Hies, U. S. Pat. &num . 6,245,440, June 12, 2001, international patents pending (Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and United Kingdom, filed Oct. 2nd, 1998).

''Management of Contact Spots Between an Electrical Brush and Substrate", D.

Kuhlmann-wilsdorf, U. S. and International (PCT) Patent Application, filed October 22 1999, U. S. Serial No. 60/105, 319.

"Holder for Electrical Brushes and Ancillary Cables", D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, U. S.

Patent Application, filed April 21,2000, Serial Number 09/556, 829.

"Eddy Current Barriers", D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 60/289, 123, Filed May 8,2001 "Optimizing Homopolar Motors/Generators", D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 60/297, 283, Filed June 12, 2001 "Bipolar Machines-A New Class of Homopolar Motor/Generator", D. Kuhhmann- Wilsdolt Provisional Patent Application, Serial. &num 212657US-20PROV, Filed August 20', 2001 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to"oipolar machines new class of homopolar motor/generator, or in general homopolar machine, with increased voltage per current turn, the capability of operating with direct and alternating or three-phase current, and other advantages.

DISCUSSION OF THE BACKGROUND, PRIOR ART AND PRINCIPLES Three basic types of homopolar motors have been identified that are depicted (PRIOR ART) in Figure 1 (type I), Figure 2 (type II), Figure 3 (type Itl) and a practical example of a type IS machine previously reported to have been constructed but without any evidence that in fact it ever operated (Figures 4 and 5).

In the past the practical use of homopolar motors and generators has been inhibited by the too large resistance of conventional graphite-based electrical brushes. In principle, multi- contact metal brushes, including fiber brushes, foil brushes and hybrid brushes, i. e. comprising resilient multi-contact metal material that will establish a multitude of electrical contact spots when loaded with light pressure against a slip ring or other smooth metal surface, have removed the previously critical bottleneck that prevented the practical use of homopolar machines. Even so there remain other problems to be overcome. The first and most important problem is less than optimal machine efficiency. To inventor's knowledge, no homopolar motor has yet achieved superior efficiency, e.g. 98% forecast for the motor in Figures 4 and 5.

Another obstacle against the widespread use of homopolar machines has been the need for a large number of brushes in brush holders that at the same time permit the application of a substantially constant rather light (typically less than 1N/cm2) brush force while large currents are transmitted (e. g. in the order of 650A/in2#106A/m2), and permit the almost frictionless, gradual advance of the brushes as they wear in course of time.

A third obstacle is a too low machine voltage, based on the modest voltage per current "turn", ie. passage of current though a rotor moving in a magnetic field, typical for known homopolar machines namely rarely exceeding 20 Volts per turn. This condition necessitates the use of several to many"turns", and Tience a multitude of brushes and brush holders, in order to attain a technologically worthwhile voltage of at least 100 Volts and optimally up to many thousands.

Lastly, homopolar motors require direct current and thus more cumbersome power supplies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Overcoming Four Impediments Against the Widespread Use of Homopolar Machines Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to devise a novel design for homopolar machines, i. e. homopolar motors and generators, that overcomes the four indicated problems, by providing (i) improved efficiency, (ii) improved brush holders, (iii) increased voltage per turn and (iv) the capability of operating, interchangeably if so desired, on DC, AC and 3-phase current.

(i) Improved Machine Efficiency Through Current Channeling Means The first of the above objects are achieved based on the inventor's recognition that a principal reason for inefficient operation of the conventional homopolar machine is the prior persistent neglect of transverse, unintended voltages in accordance with the Hall effect, and the closely related eddy current effect existing in prior homopolar machines. In fact, such Hall effiect and related eddy cu2rent effect result in inefflciency which is believed to be a major reason why homopolar machines do not appear to be in practical use except for type I in kilowatt-hour meters in the meter boxes of electrical companies.

The Hall effect and the eddy current effect are the flip sides of the same coin. They arise on account of transverse voltages generated by the Lorentz force. It perpetually drives moving charges in the direction normal to the magnetic flux and their momentary velocity vector, in accordance with the vector cross product [vxB],-which is, of course, the very basis of electric motor and generator action (compare Figure A). Yet the Hall effect, whereby transverse voltages are generated in horizontal conductors that carry lengthwise currents in vertical magnetic fields, for example, is not widely known. This is so because currents are overwhelmingly conducted through wires, and wires prevent any significant currents in transverse direction-Consequently, the joule losses engendered by the Hall effect are negligible in the coils of conventional machines and thus remain hidden. However, in the locally two-dimensional rotors of homopolar machines at right angles to a strong magnetic flux, the discussed transverse components of the current driven by the Hall effect, with their associated joule heat losses, can be sizeable.

The same effect exists also in the absence of voluntary electrical currents in any conductor that moves in a magnetic field. In this situation the effect is best understood in terms of cyclotron movements of charges in a magnetic field, so well lrnown from high-energy particle accelerators and intensely studied by astronomers as the source of a wide range of cosmic electromagnetic radiation from x-rays to radio wavelengths. To wit, a moving metal in a magnetic field represents equal and opposite currents, one of the positive ions that form the rigid structure ofthe material, the other of the mobile conduction electrons.

While the Lorentz force acts on all of those potential current carriers, only the conduction electrons are mobile enough to respond with cyclotron movements and in the process generate Joule heat losses. Currents deliberately imposed by EMF's in two- dimensional conductors, such as rotors in homopolar motors, similarly carried only by the

conduction electrons, represent only (typically minor) perturbations and do not remove the eddy current effect.

It has been recognized according to the present invention that low-efficiency operation of homopolar motors, as for example the one shown in Figure 3 reproduced from reference [4], is due to eddy currents circulating in the cylindrical rotor. Namely, as seen from re£ [4], the torque required to externally rotate the axle of the machine when disconnected from the current supply was found to rise by about thirty percent when the magnet current was turned on. Moreover, changing the rotation speed from 2000 rpm to 2500 rpm increased the extra loss with turned-on magnetic field roughly in proportion to the velocity increase, as expected from theory. The combined losses through the discussed Hall and eddy current effects are expected to be no less and quite possibly larger when homopolar machines are operated normally, Le. with an intended current flow through the rotor (s).

According to the present invention, this problem of less than optimal machine efliciency is addressed by providing"current channeling means", i. e. structures that constrain the current to flow in the intended path, inhibiting any significant component of the current path at right angles to the intended direction of the current path. In one preferred form, current channeling means are substantially parallel slits or cuts through the thickness of the rotors at right angles to the local direction of motion during normal operation that extend in the intended direction of the current. This form of current channeling means is from here on variously called"eddy cuts"or"eddy current cuts". Another form of current channeling means that similarly extend through the thickness of the rotors at right angles to the local direction of motion during normal operation and extend in the intended direction of the current path, are assemblies of mutually electrically insulated, substantially parallel electrical conductors that are extended in the intended direction of the current path but have a narrow spatial dimension at right angles to both the intended current path direction and the magnetic field. Particular examples of such current-channeling means are assemblies of substantially parallel metal fibers or wires that are mutually electrically insulated, such as in many composites with insulating matrix material, and extend in the direction of the intended current flow. Another example are assemblies of substantially parallel, electrically mutually insulated metal foils whose short dimension is normal to both the direction of the intended current path and the direction of the magnetic field. The insulating material between the substantially parallel electrical conductors that are extended in the intended direction of the current path and thereby channel the current

serve the same function as eddy cuts and, together with these, are called"eddy current barriers"or"eddy barriers"for short.

Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a novel homopolar machine including a stator and at least one electrically conductive rotatable rotor configured to flow a current in a current path when it is driven by the current source; a magnetic field source configured to apply a magnetic field penetrating the rotor and intersecting the current path when the motor is driven by the current source; current channeling means extending through the thickness of said rotor provided so as to be parallel to said current path during rotation of said rotor and thus typically but not necessarily to be at right angles to the local direction of motion of the rotor during normal operation.

According to one aspect of the invention, the rotor includes current channeling means defining the current path.

According to another aspect of-the invention, the rotor further includes current channeling means intersecting a circumferential surface.

According to a second embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a novel homopolar generator configured to generate a current when rotated by a mechanical torque, including at least one electrically. conductive rotatable rotor configured to flow a current in a current path when the generator is rotated by a mechanical torque; a magnetic field source configured to apply a magnetic field penetrating the rotor and intersecting the current path when the generator is rotated by a mechanical torque; and current channeling means extending through the thickness of said rotor provided so as to be parallel to said current path during rotation of said rotor, and thus typically but not necessarily to be at right angles to the local direction of motion of the rotor during normal operation.

As with the motor of the invention, it is advantageous in the generator of the present invention that the rotor further includes current channeling means defining the current path. As with the motor of the invention, it is advantageous in the generator of the present invention that the rotor further includes current channeling means intersecting a circumferential surface.

(ii) Improved Brush Holders :"Brush Plates"-Holders for Large Numbers of Brushes.

In order to increase the machine voltage, homopolar machines comprise"sets"of mutually electrically insulated but mechanically fused and geometrically similar electrically conductive rotatable rotors through which the machine current is guided consecutively from,

say, the stator to rotor 1, consecutively through rotors 2,3... to rotor N, and back to the stator. The advantage herein is the fact that the voltages for each current"turn" (i. e. as the current passes through the magnetic field that penetrates the respective rotor) add much like the voltages ill a set of electrical batteries connected "in series". In fact "current turns" in homopolar motors are the equivalent of wire turns in electric motors with wound armatures as has been recognized already long ago. Thus Langsdorf [1] writes in this regard on his p. 89: .. higher voltages may be obtained in acyclic (i. e. homopolar) machines by zrsing several inductors (i.e. rotors) in series. Such a machine, built by the General Electric Company [5] was rated at 300kw at 550 volts at 3, 000 rpm ; and the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company [6] built one in 1906 that was rated at 2,000 lav, 260 volts, at <BR> <BR> <BR> 1,200 rpm. Hawever, such multistage designs offer no advantage over conventional<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> commutated types (i. e. conventional motorsigenerators with corls of many windings) and<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> irtfleed they introduce formidable new problems of brush maintenance and renewal beeause<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> of the large number of brushes required to connect the several individual inductors in series.

Carbon and graphite brushes tend to distintegrate rapidly when subjected to high current density, especially at the high peripheral speeds which are unavoidable in acyclic machines ; when several brushes are in parallel to provide the necessary contact area, they exhibit the undesirable,feature of selectivity,. one of them tending to take more t. han its proper share of the total current thus wearing out more quickly than would otherwise be the case, and throwing extra load upon the remaining brushes. Metallic brushes wd to become abraded, with resultant undue wear on the surface of the collector ring.

The natural field of usefulness for the acyclic generator is clearly in those applications which require heavy current at low voltage, as in electrolytic and electrometallurgical proCesses, resistance welding, and in supplying the excitation of cyclotrons and synchrocyclotrons [7] A unit now in process of development by the Allis- Chalmer Manufacturing Company, rated at 80,000 amp at 75 volts is illustrated in Figs. 2- 40 and 2-41 (reproduced as Figures 4 and 5). An important feature of the design is the use of liquid metallic collectors consisting of a mixture of 56 per cent sodium and 44 percent potassium by weight, as in a patent issued (8j to Dr. A. H. Barnes. It is anticipated that this unit will have afull-load efficiency of 98 per cent.

Yet, there is no evidence that any of the three mentioned machines with their apparently superior characteristics has ever been successful In particular the machine of Figures 4 and 5 that (judging by Figure 5 at 80, 000A#75V/750 (w/hp) # 8000 hp) would have

had an impressive power to weight ratio, is unlikely to have ever been successfully completed.

Besides other foreseeable difficulties, the liquid metal Na-K brushes therein presumably posed insurmountable problems. Namely, development of a very similar brush system, also based on liquid NaK, was abandoned at the Annapolis Naval Research Laboratory after many years of intense effort as recently as 1998, when liquid metal leakage through the seals could not be prevented. Additionally, on account of the Hall and eddy current effects already discussed, its efficiency is unlikely to have ever approached 98% even if the liquid metal brush system had worked perfectly.

More importantly yet, a current path with'tmns"requires the consecutive passage of the current through at least one brush into and at least one other brush out of any particular rotor, for a total of at least 2NR brushes if NR is the number of nested, stacked or otherwise assembled rotors in a"set"of rotors. Therefore, if the individual rotor (in all significant prior designs accounting for n = 1 ie. one current turn) provides a voltage of VR = 10 M,-a desired Vu= 220 M machine voltage requires a minimum of NR=VM/1VR=22 rotors, and requires a minimum of 2NR = 44 brushes Moreover, the relatively low voltages in previous homopolar machines (WM) entail correspondingly high currents at same total nominal (ie. disregarding losses) machine power WM. Thus for a WM = 5000 hp = 3. 8x106 watt homopolar machine of VM = 220V (which in fact is already high in terms of previous designs), a current of i = WM/VM = WM/NR1VR=3.8#106 [w]/220[V]=17,3000[A] (2) is required which puts a considerable burden on the external electrical connections (i. e.

"buses") that supply the machine power.

Correspondingly, also, a large number of electrical brushes is needed that, in practice, limits the design and forecast use of homopolar machines. Even though multi-contact metal brushes2 have in principle removed the previously insurmountable problem of the associated power loss, namely equivalent to roughly 1V per traditional graphite-based brush, including

metal brushes, the installation, cost and maintenance of electrical brushes in homopolar machines remain a problem. Specifically, the current density in multi-contact metal brushes is, empirically, so far limited to ji3,. max-2x 106 [A/m2]. Moreover, adsorbed moisture is needed for brush operation outside of liquids, and this is depleted unless humidity has access to slip ring areas between brushes. Therefore, again empirically to-date, in the open atmosphere at reasonable humidity or in a moisturized CO2 atmosphere, only a fraction fB of available slip ring area may be covered with brush foot prints, at maximum, to present best knowledge, fBmax # 50% of slip ring area (compare ref [12]). Furthermore, again in order to not deplete adsorbed water, according to present best empirical experience the length of continuous metal fiber brush foot print in sliding direction. Las, should not exceed, say, LBSmax = 5cm. And finally, with large numbers of rotors with parallel slip rings, one does not want to unduly extend the machine length and therefore will try to make slip ring widths, A, as small as possible. But this in turn is limited by the needs of brush construction and to avoid short circuits among brushes on neighboring slip rings. It is therefore tentatively concluded that at a minimum a : slip ring width of #min # 0.25 cm= 2.5x10-3 [m] is required.

The result of these considerations is that numerous brushes are needed on a minimum total slip ring area of AS#2NR i/fBmax jBmax=2WM/(1VR fBmax jB,max) (3a) which, as seen, is independent of NR, the number of rotors used, but is inversely proportional to IVR, the voltage per turn. Thus for the present example of a WM = 5000 hp = 3. 8xi06 watt machine with sVR = IOM, the minimum slip ring area is As # 2#3.8#106[w]/{10[V] x 0.5 x 2#106[A/m2}}= 0.76[m2], (3b) while in this example, ie. with VM = 220V, VR = 10V and NR = VM/1VR = 22, the total slip ring width, and hence the. extra machine length on account of slip rings, is a modest LS# 2NR##min=2#22#2.5#10-3 = 0.11m. (3c)

However, the minimum number of brushes (NB) on slip rings of width Amn, with maximum brush length in sliding direction LBmax = 5cm and with fBmax=# slip ring occupancy, is large, namely Na ##AS/(fmax LBmax#min) = V2 0.76 6[m2]/{5#10-2[m]#2.5#10-3[m]} = 3,040 (3d) This is such a formidable number of electrical brushes that one will prefer to increase the slip ring width to, say, A = lcm, and the working area per brush to AB = 5cm2 so as to reduce the number of required brushes for the discussed hypothetical WM = 5000hp motor to Nib=#AS/AB=##0.76/5#10-4=760 brushes (3e) The above example will have made it clear that the future of homopolar motors depends on decreasing the number of brushes and on simplifying their installation and management. As seen, this problem is independent of the number of turns. As it is, a large number of turns, Nn, is very beneficial since it increases the machine voltage, thereby inversely decreasing the required current at fixed machine power, and thus the required wiring/busing to and from the machines, but it is no aid in the brush problem.

According to the present invention, the discussed problem of the cumbersome manage- ment of large numbers of individual brushes, in individual brush holders, is alleviated by the use of rigid"brush plates,"comprising mutually electncally insulated parallel metal strips, from which, in lieu of individual brushes, protrude segments of multi-contact metal brush strips that slide on correlated parallel mutually insulated slip rings. Between segments of brush strips, gaps ought to be left for the access of moisture where needed. The brush plates are configured to simultaneously conduct current to or from the brush strips, to apply brush pressure to the brush strips, and to geometrically advance the brush strips as they wear.

Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a novel homopolar machine configured to be driven by a current source when operating in motor mode and to generate a current when operating in generator mode, including a plurality of mutually electrically insulated conductive rotatable rotors configured to flow a current in a path from a stator consecutively through the rotors and back to the stator; a magnetic field source configured to apply a magnetic field penetrating the rotors and intersecting the current

path ; a plurality of electrical brushes in the form of strips of multi-contact metal material for providing a low-resistance current path between mutually electrically insulated slip rings on said rotatable rotors, and at least one brush plate for providing a low-resistance path between said stator and said electrical brushes in the form of strips of resilient multi-contact metal material, wherein said at least one brush plate is configured to at the same time apply a mechanical force and establish an electrical connection between said multi-contact metal brush strips and correlated slip rings on said plurality of electrically conductive rotatable rotors.

(iii) Increased Voltage Through the Bipolar Design (a) General Considerations In line with eqs. 1 to 3, it would be highly desirable to increase the value of IVR in order to proportionately increase the machine voltage, VM, at fixed WM thereby to simul- taneously reduce the required current i, the number of rotors NR, the total slip ring area As, and the number of brushes NB. Physically, for a cylindrical rotor of radius RR, that is inter- sected over length LR by a radial magnetic flux B and spins about its axis with angular velocity o = RPM/60 {rad/sec], i. e. surface speed VR = #RR = (RPM/60) it it is = n [vR#B] LR.

1E, as is generally the case, VR, LR and B are mutually perpendicular, 1VR=nvRBLR=n (RPM/60) RRLRB (4) Here n is the number of times the flux intersects the rotor (a factor that will be explained below). Similarly, for a circular rotor of radius RR spinning about its rotational axis at circum- ferential speed VR while intersected by axial flux B between outer and inner radii RR and RA aRR IVR = 2 nvRRR(1-α2)B=#n(RPM/60) RR2(1-α2) B (5) Consequently, the desired increase of VR can be accomplished by raising any one or more of n, VR (ie. RPM), RR, LR and B. Previous designers of homopolar machines have considered the same factors except for n, but opportunities for increasing IVR are limited, as follows : (i) RR and LR are limited by the volume of the intense magnetic flux field, and previously no solution was found to extend RR and/or LR to much above about im

(ii) The magnitude of the flux density B is linked to the magnets used. Very roughly, B =1 tesla for permanent and electromagnets, and B = 4 tesla for superconducting magnets. This increase of B and attendant increase of VR is the reason why over the past several years only superconducting homopolar machines have been under serious consideration. However, the requisite cryogenic installations are costly and voluminous and, further, are feasible only for large machines, ie. are ruled out for use in passenger cars and hand-held tools, for example.

(iii) VR is limited by, firstly, the maximum safe, long-term sliding speed of multi- contact electrical brushes that empirically is about 30m/sec. Secondly, in order to adapt high rotation speeds of homopolar machines to practical applications, e. g. about 100 to 150 RPM for many naval (shipboard) uses, reduction gears are needed.

These add to the cost and volume and, critically for naval applications, are avoided because of noise.

(iv) n has apparently not been considered in the past.

The present invention addresses all four of the above factors, ie. (il, (ii), (i) and (iv) above, as follows. b) Increased Value ofLR In one form of the invention, the stationary magnetic field source is a bar magnet or a plurality of adjoining similar bar-type magnets, in the shape of a flattened rod that is elongated in the direction of the rotation axis and whose axis of magnetization is at right angles to the rotation axis and which is enclosed within a set of nested mutually electrically insulated rotatable cylindrical rotors, as indicated in Figure B. The cylindrical rotors are provided with axially oriented eddy current cuts or other current channeling means over all of their length except a zone at one end, dubbed the'retum end"that extends beyond the length of the source of magnetization. The nested rotatable cylindrical rotors extend beyond the length of the stationary magnetic source also at the opposite end that is provided with eddy cuts or other current channeling means, dubbed the"entry end".

The strips of north and south poles of the source of magnetization thus generate two stationary diametrically opposite bands of magnetic flux source of length LR, designated as (a)

and (b), that extend parallel to the axis, wherein the flux radially penetrates the cylindrical rotors in the same direction on both the (a) and the (b) side. The flux return for the magnetic field between the (a} and (b) sides of the described source of magnetization is a thick-walled tubing of magnetically soft material that surrounds the cylindrical rotatable rotors (see Fig. B).

In order to create the requisite current paths that intersect the magnetic flux at right angles, the cylindrical rotors may be provided with slip rings about both of their ends, and with at least one electrical brush per slip ring that is electrically insulated from all brushes on parallel slip rings, which brushes are positioned in at least one of the zones of magnetization.

In such an arrangement, current may be fed into a brush, say brush le, sliding on the slip ring on the entry end of the innermost rotor, dubbed rotor #1, and be extracted from rotor #1 by the at least one electrical brush on the slip ring on the opposite side, say brush Ir at the return end of rotor &num 1.

The voltage difference between brushes le and lr, and in fact any pair of brushes on opposite ends of one rotor, is then given by eq. 4 with n = 1 and RR the radius of the cylindric- al rotor. Unlike LR, the value of RR, which normally will approximate the separation distance between the poles of the source of magnetization, cannot be almost arbitrarily increased since this requires the corresponding increase of the radius of the flux return cylinder with a weight penalty that rises as Kt2, whereas at constant current the voltage, and thus the motor power, increases only linearly with RR. By contrast, at same current and other parameters, to a first approximation the motor power as well as the weight rise proportionally with Lx.

A second"turn"may be added by electrically connecting brush 1T to brush 2e sliding on the entry end of rotor #2 in the same zone, e. g. (a), whence the current flows to brush 2r on the return end, on to brush 3e and so on. The advantage of this arrangement will be a possible almost indefinite increase of LR, to potentially much larger values than the previously achievable maximum ofup to lm, e. g. in podded ship drives perhaps up to 12m or even more.

(c) Flux Density In the present patent application, the use of permanent magnets is envisioned. A companion patent application that is in preparation, adapts the invention also to super- conducting magnets as given in Bipolar Machines with Superconducting Magnets", Doris Kulimann-Wilsdorf, provisional. Patent. &num 60/329, 550, Filed Oct 17, 2001

(d) Increase of vR Since in the described arrangement, the slip rings are positioned beyond the magnets, they may be narrowed to a radius well below RR, depending only on considerations of mech- anical construction that will be discussed below. Thus by halving the slip ring radius, both the brush sliding speed, vR, and the dimensionless brush wear rate may be halved at same motor rotation speed. This is a valuable option when high rotation speeds are acceptable, but less so for large ship drive motors which require low rotation speeds.

(e) Increase of"turns"to n = 2 per Rotor If in the current path described under (i) above, brush lr were to be connected to a brush 2e that is situated on the (b) side, the current passage from 2e to 2r would cause a potential difference of opposite sign than if 2e were situated on the same side as brush le, i. e. on the (a) side. Namely, in the geometry of Figure B, current passages from return end (r- end) to entry end (e-end) or vice versa cause equal and opposite potential differences on the (a) and (b) side, since the current path is reversed relative to the cross product of vR and B.

Correspondingly, instead of connecting brushes lr and 2e on the (a) side, or similarly both brushes on the (b) side, one may let the current flow from the e-end to the r-end on the (a) side and cycle back from the r-end to the e-end on the (b) side thereby doubling the potential difference within one rotor, thus obtaining n = 2 in equation 4. Machines with this design, in which n = 2, are dubbed"bipolar".

Not only is the bipolar design very favorable in terms of the voltage difference, but it halves the number of required brushes per unit potential difference since it does not require any brushes on the return end, i. e. the r-end. This is so because, as already indicated, the r- end is made to be free of eddy current cuts or other current channeling means so that (a) and (b) brushes would be short-circuited on the r-end, while (a) and (b) brushes are electrically insulated on the e-end. The only requisite connections between brushes are therefore, in general, from the (b) brush on rotor n to the (a) brush of rotor (n+l).

The modified bipolar design is also possible with circular instead of cylindrical rotors.

In that case the requisite equal and opposite areas of magnetic flux may be generated by two pairs of horse-shoe-type magnets that face each other across the plane of the rotors.

(iv) Operation with DC, AC and/or 3-Phase AC While positioning of more than one brush on one slip ring on rotors without eddy cuts or other current channeling means, is tantamount to short-circuiting them, brushes on slip rings that are intersected by eddy barriers are mutually electrically isolated at distances ex- ceeding the eddy cut spacing, respectively the spacing between the conductors in other forms of current channeling. Thus by omitting the return end that in the already discussed design is free of eddy cuts or other current channeling means, and instead extending the current channeling from end to end, any bipolar motor can be used with DC, AC or 3-phase current, depending on electrical connections among brushes. Specifically, positioning separate brushes on the (a) side and on the (b) side, both on the e-end and on the r-end, and designating them as (a, e), (a, r), (b, e) and (b, r), respectively, the already described DC operation is obtained by interconnecting the (a, r) and (b, r) brushes for any one rotor and electrically connecting, in general terms, the (b, r) brush (es) of rotor (n) to the (a, e) brush (es) of rotor (na).

Operation with alternating current, whether one phase or three-phase, requires treating the (a) and (b) sides as separate motors and operating them on the + and-phase by means of rectifiers, but in opposite directions. In that case, therefore, there are no connections between any (a) and (b) brushes, and the turns from rotor to rotor are accomplished by, in general terms, connecting brush (a, r) of rotor n to brush (a, e) of rotor (n+1) and similarly connecting brush (b, e) of rotor n to brush (a, r) of rotor (n+1). Methods for. efficiently changing brush connections in individual machines so as to switch between DC and AC, will have to be worked out and may be cumbersome when large numbers of brushes are involved, although the use of brush plates may offer a solution. However, reversal of rotation direction is effected very simply by interchanging the + and-phase connections to the machine.

Alternatively, according to the present invention, operation that can be easily switched between DC and AC or 3-phase power, is accomplished by'Yn tandem"operation of two similar machines, i. e. by means of two similar machines operating on the same axle. When driven by direct current, the two motors may be electrically-connected in series, in which case the power delivered to, or extracted from, the axle is twice that for the single machine at same current but at twice the applied voltage needed for, or delivered by, one machine. This, then, is a means of increasing the machine voltage. Alternatively, the"in tandem"machine pair may be electrically connected in parallel. In that case, again, the power delivered to or extracted from the axle is twice that for the single machine but at same voltage and doubled current.

For AC operation of the same machines in tandem, rectifiers are placed in the electricity supply to the two machines, and are hooked up in one direction for one machine and in the opposite direction for the other machine, e. g. for a +phase input into the (a) side of one machine and a-phase input into the (b) side of the other machine.

While both motors and generators may be operated with AC as indicated, the output of bipolar generators will be rippled DC. There is as yet no proposal of how to generate alternating current by means of the bipolar design.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A more complete appreciation of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure A is a perspective view of the ideal morphology of electrical machines Figure B is a perspective view of the magnet, rotor and flux return morphology of bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors (same as figures 15A and B).

Figure 1 (PRIOR ART) is a perspective view of a type I homopolar generator according to Faraday (1831) that if connected to a current source instead of to a galvanometer will serve as a motor.

Figure 2 (PRIOR ART) is a cross section through a type II homopolar motor/ generator ; Figure 3 (PRIOR ART) is a perspective view. partly in section of a recent type HI homopolar motor/generator.

