixture was warmed to room

temperature. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath, saturated aqueous NaHCC"3 (100 mL) was added, and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (200 mL), dried (Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in DMSO (9 mL), filtered, and purified by reversed phase HPLC (Phenomenex Gemini-NX 10μ C ₁₈ 1 ΙθΑ, 100 x 50 mm, 10% to 95% H ₂ 0/MeCN, 0.1% TFA). The product containing fractions were combined, basified with saturated aqueous NaHCOs (100 mL), and extracted with DCM (2 x 80 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver tert-butyl (4-(l-benzofuran-2- yl((3,4-dihydro-2H-l,5-benzodioxepin-7-ylsulfonyl)amino)meth yl)-2- pyridinyl)carbamate (28 mg) as an off-white solid.

Step 2. Trifluoroacetic acid (5.66 mL, 76 mmol, Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was added to a solution of tert-butyl (4-(l-benzofuran-2-yl((3,4-dihydro-2H- 1 ,5-benzodioxepin-7-ylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-2-pyridinyl)carb amate (28 mg, 0.051 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was taken up in saturated aqueous NaHC0 ₃ (100 mL), and the mixture was extracted with DCM (2 x 75 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried (Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver N-((2-amino-4-pyridinyl)(l-benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihyd ro-2H-l, 5- benzodioxepine-7-sulfonamide (20 mg) as an off-white solid.

1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol^) δ 7.78 (d, J= 5.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.46 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.37 - 7.28 (m, 2 H), 7.26 - 7.13 (m, 3 H), 6.81 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.55 (dd, J= 5.7, 1.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.49 (s, 2 H), 5.60 (s, 1 H), 4.04 (t, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.98 - 3.87 (m, 2 H), 2.07 (quin, J= 5.6 Hz, 2 H). m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 451.9 (M+H) ⁺ . GK-GKRP ICso (Binding) = 4.88 μΜ.

GKRP LC MS/MS Biochemical Assay (LCMS/MS)

This assay is used to directly measure the formation of ¹³ C-glucose-6- phosphate from ¹³ C-glucose by LC MS/MS. Begin by preparing the following solutions: Compound Buffer (CB): 50mM Tris, pH 7.5 / 4mM MgCl ₂ / 6% DMSO / fresh lOmM DTT from 1M frozen stock. Enzyme Buffer (EB): 50mM Tris, pH 7.5 / 4mM MgCl ₂ / 6% DMSO / fresh 0.1% BSA / fresh 0.01% Brij-35 (10% BSA and 1% Brij-35 stock). GK (Glucokinase) Working Stock (5X): Dilute human His-hepatic GK to 30nM in EB buffer. Substrate Working Stock (1.47X): Dilute ¹³ C-D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MO) to 7.35mM from 1M stock and dilute ATP (EMD Chemical, Gibbstown, NJ) to 0.3528mM from frozen lOOmM stock in CB buffer (1M ¹³ C-D-glucose = 186.11 mg/ml in water). Dilute 20mM fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) to 441μΜ in the substrate working stock. GK P (Glucokinase Regulatory Protein) (10X): Dilute GKPvP to 280nM from 33.366mM stock in EB buffer. Combine the following reagents in a 96-well polypropylene plate: 34μΙ, of Substrate Working Stock (1.47X), 5μ1 of 280nM GKRP (10X), and Ιμΐ of compound or DMSO. Seal the plate and incubate for 30 minutes at room temperature while mixing. After 30 minutes add ΙΟμΙ of GK Working Stock (5X). Re-seal the plate and incubate for another 30 minutes at room temperature while mixing. After the second 30 minutes, stop the reaction by the addition of 50μ1 of 100% acetonitrile, seal, and mix for 5-10 minutes. Run ΙΟμΙ of this sample through the LC MS/MS (API 3200, Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA ). Detection settings are for 265.2/78.8 atomic mass units.

GK-GKRP Binding Assay Protocol (Binding)

This assay is used to directly measure the interaction between glucokinase (GK) and glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). Begin by preparing the following solutions. Assay Buffer: 20mM Tris, pH 7.5 / 0.05% BSA / ImM DTT / ΙμΜ sorbitol-6-phosphate. Assay Procedure: Dilute avi-tagged GKRP to 10.7 nM in assay buffer. Combine the following reagents in a white 96-well half area plate. Pipette 14μ1 of the diluted avi-tagged GKRP into each well. Add Ιμΐ of compound to be tested and incubate at room temperature for 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, add 5μ1 of assay buffer containing 6nM GK-fluorescein. Add ΙΟμΙ of AlphaScreen ^® beads (Perkin Elmer, Waltham MA) that have been diluted 1 :333 in assay buffer. Incubate in a dark room for 2 hours at room temperature. After 2 hours read the plate using an Envision plate reader (Perkin Elmer, Waltham MA).

Assay Materials

Recombinant human glucokinase (hepatic) was purified and formulated in 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl and 20 mM glucose previous to labeling with fluorescein. A one-to-one ratio of 5-bromomethylfluorescein (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was prepared and the reaction mixture was incubated overnight at 4°C in light protected tubes. Unreacted dye was removed by extensive dialysis into the final formulation buffer: 25 mM Tris (pH 7.2), 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol and 2 mM DTT. The human glucokinase regulatory protein construct was designed with a C-terminal avitag and was expressed in a baculovirus system. Purified GKRP was incubated overnight with recombinant biotin ligase in the presence of D-biotin, ATP and MgCl ₂ . GKRP was isolated from reaction components by chromatography on a Superdex 200 size exclusion column into: 50 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl and 5 mM DTT. LCMS analysis demonstrated that GKRP was mono-biotinylated to completion. Proteins were quantitated according to their calculated molar extinction coefficients at A ₂ go and were stored at -80°C.

Data obtained using the assays above can be found in the specific

Examples. In the Examples, the assays are referred to as "LCMS/MS" or

"Binding."