Figure 4 (PRIOR ART) is a side elevation, partly in section, of a type m homopolar generator of 1959 ; Figure 5 (PRIOR ART) is a photograph of the homopolar generator of Figure 4; Figure 6 is a sketch of the geometry of eddy current barriers, whether eddy cuts or insulating material between electrically conducting material in any form of current channeling means, according to the present invention; (A) for type I machines, (B) for type II machines and (C) for type M machines.

Figure 7A is a perspective view of the magnet arrangement in a bipolar machine with circular rotors

Figure 7B is a perspective view lengthwise cross section through a bipolar machine of the type in Figure 7A without showing the magnets.

Figure 7C is a cross-sectional view and indicated current flow lines normal to the axis of the bipolar machine with circular rotors shown in Figures 7A and 7B.

Figure 8A is a cross section of"scarfed"slip rings provided with insulating "separators"between neighboring slip rings suitable for any homopolar or bipolar machine.

Figure 8B is like Figure 8A but with the slip ring metal extending onto one side of each insulating"separator"between neighboring slip rings.

Figure 8C is like Figures 8A and B but with separators eliminated by slip ring shaping Figure 8D shows slip rings with angled metallic extensions with scarfed brushes Figure 9A is semi-schematic view of brush holder strips from inside a brush plate Figures 9B and C illustrate methods of fastening fiber brush material to brush holder strips (A) by means of dove tailing and (B) by means of conductive adhesive.

Figure 10A is a perspective view of brush plate with flexible joints and bridge connectors between brush holder sections.

Figure 10B illustrates the interlacing of brush plates with a stationary rigid bridge.

Figure 11 is a lengthwise cross section of brush plates with brushes and rigid bridges to clarify the problem of brush and brush plate adjustment to non-uniform brush wear.

Figure 12A is a perspective view with partial cut-out of two similar bipolar machines with circular rotors in tandem, arranged for operation with alternating current.

Figure 12B is a perspective view of one of the machines in Figure 12A but without cut-out showing a possible brush plate arrangement.

Figure 13A is a perspective view of part of a brush plate with fibers slanted in the plane parallel to the sliding direction Figure 13B is a plan view of Figure 13A Figure 13C is a perspective view of part of a brush plate with fibers slanted in the plane normal to the sliding direction, i. e. in"scarfed"orientation.

Figure 14 shows lengthwise cuts through a bipolar type machine with circular rotors and reduced slip ring diameters for minimizing brush sliding velocities, with less (top) and more detail (bottom).

Figure 15A shows a schematic perspective view of the axle, magnet and flux return of a bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors (same as Figure B (top).

Figure 15B shows a cross sectional view of the machine of Figure 15A, including the set of rotors with indicated magnetic Sled lines (same as Figure B bottom) Figure 15C is a schematic perspective view of the same machine as in Figures 15A and 15B, showing rotors, rotor rims and brushes with indicated current flow and connections between brushes by means of bridges.

Figure 15D shows a cross sectional view of a machine as in Figures 15A to C but with an alternative arrangement of brushes on two slip rings of a bipolar machine Figure 16 is a schematic lengthwise cut of a bipolar machine with cup-shaped rotors, clarifying the mechanical construction.

Figure 17 illustrates method 1 of making a bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors. (A) Perspective view of stack of layered sheets half-way wound for making a set of cylindrical rotors. (B) Perspective view of assembled machine. (C) Adjoining, aligned magnets in tray or shaped tubing that replace one long magnet.

Figure 18 is a perspective view with cut-out that illustrates method 2 of making a set of cylindrical rotors of a bipolar machine.

Figure 19 shows a method by which eddy cuts may be made in the course of method 1 or 2 of making bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors.

Figure 20 illustrates how, in method 2, slip rings and separators can be made for a bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors. (A) Section through rotors, rims, slip rings and barriers between slip rings. (B) Enlargement of part of A. (C) Perspective view of a pre- formed slip ring and separator that may be used in method 2 of making bipolar motors with cylindrical rotors.

Figure 21A is a cross section parallel to the axle of an assembled bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors and slip rings of reduced diameters, showing the arrangement of the various components.

Figure 21B shows a detail of (A) to clarify how pre-formed slip rings with reduced radii can be fitted to the cylindrical part of the rotors.

Figure 22 is a lengthwise cut through a rotor made of a current channeling material with attached slip rings and bottom strips. (A) Overview of one particular configuration. (B) Alternative configurations of slip rings and brushes. (C) Overview of another particular configuration. (D) Additonal alternative slip ring/brush/brush plate configurations.

Figure 23 is a schematic side view of a long bipolar machine composed of three sections that have been fitted together.

Figure 24 clarifies three different ways for electrically interconnecting brushes in a bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors and eddy current barriers in the form of eddy cuts or any other form of current channeling means that extend the whole length of the machine. (A) Outline of the rotors. (B) connections and current flow in the basic bipolar design. (C) Connections and current flow when the two sides of the machine are operated with DC'Sn parallel". (D) Connections and current flow lines for use with AC current.

Figure 25 identifies symbols used in calculating the performance of a bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors.

Figure 26 illustrates the basic geometry of rails and fibers in the manufacture of the fibrous parts of rail strips with fibers slanted in accordance with Figure 13.

Figure 27 perspective-views of rails with profiling for making different fiber slants.

(A) Rails with the morphology of concrete rebars. (B) Rails with protrusions. (C) Cross sectional view of (B).

Figure 28 shows fiber tow wrappings on rails in making the fibrous parts of brush strips. (A) simple winding. (B) Winding on hooks on either side of pair. (C) Figure-eight winding.

Figure 29 shows different ways of crimping a sheath about the rails and fibers wound on them in the manufacture of brush strips. (A) Crimping by means of segments of a slotted tubing. (B) Crimping by means of a shaped metal sheath in conjunction with a shaped ran.

Figure 30 is a cross section of a rail including a cavity, with fibers wound on it, before and after crimping a sheath over it Figure 31 shows cross sections of rails with fibers after crimping. (A) Protrusions or hooks as in Figures 27B/C and 28B after crimping. (B) Fibers after figure-eight winding as in Figure 28C after cutting the two rails apart in the manufacture of brush strips.

Figure 32 is a schematic top view of a production line for brush strips, including cutting the fibers between rails after embedding them in a temporary matrix, curving the pieces to the shape of their intended brush plates, and cutting them into sections into lengths.

Figure 33 (left) is a top view of a completed brush strip, and (right) is a cross section of a completed brush strip with inclined fibers as in Figure 13A, 13B or 13C..

Figure 34 is a perspective view of wound fibers on a rail pair, temporarily stitched on either side of the future cut of the fibers between the rails as in Figure 32, with an easily removable stitching, to : facilitate insertion of the future brush plate on a series of slip rings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A. Regarding Current Channeling Means (Figs. 1 to 6) Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, the present invention will now be described.

Figure l (prior art) is a reproduction of Figure 2-38 of ref [1]. It is a perspective view that shows the basic structure of type I homopolar machines as invented 1831 by Michael Faraday. Herein Figure 1 depicts the type I homopolar machine as a generator but it can be also used as a motor. It includes an electrically conductive rotor 2 between magnetic poles 8 (1) and 8 (2) of two bar magnets 4 (1) and 4 (2) and is mechanically rotated in anti-clockwise direction by means of electrically conductive axle 10 to which rotor 2 is electrically connected.

As a result of the motion of rotor 2 an EMF is induced in the area of rotor 2 that is penetrated by the magnetic flux, B, of magnets 4 (1} and 4 (2). By magnitude and direction that EMF is proportional to [vx B3 where v is the local velocity of rotor 2 relative to magnets 4 (1) and 4 (2). Consequently the EMF is radial as indicated by the vertical arrow. The EMF produces a current that is measured by galvanometer G in the circuit that will now be described.

The current travels through the circuit beginning in the upper portion of rotor 2, travels via the circumferential electrical brush 14 sliding on rim 3 of rotor 2 through the electrical cable 15 (1) to the positive terminal of galvanometer G. The current exits at the negative terminal of galvanometer G though electrical cable 15 (2) and from there travels via the axial brush 12 that slides on the axle 10 back into rotor 2.

Brushes 12 and 14 are shown in the form of flexible metal strips that were used by Faraday. In modem machines other types of brushes would be used, and one would place the rotor between similarly positioned poles of one toroidal magnet instead of the poles of two separate bar magnets as used by Faraday. However, toroidal permanent magnets, i. e. magnets that are shaped such that their two poles face each other, were not available to Faraday, and even less toroidal electromagnets, let alone toroidal superconducting magnets that now are the tools of choice for homopolar machines.

The type I homopolar generator depicted in Figure 1 converts the mechanical energy input through the torque applied to axle 10 to rotate rotor 2 into electric energy, as do virtually all electrical generators based on electromagnetic induction, except for the following losses. (i) A typically minor loss through mechanical friction, including that due to the brushes. (ii) A major loss to be discussed below due to eddy currents. (iii) Another loss due to the current bypassing the rotor area that is penetrated by magnetic flux, so that it does not convert mechanical into electrical energy but generates Joule heat in the rotor, brushes and electrical cabling.

In the set-up of Figure 1 the generated electrical energy is not utilized and is simply converted into Joule heat within galvanometer G, within the wiring 15 (1) and 15 (2), through the electrical impedance within rotor 2 including that through eddy currents and current bypassing, and on its passage through brushes 12 and 14. In actual practice, a'load", e. g. a paying customer in the case of utilities, would abstract the electrical energy for other purposes at the position of G.

By reversing the operation, ie. by supplying electrical energy through passing a current through the same circuit by means of an externally applied EMF, a torque is generated in the rotor and the type I homopolar generator of Figure 1 is converted into a type I homopolar motor, without any structural changes whatever. With some minor exceptions, the same reversibility applies to all electric generators and, conversely, motors that depend on electrical induction. For this reason, in the present patent application the word homopolar machine is used whenever the device could be used either as a motor or a generator.

Figure 2 (prior art) is a reproduction of Figure PI. 31 of ref. [y that shows the basic structure of a type I homopolar machine. It is characterized by cup-shaped rotor 2 (in the drawing somewhat incorrectly called"cylindrical rotor") whose cylinder wall of indicated thickness c, extends with some clearance into a matching cylindrical gap 7 between the pole- pieces of electromagnet 4. Electromagnet 4 consists of a specially shaped soft iron core 11 that is energized by the indicated electric coil such that the magnetic field (marked by arrows B) between the pole pieces on either side of the cylindrical gap penetrates the cylindrical part of rotor 2 uniformly everywhere from the outside to the inside. When rotor 2 is mechanically rotated by means of axle 10, in clockwise direction as indicated by arrow v, an EMF in axial direction is induced in the cylindrical part of rotor 2. An electrical circuit that is symbolized by curved arrows near the top of the drawing is established by means of the axial electrical brush

12 and circumferential brush 14 whose brush holders are, as in Figure 1, not shown. The disk- shaped bottom part of cup-shaped rotor 2 is outside of the magnetic field area at its left and serves the mechanical function of joining the cylindrical part of rotor2 to axle 10 but does not contribute to the generator function of the machine. The general considerations regarding homopolar machines given in conjunction with type I homopolar machines above, apply also to type II machines. In fact, in principle type I and type II machines are alike except in the geometry of their magnets and rotors and, most importantly, of the absence of losses through current bypassing in type I : l since in it all of the active area of rotor 2 is uniformly penetrated by flux.

Figure 3 (prior art) is a reproduction of Figure 1 of ref [4] that shows a modem type m homopolar machine. This differs from types I and II by utilizing two similar, axially aligned but opposing magnets. The resulting flux path is indicated by broad arrows and intersects the cylinder surface of the rotor at nearly right angles everywhere. In the specific case of Figure 3, and typical for modem type m homopolar motors, these are superconducting magnets, ie. solenoids of many turns of superconducting wire cooled to below their critical temperature.

In principle, the source of the magnetic flux penetrating the rotor or rotors, whether permanent magnets, electromagnets or superconducting magnets, does not affect the generator or motor action of homopolar machines of any type. Even so, type m machines are typically based on superconducting magnets because, (i) they can achieve-much *higher flux densities, B, and (ii) unlike electromagnets and permanent magnets, superconducting magnets do not require a core filled with a ferromagnetic material. Therefore they can be lighter in addition to being more powerful than ordinary electromagnets, which in turn tend to surpass permanent magnets. Moreover, hollow spaces inside the opposing superconducting magnets such as in Figure 3, can accommodate the two ends of a single cylindrical rotor, or a set of nested cylindrical rotors, of a type m machine, as well as their slip rings and the brushes and their brush holders sliding thereon. However, the expense and volume requirements of a superconducting magnet and its cooling system are justifiable only for relatively large machines, e. g. are ruled out for cars, let alone hand-held tools.

Figure 4 (prior art) is a reproduction of Figure 2-40 of ref [1] showing the side elevation, partly in section, of a homopolar machine of type m which at the time of writing of ref [l] was in process of development by the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company. It

was rated at 80,000 amp at 75 volts, i. e. 8,000 hp, with an expected efficiency of 98% and was designed to use Na-K liquid metal brushes.

Figure 5 (prior art) is a photograph of the machine of Figure 4. It is doubtful that the machine was ever successfully completed on account of problems with the liquid metal Na-K brushes. At the least, there is no record that the machine was ever in use, whereas an intense effort to develop similar Na-K liquid metal brushes was abandoned after several years of development effort at the previous David Taylor Naval Research and Development Laboratory in Annapolis, MD, when liquid metal Na-K leaks through seals could not be prevented. Independently, it is extremely doubtful that the motor of Figures 4 and 5 could have achieved 98% efficiency since there is no indication that steps were taken to prevent HaWeddy current losses to be further discussed below.

Figure 6 clarifies the geometry of eddy current barriers, whether eddy cuts or insulators between lengthwise extended electrical conductors in other current channeling structures, for curtailing the Joule losses on account of the Hall effect and the eddy current effect according to the present invention. Eddy current barriers 18 interrupt the transverse current component, i. e. the component at right angles to the intended direction of currents, i, in a rotor or stack of rotors 2, that result from the Hall and also the eddy current effect. For the purpose of suppressing Joule losses through the Hall and eddy current effects, corresponding eddy current barriers 18 are preferably located in those areas of rotors 2 that are penetrated by strong magnetic flux and, further, eddy current barriers 18 are preferably arranged parallel to the intended current direction 22. They are therefore preferably radial in circular ; i. e. disk shaped rotors of type I homopolar machines as in Figure 6A, axial in the cylindrical part of rotors of type n homopolar machines as in Figure 6B, and axial in rotors of type m homopolar machines as in Figure 6C. Also the circular part of the cup-shaped rotor 2, i. e. what would be the bottom of the cup, might be provided with radial eddy current barriers but those are not required because this part of the rotor is not inside a high magnetic flux area.

Often, the eddy current barriers 18 will be the already introduced eddy cuts all the way through the rotor 2 or set of rotors (and thus force the current to travel in the solid portion of the rotor 2 between adjacent eddy current barriers in the intended direction of the current 22). In order not to unnecessarily increase the Joule loss due to the intended current flow in the rotor, eddy cuts, like other eddy current barriers such as insulating layers on, or insulating matrix material between, metal wires or foils, should be as narrow as possible,

consistent with their function of providing very high local resistance to currents transverse to the intended current direction 22. Therefore eddy cuts are preferably filled with a suitable insulator, e. g. lacquer as may at the same time be advantageously used in joining rotors in an electrically insulating manner within a set, so as to forestall accidental contact between opposite sides of any one cut. As an important additional benefit, such filling of eddy cuts will mechanically strengthen rotors.

It depends on the severity of the Hall-and/or eddy current effect, as well as on the intended efficiency of a homopolar machine what fraction of rotor areas may need eddy current barriers. In general, let the power loss (in units of energy per unit time) due to the Hall/eddy effect, WH, amount to x% of ideal machine power, Wm.., in the absence of eddy current barriers. Let this loss decrease to hx% if eddy current barriers were applied to all of the active rotor area, meaning essentially all of the rotor area that is responsible for the machine operation, but let only the fraction c of the active rotor area actually be supplied with eddy current barriers. Lastly, let the desired machine power be 100%-y%, and let all other machine losses (including windage, friction losses, brush losses, Joule heat losses on account of ordinary rotor and wiring resistivity) be z% < y% of WMS-E that case, the actual machine efficiency would be WMachine = WMax{1-z-(1-c)x-chx} (6a) which would yield the desired machine efficiency of WMachine = WMax{1-y) for c= (y-z)/ [x (l-h (6b) In other words, for the desired machine efficiency of (100% - y%), eddy current barriers would have to be supplied on at least the fraction c = (y-z)/ [x (l-h)] of the rotor area that cumulatively generates 100% of the machine effect, i. e. torque in the case of motors and current in the case of generators Since 0 c 100%, it follows that the machine efficiency, EMachine = WMachine/WMax is at best EMax = 100% -z- hx (7)

By way of numerical example, consider the machine in Figure 3. Based on eq. (6a) and the discussed measurements of x # 30% = 0.3, with c = 0 since the machine includes no eddy current barriers and an estimated z = 2%, the machine efficiency is expected to be EMachine= 1-z-x=100%-2%-30% = 68% (8a) In fact, judging by the data of ref. 4, the machine does indeed have a similarly low if not lower efficiency. In this case, therefore, eddy current barriers should be installed over the whole active rotor area, for c = 100%, with eddy current barriers spaced so densely that h#5%= 0.05. If so, in accordance with eq. (6a) the motor efficiency would rise to El, =100%-z-chx# 100%-2%-0. 05x30% = 96.5% (8b) and if h = 0 should be approached by spacing the eddy current barriers sufffeiently closely, eq. 7 yields the maximum possible efficiency of EMa = 100%-z = 98% (8c) Through the persistent previous neglect of the HalUeddy current effect, it is this inflated estimate of machine efficiency that has been used in the past,-presumably also for the machine in Figures 4 and 5.

In addition to the discussed effect of eddy current barriers, the eddy current barriers can play another role that is peculiar to machines in which only a part of the geometric rotor area is in fact "active," i.e. is traversed by current and penetrated by magnetic flux which is the necessary condition for electromagnetic induction. This will be appreciated by reference to Figure 1 as follows: If operated as a machine ; a current, i, in the rotor, driven by the induced EMF, 6, will supply electrical energy at the rate of Ws (g) causing the axle to provide a torque M at rotational velocity a) for the rate of work output of

W.. t=MM (10) Assuming 100% machine efficiency, i e. that WD = WOut > the EMF in the rotor across the length of the current lines between the pole pieces would be S=M@rl (11) For a modest Mm =11 watt work output, therefore, in a 110 Volt machine, drawing i = O. 1A of current, it would be & = 11 watt/0. lA = 110V, even while the ohmic resistance of its copper rotor of, say, t = 0. lcm thickness, and of RR =1.25 cm diameter mounted on an PA 0. 2cm axle and resistivity of #Cu = 1.6x10-6 #cm would be only RR=9#/2#t R)#n(RR/RA)#5x10-6# (12a) ie. an associated ohmic voltage drop of ##=i RR=5x10-7 [V] (12b) Hence the voltage required to overcome the ohmic resistance against the current in the rotor would be small compared to the back 1NF, i.

In light of the above disclosure, it is seen that the voltage required to drive the current against the ohmic resistance of the coils of conventional motors, and similarly through the rotors ofhomopolar motors, is insignificant compared to the electromagnetic back-voltages by which the electric energy is converted into mechanical energy. It follows that a type I homopolar motor patterned after Figure 1 will have a small efficiency at any reasonable rate of rotation because, independent of the position of the circumferential brush relative to the magnets, the current will preferentially bypass the magnetic gap area.

According to the present invention, the problem of current bypassing can be avoided by channeling the current between eddy current barriers The effect thereof is to interpose regions of high ohmic resistance on undesired current paths.

In general, it would be preferable that eddy current barriers do not cross a slip ring because they will cause increased brush wear rates and can cause mechanical bouncing of brushes. However, unless the active rotor area of a type I machine completely encircles the slip ring of the axial brush, eddy current barriers though the rotor circumference will be essential because the circumference of a rotor will provide a low-resistance path unless it is intersected by eddy current barriers. Thus, some of the eddy current barriers 18 shown in the example of Figure 6A intersect the outside circumference 20 of the rotor 2. By contrast, none of the eddy current barriers 18 cross the circumferences 20 (1) and 20 (2) of the cylindrical edge of the type II cup-shaped rotor of Figure 6B, and similarly none intersect either of the two circumferences at the ends of the type IH cylindrical rotor of Figure 6C where the respective slip rings are liable to be located. This is so because rotors of type II and type m homopolar machines are uniformly penetrated by magnetic flux and therefore do not provide bypassing paths for the current and, further, their slip rings are outside of the area of strong magnetic field. Suitable filler materials for eddy cuts on slip rings will be discussed later-on.

B. Bipolar Machines with Circular Rotors and Brush Plates (Figs. 8 to 14) (a) Basics of the Bipolar Design In section 3e ; bipolar machines have been introduced as having n = 2, i. e. two current "turns"per rotor, thereby at the same time doubling the voltage at otherwise the same para- meters and halving the number of required brushes. Two basic versions are proposed according to the present invention, namely machines with circular rotors and machines with cylindrical rotors of which a variant are machines with cup-shaped rotors. The critical feature throughout the present invention of bipolar machines is the establishment, in any one rotor, of two areas of similar extent but opposite magnetic flux direction through which the current flows consecutively before passing to the next rotor.

The principle is clarified in Figure 7 for the case in which circular rotors are used.

Herein, Figure 7A shows a perspective view of a magnet shape and arrangement for a bipolar machine with circular rotors according to the present invention, in position relative to the axle 10. The arrangement comprises four geometrically similar horseshoe-type magnets, bent into cylinder arcs, that form two pairs. One pair comprises magnets 4 (1) and 4 (2) that face their mirror image of a pair of magnets of opposite polarity, 4 (3) and 4 (4). Together the four magnets define an annular magnetic gap 7 of N/S polarity over somewhat less than one half of

the gap area, and its mirror image of S/N polarity, over the symmetrical nearly half of the gap, in which the circular rotors rotate.

Note that the specific shape of the magnets is subject to many possible variations, e. g.

(i) the pole pieces need not be flat but can be curved in radial section for intensifying the flux intensity in the gap, (ii) the radial magnet thickness need not be uniform but may be variously shaped to optimize the flux in the gap and/or to optimize the length of the machine, (iii) the magnets need not be cylindrical but could be conical, e. g. so as to permit the rotor rims to lean inward towards the axle and thereby to reduce the brush sliding speed or conversely lean outwards to increase slip ring area, (iv) the ends of the magnets away from the gap may not form flat rings but be shaped three-dimensionally to save weight, optimize flux density, improve shock resistance of the magnets and/or reduce cost,... (v) the magnets may be shaped including any combination of the above for any combination of the above reasons, plus any other modifications, e. g. fluting if there should be good reason for doing so As shown in Figure 7B, the machine further includes a stack of circular rotors (2) that are capable of rotating in the magnetic gap 7 and are mutually electrical insulated, preferably via"dielectric breakdown bonding"layers 100 that are not shown in Figure 7B and serve as a protection against brush failure, to be more fully discussed in connection with Figure 22 and in section Je. The rotors are provided with angled rims (3), meaning extensions that project beyond the magnetic gap and out of the plane of the circular rotors. Most typicaTly but not necessarily the rims are oriented parallel to the rotation axis in the manner of Figure 7B. The purpose of the extended, angled rims is to provide slip rings 34 for the brushes 27 that conduct the current from one rotor to the next as well as into and out of the machine and may be mounted in individual brush holders or in brush strips that may be assembled into brush plates. Through extending the dimension of the angled rims in axial direction, the total available slip ring area, that tends to be a limiting factor in homopolar motors designs especially oftype I, can be almost arbitrarily increased.

The particular example of Figure 7B shows a lengthwise section of the rotor set in the machine, parallel to the axle 10. The rotor set comprises five rotors 2 (1) to 2 (5). Figure 7B further show an example of means 61 for mechanically fastening the rotor set to axle 10.

In greater detail, Figure 7B shows a set of brushes 27 (a) that run on slip rings 34 (1) to 34 (5) on rims 3 (1) to 3 (5) on the N/S-side (dubbed the (a)-side) of the magnetic gap 7, and the mirror-image set of brushes 27 (b) that similarly slide on slip rings 34 (1) to 34 (5) on rims

3 (1) to 3 (5) (not all numbered in Figure 7B) on the S/N-side (dubbed the b-side) of the mag- netic gap 7. For clarity, Figure 7B does not show the brush holders. These could be indivi- dual brush holders or could be extending from"brush plates"in the form of brush strips rather than individual brushes as further discussed in section B (c).

Rotors 2 (1) to 2 (5) and their rims 3 (1) to 3 (5) including their slip rings 34 (1) to 34 (5) are mutually electrically insulated by insulating layers 48 (not shown in Figure 7) and are supplied with radially oriented current channeling means 18, i. e. eddy current barriers whether eddy cuts and/or any other suitable form of current channeling means. Collectively, though not necessarily individually, the eddy current barriers extend from the inner edge of the annular magnetic gap area through the magnetic gap area 7, through the rims 3 (1) to 3 (5) and through the slip rings 34 (1) to 34 (5), so as to inhibit circumferential current flow between magnetic areas (a) and (b) and thereby electrically to insulate brushes 27 (n, a) from brushes 27 (n, b)..

However, the rotor area 62 about the axle 10 up to the magnetic gap, is free of eddy current barriers. Moreover, in order to lower internal machine resistance and thus Joule losses, in area 62 the thickness of the rotors is optionally increased as indicated in Figure 7B by numerals 62 (1) to 62 (5), and in the general case by numerals 62 (n) for any arbitrary number of rotors.

The inside edges of rotor parts 62 (1) to 62 (5),. and in general. 62 (n), are fastened to axle 10 via part 61 that is electrically insulated from rotor parts 62 (n). For example, part 61 could have cylinder shape as in Figure 7B, could be made of metal or an insulator, and by means of some suitable adhesive could-be glued-to both axle 10 and rotor parts 62 (n).

Anyway, as already stressed and is the rule for all rotor sets in all homopolar machines, the different rotors in the set, including their rims and their parts in the area 62 about the axle, must be electrically insulated from each other by layers 48. This could be very easily accomplished by spraying with a stop-off lacquer before assembling the set of rotors while the lacquer is still wet or at the least"tacky". Thereby eddy cuts will be glued shut if these should be the current channeling means employed, which would be highly desirable for mechanical strength.

The objective of the outlined construction is to force current i to flow consecutively from rotor 2 (1) to 2 (N), and in each of the rotors across both the (a) and (b) parts of the magnetic gap as indicated in Figure 7C which is a plan view of the described bipolar machine according to the present invention. In a motor, current i will thereby be subjected to the corresponding increments of magnetic force on each pass through the annular magnetic flux

area, and in a generator it will generate additive increments of induced voltage, always in the same direction, thereby causing n of eq. 4 to equal n = 2.

To clarify the current flow in greater detail, consider the machine in Figure 7 to be a motor, wherein the voltage is applied between brush holder strip 65 (l, a) at the top of the stack on the (a)-side),'and brush holder strip 65 (N, b) at the bottom of the stack on the b-side.

In this arrangement, current i enters brush holder strip 65 (1, a) via switch 77. From there, driven by the applied voltage increment between rotor brush holder strip 65 (l, a) and 65 (l, b) and constrained by the eddy current barriers 18, the current flows in axial direction through rim 3 (1) towards the (a), i. e. N/S polarity, part of the gap between magnet pair 4 (1)/4 (2) above and pair 4 (3)/4 (4) at the bottom of the stack Still constrained by the eddy current barriers the current next flows radially inwards through the axial N/S magnetic field and in the process is acted upon by the corresponding anti-clockwise toque. Leaving the gap area into area 62 (1), and there unconstrained by eddy current barriers but still driven by the voltage between brush holder strips 65 (1, a) and 65 ( (l, b), current i circuits about axle 10 into the (b), i. e. S/N polarity, part of the gap. Now again constrained by the eddy current barriers, the current flows outward in radial direction and is again subject to an anti-clockwise Lorentz force torque in the (b)-part of the gap. Fromthere, stil, constrained. by eddy crrent barriers and driven by the applied voltage, the current flows in axial direction through rim 3 (i, b) and leaves rotor 2 (1) through brush strip 27 (lob) into brush holder strip 65 (l, b). With this the rotor has been traversed and has yielded twice the induced voltage due to a single passage of the current through the magnetic flux. The next current turn begins as the current continues to follow the applied potential gradient through bridge"64 (1) into brush holder strip 65 (2, a) on through fiber brush strip 27 (2, a) to repeat the same course through rotor 2 (2) etc. until it finally exits at brush holder strip 65 (N, b) after N current turns.

(b) Slip Rings In all cases, neighboring slip rings as well as brushes and brush holding devices must be electrically insulated. This may most simply be done by means of the already mentioned insulating joints 48, e. g. composed of"stop-off lacquer". In order in particular to prevent electrical contact between brushes on neighboring slip rings, stiff, thin insulating layers 49, also called"separators", may be provided between parallel brush tracks as shown in Figure 7B and 8A and similarly insulating end layers 49 (T) and 49 (B) at top and bottom of the series

of parallel slip rings may be used to prevent brushes from sliding off the slip rings, as shown in Figure 7B.

Rims 3 (1) to 3 (5), and in the general case 3 (n), need not be of uniform thickness but may optionally be less than or exceed the thickness of the rotors in the magnetic gap area, e. g. so as to reduce ohmic electrical resistance. Moreover the thickness of the rims need not be the same for all rims nor be uniform over the whole extent of any one rim. One application here is"scarfing", i. e. inclining the brush-rotor interface against the brush fiber direction in a plane normal to the sliding direction, which facilitates reversal of sliding direction attendant on reversal of sense of machine rotation. Scarfing is used for that purpose in the previously mentioned homopolar motor currently under construction at General Atomics Inc.

Simple scarfing is illustrated in Figure 8A, wherein slip rings are conical with opening angle q) in either direction relative to the rotation axis. As a result, radially oriented metal fiber brushes or brush strips 27 (n) as in Figure 7B slide on slip rings 34 (n) with their axes inclined by angle q) against the slip ring normal in a plane parallel to the rotation axis. In general, compared to cylindrical slip rings, the angle of inclination of arbitrarily oriented brushes against the same slip ring surface will be decreased by the angle (p if the brush axis, ie. the brush fiber direction, is slanted in.-the same-sense-and increased7 by-the-angle (P in case of opposite slant.

The ease and safety with which the brush sliding direction, and hence the machine rotation direction, can be reversed increases with the angle sp of inclination of the brush fibers against the slip ring normal (p. However, increasing the angle 9 at the same time causes the brushes to be driven increasingly forcefully towards the slip ring side with the smaller radius.

The possible resulting contact with and friction between the brush fibers and separators 49 may cause wear damage to the separators 49 and eventually wear them out. In order to prevent this, it will be advantageous to clad at least one side of separators 49 (n) with slip ring extensions (33). This variation in accordance with the present invention is indicated in Figure 8B. by means of a set of rims 3 (n) mutually electrically insulated by means of insulating joints 48, comparable to those at the right of Figure 7B, with slip ring extensions 33 (n) mechanically joined to slip ring separators 49 (n). Slip ring extensions will inhibit separator wear and incidentally will also mildly increase the available slip ring area when brushes are contacting the separators.

Further, advantageously the separators 49 (n) may be eliminated by means of slip ting extensions from both sides as indicated in Figure 8C. From the view point of manufacturing that means that suitably shaped rims (3) with, typically differently shaped slip ring extensions (33) on both sides, may be simply joined together by means of insulating joints 48 that provides electrical insulation between rotors and bonds them mechanically. It is anticipated that this will at the same time enhance long-term reliability in preventing electrical contact between brushes on adjoining slip rings, and on account of eliminating separators (49) will reduce manufacturing cost.

Another form of scarfing, namely obtained by angling the brushes instead of the slip rings, is obtained by providing rims with angled slip ring extensions 33 as in Figure 8D.

Shown in this figure is a set of mutually electrically insulated rims, 3 (1) to 3 (4), comparable to those at the right of Figure 7B, provided with angled extensions 33 (1) to 33 (4) each of which is covered with insulating material 48 on one side. Fiber brush strips 27 (1) to 27 (4) extending from brush plate strips 65 (1) to 65 (4) slide on slip rings 34 (1) to 34 (4) that are formed by the exposed parts of rims 3 (1) to 3 (4) between neighboring slip ring extensions 33 (1) to 33 (4), e. g. slip ring 34 (3) on the surface of rim 3 (3) between extensions 33 (3) and 33 (4) on which sEdes ftbrous part 27 (3) extending from brush strip 65 (3). It may be noted that electrical contact between brush 27 (n) with the bare side of the adjacent angled extension 33 (n) will be harmless or even benefieial, while the applied. brush force drives brush 27 (n) away from the insulation 48 on extension 33 (n+1) thereby reducing of eliminating wear on the side of 33 (n+l). However, wearing through layer 48 would give rise to highly detrimental short- circuiting between slip neighboring slip rings and must be strictly, avoided. Correspondingly, according to the present invention, any combination between the two-sided cladding of the joints between neighboring slip rings as in Figure 8C and the angling of slip ring extensions, brushes, brush strips and/or brush plates as in Figure 8D, may be advantageous depending on detailed conditions.

(c) Brush Plates and Brush Strips-Basic Corartruction According to a feature of the present invention and depicted in Figure 8D, fiber brushes or brush strips (27) are favorably positioned on brush holder strips (65) already introduced, and the brush holder strips are favorably integrated in the form of rigid"brush plates" (68). Thus brush plates are composed of parallel brush holder strips (65) that can carry

brushes (27) in the form of multi-contact metal strips that are electrically insulated from each other via insulating layers (48) or (100) including dielectric breakdown bonding that will be further discussed in section Je.

Brush plates (68) can substitute for large numbers of individual brush holders, and can achieve smaller slip ring widths than would be possible with individual brushes and brush holders. Brush plates according to the present invention are further discussed in connection with Figures 9 to 13.

According to Figure 7D, for example, brush strips 27 (l, a) and 27 (l, b) and their respective brush holder strips 65 (l, a) and 65 (l, b) collectively each extend over not quite half the circumference of rotor rim 3 (1) on the a-and b-side, respectively, and similarly brush strips 27 (n, a) and 27 (n, b) projecting from brush holder strips 65 (na) and 65 (n, b) extend over most of rotor rim 3 (n) on it's a-and b-side, respectively. As explained, the electrical potentials of 27 (na) and 27 (n, b) differ on account of the current passing twice through the magnetic flux between the (a) and the (b) side of rotor 3 (n). Therefore brush holder strips 65 (n, a) and 65 (n, b) which in axial direction are rigidly connected to their neighbors 65 (n-l, a) and 65 (n+l, a) via insulating layers 48 as in Figure 8D or, as seen plan view (from the inside without the fiber parts) in Figure PA, must be electrically separated from each other. This is the function of the two oppositely located insulating sections 63 (I) for rotor rim 3 (1) and in general 63 (n) for rotor rim 3 (n) that are aligned with the dividing line between the (a) and (b) side of the machine, where the B-field has no normal component with respect to the plane of the rotors. Thus insulators 63 are located at the positions of the gaps between the opposing poles of the individual magnets, ie. gaps 78 (1)/78 (3) (not seen in Figure 7A) between the N and S poles of magnets 4 (1) and 4 (3) and gaps 74 (2) 778 (4) between the S and N poles of magnets 4 (2) and 4 (4) on the opposite side of the machine The rigid brush holder strips 65 perform the normal dual function of any brush holders, namely of conducing the current to and from the fiber brush strips 27 while they press these against the slip rings 34 with more or less constant brush pressure. Fiber brush strips 27 may be affixed to their respective holder strips 65 by a variety of means, e. g. mechanically by means of dove tailing 66 as indicated in Figure 9B, or fastened by means of gluing with a con- ductive adhesive 67, e. g. epoxy filled with metal powder, as shown in Figure 9C, or they may be fastened through soldering, or any other method that yields a firm electrically conductive bond. Dielectric bonding (100) may be used to protect machines against brush failure (see Je).

However, and as already indicated, if operated in a protective atmosphere or in the open air, gaps should be left between segments of brush strips in sliding direction to permit adequate supply of moisture. Altogether, as a rule of thumb, in a gaseous humid atmosphere not much more than the previously introduced fraction fs = 50% of the slip ring area should be covered by brush foot print, and the individual length of continuous foot print should best not exceed Lasmax = 5cm. Note that these quoted values are very rough estimates since they greatly depend on conditions, with more gap widths and shorter continuous foot print lengths needed for high than for low speeds, for high than for low humidity, and for high than for low fiber packing fraction.

While two insulating gaps 63 (n) are needed per rotor, to electrically isolate brush holder strips 65 (n, a) and 65 (n, b), as explained, there must be no more than a single current connection (dubbed a"bridge") 64 (n) to conduct the current from brush holder strip 65 (n) to 65 (n+1) since otherwise the current would simply take the shortest route between 65 (n, a) and 65 (n+l, b) without traversing the magnetic gap 7. Moreover, advantageously, not only the insulating gaps (63 (n) but also the bridges 64 (n), e. g. as shown in Figure 9A, should be located at the positions of the gaps between the poles of the four magnets. As a result, much like in an irrigation channel the water flow is at maximum at its inflow point and : is success- ively depleted by the water flowing into successive furrows, so the circumferential current density in any one brush holder strip is depleted by the current flowing out into the rotors through the fiber brush strips, until the current vanishes at the insulating gaps 63. The resulting non-uniform evolution of Joule heat in the brush holder strips may, in accordance with the present invention, be smoothed out by alternating the positions of the bridges 64 between the two discussed opposite circumferential positions, as indicated in Figures 7C and 9A Short-circuiting between adjoining current turns via unintended contact between brushes on neighboring slip rings is inhibited by means of insulating separators/barriers 49 (1) to 49 (4) between adjoining brush tracks in Figure 7B, and in general labeled 49 (n), or extensions from slip rings 33 (n) as already discussed in conjunction with Figures 8 (B) to 8 (D). Optionally similar separators of both types, at both ends or the slip ring zone, in Figure 7B indicated as 49 (T) and 49 (B) (for T = top and B = bottom) may be employed to constrain outermost fibers, if any, from splaying out too much. Moreover, in view of the planned close spacing among brushes on adjoining slip rings, according to the present invention cross conduction among brushes may be curbed by coating the fiber with a very thin insulating film.

A requirement for the choice of such coating material, besides raising the cross resistance among fibers, is that in the course of brush wear it does not leave a residue on the slip rings that significantly raises the electrical resistance between brushes and slip rings.

Even though the bridges 64 in Figure 7C and 9A are drawn as flat strips that is just one example of their possible morphology. Much more likely, in practice they will take the form of 'oints"76 interposed between the rigid holder strips that may be made of flexible cabling or of foils as indicated in Figure 10A. The tangential component of the brush force among neighboring sections is maintained by means of springs, e. g. constant force spring 37 in Figure 10A.. In fact, due to the radial inward movement of the stiff brush holder strips on account of brush wear, the construction of the flexible joints and bridges between sections of the brush plates is a challenge that is identified and overcome in the present invention as clarified by means of Figures 10 to 12. Hence the depiction of the insulating gaps 63 and the bridges 64 in Figures 7C and 9A are only schematic to show the current flow directions and general geometry involved, but do not reflect the actual (and rather more complicated) morphology.

(d) Construction, Operation and Manufacture of brush Plates Conceptionally, according to the present invention, it will be advantageous to think of brush plates including the rigid brush strips 65 and the fibrous brush strips 27 extending therefrom, as consumable units much like, say, printer cartridges, car tires or indeed graphitic brushes in motors and generators. Instead of repairing a worn out or defective brush plate, it would simply be removed and replaced by a fresh plate. However, in order to function satisfactorily, the problems of how to maintain a more or less uniform brush pressure in the course of brush wear, how to manufacture brush plates and how to service them must be solved. The crucial considerations herein are how to maintain a steady brush force and more or less uniform rate of brush wear. Specifically, as the rigid brush holder strips 65 (n) move toward the axle 10 in the course of brush wear, both the bridges 64 (n) as well as the insulating sections 63 (n) of Figures 7C and 9A must either deform without offering much mechanical resistance if they are somehow fused to the brush holder strips, or if insulators 63 (n) and% or bridges 64 (n) are stiff and fixed in position as in Figure 9A, the brush holder strips must be able to slide relative to them

This poses no difficulty in regard to the insulating sections 63 (n) since these could be made of polymer foam or even be empty spaces. In the latter case, the cross sectional areas of brush holder strips facing each other across the empty gap should, to prevent possible short-circuiting through wear debris or other, be covered with an insulating lacquer or paint.

The challenge is not so easily solved in regard to bridges, as seen by considering the movements of brush plates 68 of different circumferential extent relative to stiff stationary bridges 64 and/or insulators 63 that accompany the same brush wear lengths, as sketched in Figurell. Specifically, Figure 11 considers brush plate displacement on account of the same brush wear length at the center of the plate, i. e. displacement of the center of brush plate 68 towards the axis by the same distance, as a function of the angular extent of the plate. As seen, brush plate 68 (1), spanning an arc of o _ 180°, moves into position 68 (1*), while brush plates 68 (2) and 68 (3) with # # 90° and # # 60°, respectively, move into positions 68 (2*) and 68 (3*). As the outer edges of the brush plates displace at angles 0/2 relative to the adjoining stationary bridges 64, the relative wear lengths of brushes in the middle and at the edges of the same brush plate, i. e. #LB, center/#LB,edge, is 1/cos#/2. Thus the edges of plate 68 (1) move almost directly towards bridges 64 with strong brush wear at the center of the plate and virtually none at its edges. Evidently, with this morphology, the brush force is similarly skewed to be very low near the edges and to be at maximum about the center of the plate. It follows that a total of two =180"brush plates about the circumference of a machine would be unsatisfactory from the standpoint of uneven brush pressure and brush wear alone, no matter how the needed accommodation of the gap shape available for bridges 64 would be achieved.

The parallel displacement of the plate edges, compared to the normal displace- ment component of the plate edges relative to the bridges 64, is =cos (6/2)/sin (0/2).

Numerically, the displacement ratio parallel and normal to a stationary bridge or insulator would be #cos90°/sin90°= 0: 1 by the use of two-180° brush plates about the machine circumference, would be #1 : 1 for a total of four #90° brush plates like 68 (2), would be gcos30°/sm30° = 1 : 0.58 for six-60° brush plates like 68 (3), and would reduce to mcos22. 5°/sio225 = 1: 0.414. by the use of eight similar =360°/8 = 45° brush plates about the machine circumference. Meanwhile the relative brush wear rates between the middle and edges of the brush plates would be _l/cos90° > » by the use of just two 180° brush plates, one each on the (a) and (b) side, whereas with 4,6 and 8 brush plates per circumference the relative brush

wear rates, and by implication correlated brush pressures, would be #1/cos45° = 1.41, #1/cos30° = 1.15, and _1/cos22. 5°= 1. 08.

It follows that, based on non-uniformity of brush wear alone, one =180"plate per side will be unacceptable, two plates per side, i. e. =90"brush plates, will barely do, three =60° brush plates per side will fulfill all foreseeable practical requirements, and still narrower brush plates would be overly ample. Correspondingly, for a circular rotor one or two flexible brush plate "joints" will have to be included per side in addition to the required current bridges.

Having settled this question, the practical challenge of how to accommodate the needed parallel and normal displacements is much more severe for stationary bridges as in Figure 10B than for flexible bridges that move with the plates, as in Figure 10A. The best solution for stationary, stiff bridges is probably via resilient multi-contact metal material 47 indicated in Figures 10B and 11. However, at, say, 2cm total average brush wear the resilient multi-contact material would have to accommodate a change of gap width of more than 1cm even with 60"brush plates. This would be quite difficult to achieve and possibly lead to arcing as the contacts between plate edge and rigid, stationary bridge loosens with brush wear.

Although in line with the above considerations stationary rigid joints and bridges are possible, it is more Eke that one will utilize flexible bridges and flexible joints im accordance with Figure 10A. The principal function of flexible joints and bridges that are moving with the plates is that of accommodating the reduction of circumference from some value 2#R before brush wear to 2 (R-BL. B) after 8LB brush length wear, i.e. a reduction of 6LB of circumferential length through a ÇLB average brush shortening. This 2SLB length reduction will be distributed over 4 or 6 gaps depending whether 90° or 60° brush plates are used, ie. for oLe = 2cm will require an average shortening of 3.1cm or 2.1cm per joint or flexible bridge in the cases of 90° and 60° plates, respectively. According to the present invention this required gap shortening will be accomplished by means of joints and bridges constructed from stacks of parallel foils, a solution that is adapted from ref [13] as follows: The mechanical stiffiess of a foil (and similarly a fiber) may be modeled by a cantilever. For a foil diameter dF the cantilever deflection under force FF is proportional to 1/dF4, whereas its electrical resistance is proportional to 1/dp. Specifically, the spring force, FF, of a uniform cantilever of width w, length L and thickness dF, hence cross sectional area AF, made of a material with Young's modulus E, at the elastic deflection AG of its free end is

FF = (E dF3 wJ4L3) Ae = (E AF dF2/4L3) ## (13) Hence, disregarding friction among the foils, for NF parallel foils of total material cross- sectional area As NF AF, the spring force is, disregarding friction among the foils in the stack, FS=NF FF#(EAS dF2/4L3) ## (14) i. e. Fs drops sharply with decreasing foil thickness, while the electrical resistance of the foil stack from end to end is Rs=pL/As (15) independent of foil thickness. Thus, replacing a certain segment of brush holder strip by double its length of separate thin foils that together occupy only one half the strip thickness in order to essentially eliminate friction among the foils, is electrically equivalent to tripling the length of the replaced segment. This will be relatively insignificant provided that the average bridge or joint length amounts to, say, no more than ten percent of the machine circumference.

Moreover the insertion of such flexible joints between rigid brush plates, as indicated by numeral 76 in Figure 10A, would presumably not too seriously interfere with brush placement since it provides for some of the needed gaps among brush strip segments for moisture access in gaseous atmospheres.

As to the mechanical forces due to the bridges consider a, say, L = 3cm = 3xlC2m long copper bridge in a square 1cm by 1cm holder strip for As = 5xlO~5m2 that deflects by Al = lcm = lem in order to accommodate 1. 5cm of brush wear. With E =1. 2xl0" Nlm2 for copper, the associated force would be, according to eq. 14, FS # 1.2x1011#5#10-5#dF2#10-2/[4#(3#10-2)3] [N] = 5.56x108 dF2 (16)

i. e. for dF = I Ogm an entirely negligible force of Fs = 0.056N. More economically, foils o say, dF = 25pm thickness could be used and yield a still very low Fs = 0.35N. This is just one numerical example to illustrate the wide possibilities offered, in regard to mechanical behavior, by flexible joints and bridges inter-linking brush plates The remaining question in this section, then, is how to insert the insulators, how to make bridges and how to attach them. According to the present invention this is accomplish- ed by means of male (72a) and female (73a) connector plates illustrated in Figure 10A Herein the groups of foils that make up the conductive part of brush holder strips 65 (i, a) to 65 (nua) could be directly fed through the male connector plate 72 (a) to extend out of it from the other side in the form of being fused into one rigid metal strip 74 (a) per foil group. Alternatively, according to the present invention, the foils in any one group may be electrically connected, within the male brush plate, to their one correlated strip. Either way the strips must be mutually electrically insulated, as may be accomplished by making the bulk of the connector plate of an electrically insulating material, or by incorporating into it intervening insulating layers 48.

The construction of the female connector plate 73 is similar except that the groups of foils are electrically connected to conductive. slots. 75-thatxre-hapedto receIve e protruding metal strips 74 (b) of the male connector plate 72 (b) of brush plates 68 (b, l) and 68 (b, 2) to which they are to be connected. For creating a bridge, male and female connector plates from opposite sides, e. g. from the (a) and (b) side, are snapped or pushed together so that brush holder strip 65 (n, b) is connected to strip 65 (n+l, a).

The indicated plugs 42 (b) and receptacles 42 (b) are designed to insure the proper alignment between strips and slots. These perform the same function as the screw connectors integrated into the receptacles of printer cables that secure the proper alignment of the male and female parts. In fact, plugs and holes 42 (b) of Figure 10A might favorably be replaced by just such screw fasteners.

In Figure 10A, the labels 42 (b) of the centering device, while the plates, strips and brushes are labeled 68 (a) 65 (a) and 27 (a), respectively, indicate that the part shown in Figure 10A is meant to belong to the (a)-side that in a machine will be connected to its corresponding part of the (b)-side. Therefore plates 72 (a) and 73 (a), together with their counterparts 72 (b) and 73 (b) that are not shown, must have the previously discussed feature of ing strip 1 to strip 2, strip3 to strip 4, strip 5 to strip 6, etc. on the left side of the drawing, say, and strip 2

to strip 3, strip 4 to strip 5, strip 6 to strip 7, etc. on the right side, in accordance with Figure 7C. For use in actual machines, the plates must therefore be labeled accordingly to permit the replacement of brush plates by untrained personnel, in the manner of replacing printer cartridges and other consumable parts of technological equipment, as already discussed.

Lastly, brush plates in motors must be connected to the terminals of power supplies, and similarly brush plates in generators must be connected to the terminals of the current user.

For large machines this means that brush plates must be electrically connected to the corre- sponding rigid cables or buses, while at the same time they must be able to move easily in the course of brush wear. According to the present invention, this potential difficulty is solved by making said electrical connections between brush plates and terminals via substantially parallel contact plates that are rigidly fastened to the terminals and the brush plates, respectively, of which one is lined with a resilient multi-contact metal material under light pressure. fe) Basic Overall Construction of Bipolar Machines w Circular Rofors Having available brush plates in lieu of individual brushes in individual holders, and having means of suitably connecting them together electrically and mechanically by means of joints and bridges according to the present invention as discussed above, stilt leaves open the question of how to keep them in position within machines and how to apply the brush force.

Several possibilities for positioning and advancing the plates towards the axle in the course of brush wear exist, e. g. guiding the plates between rails, or in slots, or by a kind of dove tailing.

These means may be variously used, depending on conditions and cost. For precision and high performance the favored choice, however, is linear bearings. to which the plates are rigidly fastened by means of adequately long and sturdy brackets to withstand possible shocks.

Figure 12, which presents a perspective view with partial cut-out of two similar bipolar motors in tandem (Figure 12A), and a perspective view of just one of them (Figure 12B), indicates this feature by means of the linear bearing brackets 71 (1) to 71 (4) that are visible and their implied mirror image on the opposite side of the machine that are out of view. The linear bearings are to be fastened to the motor end plates 70 (1) and 70 (2) such that the brush plates can slide towards the center of the axle in the plane of the end plates 70 (1) and 70 (2).

The geometry depicted in Figure 12 comprises four 90"brush plates about the circumference of rotors 2 (1) to 2 (N/2)) of the first machine, of which 68 (a, 1) and 68 (b, 1) are visible, and a symmetrical group of four 90° brush plates about the circumference of rotors

2 (N/2+1) to 2 (N) of which 68 (a2) and 68 (b, 2) are visible, whereas an actual machine might well comprise six or even eight brush plates on each side. The mild inclination of the brush plates relative to the rotation axis takes account of (i) the overlapping rotor rims as indicated in Figure 7B and 8D, with cumulative rim thickness largest at the center (the plane of rotor 2 (N/2) and feathering out to zero at the edges of rims 3 (1) and 3 (N) of rotors 2 (1) and 2 (N) at the extreme ends near the motor end plates 70 (1) and 70 (2). (ii) Potentially different initial brush lengths in order to take account of the higher sliding speed and thus higher brush wear rates at the center. (iii) Possibly different brush wear rates on the (a)-and (besides.

Thus, unlike the previous example of Figures 7C, 9A and 10, but in line with Figure 8D, the brush plates are not cylindrical but conical. The reasons for potentially different brush wear rates on the (a)-and (b)-side is that they exhibit positive (brushes 27 (n, a)) and negative (brushes 27 (n, b)) electric potentials relative to the rotors. As a result, (a) and (b) brushes can, and typically do, exhibit moderately different brush resistances and wear rates at otherwise the same conditions. Even though the majority of bipolar or other homopolar motors will be required to occasionally reverse direction and thereby invert brush polarity, e. g. as in ship or car drives, most of their operation takes place in the same direction and correspondingly, if they are nmde of identical cpnstmcdpn. bsh plates &ster, and in that case would have to be replaced more often than 68 (b, n) brush plates, unless they accommodate initially longer brushes.

The outlined geometry would not require the significant pair-wise separation of brush plates along the machine mid-plane as drawn in Figure 12B since brush wear would be strictly in radial direction and would be accommodated by the joints and bridges described in connection with Figure 10A. However, some pair-wise separation of brush plates will be needed in order to avoid possible strong axial stresses through temperature changes or shock loads when plates are firmty anchored between motor end plates 70 (1) and 70 (2) via their respective mounting brackets 71 (n) and linear bearings. Note, however, that the gap between plates 68 (a, l) and 68 (a, 2) and similarly 68 (b, l) and 68 (b, 2) is exaggerated in Figure 12 since it basically serves the function of expansion joints in bridges and large buildings and its width would best only be, say, a percent or less of the overall motor length..

As in Figure 10A so also in Figure 12, the brushes on the brush plates are loaded against the slip rings on the rotor rims by means of constant force springs 37 (1) and 37 (2) across joints 76 and/or bridges 64. Generally, such springs should be applied across every

flexible junction between adjoining brush plates in order to achieve as uniform brush pressure about the circumference as possible. Also in long machines more than one constant force spring may be advisable along the axial length of any one flexible part. Other types of brush loading are evidently possible, e. g. substitution of the constant force springs by spiral springs or spring clips, and these are not ruled out in the present invention disclosure. However, constant force springs are the almost universal means of choice for brush loading in existing technology and are liable to be preferred also here unless and until some better solution should be found.

The desire to reduce brush wear and/or the need to permit reversal of machine rotation direction already discussed in conjunction with Figure 8,. will presumably not only be facilitated by scarfing of slip rings but also by slanting of brush fibers, as for example already indicated in Figure 8D. The possible morphologies are (i) rotation of the average fiber direction about the axis in the plane of the interface, normal to sliding direction, as indicated in Figure 13A and 13B which give a perspective and plan view, respectively. When run on a slip ring parallel to the brush plate this causes sliding in leading or trailing direction. (ii) Rotating the fiber direction about the sliding direction as shown in Figure 13C which results in scarfing orientation against a slip ring parallel to the brush plate (iii) A combination of the two.

Practical experience will be needed to determine the best approach from case to case.

(d) Manufacture, Replacement and Reliability ofBrush Plates The proposed flexible joints composed of thin foils between rigid brush plates and associated bridges (e. g. Figure 10) according to the present invention lend themselves to mass production by using the same foil thickness throughout, as follows.

1) A sequence of rigid brush holder strips (65) with their brush strips (27) and intervening flexible joints (76) is made by stacking the requisite number of metal foils (e. g. copper or aluminum) in the intended shape and"potting", in an electrically conductive hardenable adhesive, the intended lengths and positions of the future brush strips (65), while at the intended positions of flexible joints (76) the foils are left free.

2) The strips of brush material (27) (whose manufacture will be discussed further in section K) are affixed to the fused segments of the brush holder strips (65), e. g. by means of soldering or some (perhaps the same) electrically conductive adhesive that was used for 'potting"or any other suitable method.

3) The resulting rigid strips (65) bearing fiber brush material (27) and the interlinked flexible joints (76) without fiber brush material, are stacked with intervening insulating layers (48) and assembled into brush plate sections (68) by gluing the rigid segments together by means of insulating adhesive, optionally with intervening electrically insulating separators between adjoining brush strips (49).

In order to achieve the desired low friction among the separate foils in the joints (76), either some fraction of them must be cut out from the joints, or the volume fraction of the 'potting"material in the rigid parts must be made large enough so that without it the joints have an adequately low friction. Also, a lubricant may be applied to the foils in the joints, provided that it will not spread to, and contaminate, the brushes and slip rings.

According to the present invention, in brush plates, ahlmimlm foils could be advan- tageously substituted for copper foils. This so because at Eau = 6.5x10l° N/n the elastic modulus of aluminum is just above one half that of copper, while on account of its electrical resistivity of #Al= 2.65x10 BQm versus pcu = 1.6x104S2m, for same electrical resistance the cross section As of Eqs. 14 and 15 would need to be increased by only 60%. The use of aluminum foils for the construction of brush plates, joints and/or bridges would also be attractive on account of low cost, excellent deformability in manufacture and easy availability of aluminum foils Although the outlined method of manufacturing brush plates is part of the present invention, in being a unique not previously known combination of steps, it is not conjectural since all steps therein are already known to be feasible. In view of the successes of mass pro- ducing technological items involving small parts, it is therefore not doubted that, given an adequate volume of demand, brush plates can eventually be mass produced at low cost to become rather inexpensive.

It is not immediately apparent how best to place/replace brush plates on matching slip ring assemblies so that the individual brush strips make proper contact with their designated slip rings and are mutually electrically insulated by means of separators (49) as in Figure 7B or slip ring extensions (33) as in Figure 8D. This is no serious problem when slip rings and separators or slip ring extensions are relatively wide but will become a challenge as one drives towards more and more compact, power-efficient machines with thinner and thinner separators or slip ring extensions. In terms o say, the left side of Figure 7B, the question is

how in installing brush plates one places the assembled brush strips so that brush 27 (n, a) contacts slip ring 3 (n) and none of its fibers straddle insulators 49 (n-1) and 49 (n) to cause a short-circuit between slip rings 3 (n-1), 3 (n) and 3 (n+1). Similarly in terms of Figure 8D, how does one install a brush plate so that fiber strips 27 (1)... 27 (N) smoothly fit into the spaces between slip ring extensions 33 (1)...... 33 (N+1), without damaging the fiber strips.

Again, this is not difficult if one leaves sizeable gaps between neighboring brush strips 27 (a) and similarly 27 (b), but increasingly power-efficient machines will require increasingly slender separators. According to the present invention two primary methods are used as follows: (1) shaping brushes such that initially their running surfaces are compressed so as to leave gaps between neighboring brushes and (2) using temporary separators between brush strips, say, 27 (n-l, a), 27 (n, a) and 27 (n+l, a) etc. that are withdrawn as the brushes slip between the respective separators 49 (n-1), 49 (n) and 49 (n+1) or slip ring extensions 33 (n-l), 33 (n) and 33 (n+l). Fortunately, too, it is now possible to produce rather shape-retentive fiber brushes that do not splay and are not too easily damaged. Additional methods will be further discussed in Section K (d) Further, by the design of Figure 12B, removal of brush plates would involve no more than detaching constant force springs 37, releasing connector plates 72/73 (not shown in Figure 12), and detaching brush plates 68 from their linear bearing brackets 71. Installation of new plates would be done by reversing these step s.

Regarding reliability, again experience with modern technology of mass production is very reassuring. Also, years of laboratory experience indicate that erratic strong increases of brush resistance and brush wear rates such as are a problem with traditional graphitic brushes are virtually non-existent for fiber brushes. Although their resistance and wear rate can fluctuate, the changes exhibited by fiber brushes are gradual, occurring over hours or more.

Therefore one may be confident of generally predictable behavior of brush plates. Even so, at least for large machines it will be advisable to install on or at each brush plate, firstly, a contact resistance monitor between plate and rotors and, secondly, a proximity gauge to monitor wear distances. In relation to the cost of large machines the cost of such monitoring and alarms in case of malfunction will be small.

A major contributor to problems with brush plates, if any, is expected to be wear debris that is similarly problematic for brushes in closely spaced individual brush holders.

Inevitably, the rate of wear debris production is proportional to the area of active slip

ring/brush interface, As, and thus can be sizeable in accordance with equation 3. Fortunately, the debris of multi-contact metal material is much more innocuous than the carbon dust that is shed by graphitic brushes because, firstly, metal fiber wear debris is chemically inert and secondly, it is essentially non-conducting. These favorable features result because the fiber brush wear debris particles are chemically inert and do not significantly adhere to each other.

Consequently, current through accumulations of multi-contact metal brush wear debris is transported across large numbers of contact spots in series that are very small on account of the small forces among them, even while the intervening film resistivity tends to be large. By contrast, carbon wear debris is chemically reactive and the particles in it adhere to each other to produce a remarkably low electrical resistivity of carbon brush wear debris.

The concern that multi-contact metal fiber wear debris could lodge in narrow brush tracks and interrupt conduction is remote according to available experience. It has not been observed in any previous tests except when the fiber material was strongly contaminated with organic substances, mainly left over from commercial wire drawing. Even so, it can be combated if observed by (i) flushing out wear particles either periodically or continuously as part of machine cooling, best with water. (ii) Provide wells where wear debris is likely to settle at low areas in a machine, to capture and permanently remove wear debris from circulation in the machine.

69 Mechanical Structure and Assembly ofMachines The weights of magnets (specifically 4 (1) to 4 (4) in the machine of Figures 8and 12) rotors and brush assemblies must be mechanically supported, as well as the force of the force of attraction among the magnets. In Figure 12 this is done by the use of strong, non-rotating endplates, 70 (1) and 70 (2), through which axle 10 passes; or a common endplate in the case of tandem machines (ie. plate 70 (2) in Figure 12A). The magnets could be attached to the endplates at their outer ends by means of bolts, or by means of screw threads about the magnet circumference and matching treaded openings in the base plates, or by soldering, brazing or any other means, e. g. gluing with a suitable adhesive. Alternatively, the magnets could be mounted into suitable framing, e. g. with struts fitting into gaps 78 (1) to 78 (4), and the framing could be fixed to the machine endplates either directly or indirectly via tie rods 69 or other supports by means of which the motor endplates are attached to each other.

Advantageously, according to the present invention, instead of parallel, flat, solid endplates as in Figure 12, other shapes or structures may be used. Thus endplates could be arbitrarily curved (e. g. for less drag in a fluid environment), could be variously perforated or be made of grids or meshwork (e.g. in order to decrease the machine weight or to facilitate cooling), and in any of these cases could be made of metal, ceramics, plastics, composites and any combination of'these. Alternatively, endplates could be eliminated in. favor oftubing, again solid or perforated and be made of any suitable material, in which case the structural support for the machine must extend either from the tubing or from its end perimeters, or both. Thus supports could span the circular openings at either or both ends and encircle the axle by means of low-friction bearings. Again, any of these possibilities could be executed in a variety of ma- terials, including iron and steel, copper and copper alloys, aluminum alloys, ceramics, such as fiberglass, polymers or composites of any type, e. g. metal, fiber glass or carbon fiber com- posites, and any combinations of these, to name a number of potential choices. Actual solutions will be dictated by various parameters including strength, volume, weight, corrosion resistance, acoustic properties, shock resistance and cost. The specific design of Figure 12 is depicted mainly because of its simplicity but it is not meant to be exclusive in any way.

Much the same general considerations regarding shape and choice of material apply also to the other structural details of the machine, including to the means of fastening the motor to the axle. The solution depicted in Figure 7B, namely a cylindrical attachment

between rotors and axle is by way of plausible example but not meant to be exclusive, as already emphasized previously.

Assembling bipolar machines with rotors of simple shapes, as in the present example, poses no problems, provided that means exist to pass the axle though a completed machine.

Specifically, the rotors are simply nested petri-dish-or cup-shaped metal sheet. Experience with the ubiquitous beer and soft-drink cans and with very common commercial tubing down to quite thin wall diameters, indicates that these can be produced inexpensively in large numbers even if their peripheral rims should be fairly extended.

Assembling the rotors into sets, once all of the requisite sizes have been made, requires nothing but mechanical stacking while the rotors are still wet from dipping them into some suitable lacquer or other hardenable polymer or cement that on drying will glue them together at small layer thickness of insulating material. Next the magnets may be put into place and fastened to their respective motor end-plate, or may be placed into the annular spaces on opposite ends of the rotors by any conventional means after they have already been attached to the endplates, and similarly the linear bearings with their brackets. The endplates would be joined by tie-bars 69 and the brush plates 68 would probably be installed last in the already <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> descnbed manner. The orderm which the enumerated steps are performed in constructing a bipolar machine is optional, but the indicated sequence appears to be practical.

(g) Optimizing the Rntio of Machine Diameter to Power In a number of applications, specifically for podded ship drives, there is a premmm on small diameter to machine power ratio while the machine length is of little concern, provided it does not much exceed a length to diameter ratio of six or seven. Alternatively, there may be a premium on reduced slip ring diameter so as to reduce brush speed and thereby to extend brush life. The design on Figure 14 accomplishes these goals by extending rotor rims 3 beyond the length of magnets 4, and there bringing them in closer to axle 10.

Its drawback is a reduced motor efficiency and increased complexity of design. Most likely it will have to be constructed in two halves, e. g. the (a) and (b) half separately. The slip rings will then have to be accurately assembled and will have to have a very low run-out, e. g. no more than 0. 001" = 25am.

(h) Numerical Values for Bipolar Machines with Circular Rotors The power of a homopolar machine is limited by the maximum permissible fractional loss, L = ##/VM (17) It is dominated by the voltage drop on account of the internal resistance of the machine, i. e.

###i Rint # VML (18) Therefore for a machine operating with current i and voltage VM"of. nominal machine power WM, it is WM = i VM = VM2L/Rint (19) while VM=NR1VR#NRVRRRB according to eqs. (4) and (5) WM#(NRVRRRB)2L/Rint (21) However, g is mostly proportional to Np/Rp since the current path lengths are proportional to NR RR and the conductor cross sections to 1/RR2 while Rint is proportional to NR. Hence, to a first approximation, the maximum machine power is WM # VR2RR3B2L i. e. rises linearly with the permissible loss, which is problematic because the waste heat must be removed by forced cooling; in proportion with vR2, i. e. the rotation speed,-whence the great advantage of increasing VR beyond the maximum brush velocity of about 20m/sec, as by the design in Figure4, but whence also the difficulty of designing homopolar ship drives with slow rotation speeds ;

with the third power of the rotor radius, i. e. in essence linearly with the machine volume and mass; # in proportion with the square of the magnetic flx density, B2, whence the advantage of superconducting magnets, with B in the range of 4, whereas B = 1 tesla for permanent and electro magnets.

Anyway, eq. 22 is useful for making rapid back-of-the-envelopes estimates of the maximum power of homopolar motors with circular rotors. Specifically the internal resistance per rotor, Rint/NR, was estimated for the particular motor of Figure 14 with RA = RR/2, i.e. α = # (see eq. 5), and with uniform thickness of rotor and rim oftR-RR/NR, as follows : 1) The resistance of the two half-circle annular areas, i. e. in the gap and leading the rims back towards the axle after passing the magnets and current traverse in part (a) and part (b) is, for a single rotor, (4phot R) in (RR/RA) = p 0. 88/tR.

2) The resistance of the two half-cylinders formed by the rim along the magnet height of 1.2RR is 2##1.2/#t R = # 0.76/tR.

3) The resistance of the two half-cylindrical rims of average length NRA is 2## NR#/#t RRR= 0. 64xp A/tR.

4) The resistance of the brush holders and bridges correlated with the (a) and (b) side of the rotor and of width dw is 2pRs/dwtR The total internal resistance per rotor is thus pf int = #{(4/#t R) #n (RR/RA) + 2.4/#tR+2 NR#/#tRRR + 2#RR/dWtR} z p (0. 88/tR +0. 76/tR + 0. 64#/tR2+2#RR/dWtR} (23) Introducing numerical values shows that the internal resistance is dominated by the fourth term, i. e. the brush holder so that in first approximation one may write, with 0. 75RR#NRtR 1Rint # # 2#NR#dw (24) Hence with eq. 19 WM = (NR VR2/Rint) L # [VR2 dw/#2#]L (25)

and with eq. 5 and n=2, a = 1/2 and dwAt w WM # [VR2dw/#2#]L # (0.12VR2B2RR3#w/#) Byuse ofthetypicalvaluesofvR=20 m/sec, B = lTesla and p = 1 ; 6xlO4Qmfor copper, the simple relationship WM#3#109#WRR3 (27) follows. Based hereon, remarkably high possible values for the power of bipolar machines of this type follow. This topic would be further pursued, were it not that bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors are yet much superior as will be discussed next.

C. Bipolar Machines with Cup-Shaped or Cylindrical Rotors (Figs. 15 to 22) (a) Bipolar Machines with Cup-Shaped Rotors Figures 7B and 14 suggest that preferably the magnetic field should penetrate the elong-ated cylindrical rims 3 rather than the geometrically smaller circular rotors 2 of the machine, which so-to-speak form the bottoms of nested cups, rather than the other way around, while maintaining the feature of bipolarity, ie. n = 2. According to one form of the present invent-ion, this is accomplished by enclosing an axially extended bar-type magnet 4, whose direction of magnetization is normal to its long axis, in a set of rotors 2 (n) in the form of axially extended cups. The cups are provided with eddy current barriers on the cylindrical parts but are free of such at their bottoms 62, in the pattern of Figure 6C but in this case with the eddy current barriers, i. e. eddy cuts or other current channeling means, intersecting the outer circumference 20. Further, the described set of cup-shaped rotors is surrounded with a cylindrical flux return 80, as indicated in Figure 15A (the same as the top of Figure B).

In the described geometry, the magnetic field penetrates the cylindrical parts of the set of rotors with maximum intensity within two zones that are axially extended and are situated in diametrically opposite locations adjacent to the N-pole and the S-pole of magnet 4, respectively. The magnetic field is at maximum in symmetry plane 82 in 15B (the same as the bottom part of Figure B). Within the zones of strong magnetization, that together comprise roughly one third to one half of the cylindrical part of the rotors, the magnetic field is

substantially radial and, being anti-mirror-symmetric with respect to plane 81 at right angles to the direction of magnetization, vanishes where that plane intersects the cups. Furthermore, within the rotors the magnetic field direction is substantially parallel to the magnet's direction of magnetization and has the same orientation in both zones of strong flux penetration. This is shown in Figure 15B which indicates the approximate geometry of the magnetic field by means of arrowed lines.

Dubbing the zone of strong flux penetration nearer to the N-pole the (a) zone and the zone of strong flux penetration nearer to the S-pole the (b)-zone, it follows that a positive current Rowing from the outside circumference in the (a)-zone to the bottom of the cup will give rise to a clockwise torque, and on a return journey from the bottom to the outside circumference in the (b)-zone that current will similarly give rise to a torque of same strength and also in clockwise direction..

Figure 15C, which is a simplified perspective sketch of a bipolar motor with cup- shaped rotors of staggered lengths ; clarifies the current path. In general terms, taking the example of a bipolar motor with cup-shaped rotors, the current is driven by an applied voltage between brushes 27 (1, a) and 27 (N, b) (where N = 4 in Figure 15C). Consequently, on account of the "bridges" 64(n) between brushes sliding on slip rings of neighboring rotors, a voltage drives the current from brush 27 (na) to 27 (n, b) which brushes slide on a slip ring at the outside circumference (20) of rotor (2n), wherein brush 27 (n, a) is located in the (a)-zone and brush 27 (n, b) is located in the (b)-zone. However, due to the eddy cuts or other current channeling means that intersect the outside circumference 20 of the rotor, these two brushes are electrically connected only via the bottom of the cup (62) that is free of eddy current barriers (18). Therefore, constrained by the eddy current barriers the current flows from brush 27 (n, a) in zone (n, a) axially along rotor n until it reaches bottom of the cup 62 (n), as shown in Figure 15C by means of the arrow line labeled i. Here the current is unconstrained and flows about axle 10 that penetrates through it toward zone (n, b) From there, now again constrained by eddy current barriers, the current travels axially along zone (n, b) to brush 27 (n, b) The outlined progression of the current path from rotor to rotor, successively from rotor 1 to rotor N, beginning with brush 27 (l, a) in the (alone of rotor 2 (1) and ending at brush 27 (N, b) in the (b)-zone of rotor N, is accomplished by electrically connecting brushes 27 (n, b) and 27 ( (n+l, a) via bridges 64 (n). These are shown as spiraled lines in Figure 15C but

in actual fact could be flexible cables or, more likely in large machines, be parts of bridges 72/73 of brush plates as in FigurelOA. Especially if the number of brushes is fairly large, brush plates will be the favored solution and the considerations given in their regard, in connection with Figures 7C to 14, are applicable except that in bipolar motors with cup- shaped or cylindrical rotors, bridges can be used from both sides of the two zones, e. g. there could, and favorably should, be counterparts to bridges 64 (J) to 64 (3) above the slip rings in the view of Figure 15C also underneath, and similarly in Figure 17B. This doubling of bridges provides a considerable advantage since as shown in the calculation of the internal resistance for the bipolar machine with circular rotors, the brush strips and bridges are liable to be the dominant contributors to the internal machine resistance. By making bridges from both directions, that is not possible with circular rotors, the corresponding resistance is halved.

The set of rotors (label 2 (n) in Figure 15B and for clarity not shown in Figure 15A) rotates in the space between magnet 4 and flux return 80. The strip-shaped bar-type magnet 4 that provides the magnetic flux could in principle be a permanent magnet, an electromagnet or a superconducting magnet, as may be deemed most suitable. However, lack of space will typically make permanent magnets the favored option. Also, axle 10 must pass through the magnet, and similarly the axle will pass through what amounts to the bottom of the cup, labeled 62 in Figure 15C.

Typically, slip rings are located beyond the geometrical extent of the magnet and thus in positions of low or negligible magnetic field strength. The brushes on them are positioned to connect with the conductors (that are separated by the eddy current barriers) within zones (a) and (b) of strong magnetic flux density. Correspondingly, in both Figures 15C and 17B, the brushes are shown as geometrically in line with the magnetic N-and S-poles, ie. about symmetry plane 82 shown in Figure 15B. This is not necessary, though, because the eddy current barriers could be spiraling. in the slip ring part of the rotors In fact, by applying such spiraling in different strengths and/or directions in individual rotors, it will be possible to distribute brushes more or less evenly about the circumference, and in the process shorten the lengths of"bridges."This is shown in Figure 15D. Such an arrangement may be desirable by the use of individual brush holders but probably not with brush plates..

The cups in the machines are stacked in much the same geometry as utilized for the machine with circular rotors of Figure 14. Also in the present case it is possible to reduce the slip ring diameters below those of their rotors.'Whether or not one will opt for reducing the

slip ring diameters relative to the diameter of the cylindrical part of the cup, depends on whether it is more desirable to reduce the brush sliding velocity by means of reduced slip ring diameters as in Figure 14, or is more important to reduce brush current density by means of larger slip ring circumferences. In practice, the diameters of the slip rings are liable to represent a compromise between low brush sliding speed and low brush current density (compare the numerical examples below).

The mechanical construction of the machine is shown in Figure 16 by means of a lengthwise section. It is just one example of doubtlessly many different methods for insuring mechanical stability of the machine. It is important, though, that the set of rotors rigidly rotates with the axle and is rigidly fastened to it, as indicated by label 61 in Figure 16. The magnet 4, the flux return 80, the brushes 27 and their individual holders or their brush plates 68, as the case may be, will be mechanically attached to the motor endplates 70 (1) andlor 72 (2), in whatever method or arrangement may be convenient. In the example of Figure 16, the flux return 80 is fastened to motor endplate 70 (1) and the remainder, ie. the magnet, and the brush holders are attached to motor endplate 70 (2). The. shapes and means of mutual attachment of the magnet etc to the endplates is subject to wide variations and, again, the design of Figure 16 is just an example. Further, the endplates may be hexagonal or quadratic mg in addition to, tie rods 69. Nor need the endplates be solid, but as already discussed'm connection with bipolar machines with circular rotors, they may be perforated or may be in the form of grids, especially if direct water cooling is employed. Further there may be no end- plates at all but they may be replaced by struts etc.

(b) BrpolarMachines with Cylindrical Rotors and TheirManufacture Three Simple Methods of Makdng Bipolar Machines. Even though on first sight the above discussed embodiment of the present invention of an axially extended bipolar machine with cup-shaped rotors, as in Figure 16, appears to be the optimal design, it is distinctly inferior to the second embodiment of the invention, namely based on nested open-ended cylindrical rotors. The reason for that superiority is mainly cost and ease of manufacture.

Namely, making multiple nested, elongated cup-shaped rotors of small wall thickness, whether or not comprising rims of decreased diameter relative to the rotors, and which cups rotate with the machine axle and whose interior contains a stationary elongated magnet, poses severe

(perhaps insurmountable) precision manufacturing problems if it should be attempted to deep- draw the rotors individually.

By contrast, according to the present invention, in bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors the three-dimensional complication of cup bottom 62 is avoided by providing a bottom strip 84 that is free of eddy current barriers and extends beyond the end of the magnet on the side opposite to the slip rings. In this strip the electrical cross connection is made between brushes 27 (n, a) and 27 (n, b). Thereby the opportunity is generated to avoid deep drawing or other complex methods in favor of winding sheet metal stock onto rollers. As a further bonus and discussed below, a machine with cylindrical rotors is more easily adapted to alternative use with DC and AC.

Three alternative methods are herewith proposed by which to manufacture bipolar machines with open-ended cylindrical rotors. The descriptions of the first two methods focus on the particular case that eddy cuts are used, since these pose particular challenges that are not encountered by the use of other current channeling structures, e. g. rotors made of a current channeling material such as a composite of metal fibers in a polymer matrix. However, the first two methods are directly adaptable, and are intended to be used, also for machines with other current channeling means, and in particular also with rotors comprising current channeling material. Method 3, by contrast, is specifically tailored to the use of current channeling material for rotors, i e. rotors that are inherentlyl structured for current channeling such as made of polymer matrix/metal fiber composites.

Method 1 is indicated in Figure 17. Herein 86 (1) to 86 (4) (and in general an arbitrary number 86 (N)) is a set of mutually electrically insulated but mechanically joined metal sheets (e. g. by means of lacquer that is still soft when adjoining pieces are fitted together) of the de- sired material and thickness tR. Sheets 86 (n) comprise current channeling structures in the indicated configuration, which may be, but not necessarily are, eddy cuts that are filled with an insulating adhesive material (e. g. stop-off lacquer or an insulating epoxy). The border at the left edge 84 (4) is already mentioned bottom strip that is free of current channeling means and hence electrically connects all points along the right hand edge of sheet 86 (4) that in the rolled-up configuration forms the innermost rotor, and similarly for all of the other sheets.

The widths of the layered sheets are graded as shown so as to form the series of slip rings 34 (1) to 34 (4) of the machine once the sheets have been rolled up into rotors as indicat- ed in Figure 17B. The sheets are shown in the partly rolled-up condition in Figure 17A. Their

lengths are graded so that in the fully rolled condition the two long edges are flat and "butt- end,"to be joined with an insulating adhesive for forming the machine as in Figure 17 (B)..

Part 83 at the border 84 is made of a mechanically strong material that serves as the means of mechanically fastening the set of cylindrical rotors 2 (1) to 2 (4) (and in the general case 2 (n) from 2 (1) to 2 (N)) releasably to axle 10 such that there is no electrical contact among any of the rotors 2 (n) (i.e. the rolled-up sheets from 86 (1) to 86 (N)), and thereby 83 serves the same function as 61 in the previous figures. The shape of 83 in Figure 17A is just one possible example of a great variety of shapes that could be used for that purpose For example, part 83 could be a simple cylindrical disk that only contacts sheet 84 (4), or its vertical rim could extend over only part instead of all of the collective rotor end surface _87 radiylln/_or cir. cerenh lly,. Part_83_could be made of metal or an insulator, and could be glued by means of some suitable adhesive to both axle 10 and rotor parts 62 (n). or it could be fastened via shrink-fit to the axle, or via a collar and set-screw, or via a low-melting solder to either or both sides. However, importantly, the different rotors must be electrically insulated from each other. As throughout, this could be accomplished by means of insulating adhesive layers 48 such as a lacquer or an epoxy.

In manufacture, however, the sketched disk-shape of 83 as the only support for rolling up the stack of sheets 86 (n) may be unsatisfactory because the rotors must be fabricated with good precision on account of the required low run-out of the slip rings (since brushes wear out too fast unless the run-out is kept below about 0. 001"). Therefore the sheets should be rolled onto, and be made to close upon themselves on, a pre-cisely made cylinder, and either 83 must be elongated into such a cylinder, or the sheets have to be wound and glued together on a suitable cylinder, then be removed therefrom and then part 83 be inserted. Or, finally, in continuous manufacture it might be a tool of the kind used in manufacturing of tubing.

The butt-end joining of the two long edges of the stack of sheets 86 (n) may have to be done with insulating adhesive or lacquer if it should prove to be too difficult to conductively join the respective free edges of sheet 86 (n) without inadvertently creating short circuits among neighboring layers, as seems likely. Such an insulating axial glue joint would create a current barrier in axial direction across all of the bottom strips 84 (l) to 84 (N) so as on average double the ohmic resistance of the current in strips 84 (n) on the path between brushes 27 (n, a) and 27 (n, b). However, as will be shown later, the corresponding contribution to the

internal machine resistance will be insignificant compared to the other terms provided that the width of bottom strips 84 (n) is a not too small fraction of the rotor radius RR.

Making a motor of the type in Figure 15 and 16 after obtaining the set of rotors in the form of a rolled-up cylinder according to Figure 17A will require some care. In particular it will be necessary to avoid a significant elastic twist of rotors and magnets that would cause misalignment between eddy cuts and thus misalign the current path and the zone of magnetic penetration. If a continuous method as in the manufacture of tubing already mentioned is used, staggering of lengths as in Figure 17A is impossible and pre-formed slip ring assemblies will have to be attached as further described in connection with method 2 below.

In view of the typically poor mechanical properties of permanent magnets and the cost of continuous, long magnets, it is proposed to use several or many smaller magnets in a shaped tubing, or in a tray 85 as in Figure 17C, in lieu of a single magnet. This will certainly cut cost of magnet material and will not affect machine operation. However, all of the force due to the machine torque will in this case have to be supported by the tray or shaped tubing and d must be correspondingly strong. and it must be correspondingly strong. and it will be difficult reduce or increase slip ring diameters while maintaining low run-out.

Also, a non-conductive barrier across the bottom strips 84(n) is undersirable. Therefore ac- cording to a second embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in Figures 18 to 21, there is provided a method which permits independent choices of rotor and slip ring diameters. It has the additional benefit ofperhaps being more accurate and economical than the first.

In this method 2, the principle of which is illustrated in Figure 18, continuous metal sheet stock 86 of thickness #tR. i.e. smaller than or equal to the desired thickness of the rotors in the stack, is wound onto a roller 89 in successive intervals of the desired rotor thickness tR, and eddy cuts are made, either continuously or at the completion of an interval. After the completion of any one tR thick layer, ie. rotor, the sheet stock 86 is cut off and an insulating layer 48 is supplied before starting a new tu chick layering.

Figures 19 and 20 provide further details, including the production of slip rings. To begin with, the very first layer of the first tu thick interval is deposited on roller 89 or on an insulating layer 48 (1) that has been coated with an adhesive (preferably but not necessarily insulating). Similarly, the first layer of each tR thick interval, in general the ni layer, is glued

to an insulating layer 48 (n) that in turn is glued to the topmost layer of sheet stock of the previous interval, preferably but not necessarily by means of insulating adhesive.

On account of the force of tension, a stack of rotors may be wound in the outlined manner without the use of adhesive except as may be required to prevent unraveling from the outermost layer. This will be the quickest and least costly. However, in order to form solid rotors of maximum strength from the described layering of wound metal sheet stock, adhesive is continuously applied to the surface of the sheet stock, i. e. while sheet stock is laid down within any one tR interval. Thereby each turn or layer is bonded to the turn or layer of sheet stock underneath, until a strong, solid cylindrical rotor of wall thickness tRis completed.

For maximum electrical conductivity, the adhesive applied among the turns forming a single rotor, should be conductive. However, if so, the eddy cuts cannot easily be made on individual layers or on small groups of layers because the cutting blade is liable to smear conductive adhesive into the cuts, thereby causing shorts between the two sides and making the cuts ineffective. Conversely, by the use of insulating adhesive and a suitable cutting technique, as illustrated in Figure 19, still liquid or viscous insulating adhesive 95 may be dragged into the cut and at the same time prevent accidental short circuits between the sides of a cut and provide mechanical strength on hardening One may therefore choose to apply insulating adhesive and make the eddy cuts continuously on single turns as they are being wound, at the penalty of somewhat increased electrical rotor resistance. Alternatively one may choose to bond the windings into rotors by means of conductive adhesive and defer making the cuts until a predetermined fraction of the m, tended wall thickness has been generated or a whole layer of thickness tR has been formed, then make the cuts by the use of insulating liquid or lightly viscous adhesive 95 as indicated in Figure 19.

In the simples modification of the present method 2 of generating rotor, sets by means of winding onto rollers, sheet stock widths are staggered, comparable to Figure 17A so as to provide parallel slip rings of same diameter as the rotor to which they belong In that case one begins with the widest sheet for the innermost rotor (comparable to sheet 86 (4) in Figure 17A, but in the following outline labeled sheet 86 (1)). Further, roller 89 is dimensioned to yield the desired inner diameter, RA, of the set of rotors.

Preferably, according to the present invention, winding should either start with one or a multiplicity of layers of an insulating, low-friction material such as teflon to facilitate

removal of the completed set of rotors from the permanent roller 89. Alternatively, and typically better, wind the sheet stock onto a thin-walled tubing 88 that will be permanently incorporated into the machine, reminiscent of the cardboard tubing in rolls of toilet paper.

Elaborating on what has already been outlined above, the steps of method 2 are as follows : If using metal sheet stock 86 of thickness tR and of width L (1), apply (in any desired manner, e. g. by brushing, spreading, spraying, dipping..) an electrically insulating adhesive or cement to the surface of the inner tubing 88 or insulating layer 48 (1). Wind on one turn of sheet 86 and, in any desired order, cut off from the remaining sheet stock, apply insulating ad- hesive to all of the outside of sheet 86 except for a width A that will form slip ring 34 (1), make eddy cuts over the whole sheet 86 except for bottom strip 84 (1). Next place or wind onto the adhesive-covered sheet 86, complete with eddy cuts (that now has become rotor 2 (1)), an insulating barrier material 48 (2) covering sheet 86 completely except for slip ring 34 (1).

Continue with rotor 2 (2) by using the same method but with sheet stock of width L (2) = L (l) - A that is aligned with rotor 2 (1) at the current return strip edge 87.

Optionally, and more favorably, especially for tR >-1 mm, use thinner sheet stock, e. g. of thickness just below (to make allowance for the adhesive) tR/2, tR/3, tR/4 and in general onto In that case the same procedure is followed except that as much sheet stock is wound onto the roller as needed to generate wall thickness tR. Further, by the use of sheet stock of thickness S tR, one may inhibit the opening of eddy cuts on account of winding tension and greatly increase the strength of the resulting set of rotors, by continuously applying adhesive until rotor thickness tris reached. As already explained above, the choice between conductive and non-conductive adhesive between the layers that form any one individual rotor, is the choice between maximum electrical conductivity and ease of making the eddy cuts.

In either case, either continuously or when a suitable fraction if not a complete tR layer thickness of conductive rotor wall has been laid down, apply eddy cuts in axial direction over the whole width of every layer except for the bottom strip 84 that in the completed machine serves as current path between brushes. In this operation, care must be taken not to mechanically open up the cuts through the winding tension in the sheet stock, or to fill cuts with conductive adhesive. It is therefore advisable to make the eddy cuts either at intervals or after a single rotor winding has been completed, and certainly not while there is still moist conductive adhesive present that could infiltrate into the cuts and permit current conduction

across. The alternative would be to use non-conductive adhesive throughout. This is a good solution if the resulting marginal increase of rotor resistance is of no concern.

According to the present invention, one preferred method for generating eddy current cuts of high electrical resistance as well as radial tensile strength, is indicated in Figure 19.

Herein the cuts are visualized as being made by mechanical cutting which presumably is the fastest and most economical, but other method will be equally acceptable, e. g. etching, or ion beam cutting, or laser cutting. Further the cuts should be made at least a quarter turn from the point of beginning winding were the sheet already well adheres to the layer below so as to inhibit mechanical spreading of the cuts through winding tension. The actual cutting should best be done after the sheet has been coated with non-conductive adhesive and while the adhesive is still fluid or lightly viscous so that the cuts are immediately, as part and parcel of the cutting operation, filled with the non-conducting adhesive..

According to the present invention, with the use of sheets of staggered widths, the rotors are formed and insulating layers 48 (n) and separators 49 (n) between adjoining slip rings are introduced as illustrated in outline in Figure 20A and in greater detail in Figure 20B. The procedure includes the following steps.

(i) Onto the completed layered rotor 2(n-1), made of L(n-1) wide metal sheet stock, apply (by any desired method) a thin layer of adhesive 95 except for the width of A that shall form slip ring 34 (n-1). Note : Filling of eddy cuts in slip rings will be discussed later-on (ii) Unless this has been done already, make eddy cuts by means of the still fluid or "tacky"insulating adhesive 95 as in Figure 19 or by any other suitable method, (in) Onto the still tacky adhesive 95 on rotor 2 (n-1), place insulating layer 48 (n) of width, say, I+l)-2. 54 and thereby form an adhesive bond between the surface of rotor 2 (n-1) and insulating layer 48 (n). Note that insulating layer 48 (n) may be in the form of a single layer or consist of a plurality of windings joined by means of insulating adhesive.

(iv) Onto the still tacky adhesive on the 1.5A wide strip between slip ring 34 (n-1) and insulating layer 48 (n), similarly place, and thereby glue on, part 90 (n) that is shown separately in Figure 20C. It is a ring of somewhat flexible insulating material that comprises barrier 49 (n) as a kind of flange and is placed to butt-end with the edge of its cylindrical part against the free edge of insulating layer 48 (n). For convenience part 90 may be cut through by an axial cut 91 as indicated in Figure 20C so that it may be placed into position by forcing it over the roller and then be allowed to snap back into its original shape. Alternatively, part 90 (n) may be

made without such a cut and be slipped over and past slip ring 34 (n-1) from the free edge of the roller with its windings.

(iv) Cover insulating layer 48 (n) and insulating part 90 (n) with a thin layer of adhesive.

(v) Begin winding rotor 2 (n) by gluing metal stock of a width L (n) = Ltnu onto insulating layer 48 (n) and the cylindrical part of 90 (n).

(vi) Complete winding rotor 2 (n) by continually gluing with a thin layer of (preferably but not necessarily conductive) adhesive.

(vii) Optionally make eddy cuts continually as the material is wound but make sure that the cuts are not mechanically opened by tension nor short-circuited by inadvertently being partly or completely filled with conductive adhesive, as already explained (viii) Cut off from the remaining sheet stock.

(ix) Apply a thin layer of electrically insulating adhesive.

(x) Unless this has already been done, make eddy cuts as indicated in Figure 19.

(xi) Begin new cycle by spreading adhesive onto all but width A for slip ring 34 (n) (xii) Glue on insulating layer 48 (n+1) and part 90 (n+1) in the already described-manner and continue until the last rotor is completed.

As indicated by the labels 97(n-1), 97(n) and 97(n+1) at the left of Figure 20(B) that signify a cured adhesive between adjoining layers, it is anticipated that the adhesive hardens speedily already in the course of the winding operation However, this is not necessary and the adhesive may be allowed to harden to its fall mechanical strength by storing at ambient temperature or it may be cured by heating in and oven or by any other method of heating.

ReRned Methods 1 and 2 and Slip Rings with Reduced Diameter According to the present invention, a modification of methods 1 and 2 permits making machines with arbitrary, typically reduced slip ring diameters as follows.

Make all rotors of same or similar length with eddy cuts as before but wind onto a roller 89 that is modestly longer than the width of the sheet stock. Then at the completion of winding rotor 2 (n), slip over the free edge of the assembly a pre-formed part 98 (n) that at its wide end snugly fits over the previous layer 98 (n-1) and at its narrow end comprises the slip ring 34 (n) and separator 49 (n) of reduced diameter that in turn fit snugly over the previous slip ring part of part 98 (n-l), as illustrated in Figure 21. Glue part 98 (n) to the underlying part 98 (n-1), and conductively glue or otherwise join together the butt-ends of rotor 2 (n) and of part 98 (n). Next apply insulating layer 48 (n+l) and proceed with winding 2 (n+1).

According to the present invention, a modification of methods 1 and 2 permits making machines with arbitrary, typically reduced slip ring diameters as follows.

Make all rotors of same or similar length with eddy cuts as before but wind onto a roller 89 that is modestly longer than the width of the sheet stock. Then at the completion of winding rotor 2 (n), slip over the free edge of the assembly a pre-formed part 98 (n) that at its wide end snugly fits over the previous layer 98 (n-1) and at its narrow end comprises the slip ring 34 (n) and separator 49 (n) of reduced diameter that in turn fit snugly over the previous slip ring part of part 98 (n-1), as illustrated in Figure 21. Glue part 98 (n) to the underlying part 98 (n-1), and conductively glue or otherwise join together the butt-ends of rotor 2 (n) and of part 98 (n). Next apply insulating layer 48 (n+1) and proceed with winding 2 (n+1).

Returning to machines not made with current-channeling material, a lengthwise cross section of a completed machine with cylindrical rotors and reduced slip ring diameters by means of part 98 is shown in Figure 21A, while Figure 21B clarifies the described joining method between rotor (s) and slip rings. Shown in Figure 21B is an enlarged view of a the joints between rotors 2 (n-1), 2 (n) and 2 (n+1) on the left and their correlated parts of the slip ring assembly on the right for the case of nested separate rotors. The slip rings had been pre- formed as parts 98(n-1), 98(n) and 98(n-1) but are now simply a continuation of the respect- ive rotors. Herein, label 99 designates electrically conductive bonding, and 100 electrically insulating bonding, optionally including a dielectric breakdown interlayer, (see section Je).

It is necessary that these joints be mechanically strong since they must sustain a part, albeit only a minor part, of the torque between axle 10 and rotors 2 (1) to 2 (N). It is for this reason that collectively the joints between rotors and preformed slip rings are stepped, i. e. so as to provide a greater bonding area : Again any number of adhesives or cements-could-be- used, some conductive and some insulating, depending on position. For high demands for insulating joints between conductors, e. g. for filling eddy cuts in slip rings, especially the cements used by dentists are an attractive choice.

Method 3-Rotors Made of Curent Channeling Material: The present invention includes a third method for making rotors, namely making them wholly or partly of current channeling material. This method permits simplification in manufacturing rotors, slip rings and bottom strips free of current channeling structures. In this preferred method, the rotor is made of a current channeling material, i. e. a material with structurally inherent current

represents a set of rotors In fact, it is not necessary, either, that the fibers be axially aligned but only that they extend between a correlated pair of slip ring and bottom strip. Thus fibers could well spiral as already discussed in connection with Figure 15D.

The indicated use of materials with structurally inherent current channeling for making rotors is clarified in Figure 22. It has two principal advantages. 1) It eliminates the need for making eddy cuts or providing any other current channeling means within the rotor, e. g. by means of eddy current barrier cuts as discussed in conjunction with Figure 19.2) The length of rotor may be almost arbitrarily extended. These advantages are somewhat offset by 3) moder- ately increased internal electrical resistance because of the volume fraction of insulating material in the rotors.

In Figure 22, rotor 2 is"monolithic", ie. has no internal subdivisions. It is made of current channeling material, e. g. metal-fibers or other extended metal shapes such as tubing or strips or small cross sectional dimensions, that are embedded in non-conducting matrix material so as to be mutually insulated. Advantageously, the embedded metal conductors could be made of oxidized aluminum. This would have the simultaneous advantages of low weight and the possibility of using very high packing densities since electrical contact, and thus potential short-circuiting between parallel current "turns" would be prevented as much and more by the high resistance aluminum oxide layers as by non-metallic embedment material. Anyway, the sreat maioritv of the embedded and mutually eiectricaIW insulated current conductors in anv shape ti)-coilunuous wiln any one conauctor extenamg aom ena to ena ortie rotor, (ii) start and end at the same radial distance from the rotor axis (In Figure 22 indicated by the central dash-point-dash line).

In the example shown in Figure 22A, rims 3 (1), 3 (2) and 3 (3) with slip rings 34 (1), 34 (2) and 34 (3) are supplied with slip ring extensions 33 (1), 33 (2) and 33 (3) that are conductively, Sly fastened to the monolithic rotor 2 so as to each make low-resistance electrical contact with the metal fiber ends in one of three concentric cylindrical zones that at the other end of the rotor are conductively connected to bottom strips 84 (1), 84 (2) and 84 (3).. Those three concentric zones play the role of three concentric rotors, as indicated in Figures 22A and 22B by means of dash-point-dash lines.. These are marker lines only, without physical structure, and the machine could have any arbitrary number of slip rings 34 and bot- tom strips. 84. Ordinarily, dielectric breakdown bonding should be put used on brush plates as in Figure 22D, E and G, and between slip rings as in 22B iy for special reasons.

As already indicated, on the opposite end of the concentric cylindrical zones that in essence define concentric rotors, matching cylindrical bottom strips free of current channeling means, 84 (1), 84 (2) and 84 (3), are mechanically firmly fasted fastened so as to make low- resistance electrical contact with closely the same fibers to which slip rings 34 (1), 34 (2) and 34 (3), respectively, are electrically connected.

The low-resistance firm mechanical connection between the rotor material and the slip rings and bottom strips, respectively, may be accomplished by various means. Indicated in Figure 22 for this purpose are metal screws 25 that supplement electrically conductive joints 99 (1s), 99 (2s) and 99 (3s) at the butt-ends of the slip rings and 99 (lb), 99 (2b) and 99 (3b) on the slanted joints at the bottom strip side Joints 99 (n) may be glued with a thin layer of conductive glue and/or may be soldered. Soldering will be facilitated through a suitable choice of materials in that solder will not wet most non-metal matrix materials. Anyway, one will want to facilitate current flow in axis direction as much as possible but wily endeavor to minimize current conduction along the conductive joint and thus between the different'4tums".

Certainly, and as in all preceding designs, neighboring slip rings must be electrically well insulated from each other. In the example of Figure 22A, separators 49 (ls) and 49 (2s) on the slip ring side and 49(1b) and 49(2b) on the side of the bottom strips, provide the requisite insulation in this example. These are shown to extend into the rotor 2. The idea here is that thin, say, cylindrical strips of a suitable plastic, may be fitted and glued into, say, the slip ring assembly on one side and into narrow matching grooves cut into the rotor material on the other side, and similarly at the bottom strips. Such strips have the additional advantage that they will increase the shear strength against axial torque A minor amount of highly unwanted short circuiting between neighboring slip rings along conductive joints is eliminated by using diameters of the fibers or other conductors that are smaller than the thickness of the separators, so as to virtually eliminate the incidence of fibers which straddle the boundaries between neighboring slip rings. However, one will want to use as slender separators as possible since they interrupt current flow between into and out of the rotor. Further, in order to reduce accidental short-circuiting, slip ring extensions are covered with insulating layers 48 on the side facing the next slip ring, In the same manner as for all bipolar machines, slip rings 34 (1), 34 (2) and 34 (3) must be provided with eddy current barriers in order to electrically insulate the brushes on the a- and b-side from each other, as shown in Figure 22C. Brushes will typically be in the form of

brush strips extending from brush plates, and any of the modifications of geometry introduced in Figure 8 may be employed, or also simple cylindrical slip rings. Examples in addition to those already given in Figure 8 are shown in Figures 22B 22C and 22D. which also depict different possible methods of joining the slip rings and bottom strips to the rotor. The objective in the different configurations of the slip rings is to provide geometries that simplify the placement of brushes into series of potentially large numbers of narrowly spaced slip rings, and reduction of the danger of accidental electrical contact between brushes on neighboring slip rings.

A considerable simplification relative to the examples shown in Figures 22A to D is possible by sliding the brushes on suitably machined strips on the rotor itself as illustrated in Figures 22E to G. The advantages in doing so, i. e. of slip rings in the form of machined bands on the rotor itself are (1) simplified construction compared to the designs in Figures 22A to D that will doubtlessly lower manufacturing costs, (2) elimination of the need for providing eddy current barriers on the slip rings, (3) elimination of potentially weak joints between slip rings and rotor and (4) almost 100% utilization of current conduction cross section on the slip ring side.

The overall construction is shown in Figure 22E. As seen, and shown in greater detail in Figure 22G, according to the present invention the slip ring end of the rotor is machined into a profile of cone-shaped sections that serve as slip rings which are separated by narrow zones of opposite slope. The slip ring zones, i. e. 34 (1), 34 (2) and 34 (3) in Figure 22E, slope away from the working section where the rotor is intersected by the magnetic field between magnet 4 within the rotor and the flux return 80 that surrounds the rotor. The narrow zones separating the slip rings are sloped in the opposite direction. As seen in Figures 22E and F, these narrow zones impede mechanical, and thus electrical contact between neighboring brush strips 27 (1), 27 (20 and 27 (3) in Figures 22E and 22F. For extra safety, the brushes themselves may be coated with some insulating spray or other surfacing.

The narrow zones between slip rings 34 (1), 34 (2) and 34 (3) form mechanical barriers against touching of brushes on neighboring salip rings, e. g. of 27 (2) and 27 (3) without entailing any loss of conductive paths as is entailed in separators 49 in accordance with Figures 22A to 22D, except as due to inaccuracies in the alignment of the fibers or other conducting members, provided that they are slender, as required in any event.. This is demonstrated by the lines in axial direction, that indicate the axially aligned conductive

elements in the current channeling material in Figure 22G. As seen, in the proposed geometry, the current line that just barely misses the"downhill"edge of, say, brush 27 (3), arrives at the top edge of brush 27 (2), and similarly, the element that just misses the lower edge of brush 27 (2), arrives at the upper edge of brush 27 (1). The specific profile in Figures 22E and 22F are just examples and a wide range of profiles with this same feature is possible by varying the relative widths and lopes of the slip ring as compared to the barrier zones.

Since the slip rings as part of the rotor are already provided with current channeling structures everywhere, they need no further eddy current barriers. It may be further noted that a construction as in Figures 22E and 22F, perhaps with increased opposing slope in the narrow barrier zones, will permit quite closely spaced narrow slip rings and thus many turns, limited mainly by the conductor diameter and accuracy of conductor alignment. The slip rings may be operated in the open atmosphere if the conductors as well as the brushes are of a noble metal, otherwise they may be operated in a protective atmosphere. If aluminum is used as conductor material it must be plated with a noble metal in both cases.

The construction on the bottom strip end is perhaps even simpler than at the slip ring end but here entails some lowering of conductive cross section. The solution shown in Figure 22E and 22G in accordance with the present invention, envisaged making very narrow, shallow cuts at the positions of the insulating layers 48 between adjoining bottom strips 84 that preferably but not necessarily will be filed with some insulating material. Conductive joint 99 should be made very thin in order to inhibit current conduction between adjacent bottom strips. Again, the geometry of joining the bottom strips in Figures 22E and 22G to the rotor is by way of example. Many variations are possible, including interposing cylindrical between sloping sections in joint 99 or even fluting or saw-toothing for improving bonding strength..

Methods for manufacturing the monolithic rotors will depend on the form of the fiber- composite starting material, i. e. whether sheet, cylinders, rod or bars. For example, if the current channeling material is obtained in the form of sheets or foils, the rotors may be by Methods 1 or 2, but if it is supplied in the form of rods, cylinders or plates, rotors may be formed through conventional machining ; e. g. boring or turning in a lathe.

Finally, and in summary, current channeling materials may be used to obtain monolithic rotors that comprise no cylindrical insulating layers (48) to delineate nested rotors of a set. Such delineation is not needed provided the rotor material inhibits all cross currents.

Further, if desired the current channeling structures in such a material need not have strictly axial orientation but, if desired, may be spiraled or waved in cylindrical surfaces, i. e. with constant radial distance from the rotation axis. In such a case fastening by means of screws, that in any event are not very desirable, may not be possible. The two most basic requirements for low-loss functioning of a machine with a rotor made of current channeling material are (1) small size and precise alignment of the current channeling structures in the rotor and 2) precise alignment of the bottom strips with the slip rings Extra-Long Machines An additional advantage of monolithic rotors made of current channeling material is the potential for producing extra long rotors for machines with correspondingly large voltages (eq. 4). Indeed, the perhaps greatest drawback of method 2 is the restricted length of obtainable rotors. In this regard method 1 is superior, because it is amenable to continuous curling and butt-joining of stacks of sheet in much the same method that is used for making commercial tubing, as already pointed out above. Anyway, presumably by the use of method 2, and probably also by the use of method 3 rotor lengths for large machines cannot be achieved directly. These may need to be fitted together in segments of manageable lengths, e. g. of current-channeling material or of wound sheet stock, as indicated in Figure 23. With rotor wall thicknesses of tR > 1mm this Siting together will presumably not pose any serious problems but care must be taken to avoid inadvertent electrical shorts among different rotors.

The described winding and alignment before joining sections must thus be done accurately, and if need be the thickness of the insulating layers 48 must be increased, although this will lead to the corresponding increase of internal resistance and thus decrease of machine efflciency. Anyway, joining of sections as in Figure 23 will be required only for medium sized to large machines in which, as will be discussed presently, internal ohmic resistances are relatively small and no great loss of efficiency results from raising them moderately.

The preceding discussion regarding joining methods in connection with method 3 apply also here. Actual joining for minimum electrical resistance at the interfaces between conductors may be done by means of conductive adhesives or by soldering. In the former case, it may be possible to pre-fabricate peel-off sheets with the correct pattern of still'tacky" conductive adhesive applied. As to soldering, it is a great aid that solder tends not to wet insulators. Therefore a thin layer of solder may be applied over the whole interface and yet

only the metal layer will bond and no conductive paths will be established in-between. Still other means of joining may be feasible, and be developed as the need may arise.

Machine Structure Most of the various methods and morphologies described for slip rings and bottom strips of machines with rotors made of current channeling material, apply also to layered rotors, i. e. made by methods 1 and 2. This includes machining slip rings directly onto a rotor as in Figure 22E and 22F. However, fitting slip rings onto rotors as in Figure 20 and 21 is required for obtaining slip rings of reduced diameter. In fact, a particular challenge as well as opportunity is presented by slip rings of reduced diameter that will permit achieving higher machine rotation speeds than would otherwise be limited by permissible brush sliding velocities. Proposed methods according to the present invention have already been discussed in conjunction with Figure 21.

Several features in Figure 21A are the same as in Figure 16 or are closely parallel to these, although elimination of the cup bottom parts of the rotors will greatly simplify machine assembly. In fact a wide variety of specific structures for bipolar machines according to the present invention is possible even beyond those already discussed. The drawings herein are meant to illustrate the invention and to document that it can be translated into practice by comparatively simple methods. They are not meant to be exhaustive.

The major difference in the machine structures in Figures 16 and 21 is the treatment of back plate 70 (1), away from the slip rings. While 70 (1) is stationary and rigidly fastened to back plate 70 (2) in Figure 16, it rotates with the rotors in Figure 21. Both constructions have their advantages and disadvantages and future decisions for actual machines will be based on their various advantages and disadvantages, e. g. one will generally want to keep the rotating mass as small as possible in order to keep kinetic energy and vibrations low. Therefore in future machine constructions the designers will carefully examine all aspects including the question to what degree back plates may be variously modified or dispensed with in favor of other constructions as already discussed above. However, the machine of Figure 21 is visualized as being bigger and longer than that in Figure 16, and to deliver a larger torque.

Therefore the rotors in Figure 21 would need a strong mechanical support and be fastened very stably to the axle. In view of the other requirements on the rotors and the possible need

for occasional repairs, i. e. that the machine can be disassembled without destroying it, a rotating back plate seemed to be more suitable.

Also for mechanical stability, on account of large length to diameter aspect ratios and large torques, at the least medium-sized to large bipolar machines will require low-friction bearings at the interfaces between (i) axle and magnet (s), (ii) magnet (s) and innermost rotor, (iii) outermost rotor and flux return. Additionally, since the rotors rotate relative to one or the other motor endplate, the corresponding bearings at the endplates will be useful if not essential. Such bearings are indicated in Figure21 with labels 35 whereas on Figure 16 they would probably also be used, somewhat depending on size, but are shown only between axle 10 and back plate 70 (2), respectively part 61 that connects rotors 2 (n) to axle 10 and back plate 70 (1). Mostly but not necessarily, those bearings will be ball bearings or roller bearings Bearmgs named under numerals (i), (ii) and (iii) above, will operate under sizeable forces normal to their sliding direction on account of the strong magnetic field and hence strong force of attraction between the magnet and the flux return. Even so, since the effective coefficient of friction of, say, ball or roller bearings is in the order of 1%, the resulting friction loss is liable to remain below 1% of machine power.

Other noteworthy features in Figure 21 are the linear bearings 79 of the brush plates. These will enable smooth motion of the plates under the comparatively small brush forces as brushes wear.

Not shown are the cables or bus bars by which the brush plates are electrically connected to the terminals of the current supply or consumer. According to the present invention those linkages are made via resilient multi-contact metal inaterial as already indicated in section Dc.

Further note struts 69. These support the flux return that in large machines can weigh tens of tons and may in practice take the form of much more complex shapes of scaffolding that stabilizes the whole structure. Note, however, that the magnet only fills part of the cavity within the innermost rotor, instead of all of it; i. e. the cut shown in Figure 21 is in the plane of the magnet, i. e. symmetry plane 82 ofFigure 158.

Finally, medium sized to large machines will require outside support, e. g. by supports 101 (1) and 101 (2) in Figure 23, wherein the machine is visualized as having been assembled from three sect- ions, 102 (1), 102 (2) and 102 (3) as outlined above, but with keyed profile for extra mechanical strength.

D. Machine Operation with DC, AC and/or 3-Phase Current (Figs. 12 and 23) (a) Two Machines in Tandem Motor control is not treated in the present invention but is the subject of a planned in- dependent patent application. It is expected to be relatively simple since homopolar machinery

requires no electric circuitry besides the interconnections among brushes in order to obtain multiple current turns. In addition there may be circuitry for recommended monitoring systems, including of brush plates, if any. Therefore, in general terms, (i) the power of homopolar machines, including bipolar machines, may be controlled by controlling the magnitude of the current ; (ii) the rotation direction may be reversed by reversing the current direction, and (iii) the machines may be idled by interrupting the current through the rotors, e. g. opening switch 77 in Figure 12A. Also, in accordance with the present invention and as in the case of basic homopolar motors, (iv) any desired number of bipolar machines may be operated on the same axle. Next, in the case of multiple homopolar machines operating on the same axle, (v) the power delivered to or extracted from the rotating axle may be controlled by the number of powered as compared to idling machines and/or by the power delivered to or extracted from at least one machine.

According to the present invention, the arrangement of two similar homopolar machines operating on the same axle is called'in tandem". The following advantages accrue from teaming two homopolar machines in tandem, as in Figure 12, whether they are used as motors or generators Firstly, if connected in series their voltages add, in essence because the current flows through the rotors of both machines for a doubling of NR Secondly in the motor mode, as shown in Figure 12A, by the use of rectifiers in opposite directions in the circuits of the two machines, one will be driven by the positive phase and the other will be driven by the negative phase. Thus two homopolar motors operating in tandem, i. e. on the same axle, can be used at will with either AC or DC or three-phase current, indeed of any frequency, by employing rectifiers with the positive phase feeding one motor and the negative phase the other, as in Figure 12A. The two modes of operation can be changed by the flick of a switch simply by alternatively turning the AC and DC power sources on and off When the option of both direct and altemating current is desired, e. g. in a submarine that might be powered with alternating current when surfaced and battery powered while submerged, the switching from one to the other could be readily automated, e. g. by appropriately connected rectifiers, plus bypassing cables, that can be switched by means of relays. These relays would be connected to coils that surround the power cable to be activated by the induced currents when, and as long as, it carries alternating current.

(b) Individual Bipolar Machines Replacing Two Machines in Tandem According to the present invention, bipolar motors with cylindrical rotors comprising eddy current barriers that extend from end to end and that are fitted with brushes on both ends, can be operated in the same manner as in tandem machines and thus can be similarly used with DC, AC or 3-phase current. This is clarified in Figure 24 by the example of a machine with three rotors, each of which has been provided with eddy current barriers along the whole length. For clarity not shown in Figure 24 is the magnet 4 that is enclosed in the rotors in the manner of bipolar machines, e. g. as illustrated Figuresl5, 17 and 25. Specifically, in Figure 24A the entry brush (es) on rotor 1 on the a-side (i. e. in the (a} zone, facing the North pole of the magnet (s)) is labeled A1 and is indicated by a dot. Similarly the brushes on rotors 2 and 3 are indicated by dots labeled A2 and A3. The terminology brush (es) is used where applicable because m medium sized to large machines, the (a)-and (b)-zones may be quite extended and each may require several if not many brushes.

Via their respective rotors, brushes Al, A2 and A3 are electrically connected to the brushes on the opposite end, here called Bi, B2 and B3 and similarly indicated by black dots.

The corresponding brushes on the b-side (i.e. the (b)-zone, facing the South pole of the magnet(s) are labeled D1, D2 and D3 and C1, C2 and C3. All of these brushes slide on slip- -rings of their respective rotors (ive. an Ai brush would slide on slip ring 34 (l) on rim 3 (1) of rotor 2 (1) and be labeled 27 (l, a), in the same manner already disclosed above for aB brushes in the present invention. Similarly, say, brush G2 would slip on a slip ring at the return end of rotor 2 and be labeled, say, 27 (2, b, r).

On account of the eddy current barriers between them, in the arrangement of Figure 24 and similarly for machines with an arbitrary number of rotors, the brushes on the (a)-side are electrically isolated from the brushes on the b-side. Therefore, the two sides can function like two independent conventional homopolar motors in tandem, either connected in parallel or in series when powered by DC, or they may be operated with AC. Most simply, such a machine with eddy current barriers along the whole length of the rotors functions like a bipolar machine if brushes interconnected by cables replace the bottom strip free of eddy current barriers, label 84, as illustrated in Figure 24B.

Electrically and mechanically the arrangement of Figure 24B is the equivalent a bipolar machine without rim 84 or also of two homopolar machines in tandem and connected in series.

Specifically, in the example of Figure 24B, the current may enter at brush (es) Al, from there

flow to brush (es) B, along rotor 1 guided by the eddy current barriers, and flow on to brush (es) Ci via a cable that in Figure 24B is indicated by a curved line labeled B1/C1, whence the current flows to brush (as) D1, axially along rotor 1, again guided by the eddy current barriers. From there cable D1/A2 leads the current to brush (es) As to begin a new cycle, i. e. the current flows from brush (es) A2 parallel to the eddy current barriers along rotor 2 to brush (es) B2, and via cable BJC2 axiaXy along rotor 2 to brush (es) Dz and on, in general for an arbitrary number of cycles.

Electrically and mechanically, machines with eddy current barriers extending over the length of the rotors are symmetrical with respect to their mid-plane at right angles to the rotation axis. Therefore, the current need not to enter an Al brush, but could enter a Bl brush, and similarly it could enter the b-side from D, instead of from C, as in the present example of Figure 24. In fact, physically the naming of the two rotor ends is arbitrary.

As already indicated, in the present choice of labeling, cables Bi/Ci, and in general Bt/Cn, replace the bottom strips of the rotors that are free of eddy current barriers 84, whereas cables DnAn+i take the role of bridges 64, and indeed may have the same physical shape.

Namely, the curved lines that i n Figure 24 indicate electrical connections between brushes will in fact be carefully configured Specifically connections Dn/An+1 together with the brushes to which they are connected will favorably be made into brush plates 68, and similarly Bn/An.

Connections Bn/Ai and Dn/Cn-1 in Figures 24C and D (to be discussed presently) are more problematic yet since physically they have to span the length of the rotors and therefore, unlike connections Dn/Ai and B,/An, cannot be accommodated in linear extensions of the rotors.

Since the complication of the Bn and Cn brushes in Figure 24B can be avoided by simply substituting a bottom strip free of eddy current barriers 84, the configuration in Figure 24B will hardly ever be made in practice. However, configurations 24C and 24D are physically the same and represent the'in series"tandem configuration of Figure 12, as follows (from here on using abbreviated wording in lieu of the entirely equivalent more elaborate wording that was used for Figure 24B).

In terms of a motor, driven by an applied voltage, say, between Ai and B3, or in general between Ai and BN, the current enters at Al on the a-side and flows through rotor 2 (1) to B. From there via electrical connection Bi/A-., the current will flow to A2 to repeat the cycle through rotor 2 (2) and so on until it exits at B3 in the example of Figure 24C, or at BN in the general case. Similarly, driven by a voltage applied between Cl and D3, and in the general

case between C, and DN, the cutrent will flow from Cl successively through rotors 2 (1) to 2 (3) until it exits at D3, or will flow successively through rotors 2 (1) to 2 (N) to DN, in general Similarly, for the case of a generator, the input of mechanical work through rotation of rotors 2 (1) to 2 (N) in clockwise direction, an voltage is induced between brushes Al and B (N) and will drive the current in the same manner. Figure 24C indicates that current path by means of bold lines with arrows in the expected current direction.

As discussed, Figure 24C illustrates the application of DC power to a motor with eddy current barriers extending through the whole length ofthe indicated cylindrical rotors, respect- ively shows the resulting currents if used as a generator. Figure 24D illustrates the same machine as in Figure 24C but with application of AC power, whether conventional, 3-phase, or any number of phases, and of any arbitrary frequencies, regular or irregular, that may be suitable for a motor (ie. not radio frequencies). Exactly the same current flow directions will result as in Figure 24C when one side, in the case of 24D the a-side, is powered by the positive current, gained by means of a rectifier as indicated, and the other side is powered by the negative current component, similarly gained by means of a rectifier. Thus the two arrangements in Figures 24C and 24D are exactly the same except for the source of power and therefore may be switched at will between the two types of power, in the same manner as already explained for in tandem motors as in Figure 12. The disadvantage of the arrangement of Figures 24C and D is the need for the connections Bn/Ai and Dn/Ci. According to the present invention these can be consolidated into appropriately shaped and mounted bridges 64 between brush plates on the two ends, which bridges extend alongside the flux return 80.

(c) Machine Power Control Tzia Bipolar Machines According to the present invention, the idea of machines in tandem is extended to any two or more machines, not necessarily alike and not necessarily powered by the same source. Thus the use of rectifiers to power homopolar machines in tandem with DC or alternating or three-phase current outlined above, can be extended to more than two machines by appropriate connections to the individual machines. Further, a single bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors that are supplied with eddy current barriers over the whole length of the rotors can be used in the same independent manner if driven by DC power. This gives additional flexibility that may be very useful in machine operation and control. For example,

say, the a-part could provide the machine power used in the ordinary running condition, e. g. cruising for a ship, and the b-part could be used to rapidly increase machine power if needed.

Similarly, in the case of bipolar generators, the a-side may be used in standard power generation, e. g. from wind or tides, while the a-side may kick in for extra demand or supply (e. g. high winds). One advantage herein would be extended brush life, especially useful if the role ofthe two sides should be periodically switched.

E. Cooling of Homopolar/Bipolar Machines In many cases, e. g. in electric or hybrid cars, bipolar as other homopolar motors could be cooled in the same manner as the gasoline engines that they replace, i. e. typically by fan- assisted air flow. Such air cooling could be even more effective and might not need to be assisted by fans in especially favorable positions, eg. if mounted on car axles, for example,.

For other applications, bipolar and other homopolar motors could be cooled by means of a suitable circulating protective gas (traditionally moist COz) as is planned for the 5, 000 hp superconducting homopolar motor being built by the General Atomics company. Even more effective would be cooling by direct immersion in water. A preliminary casual test by W. M.

Elger and N sondergaard at the David Taylor Annapolis Naval Ship Laboratory (circa 1999) suggests that such direct immersion in water is easily possible with homopolar/bipolar machines as these would continue operating smoothly even when entirely flooded with water.

The reason for this option is the fact that homopolar machines employ large currents flowing in current paths of as low electrical resistance as possible under relatively low potential differences among neighboring elements. Thus that leak currents through ambient water with very much higher electrical resistivity than in the deliberate current path will be negligible.

Where open water is easily available, such flooding would provide most efficient cooling at low expense if not perhaps even at cost savings such as for podded ship drive motors or for energy extraction from tides or waves by means of homopolar/bipolar generators, especially if the pods and/or other structural supports were provided with perforations for water circulation. Specifically for water cooling by immersion in water, e. g. in a pod attached to a ship, the motor endplates 70 (1) and 70 (2) of single machines or endplates 70 (1) to 70 (3) for tandem machines, should be perforated or be made in the form of gratings to permit the freest possible water now. For similar flooding of machines with circulating cooling water on dry land or in vehicles of any type, including ships, the machines must be

provided with enclosures that do not significantly leak. However, a modest amount of leakage though seals could be easily tolerated if either they are minor, or the leaked water is naturally dissipated, and/or if measures are taken to collect the leaked water and to replenish the water volume in the machine as needed.

In general it is expected that homopolar/bipolar machines submerged in a liquid wiR operate essentially undiminished provided that the liquid will not interfere with the proper functioning of the electric brushes and has an electrical conductivity that is, say, at least four orders of magnitude lower than that of the rotors. Correspondingly, for cooling by direct immersion into water it is not necessary that the water is purified. In fact, even ocean water would presumably be acceptable, and in fact the leak currents would have the benefit of killing marine organisms, presumably on account of the small amount of chlorine that would be generated, so as to inhibit fouling through microscopic organisms and barnacles.

A particular advantage of flooding with water is the anticipated decrease of brush wear rates. Doubtlessly, further tests are needed to confirm the preliminary observation that specifically copper brushes running on copper while submerged in water resist tarnishing and have lowered wear rates. Theory would support this expectation since in successful fiber brush operation actual sliding, on the microscopic level, also in gases, occurs between two monolayers of waters adsorbed on the two sides and not directly between metals or metals and adsorbed water [12]. Wear debris formation occurs where statistically the opposite sides sterically interlock and a wear particle is formed through shearing ofE In water, theory forecasts the opportunity of increasing the water layer thickness between the two sides to three or perhaps four, which is expected to result not only in reduced wear as alreadv mentioned but also in greatly lowered friction, albeit at increased film resistivity. On account of reduced friction coefficient, the total losses due to brushes immersed in water and similarly other suitable liquids, may therefore be reduced to or below the total brush loss in air or a protective atmosphere, by significantly increasing the brush pressure, even while wear is also reduced. Patent protection for this possibility is sought in D. Kuhum-WilsdorE, '"Management of Contact Spots Between an Electrical Brush and Substrate4', U. S. and International (PCT) Patent Application, filed October 22, 1999,. U. S. Serial No. 60/105,319 in connection with hard smooth platings of slip rings in gaseous atmospheres. It is herewith sought for brush systems in homopolar/bipolar machines submerged in suitable liquids..

F. Favored Applications for Bipolar Machines According to the Present Invention (a) Generators in Conventional Applications The described bipolar machines will work equally efficiently as motors or DC generators. A great advantage when employed as a conventional generator is their adaptibility to a wide range of power levels, depending on rotation speed. Electrically and acoustically quiet operation and typically high efficiency are further great advantages of bipolar generators.

Bipolar generators according to the present invention would be particularly useful for large sizes, including power generation in private, commercial or public power stations including those at Hoover Dam, for example.

(b) Bipolar Generatorsfor Renewable Energy, e. g Tidal and Wind Power Still more valuable is the potential of bipolar generators for generating high voltages even at low rotation speeds. Thus bipolar generators can extract power even from quite low- density power sources, as similarly bipolar motors can run on a wide range of mechanical power. Consequently bipolar generators are ideally suited for current generation from wind, tidal angor other intermittent power sources with wide variations of power density.

(c) polarmotors Valuable advantages of bipolar motors according to the present invention, especially those with cylindrical rotors, include . generally high efficiency mechanical as well as electrical silence high power to weight density R simple construction e expected low cost in mass production e great adaptability to a wide range of rotation speeds, voltages and currents e potential for use with DC as well as AC in a wide range of frequencies including 3-phase or other multi-phase currents e slender shape as an aid in cooling a potential for immersion in water and other suitable fluids for cooling.

Importantly, relative to conventional electro motors with graphitic brushes, on account of the multi-contact metal brushes in bipolar machines, the following advantages may be added to the above list greater reliability o longer service life e less maintenance freedom from obnoxious wear debris.

Correspondingly, bipolar motors with cylindrical rotors according to the present invention have the potential of gradually displacing conventional internal combustion engines and electro motors in a wide range of applications, from the very large to the small. To name just a few examples : On the low end of the size scale, conventional battery-driven electro motors, e. g. in hand-held tools, have an efficiency of only about 65% or less, mainly due to the inefficiency of the graphitic brushes in them Bipolar motors with cylindrical rotors of comparable volume and weight can potentially increase the efficiency to 90% and better. In the range of modestly higher power levels, motors of electric wheel chairs are very disconcerting to many users on account of erratic unpredictable failures caused by malfunctioning or too rapid wear of gra- phitic brushes. Next, in many transport applications, the slender shape of bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors can aid in cooling and offers opportunities for novel placement, eg. the already mentioned placement of them on car axles. Similarly bipolar motors and/or generators may be distributed to various locations in larger vehicles, e. g. military tanks. At still higher power, bipolar machines would be very suitable for rail transportation, e. g. trams and electric trains.

Perhaps the most suitable application of bipolar motors with cylindrical rotors according to the present invention are ship drives, for a wide range of power levels from, say, lhp to 105hp whether for the fighting Navy, commercial or private shipping. Specifically these motors are eminently adaptable to ship drives when given a streamlined, elongated shape, whether inboard or podded, from life boats to cruise liners and aircraft carriers. In commercial shipping, such ship drives would be suitable from large tankers to small freighters, and for pleasure boating for all sizes from outboard motors to large yachts. Bipolar motors will be similarly useful for water pumps of all sizes and other marine uses.

G. General Equations and Symbols Used for Bipolar Motor with Cylindrical Rotors (a) Symbols used We shall use the same symbols as before and as shown in Figure 25 plus a number of additional symbols as follows As = NR i/js = active slip ring area (eq. 38) B = magnetic flux density (normal to rotors) d = mechanical density (assumed to be d = 7. 5#103[kg/m3], as average between Cu with d = 8#103[kg/m3] and iron/steel with d = 7.1#103[kg/m3]) dw = thickness of brush plate DM = outer machine diameter-2RF = 3RR fB = slip ring surface covered by brush foot print (safe limit for moisture access f= 50%) F = approximate machine volume in units of Rp3 (eq. 45b) H = Height of magnet # RR machine current jB = 2#106 Amp/m2 (estimated upper safe limit of current density in brushes in humid gases) js = fB jB = 106 Amp/m2 (estimated upper safe current density on slip rings in humid gases) #/VM = loss through internal machine resistance Lb=width of the bottom strip (code 84) #LB=permissible brush wear length LBs length of brush foot print in sliding direction LE = thickness of endplate (code 70, assumed to be 2/3 RR) Lj=RR=active circumferential slip ring length (eq.37) LM= length of machine LR = length of cylindrical rotor equal to the length of the magnet Lj = RR = active slip ring length in tangential direction (eq. 38).

LS=NR# = active slip ring length in tangential direction (eq. 41) mcorr = machine mass if the flux density in the flux return is 1.8 tesla (eq. 45c) mF = mass of flux return mM = machine mass (ifB =1 tesla is assumed throughout) MM = WM/@ = machine torque NR = number of rotors NR tg = cumulative thickness of the set of cylindrical rotors (assumed to be RR/3, eq. 30)

RA = inner rotor radius RF = outer radius of flux retun = RR + H/2 = 1.5RR Rp = radius of axle RR = outer rotor radius = internal resistance per rotor Rint=NR1Rint=internal ohmic machine resistance excluding brushes and brush holders ohmic resistance of"bridge"between brushes on adjoining rotors t61 = length of the mechanical mechanism 61 fastening the rotors or endplate to the axle tF = wall thickness of flux return (assumed to be = H/2 in bipolar machines) tR = wall thickness of individual rotor (assumed to be RR/3NR, eq. 30) TB = estimated average brush wear life or life expectance of brush plates VR = average rotor surface speed VM=NR1VR = machine voltage VR = induced voltage per rotor DB = voltage loss per brush ##=potential difference on account of internal machine resistance WM = i VR = i NR VR machine power a = angle subtended by magnet on the cylindrical rotors in bipolar machines 600 assumed) ß = RR/Lb âmM= machine wieght reduction for B = 1. 8 tesla in flux return (eq. 45d) #W=dW/RR=relative thickness of brush plate elastic shear strain in machine on account of torque M ALB = permissible brush wear length (in numerical examples assumed to be 2cm) A = width of slip ring #min#0.25cm = minimum slip ring width # = LR/RR p = electrical resistivity of rotor material (1. 65#10-8#m for copper).

(b) Relations among Parameters In the following, numerical estimates are made regarding the major characteristics of bipolar machines of different sizes. These are based on simplifications, e. g. loss of efficiency

on account of intermediate insulating layers or embedment material has been neglected as also the fact that in a set of rotors the rotor diameters are graded. Also, the characteristics of the magnets and flux return are not well known. Correspondingly, the values presented below are guideline figures without quantitative accuracy.

To begin with, the best present estimate of the optimum gap width between the magnetic poles and the flux return, within which the rotors of total thickness NR tR slide, is about H = RR/3. Too wide gaps will have low values of B on account of depolarization, and too narrow gaps do not permit an adequate number and wall thickness of rotors. Further, at same flux density in the magnet and flux return, the wall thickness of the flux return must be tF = H/2 and a suitable value for the angle a that the magnet subtends on cylindrical rotors is a = 60°, so that H = 2RR sin(α/2)#RR=2tF (28) Consequently the motor diameter is, approximately and neglecting the narrow gaps between the rotor and the magnet on one side and the flux return on the other, DM=2RF=2 (RR+tr) =2RR+H=3RR (29) Next, the gap width of RR/3 must accommodate the cumulative thickness of NR rotor cylinder walls of thickness tp each, i. c. tu ru/ RR/(3 NR) With a = 60°, the two brush plates, if any, do not require flexible joints, as discussed in connection with Figure 11. This is a considerable advantage of bipolar machines because (i) only one linear bearing or other device would be needed on each side to keep the brushes in their intended relative position and orientation and to advance them in course of wear, (ii) because brush loading could be simply effected by two springs between the (a-and (b)-side brush holders, such as 37 in Figure 12. According to the present invention, and assuming the expected development of mass-produced brush plates and their attached brush strips, the large number of required brushes that used to be an important drawback of homopolar motors, will therefore be of no concern in regard to bipolar motors with cylindrical or cup-shaped rotors.

Since also the methods of rotor winding and slip ring production discussed in preceding sections are amenable to mass production techniques, the choice of NR in bipolar machines is unlikely to greatly affect the cost and performance of bipolar machines with cup-shaped or cylindrical rotors. The voltage can accordingly be adapted to other needs, with no particular concern about large NR values, provided only that both slip ring widths and rotor wall thickness remain above some practical minimum, at present believed to be about A _ 0. 25cm and tR-O. 2mm. And also Lb/RR = ! 4 is at this point assumed to be a good choice, Further, two brushes and brush holders each contribute about 0.4V per rotor, provided the bridges are made with an adequately large cross sectional diameter.

(c) Interml Ohmic Machine Resistance, Loss and Machine Efficiency With the above relationships, i. e. H = RR and tR = RR/(3 NR), disregarding for the moment brushes and brush holders, one finds for the internal resistance per rotor, naming RR/L = ß and LR/RR=#, 1Rint=#[2LR/HtR + #RR/2LbtR] = (#NR/RR) [6#3#ß/2] =Rint/NR (31) Next, the motor loss is L=##/VMi2Rint/WM=WMRint/VM2 (2) i.e. with VM=NR1VR WM = VM2 L/Rint=VR2RRL/[#(6#+3#ß/2)] (33) Further, by the use of eq. 4, i. e. VR = 2vR BLR = 2vR BXRR, WM = 3 VR2RR3B2#2L/[#(6# + 3#ß/2)] (34a) or if # # ß, WM # 2/3 VR2RR3B2 #L/# (34b)

Hence in a first approximation the machine power is independent of NR, but proportional to L, the cube of the rotor radius, RR, and the square of both velocity vR and magnetic flux B.

Comparison with the corresponding eqs. 23 to 27 for bipolar motors with cup-shaped rotors will reveal the considerable advantage of the arrangement with cylindrical rotors over circular rotors also in terms of achievable power density. Correspondingly it is expected that future bipolar machines will by and large be of the cylinder design, both on account of its higher power density, lower demands on cooling and greater ease of construction. Even so, when space requirements greatly favor a squat design, bipolar machines with circular rotors are an option, and in any event they are superior to previous homopolar motors.

Eq. 34 is an overestimate since, firstly, 2#B = 0.4V must be subtracted from the machine voltage on account of brushes and brush holders. However, this is a minor effect since with typically B-1 tesla or larger, and even very modest values of LR, e. g. 1m, and vR, e. g. 5m/sec, yield IVR = 10V. Secondly, the resistance of the bridges has been neglected If they are part of brush plates of thickness dw, their resistance per rotor is RBridge # ##RR/tRdw # 10#NR/dw From comparison with eq. 1 it follows that, unlike the case of the bipolar machine with cup- shaped rotors, the brush and brush holder resistance is typically minor, provided that the brush plate thickness, dw, is made, say, of thickness RR/4 or larger. Anyway, the estimated machine efficiency is, including an estimated 2% loss through drag of ambient medium and bearings, EM # 100%(1-2%-L-0.4[V]/1VR) (36) (d) Considerations Regarding Brushes, Brush Holders and Slip Rings As already discussed above, the area coverage of brush foot print on slip rings, fB, should not exceed 50% and a safe estimated upper limit for the current density in the brushes is jB = 2X106 [A/m2], so that js = fB jB =106 [A/m21

is a good value for the average current density on slip rings in both zones Moreover, in bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors, brushes can be usefully applied only in zones (a) and (b), i. e. over circumferential lengths of Lj # H=RR (38) on each side. For a current i, therefore, a slip ring area of As = NR i/JS (39) is required on each side, (a) and (b). For a given slip ring area, this results in the individual slip ring width # = As/NRLj=(i/js Lj) (40) and a total axial length of slip rings and hence brush plate length (neglecting separators 49 or slip ring extensions 33) LS=NR#=NR i/js Lj (41) The expected brush wear life, TB, is proportional to the permissible wear length of the brushes, oLB and inversely proportional to the sliding velocity (mostly assumed to be VR) and the dimensionless wear rate that is conservatively estimated at 5xylol, i. e.

Te = 5LB/ (VR 5x10'" [seconds]) (42) Further in regard to brushes and slip ring dimensions, the spacing of the eddy current barriers should preferably be mildly smaller than the length of the brush sections in the brush holder strips, LBS, so that the current is not significantly interrupted as brushes slide from one eddy current barrier interval to the next because this could give rise to arcing. Further, since eddy current barriers. add to the machine cost and cause some extra brush wear, they should be as few as otherwise possible but there should be several eddy current barriers per active slip ring

length to minimize current ripple. Also, as already indicated, in a humid atmosphere, the continuous footprint of any brush in sliding direction should not exceed LBS = 5cm = 2"in order not to inhibit moisture access. However, this number is subject to adjustment as experience with fiber brushes increases, and it is expected to be unlimited in liquid water.

At any rate, pending gradually accumulating information, eddy current barrier spacings between 3 and 4 cm would seem to be a good choice for machines with AR > 20cm, e. g., and preferably the spacing should be mildly irregular, again to reduce current ripple. But in any event, the eddy current barriers are preferably spaced closely enough to suppress the eddy/Hall <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> effect loss to below, say, l/2%. With brushes in the form of Las = 5 cm long brush strip segments, the number of brushes on NR slip rings (with two brushes per slip ring, sides (a) and (b)) each of length L = RR then is NB=2NR(RR/LBS) (43) (e) Machine Weight or Mass Naming the thickness of the motor endplates LE, the machine length is LM=LR+2LE+Lb+LS#(#+4/3+1/ß)RR+LS (44) where LE is assumed to be 2/3 RE which is an intuitively plausible number that is used pending engineering determinations of the size and construction of the endplates. Thus the machine mass is approximately m # #d{(LR + 2LE+ Lb) [(DM/2)2-Rp2)+LS(RR2-RP2)]=F#dRR3 (45a) with F = 1 (X 4/3+1/ß))[(1.5)2-(RP/RP)2]+(LS/RR)[(1-(RP/RR)2] However, this is an overestimate if the magnetic flux density in the flux return should not be B = 1 tesla but, say, 1.8 tesla as seems to be achievable, while in the gap B might remain at 1 tesla. In that case the flux return wall thickness and hence its weight, i. e. mF = d 7TLR (1.52 RR2-RR2)=3.93d#RR3 (45c)

is reduced to by the factor 1. 8 to mpetm « mp/1. 8 (45d) for a machine weight savings of 8mM = 0.44niF (45e) A much larger weight savings can be achieved by an increase of B to, say, 1.8 tesla also in the gap, i. e. its value in the rotors since thereby the induced voltage would at same magnet and rotor length be similarly increased by the factor 1.8 in accordance with eq. 4.

Correspondingly, for same machine power the active rotor and magnet length could be reduced by the factor of 1.8 and, except for slip rings, brushes, end-plates and mechanical structure the machine mass would be reduced by factor 1.8, ie. down to minimally mF/1.8 Alternatively, the rotor radius could be reduced or a combination of these options, and similarly for any other deviation of B from the generally assumed value of 1 tesla.

Finally, since the magnetization and geometry of magnet and flux return shall remain permanently unchanged, according to the present invention the magnets and/or flux return may be made of a permanent magnetic material of perhaps smaller density than iron and iron alloys. This could result in a substantial weight reduction of the machines. For the time being, the average density, d, of the machine'. s materials, is tentatively assumed to be 7.5 [tonnes/m3] as the average between the densities of steel and copper. At same dimensions, if the rotors and brush plates were made of aluminum the loss would be modestly higher and the weight lower.

Note also that with the assumed relatively large radius of the axle, i. e. Rp = 2/3 RR, the magnets (that constitute the magnetic field source and that in all but small machines should preferably be composed of several or many magnets contained in tubes or trays as in Figure 17C) will have to bow out about the axle more strongly than shown in Figure 25.

( Mechanical Stresses and Mechanical Stability of Machines An important consideration are the shear stress, T, in the rotors and in the connection (61) between the rotors and the axle that arises from the torque, MM, generated by the motor.

Specifically, considering a single rotor, at the junction between the single rotor and the axle of radius Rp I MM=#2#RPRR tR=#2# RPRR2/3NR (46) But 1MM=(WM/NR) # = (WMRR/NRVR) so that T = 1MM3NR/2#RPRR2 = 3 WM/(2# RPRRVR) (48a) We find the resultant elastic shear strain, yei, by comparing T with the shear modulus, G, which for copper is G = 8x10'° N/m2 and for aluminum G = 2.7x101° N/m2. Thus. with Rp = 2/3 RR as probably a fairly typical value, γe1=3WM/(2# RPRRVRG) # 0. 71 WM/(RR2VRO (48b) Adapting the above calculation to the shear stress exerted on the fastening 61 between back plate and axle, as in the design of Figure 21A, one finds the stress in the joint between the axle and the mechanical fastening device 61, of width t61, as 61 R-61 A safe value of γ61=2#10-4, by the use of a hard solder joint with shear modulus, say, G41=1010N/m2, would thus require t61#WM/(2#RPVRγ61G) (50a) i. e. t61#3.7#107 [watt]/(2##0. 4x6. 3#2#10-4#1010 [N/sec] = 1. 2 [m] = 2RR (50b)

The above relationships will be considered for various motors, beginning with large podded ship drives, generally assuming B =1 tesla in the gap.

H. Numerical Examples (a) Large Motors Suitable for Ship Drives (1 A) Large Ship Drive, 50,000 hp, 100 RPM, 9000V, LM=9m, E = 96.6%, 0. 4mAlle Selected Parameters WM = 50,000 hp = 3. 7#107 watt VM= 9000 Volt i = 4100 Ampere Rp = 2/3RR= 0.4m (axle bore radius through magnet for propeller shaft) RR=0. 6m=2ft H = RR = 0.6m (i. e. a = 60°) DM = 3RR = 1.8m = 6ft (eq. 29) Lb = RR/2 = 0.3m = lft (i.e. ß = 2) (width of bottom strip free of eddy current barriers) plats} Lj=RR=0.6m = 2ft = active slip ring length on each side LR = 12RR= 7.2m = 24A (ie. x =12) o = 100 RPM = 1.67 rev/sec = 10. 5 [rad/sec] VR = #RR=6. 3 m/sec = 21 ft/sec L =1% (selected for computing WM in accordance with eq. 33) NR=100 B =1 tesla p = 1.65#10-8#m (for copper) LBS = 0.05m = 2" (length of single brush segment in sliding direction) BULB 2cm (permissible brush wear length) G = 8#1010 N/m2 (for copper) Derived Parameters tR=RR/3NR=0.2cm = 0.079" (rotor wall thickness) (eq. 30) 1VR=2VRBLR=90[V] (eq. 4 with n = 2)

VM=NR1VR=9000[V] Rint=NR1Rint = (#NR2/RR) [6# + 3#ß/2] # 0. 023# (eq. 31) WM#2/3 VR2RR3B2#L/# = 3. 7#107 [watt] # 50. 000 hp (eq. 33) EM # 100%(1-2%-L- 0.4[V]/IVR) = 96. 6% (eq. 36) MM = WM/o = WMRR/VR = 3. 5#106[Nm] = 2. 6#106[lb ft] dw=RR/4=0. 15m (see comment to eq. 35) Lj=RR=0.6m=2ft (active slip ring length each in zone (a) and in zone (b)) (eq. 38) As = NR i/106[A/m2] = 0. 41m2 = 4. 6ft2 (active slip ring area) (eq. 39) A = As/NRLj = 0. 68 cm = 0.27" (width of individual slip ring) (eq. 40) Ls = NRa = 0.68[m] = 2.3ft (total axial extent of slip ring surfaces) (eq. 41) LM = LR + 2LE + Lb + LS = (7. 2+0.8+0.3+0.68)[m] = 9m = 30ft (eq.44) TB = 3LB/(VR#5#10-11) = 6. 4#107 seconds = 2 years (eq. 42) Ns = 2NR (RR/LBS) = 2400 (eq. 43) F = [ +4/3+1/ß))[(1.5)2-(RP/RR)2]+(LS/RR)[(1-(RP/RR)2] = 25. 6 (eq. 45b) mM= F#dRR3=130 tonnes (eq. 45a) (eq45c) 5mm = 0.44 mF = 33.5 tonnes (eq. 45e) mcorr=mM-#mM=97 tonnes . = mM/1. 8 = 72 tonnes (eq. 45f) γe1 =/G = 3WM/(2# RPRRVRG) = 3 x3. 7#107/[2##0.4#0.6#6.3#8#1010] =0.015% (eq. 48) Comments The large number of brushes, N3 = 2400, would be of a great concern if brushes were to be fitted into individual holders and placed on slip rings individually. In fact with individual holders the required A = As/NRLs = 0.68cm slip ring width would probably be unattainable.

Consequently, with the use of individual brush holders, NR would have to be considerably decreased. However, according to the present invention, all brushes on the (a)-side, and similarly all brushes on the (baside, will be mounted on, and be applied through, just one or perhaps up to three brush plates on each side, which as far as the user is concerned are installed and, when worn out, replaced in a single operation. In the method of the present

invention, therefore, the number of brushes on the brush plate is of only academic interest. The wall thickness, dw, of the brush plate of dw = RR/4 = 15cm is adjusted to present only a fraction of the internal resistance.

Of concern is the value of yen = 0. 014% as it is just about the fatigue strength limit of pure copper, whereas for aluminum with G = 2. 7#1010 N/m2, it would be y = 0.04% and pro- bably no longer safe. Hence the above particular example of a bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors according to the present invention is feasible also mechanically, but not by a large margin. Correspondingly, and the rotors should preferably be made of some low-concentra- tion Cu alloy, such as used for commutators, in order to boost their fatigue strength.

With the present values, the shear strain in the endplates where they join the axle would be Yet = 0. 0073 and thus safe. In this much the endplates could be substantially per- forated as was envisaged for the case of direct cooling in water. A convnetional connection may be made to attach the endplates and the rotors to the axle (1 B) As Li but shortened to L = 5. 6m (Values changed from the previous machine in bold italics) Selected Parameters WM=50,000 hp-3.7#107 watt VM= 9000 Volt i = 4100 Ampere RP=2/3 RR=0. 4m (radius of axle/bore through magnet for propeller shaft) RR 0. 6m= 2ft H=RR=0. 6m = 6fit (a = 6û°) DM = 3RR=1. 8m = 6A (eq. 29) Lb = Roi2 = 0. 3m = Ift (i. e. ß= 2) (width of bottom strip free of eddy current barriers) LE = 2/3 RR=0. 4m =1.3ft (width of endplates) Le = Rp= 0.6m = 2ft active slip ring length on each side LR=4RR=2.4m=8ft (i.e. # = 4) co = 100 RPM=1. 67 rev/sec VR=#RR=6. 3 m/sec = 21 ft/sec <BR> <BR> <BR> L'> to be computedfrom input values)<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> Nu=300

B 1 tesla p = 1.65#10-8#m (for copper) LBS 0. 05m = 2" (length of single brush segment in sliding direction) 8LB 2cm (permissible brush wear length) G = 8#1010 N/m2 (for copper) Derived Parameters tR= RR/3NR = 0. 7mm = 28thou (including insulating barrier 48) (eq. 30) 1VR = 2vRBLR = 30 [V] (eq.4 with n = 2) VM = NR1VR = 9000 [V] #int = NR1Rint = (#NR2/RR) [6# + 3#ß/2] # 0.083# (eq.31) L = i2 Rint/WM = 3.8% (eq. 32) <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> EM # 100%(1 - 2% -L - 0.4[V]/1/VR) = 92.9% (eq.36)<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> MM = WM/# = WMRR/VR = 3. 5#106 [Nm] = 2.6#106[lb ft]<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> L ; = Rn= 0.6m = 2ft (active slip ring length each in zone (a) and in zone (b)) (eq. 38)<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> dw= gR/4 = 0.15m (see comment to eq. 353 : As = NRi/106[A/m2] = 1.23m2 = 14ft2 (active slip rling area) (eq.390 A = AS/NRLj = 0.68 cm = 0.27" (width of individual slip ring) (eq.40) LS = NR# = 2.05[m] = 6.9ft2 (total axial extent of slip ring surfaces) (eq.41) LM = LR + 2LE + Lb + LS = (2.4 + 0.8 + 0.3 + 2.05)[m] = 5.6m = 18ft (eq.44) <BR> <BR> <BR> TB = #LB/(vR#5#10-11) = 6.4#107 seconds = 2 years (eq. 42)<BR> NB = 2NR (RR/LBS) = 7200 (eq.430<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> F = [(# + 4/3 + 1/ß))[(1.5)2 - (RP/RR)2]+ (LS/RR)[(1 - (RP/RR)2] = 12.4 (eq.45b0 mm4/3 + 1/ß))[(1.5)2 - (RP/RR)2]+(LS/RR)[(1 - (RP/RR)2] = 12.4 (eq.45b0 mM = F#dRR3 = 63 tonnes (eq. 45a,) mF = 3.93d#RR3 = 25. 5 tonnes (eq43c) lamm = 0.44 mF = 11.2 tonnes (45e) mcorr = mM - #mM = 52 tonnes mmin = mM/1.8 = mM/1.8 = 35 tonnes (eq.45f0 γel=#/G = 3 WM/(2#RPRRvRG) = 3 #3.7#107/[2#0.4#0. 6x6.3x 8#1010] = 0. 015% (eq. 48)

Comments The outstanding virtue of both of the above examples is their high voltage and thus relatively low current, so that they do not strain the electric supply system beyond the mere fact that they draw a large power. At same rotation speed, diameter, voltage, current and power output, the present modified machine has a considerably reduced length, ie. LM =18ft as compared to 30ft, and correspondingly reduced mass, i. e. mM = 63 tonnes and M,, = 35tonnes as compared to 130 tonnes and 52 tonnes, respectively. This weight reduction is bought at the expense of decreased machine efficiency (from 96.6% to 92.9%) and increased number of brushes (from 2400 to 7200).

Altogether this would seem to be a very competitive design. Whether the large number of brushes poses a problem depends on the success of brush plates. At present this is believed to be a non-issue and no difficulties are foreseen. Namely, the feature of consolidating a large number of small units into one is nowadays familiar from computer chips, in particular. Based on these one may expect success subject, however, to effective production techniques and scrupulous quality control because the brush strips are in series and the failure of any one strip (ie. Sure not of a single brush segment but of a majority of all six or seven of such segments on the same strip) would cause a machine breakdown In this connection one may want to remember, though, that unlike graphite-based brushes unanticipated sudden failures are virtually unknown for fiber brushes.

Following the present series of numerical examples, plans for mass production of brush plates in accordance with the present invention will be presented.

(s IA but with Voltage lowered to 900V (Again, bold italic type indicates changes from the previous examples).

Selected Parameters WM= 50,000 hp = 3. 7#107 watt.

VM = 900 Volt i = 41,000 Ampere Rp = 0.4m (radius of axle/bore through magnet to accommodate the propeller shaft) RR=0. 6m=2ft H=RR=0. 6m =6ft (a=60°) DM = 3Rp = 1.8m = 6ft (eq. 29)

Lb = RR/2 = 0. 3m = Ift (i. e. ß = 2) (width of bottom strip free of eddy current barriers) LE = 2/3 RR = 0.4m = 1.3ft (width of endplates) L, = Rp= 0.6m = 2ft active slip ring length on each side LR = 12RR = 7.2m = 24ft (i.e. # = 12) co = 100 RPM = 1. 67 rev/sec VR = #RR = 6.3 m/sec = 21 Z/sec NR=10 B = 1 tesla p = 1.65#10-8#m (for copper) Las = 0.05m = 2" (length of single brush segment in sliding direction) ; LB = 2cm (permissible brush wear length) G = 8#1010N/m2 (for copper) Derived Parameters tR = RR/3NR = 2em = 0. 8" 1VR = 2vRBLR = 90 [V] (eq.4 with n = 20 ) <BR> <BR> VM = NR1rVR@=900[V]<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> Rint = NR1Rint = (#NR2/RR) [6# + 3#ß/2] # 2.3#10-4# (eq.31) L = i2Rint/WM = 1% (eq.32) (same as for first example) EM # 100%(1 - 2%-L - 0.4[V]/1VR) = 96.6% (eq. 36) (same as for tA) MM = WM/# = WMRR/vR = 3.5#106[Nm] = 2.6#106[lb ft] Lj = RR = 0.6m = 2ft (active slip ring length each in zone (a) and in zone (b)) (eq. 38) dw = RR/4 = 0.15m (see comment to eq. 35) AS = NR i/106{A/m2] = 0.41m2 = 4.6ft2 (eq. 39)) (same as for 1A) # = AS/NRLj = 6.8 cm = 2.7 (slip ring width) (eq.40) LSNRA = 0.68 [m] = 6. 9ft2 (total slip ring width) (eq. 41) (same as for 1A) LM = LR + 2LE + Lb + 4 = (7. 2 + 0. 8 + 03 + 0. 64) [m] = 9m= 30ft (same as 1A) TB = #LB/(vR#5#10-11) = 6. 4#107 seconds = 2 years (eq. 42) NB = 2NR (RR@ = 240 (eq. 43) F = [(# + 4/3 + 1/ß))[(1.5)2 - (RP/RR)2]+(LS/RR)[(1 - (RP/RR)2] =25.6 (Same) mM = F#dRRR3 = 130 tonnes (eq. 45a) (Same as for 1A)

mF = 3.93d#RR3 = 76 tonnes (eq45c) (Same as for 1A) amAf = 0.44 mF = 33.5 tonnes (45e) (Same as for 1A) mcorr = mM - #mM = 97 tonnes (Same as for 1A) y,,, =T/G = 3 WM/ (27E RpRRVRG) = 3 x3. 7#107/[2# #0.4#0.6#6. 3x 8#1010] = 0. 015% Comment This version combines an undesirably large current with the undesirably high mass of the first example. Moreover, even while it has many fewer brushes, the same total brush area is required. The illusion of lessened demand for brushes arises on account of a tenfold increase of the slip ring width with only marginal advantages.

(1 D) As 1B but with Voltage lowered to 900V (most of the repeated values are not listed) Selected Parameters WM = 50, 000 hp = 3. 7#107 watt MM = 3. 5#106[Nm] = 2. 6#106[lb ft] VM= 900 Volt i= 41,000 Ampere RR=0. 6m=2S DM = 3RR = 1.8m = 6ft (eq. 29) LR = 4RR = 2.4m = 8ft (i. e. # = 4) <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> o = 100 RPM<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> X=30<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> B=1 tesla Derived Parameters tR = 6.7cm # ¼" 1VR = 30 [V] g 8. 3#10-4# L = i2#int/WM = 3. 8% EM # 92.9% (eq. 36) As = NR i/106{A/m2] = 1.23m2 = 14ft2 (active slip ring area) # = AS/NRLj = 0. 68 cm = 0. 27" (width of individual slip ring)

LS = 2. 05 [m] (added length for slip ring area) LM= 5.6m = 18ft TB = 2 years (expected interval between brush plate replacements) iDcmr = 52 tonnes Conclusions Regarding Large Machines The last example (1D) shares the low weight with the short-length version of the high- voltage machine (1B). The pattern demonstrated above is clear: One may tailor machine sizes and weights in accordance with machine length. However, at same power and speed, the machine weight is not proportional to magnet length (and thus the voltage at same number of turns) on account of endplates that are determined by the machine power and total axial extent of slip rings. The latter grows in proportion with the number of rotors. The requirements on brushes for large machines as contemplated in the above example would be forbidding with individually held brushes, but are believed to be routine by the use of brush plates as already discussed in connection with 1B above. The brush plate length is essentially the same as the total axial extent of the slip rings and grows in proportion with the number of turns.

Contemplating actual requirements the best choice for a 50,000hp slow rotating i.e.

100RPM, ship drive motor, might be 4160V (to adapt to presently available Navy voltage supplies), with i = 8900 A, with a machine length _18ft and weight #60 tonnes (b) Mid-Size Motor Suitable for Podded Ship Drives (2) Mid-Sized Ship Drive, 5000 hp, 120 RPM, 4160V, LM=5. 4m, 3ft dia, B = 1 tesla ass.

Using the same parametric relationships as before (i. e. eqs. 4,31-48) Selected Parameters WM = 5,000 hp = 3.7#106 watt (machine power at fuN speed) w = 120 RPM = 4n [rad/sec] (rotation speed at full power) 'MR =WM/@ = 2.9xlO5Nm= 2. 1xlO5ftlbs (torque at full current, independent of speed) VM = 4160 Volt (applied voltage at maximum torque) i = 900 Ampere (current at maximum torque) RR = 0.3m = 1ft (rotor radius) Rp = 2/3 Rp-= 0.15m (axle radius) DM = 3RR = 0. 9m = 3ft (diameter of flux return = machine diameter)

LR = 4.5m =15ft (i. e. X = 15) Lb = 0.1m = 4" (i. e. ß = 3) (width of bottom strip free of eddy current barriers) LE = 2/3 RR = 0. 2m = 0. 67R (width of endplates) Lj = RR = 0.3m = lft (active slip ring length on each side) #LB = 2cm (permissible brush wear length) VR = 3.8m/s = I2. 6ft/sec (brush sliding velocity at full speed) 1VR = 2vRBLR = 34V (voltage drop per rotor at full speed) NR = 4160/34. 2 = 122 (number of rotors) tR = RR/3NR = 0.82mm (rotor wall thickness, including insulation layer 48) Rint = (#NR2/RR) [6# + 3#ß/2] # 0.085# (internal electrical machine resistance) . L = i2#int/WM = 1. 9% (loss due to internal electrical resistance at fall current) EM # 100%(1 - 2%- L - 0.4[V]/1VR) = 94.9% (efficiency including all losses) As =NR i/106{A/m2] = 0. 11m2 = 1.2ft (total active slip ring area) A = AsINRRR = 3mm = 0. 12" (width of individual slip ring including separator strip) Ls = NRA = 0. 37m (added motor length due to slip ring area) LM = LR + 2LE + Lb + Is = 5.4m = 18R (total machine length) TB = #LB/(vR#5#10-11) = 1.05#108 seconds = 3.3 years (expected time interval between brush plate replacements) mM # (#/8)dDM2(LM + LR) = 23.6 tonnes (machine mass at B = 1 testa throughout) mF = 3.93d#RR3 = 11.2 tonnes (mass off return at B =1 tesla) 8mM = 0.44 mF = 5. 25 tonnes (reduction of mass if B = 1. 8 tesla in flux return) mcorr = mM - #mM = 18. 4 ton (mass with B=1 tesla in rotors and 1.8 tesla in flux return) (c) Automotive Motors (3) Car Motor, 150 hp, 4000 RPM, 150V, i = 800A, LM=0. 6m=2ft, B = 1 tesla assumed.

Using the same parametric relationships as before (ie. eqs. 4,31-48) Selected Parameters WM =1. 2x 105 watt =150hp (machine power at lull speed) w = 4000 RPM = 419 [rad/sec] (rotation speed at full power) MR = WM/# = 290 Nm = 210 Ribs (torque at full current) VM =150 Volt (applied voltage at maximum toque)

i = 800 Ampere (current at maximum torque) RR = 0.1m = 4" (rotor radius) Rp = 1/2"= 1.25cm (axle radius) DM = 3RR = 0.3m = 1ft (diameter of flux return = machine diameter) LR= 0. 45m= 1. 5ft (i. e. # = 4. 5) Lob = 0. 05m = 2" (i. e. ß = 3) (width of bottom strip free of eddy current barriers) LE = 1/4 RR = 0. 025m = 1" (width of endplates) Lj = RR = 0.1m= lfc (active slip ring length on each side) 8La = 2cm (permissible brush wear length) Derived Parameter VR = # RR = 42m/s = 140ft/sec (perimeter velocity of rotors at full speed) sVR = 2vRBLR = 37. 8V (voltage drop per rotor at full speed) NR=VM/IVR=4 (number of rotors) tR = RRZ3NR =1. 67 cm (rotor wall thickness including insulation layer 48) Rint = (#NR2/RR) [6# + 3#/ß2] # 1.1#10-4 # (internal electrical resistance of motor) L = i2Rint/WM = 0.1% (loss due to internal electrical resistance at mil current) EM # 100%(1 - 2% - L - 0.4[V]/1VR) = 97.5% (efficiency including all losses) AS = NR i/106{A/m2] = 2#10-3 m2 = 3. 1 in (require active * ring area3 Rslipring = RR/2 = 5cm (reduced slip ring diameter to lower bush velocity) vB = # RSliRing = 21m/sec (brush velocity at maximum speed) # = As/NRRSlipRing = lcm = 0. 4" (required individual slip ring width with. reduced slip ring. diameter in order to reduce brush velocity) LS = NR# = 4cm = 1. 6" (added motor length due to slip ring area) LM = LR + 2LE + Lb + LS = 0. 6m = 2ft (motor length) TB = #LB/(vR#5#10-11) = 2#107 seconds = 5500 hrs (equal to expected life time of car!) mM # (#/8)dDM2 (LM + LR) 278kg (motor mass at B = 1 tesla throughout) mF = 3. 93d#RR3 = 123 kg (mass of flux return at B = 1 tesla) 8mM = 0.44 mF = 55kg (reduction of mass if B = 1. 8 tesla in flux return) mcorr = mM-SmM = 223kg (mass with B = 1 tesla in rotors and 1.8 tesla in flux return) mmin = mM11. 8 =154kg (eq. 45f) (minimum of motor mass with B = 1. 8 tesla throughout)

Comments This appears to be an attractive but understated design. Certainly on account of the very low value of L this motor could be driven to a much higher power output, or conversely at same power could be made lighter with somewhat lowered efficiency (compare numerical examples 1B versus 1A above).

(d) Motors Below Automotive Power (4a) Ship Pump Motor, 10 hp, 400 RPM, 220V, i = 50A, B =1 tesla assumed.

Using the same parametric relationships as before (ie. eqs. 4,31-48) Selected Parameters WM = 7,500 watt-lOhp (powex at full speed) # = 400 RPM = 42 [rad/sec] (rotation speed at AH power) MR = WM/# = 179 Nm = 131 ftlbs (torque at full current) VM = 150 Volt (applied voltage at maximum toque) i = 50 Ampere (current at maximum torque) RR=0. 05m=2" (rotor radius) DM = 3RR - 0.15m-½ft (diameter of flux return - machine diameter) LR = 0.6m = 2ft (i.e. # = 12) Lb = 0. 025m = 1" (i.e. ß = 2) (width of bottom strip free of eddy current barriers) LE = 1/10 RR = 0.5cm (width of endplates) 5cm (active slip ring length on each side) #LB = 2cm (permissible brush wear length) Derived Parameter vR = #RR = 2. Im/s (brush sliding velocity at full speed) sVR = 2vRBLR = 2.5V (voltage drop per rotor at full speed) NR=VMAVR=60 (number of rotors) tR = RR/3NR = 0.83 mm (rotor wall thickness including insulation layer 48) Rint = (#NR2/RR) [6# = 3#ß/2] # 0. 097 n (internal electrical resistance of motor) L = i2 Rint/WM = 2.2% (loss due to internal electrical resistance at full current) EM # 100%(1 - 2% - L - 0.4[V]/1/VR) = 80% (efficiency including all losses) AS = NR i/106{A/m2] = 3#10-3 m2 = 4.7 in2 (required active slip ring area)

A = AS/NRRS < #min i.e. choose A = 0. 25cm (indIvidual slip ring width) LS = NR#min = 15cin = 6" (added length due to slip ring area with #=#min = 0.25cm) LM = LR + 2LE + Lb + Ls = 0. 79m = 2. 6ft (motor length) TB =#LB/*vR#5#10-11) = 1.0#108 sec = 6 years (exceed expected life time of pump) mM # (#/8)dDM2(LM + LR) = 92kg = 200lbs (motor mass at B = 1 tesla throughout) mF= 3. 93d#RR3 = 44 kg = 971bs (mass of flux return at B = 1 tesla) 8mM = 0.44 mF = 19. 5kg (reduction of mass if B = 1. 8 tesla in flux return) mcorr = mM - #mM = 73kg (mass with B = 1 tesla in rotors and 1.8 tesla in flux return) mmin = mM/1.8 = 51kg (eq. 45f) (minimum of motor mass with B = 1. 8 tesla throughout) (4B) Ship Pump Motor, 10 hp, 2500 RPM, 320V, i = 24A, B = 1 testa assumed.

Using the same parametric relationships as before (ie. eqs. 4,31-48) Selected Parameters WM = 7,700 watt = lOhp (power at full speed) o = 2500 RPM = 262 [rad/sec] (rotation speed at full power) lbs (torque at full current) VM = 320 Volt (applied voltage at maximum toque) i= 24 Ampere (current at maximum torque) RR = 0. 05m = 2" (rotor radius) DM = 3RR = 0.15m = ½ ft (diameter of flux return = machine diameter0 LR = 0.6m = 2ft (i.e. # = 12) Lb = 0.025m = 1"(i.e. ß = 2) (width ofbottom strip free of eddy current barriers) LE = 1/10 RR = 0.5cm (width of endplates) L3 = RR = Scm (active sLip ring length on each side) SLB = 2cm (permissible brush wear length) Derived Parameter vR = #RR = 13. lm/s (brush sliding velocity at full speed) 1VR = 2vRBLR = 15. 7V (voltage drop per rotor at full speed) NR = VM/1VR = 20 (number of rotors) tR = RR/3NR = 0.25 cm (rotor wall thickness including insulation layer 48)

Rint = (#NR2/RR) [6# = 3#ß/2] # 0.011 # (internal electrical resistance of motor) L = i2Rint/WM = 0.08% (loss due to internal electrical resistance at fill current) EM # 100%(1 - 2% - L - 0.4[V]/1VR) = 96% (efficiency including all losses) AS = NR i/106{A/m2] = 4.8#10-4 m2 = 0. 74in2 (required active slip ring area) A = AS/NRRR < #min i.e. choose A = Amin = 0.25cm (individual slip ring width) LS = NRAmm = 15cm = 6" (added length due to slip ring area with A= AS = 0. 25cm) LM = LR + 2LE + Lb + LS = 0. 79m = 2.6ft (motor length) TB = #LB/(vR#5#10-11) = 1. 9#108 sec = 6 years exceed expected life time of pump) mM # (n/8) dDM2 (LM + LR) = 92kg = 200lbs (motor mass at B = 1 tesla throughout) mF = 3. 93d#RR3 = 44 kg = 97bs (mass of flux return at B = 1 tesla) #mM = 0. 44 mF = 19.5kg (reduction of mass if B = 1. 8 tesla in flux return) mcorr = mM - #mM = 73kg (mass with B =1 tesla in rotors and 1.8 tesla in flux return) mmin = mM/1. 8 = 51kg (eq. 45f) (minimum of motor mass with B = 1. 8 tesla throughout) (5) Wheelchair Motor, 1/4 hp, 5500 RPM, 24V, 7.8A, lOcm= 1/3ft Dia (B = 1 Tesla ass.) Using the same relationships, i.e. eqs.4, 31-48, as before. For meaning of symbols see above Selected Parameters WM = 1/4 hp = 190 watt VM = 24 Volt i = 7.8 Ampere RR= 3.3cm =1. 3" DM = 3RR = 0.1m = 1/3ft m = 5500 RPM = 576 [rad/sec] MR = WM/# = 0. 34 Nm = 0. 24 lbft vp = 19m/sec LR = 0.08m (i. e. # = 2. 4) LE = 0.25cm Lb= 0.3cm (i. e. ß = 110 #LB = 1cm (permissible brush wear length) 1VR 2vRBLR= 3V NR = VM/1VR = 8 NB = 16 (two brushes per rotor)

Derived Parameters tR = RR/3NR = 2.8mm (including insulation) R # (#NR2/RR) 6# # 1.4#10-5 # L =i2Rinl/WM= 4.5x10-6 EM#100%(1-2%-L-0.4[V]/1VR) = 84.7% As = NBi/106 [m2] = 1. 3cm2 = 0.2 in2 (required active slip ring area) A = AS/NRRR = 0.47mm < Am ie. choose #=#min=0. 25cm (slip ring width) LS=NR#min = 0. 02m (added length for slip ring area) LM = LR + 2LE + Lb + I, = = 10. 8cm = 4.25" (motor length) TB = TB = #LB/(vR#5#10-11)=1.05#107 sec = 4months use before brush replacement mM # (#/8)dDM2(LM + LR) = 5. 5kg = 121bs mF=3.93d#RR3 = 2.5kg 5mM = 0.44 niF = 1.1 kg mcorr=mM-#mM=4.4kg=10lbs ni6. = mull. 8 = 3kg = 6. Abs Comment Except for the fairly high motor mass this is a very attractive design. It is dominated by the magnet and flux return. A ceramic magnet-and flux return might help. The remainder of the motor can be further lightened by using aluminum, i. e. by the factor dCu/dAl= 7.9/2. 4=3. 3 (e)Small Motors (6) Motor for Hand-Held Tool : 1/8hp-100 watt, 12V, 8A, 20,000 RPM, B = I tesla Using eqs. 4, 31-48, as before. For meaning of symbols see numerical example 4 above Parameters WM = 96 watt VM=12 Volt i=8A RR=1.5cm DM =3Rp= 4. 5cm LR=RR=12. 8cm (#=8. 5) Lb =RR/3= 0.5cm

o = 15, 000 RPM = 250 rev/sec = 1570 [rad/sec] VR = coRR = 23.5 m/sec R = WM/# = 0. 061 [Nm] = 0. 53 jbin 1VR = 2VRBLR = 6 M (eq. 4 with n = 2) NR=2 NB=4 tR=RR/3NR = 0.25cm p = 1.65#10-8#m (for copper) Rinl#(#NR2/RR) 6# # 2. 2#10-4 # L=i2Rinl/WM= 0.014% EM#100%(1-2%-L-0.4[V]/1VR) = 91.3% AS=NB i/106[m2]=0.32cm2=0.05 in2 (required active slip ring area) A = As/NpRp = 1mm < #min i.e. choose # = #min = 0.25cm (individual slip ring width) Ls = NpA = 0. 5cm (added length for slip ring area) LM = LR + 2LE + Lb + Ls = 14cm = 5.5" (motor length) #LB = 0.5cm TB = TB = #LB/(vR#5#10-11)=4.3#106 sec = 1200. hours use before brush replacement mM# (#/8)dM2(LM+LR)=1.6kg=3.5lbs mF=3.93d#RR3=0.84 kg 5mM = 0. 44 niF = 0.37kg mco, = mM-#mM=1. 2 kg = 2. 7lbs mmin=mM/1. 8 = 0.89kg = 21bs (f) Further Comments on Numeriead Estimates and Regarding Bipolar Generators In practice, machine mass can be a very important parameter, among others for ship drives and for hand-held tools. However, it is difficult to assess, and the above data for masses as well as other variables depend on construction details that in the future will presumably be optimized from case to case. Specifically, the above estimates were based on simple relationships between rotor radius, RR, and other geometrical parameters, i. e. dimensions of magnet cross section and gap width. They thus depend on the particular

relationship assumed. These are subject to variations according to preferences. The data are therefore only meant to serve as broad guidelines that reveal approximate values and trends.

Machines for hand-held tools represent the extreme lower end of the size scale for bipolar motors. For these, rather high rotation speeds are desired but voltages are low and rotor diameters are restricted to, say, RR = 1. 5cm as assumed above. Again, it would be desirable to lighten the motor. The best approach here may be the use of ceramic magnets.

The above are just a few examples to indicate the very wide range of applicability of bipolar motors. A similarly wide range of generators is, of course, possible since all of the above conceptual designs will operate equally well as motors and generators.

J. Additional Methods to be Used in Manufacturing Bipolar Machines (a) Preferred Methods for Mass Production ofbrush Holder Strips ofbrush Plates In section D (e), discussion of how to manufacture the fibrous parts of brush strips and how to attach them to the solid parts (e. g. as in Figure 10A, whose thickness dwwill typically be comparable to Ru/4) was deferred. Yet it is imperative for the success of bipolar machines, especially of medium to large size, that these fibrous parts be mass-produced and incorporated into brush plates, efficiently with high quality control and at tolerable cost In principle-various methods are available, especially adaptations of manufacturing methods for widely used brush types of comparable morphology, e. g. tooth brushes, nail brushes, shoe brushes etc. Quite possibly future experience will'show one or more of these to be satisfactory but at this point that seems doubtful. According to the present invention, therefore, the following method, which is an adaptation and expansion of a method in ref l1 (Figures 9 and 12A of ref. 11), is proposed, as explained below and in Figures 26 to 33: Based on present best knowledge, the favored but not exclusive fiber materials are continuous metal fibers that have been kinked in order to provide"ton" (refll) and which have already been formed into tows of several to many individual fibers (104), so that they may be handled much like textile yarn. However, any other conductive fibers may be similarly used, singly or pre-assembled into strands. According to the present invention, such strands or tows will be wrapped or wound around parallel rails (103) of suitable size, shape and material, in a manner and orientation that will yield the desired metal fiber distribution and inclination relative to the strips as indicated in Figures 8 and 13 and illustrated in Figure 26.

Typically but not necessarily, the rails (103) will be made of metal, e. g. aluminum or copper or their alloys, and the indicated winding or wrapping of the fiber tows (104) to their desired distribution along the rails will be done in a continuous fashion while the two rails advance in their long direction (105), i. e. the x-direction in Figure 26. Advantageously, the cross section of the rails will be shaped to facilitate the wrappingavinding and/or to assure the secure subsequent positioning of the fibers in the further course of manufacture. Examples are indicated in Figure 27, wherein the rails in Figure 27A are roughened like concrete reinforcement bars and those in Figure 27B have posts that are shown in cross section in Figure 27C. Also indicated in Figure27 is the fact that gaps are left between sections of fiber tow wrapping 104, that in the finished brush plates will be the gaps between fibers for moist- ure access. As already indicated, such gaps will presumably not be necessary if the machine operates while immersed in water and perhaps other fluids, in agreement with section (G).

The discussed wrapping may take the form of ordinary looping about the two rails as in Figure 23A, or it may be looping about protrusions from the rails as in Figure 28B, or also, say, in the shape of figure eight's as in Figure 28C. The choice among these and still other conceivable modifications of wrapping will depend on manufacturing costs and effect on the advantageous for eventual positioning of brush plates on closely spaced slip rings to which reference was made in section (De) and to which we shall return presently.

The indicated mechanical aids for fiber positioning may be replaced or supplemented by methods of adhesion of various forms, e. g. by coating the bars with a suitable adhesive or placing on them strips of two-sided adhesive foils etc.

After obtaining the desired distribution of fibers on the two rails 103 (1) and 103 (2), they shall be covered with suitable plastically deformable metal sheath (106) either in the form of a continuous sheath as contemplated in Figure 29B, or of pieces that are coordinated with the fiber distribution on the rails as in Figure 29A In either case the sheaths are crimped about the rails and fibers to form a firm mechanical, electrically conducting bond among the fibers and between the sheaths and the fibers, as indicated in Figure 29. Possible loosening of the desired strong mechanical bond by elastic back-spring may be combated by leaving gaps in the rails as indicated in Figure 30 showing a cross section of a rail with cavity before (Figure 30 A) and after crimping (Figure 30B). Also, tabs and/or protrusions extending from the rails

as in Figures 27B and 28B will be flattened against the rails as indicated in Figure 31A and thereby add to the mechanical bonding between rails 103 and fiber sections 104 (1), 104 (2) etc.

Preferably, the rails will be of a highly electrically conductive metal, e. g. copper, brass, aluminum or aluminum alloy, so that the mechanical bonding between rails and sheaths with the intervening fibers through the discussed crimping will also be conductive between sheaths and rails, thereby reducing the eventual internal resistance of the resulting brush plates. In line with the previous indication regarding the use of adhesive as an aid in, if not the means o positioning the fibers, the mechanical bonding through crimping may be supplemented, if not replaced by conductive adhesion, e. g. by means of epoxy filled with metal or graphite powder. Also soldering, brazing or any other suitable method could be used. After the discussed crimping or other bonding method, the intended running surfaces must be shaped into rail strips. One method is to embed sheaths and fiber wrapping in a suitable hard material, or at least a zone of the fibers between the rails shall be so embedded, so as to permit making a lengthwise cut through the middle of the structure as indicated in Figure 32. Herein label 107 indicates the embedded fiber material that is cut at position 108 in Figure 32. At the time of cutting, the embedment material must be hard enough to permit making a clean cut through the fibers without unduly distoriting their shape and distribution While the embedment of whatever material is still in place, the ends of the embedded fibers 107 can be machined or otherwise shaped to their final intended contour for sliding on the rings, with high precision, e. g. by cutting in a lathe, by grinding, by smoothing with emery paper and/or any other mechanical means. Thereafter the embedment is removed by dissolving, melting away, sublimation or any other suitable method and the fibers are cleaned from residue that might interfere with the later electrical conduction from brush plate to slip rings. Thereafter, the now completed fibrous part of the brush strip may be affixed to its designated sturdy brush plate strip 65 and on to final assembly into brush plates by any of the methods already discussed in conjunction with Figures 9 and 10, including soldering, conductively gluing, dove-tailing or other. The order of the steps enumerated above is given by way of example and is not exclusive. This may therefore be rearranged as may be most suitable, consistent with the production of serviceable brush plates, preferably of high precision and produced without undue expense.

(b) Fiber Embedment and Shaping the Running Surf'aees of Brush Plates Above reference was made to the proposed transient embedment of the fibers in order to permit cutting and shaping them Such a temporary filler material is helpful at all brush sizes and is definitely necessary for fiber brushes with relatively large running surfaces, e. g. above a few miBimeters diameter. Brushes of small runing surface areas and relatively long lengths, may indeed be cut and shaped simply by cutting with scissors or a razor blade, e. g. while the fibers project out of a glass tubing.

(c) referred Filler Materials, for Eda'y Cuts on Slip Rings Above, stop-off lacquer has been repeatedly named as a favored material for filling eddy cuts. For eddy cuts within the layered rotors, this is an excellent choice, especially also since it may at the same time serve as insulating layer between adjoining rotors. Many other polymers, ceramics and composites will also be found useful.

(d0MethodsforPlacingBrmsh Plates on SlipRingAssemblies Preferred aids in placing brush plates on slip rings have already been discussed in section (D e). In one embodiment according to the present invention, the fibrous parts of wise mid-line of the slip rings so as to leave distinct gaps between adjacent brush strips before use. The winding method shown in Figure 28C will yield that desired shape. This is indicated in Figure 31B which shows the expected initial Sber morphology after crimping and cutting a fiber winding as in Figure 28C. In this method, care must be taken that the initial gaps are wide enough for placing the later, perhaps rather large, brush plates onto parallel slip rings with separators 49 or slip ring extensions 33, e. g. as in the morphology of Figures 8, 16, 21 and 22. Care should be taken in the brush construction that, in the course of use, the fibers spread out against the adjoining slip ring separators 49 and slip ring extensions 33 as little as possible.

According to the present invention, another preferred method for inserting fibrous brush strip parts on brush plates between slip ring separators (49) during brush plate installation, is to stitch the fibers together in two parallel. lines before embedment. Cut (108) as in Figure 32 will then be made between the two stitched lines, as indicated in Figure 34.

Preferably, said stitching will be made to be easily removable, e. g. as in commercial easily removed sewing sometimes used for the closure of strong paper sacks such as for bird feed.

Preferably the stitching will remain in place until the brush plate has been placed and it will be pulled out as a late or perhaps the last step in brush plate installation. fe) ProfectingMachines Against Failure of Individual Bmsh S2rips Since the brush strips in brush plates, and similarly equi-potential brush sequences on consecutive slip rings, are'in series", the failure of even an isolated brush strip or brush sequence would cause the failure of the whole machine. This hazard evidently rises in proportion with the number of rotors, NR. In order to prevent such failures (however unlikely they might be based on the general reliability of fiber brushes, of mass production techniques for brush plates, and of stringent quality control) according to the present invention the insulation between adjacent brush strips or brush sequences shall break down and the affected brush strips thereby be automatically short-circuited once the potential drop between them increases beyond some predetermined limit, e. g. 5xVMfVR, and similarly for the insulation between adjacent brush sequences.

The desired automatic short-circuiting between adjacent slip rings on which the brushes fail may be accomplished by different electronic means, to be disclosed in a planned patent application Another most simple means to effect the discussed short-circuiting about failing brushes is the use of"dielectric breakdown bonding" (100), i. e. mechanical bonding that optionally incorporates an insulating material between adjacent brush strips or brush sequences whose dielectric breakdown voltage equals a pre-determined cut-off limit, i. e.

5xVMtVR in the discussed specific case.

Various suitable insulators with pre-determined dielectric breakdown voltages doubtlessly exist. A specific favored embodiment according to the present invention is oxidized aluminum foils of the kind widely used in commercial capacitors. Their dielectric breakdown electric field strength may be varied through varying their thickness and/or the thickness of their oxide layer that may be controlled through electrolysis.

In the discussed method of machine protection against the failure of a minority of brushes, according to the present invention, adjacent brush plate layers, 65 (n), in brush plates, e. g. as in Figure 10, would be glued together by means of electrically conductive adhesive, e. g. as used for mounting samples in scanning electron microscopes, applied to both sides and with the insulating foil of pre-determined dielectric breakdown field, e. g. oxidized aluminum foil, sandwiched between the two thin conductive layers of adhesive. In the normal mode of operation, the foil with predetermined dielectric breakdown voltage will serve as the requisite insulating barrier among neighboring brush strips. However, should brushes fail and the voltage rise to the pre-determined limiting value, dielectric breakdown would occur and direct electrical connection be established between the nearest still functioning brush strips.

REFERENCES 1. A. S. Langsdorf,"Principles of Direct-current Machines", McGraw-Hill, NY 1959.

2. D. Kuhlman-Wilsdorf, "Management of Contact Spots Between an Electrical Brush and Substrate", U. S. and International (PCT) Patent Application, filed October 22"d, 1999, U. S. Serial No. 60/105,319.

3. GR Slemon,"Magnetoelectric Devices, Transducers, Transformers and Machines", John Wiley and Sons, NY) 1966.

4. L. J. Petersen, D. Urciuoli, M. Alma, T. H. Fiske, L. D. Stubbs, WA Lynch and N. A.

Sondergaard (Naval Surface Warfare Center), D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, J. T. Moore and R.B. Nelson (UVA), M. S. Bednar, W. M. Elger, R.W. Johsnon and RJ. Martin (Noesis) and M. Heiberger (General Atomics Corp.),"A Study of the Magnetic Field Effects upon Metal Fiber Current Collectors in a High Critical Temperature Superconducting Homopolar Motor", Proc. Third Naval Symposium on Electric Machines 2000, Philadelphia, PA, Dec. 4-7, 2000. (On CD).

5. J.E. Noeggerath, Trans. AIEE, 24, 1 (1905) 6. B.G. Lamme, Trans. AIEE, 31, (part II), 1811 (1912).

7. See Jim Treible, Mroquette Engineer, April 1955.

8. A. H. Bames, U. S. Patent 2,588, 466, Mar. 11, 1952.

9. D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, C. M. Adkins, and H.G.F. Wilsdorf, "An Electric Brush and Method of Making", U. S. Patent #4, 415,635, Nov. 15,1983.

10. D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdor"A Versatile Electrical Fiber Brush and Method ofMaking", U. S.

Patent #4, 358,699, Nov. 9,1982.

11. D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, D. D. Makel and G. T. Gillies,"Continuous Metal Fiber Brushes", U. S. Pat. #6, 245,440, June 12,2001.

12."Metal Fiber Brushes", D. Kuhlamnn-Wilsdorf, (Chapter 20 in"Electrical Contacts : Principles and Applications", Ed p. G. Stade, Marcel Dekker, NY), 1999, pp. 943-1017.

13. D. Kublmann-Wnsdor"Holder for Electrical Brushes and Ancillary Cables". U. S. Patent Application, filed April 21,2000, Serial Number 09/556, 829.

14. D. Kuhhmann-Wilsdorf and R J. Martin, in Proc. Naval Symp. on Electric Machines (Office of Naval Research in coordination with Carderock Div. Naval Surface Warfare Center and Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Newport), Oct. 26-29, 1998, Annapolis, MD), pp. 191-198.

15. C. M. Adkins III and D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, "Development of High-Performance Metal Fiber Brushes n-Testing and Properties", Electrical Contacts-1979 (Proc. Twenty-Fifth Holm Conf on Electrical Contacts, Ill. Inst. Techn., Chicago, IL, 1979), pp. 171-184.

16. D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf,'CEddy Cturent Barriers", Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 60/289,123, Filed May 8,2001.

17. D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, "A Novel Tubular Brush Holder", Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 60/286,969, Filed April 30, 2001.

18. D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, "Optimizing Homopolar Motors/Generators,", Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 60/297, 283, Filed June 12,2001.

Each of the above references (1)- (18) are incorporated by reference herein LABELS used in Insures, numerical order 2 rotor 3 rim 4 magnets <BR> <BR> 5<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> 6 7 gap between pole pieces,"magnetic gap" 8 magnetic pole 9 pole piece 10 axle 11 soft iron core 12 axial brush 14 circumferential brush 15 electric cable 16 brush holder 17 brush holder back plate 18 current channeling means, also called eddy current barriers. being insulators that inhibit transverse currents 19 20 outside circumference of rotor 21-- 22 intended current direction in rotors 23 24 nut on a threaded stem Y- screw 26-- 27 multi-contact metal fiber brush or fiber brush strip 28 brush base plate 29 brush box <BR> <BR> <BR> 30--<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> 31-- 32-- 33 slip ring extension 34 circumferential slip ring 35 ball bearing or other low-fiiction bearing 36-- 37 constant force spring 3 8 low-friction plate 39-- 40-- 42 clamping mechanism releasable, conducting 42a releasable, insulating 42b 43 electrical connection 44-- 45 notch, may be filled with insulating material 46-- 47 resilient multi-contact metal material 48 insulating joint 49 slip ring separator between parallel brush tracks or rims. End layers 49 (T) and 49 (B) at top and bottom, respectively <BR> <BR> 50<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> 51 52 fastening mechanism releasable, conducting 52a releasable, insulating 52b 53-- 54 compression spring 55-- 56 low-friction liner 57 stator 58 flexible metal ring with spring action 59 stem extending in axial direction from the brush base plate 60 hole for guiding stem 59 61 mechanical mechanism to fasten rotors to axle 62 inner part of circular rotor, or bottom of cup-shaped rotor that is free of eddy current barriers in bipolar machine 63 insulating section between brush holders 16 (a) and 16 (b) of bipolar machine 64"bridge", electrical connection between consecutive brush holder strips or individual brush holders of brushes sliding on adjoining rotors.

65 brush strip 66 dove tailing 67 conductive adhesive 68 brush plate/brush plate section (rigid) .. *,.. ~ 70 endplatefor machine 71 bracket for linear bearing 72 bridge connector plate for joining brush plates, male 73 bridge connector plate for joining brush plates, female 74 metal strip protruding from male bridge connector plate 72, electrically connected to brush holder strip 75 slot in female bridge connector plate 73 for receiving strip 74 of male connector plate 74 and electrically connected to brush holder strip 76 joint in brush plate (flexible) 77 switch 78 gap between the poles of a magnet 79 linear bearing 80 flux return 81 symmetry plane (and mirror-image plane) of bipolar machine normal to axis of magnetization 82 symmetry plane (mirror image) of bipolar machine parallel to axis of magnetization 83 insulating mechanical means of fastening cylindrical rotors to axle (serves same function as 61) 84 bottom strip of cylindrical rotor free of current channeling means* (serves same function as 62) 85 tray or tubing for holding magnets inside cylindrical rotors 86 metal sheet stock for making rotors 87 end-surface formed by cylindrical rotors 88 innermost thin, preferably but not necessarily insulating, layer inside stack of wound rotors 89 roller for winding rotors of bipolar type I motor 90 insulating material, shaped to comprise separator 49 as a kind of flange in forming bipolar rotors 91 cut made through part 90 to permit placing it onto its correlated rotor 92 chuck 93 wound metal sheet stock for making rotors 94 drive shaft for winding bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors 95 fluid or"tacky"insulating adhesive before curing 96 blade for making eddy current barrier cuts 97 cured, hard insulating adhesive 98 preformed slip ring assembly 99 electrically conductive joint, e. g. a solder joint or joint formed by means of a conductive adhesive.

100 insulating joint, optionally in the form of dielectric breakdown bonding 101 mechanical support for magnet 102 section of bipolar motor 103 rail for manufacturing fibrous part of brush strip 65 104 wrapped brush fiber material in individual strands or in tows of multiple fibers 105 direction of advance of rails during manufacture of fibrous parts of brush strips 106 sheath aimed about rails 103 in the manufacture of brush strips 107 fibrous part of brush strip embedded in a temporary matrix material 108 cut made through embedded fibrous part 107 in manufacture of brush strips 109 spindle for imparting a desired curvature on rail 103 and fibrous part 107 while embedded 110 stitching through fibrous part of brush strip 120 coil of superconducting material 121--- 122 container for coolant and superconducting coil 123 arrowed line to indicate the direction of the magnetic flux, and that starts and ends at the centers of the magnetic S and N poles generated when current flows through a coil (120) or a continuous line of coils 124 electrical leads between adjacent superconducting coils 125 releasable connector in electrical lead between adjacent superconducting coils 126 leak proof tubing to accommoduate the rotation axle (10) 127 cap at end of rotor LABELS used in Tieores, aiphabeticat order arrowed line to indicate the direction of the magnetic flux, and that starts and ends at the centers of the mag- netic Sand N poles generated when current flows through a coil (120) or a continuous line of coils 123 axial brush 12 axle 10 base plate 28 ball bearing or other low-friction bearing 35 blade 96 bottom strip of cylindrical rotor free of current channeling means (serves same function as 62) 84 bracket for linear bearing 71 bridge (electrical connection between consecutive brush holder strips) 64 (electrical connection between rotors 2 (n) and 2 (n+1)) bridge connector plate, female 73 bridge connector plate, male 72 brush 27 brush box 29 brush holder 16 brush holder back plate 17 brush strip 65 brush. platetbrush plate section 68 caliper arms 44 cap at end of rotor 127 chuck 92 circumferential brush 14 circumferential slip ring 34 clamping mechanism 42 fdeasable, conducting 42a releasable, insulating 42b coìl o£supercqnictigg materiai 120 conductive adhesive 67 connector plate for bridge, male 72 connector plate for bridge, female 73 constant force spring 37 container for coolant and superconducting coil 122 coolant 121 coolant mechanisms 32 cured, hard insulating adhesive 97 current direction 22 cut made through embedded fibrous part 107 in manufacture of brush strips 108 cut made through part 90 to permit placing it onto its correlated rotor 98 cutting blade for making eddy current barrier cuts 96 cylindrical conductor about axle 51 direction of advance of rails during manufacture of fibrous parts of brush strips 105 dove tailing. 66 drive shaft for winding type II bipolar machine rotors 94 eddy current barriers, i. e. insulators for inhibiting transverse currents in current channeling means 18 electric brush 14 electric cable 15 electrical connection between rotors 2 (n) and 2 (n+l) at gap between rails 16 (n, a) and 16 (n, b) ="bridge"64 electrical connection to load or supply 43 electrical lead between adjacent superconducting coils 124 endplate for motor 70 end-surface formed by cylindrical rotors 87 fastening mechanism 52 releasable, conducting 52a releasable, insulating 52b fiber brush 27 fibrous part of brush strip embedded in a temporary matrix material 107 flexible metal ring with spring action 58 flexible joint in brush plate 76 flux return 80 gap between the poles of a magnet 78 gap between pole pieces 7 hole (for guiding stem 59) 60 hybrid brush holder strip/rail 65 inner part of rotor free of eddy current barriers 62 innermost thin, preferably but not necessarily insulating, layer inside stack of wound rotors 88 insulating joint, optionally in the form of dielectric breakdown bonding 100 insulating joint 48 insulating layer = separators (stiff, thin, sheets between parallel brush tracks or rims) 49. End layers 49 (T) and 49 (B) at top and bottom, respectively insulating material, shaped to comprise separator 49 as a kind of flange in forming type II bipolar rotors 90 insulating mechanical. means of fastening rotors to axle (serves same function as 61) 83 insulating section between brush holders 16 (a) and 16 (b) of bipolar machine 63 intended current direction in rotors 22 joint in brush plate (flexible) 76 leaf spring 54 linear bearing 79 low-friction plate 39 low-friction liner 56 machine endplate 70 magnet 4 magnetic gap 7 magnetic pole 8 mechanical fastening to axle 61 mechanical support for magnet 101 metal guide 38 metal sheet stock for makmg rotors 86 metal strip protruding from male bridge connector plate 72 and electrically connected to brush holder strip 74 multi-contact metal material 47 notch, may be filled with insulating material nut 24 outside circumference 20 pole piece 9 preformed slip ring assembly, 98 rail for manufacturing fibrous part of brush strip 103 rail section that subtends angle p on the circumference of a set of rotors 41 releasable connector in electrical lead between adjacent superconducting coils 125 resilient multi-contact metal material 47 rim 3 roller for winding rotors of bipolar type II machine 89 rotor 2 sheath crimped about rails 103 in the manufacture of brush strips 106 slip nng extension 33 slip ring 34 slip ring, pre-shaped for joining to rotor in making type II bipolar machines 91 slip ring"separators"between parallel brush tracks or rims. End layers 49 (T) and 49 (B) at top and bottom, respectively slot in female bridge connector plate 73 for receiving strip 74 of male connector plate and electrically connected to brush holder strip-75 solder joint 99 spindle for imparting a desired curvature on rail 103 and fibrous part 107 while embedded 109 spring 54 stator 57 stem extending in axial direction from the brush base plate 59 stitching through fibrous part of brush strip 110 switch (main switch, see Pig. 34D) 77 symmetry plane (and mirror-image plane) of type n bipolar motor 81 tie rod, tie bar, strut 69 tray or tubing for holding magnets inside cylindrical rotors 85 tubing (leak-proof) to accommodate the rotation axle 126 liquid or lightly viscous insulating adhesive before curing 95 wound metal sheet stock for making rotors 93 wrapped brush fiber material in individual strands or in tows of multiple fibers 104 BIPOLAR MACHINES - A NEW CLASS OF HOMOPOLAR MOTOR/GENERATOR Based on Provisional Patent Application #212657US-20PROV, Filed August 20th, 2001. <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <P> TABLE of CONTENTS pp. A-C<BR> <BR> <BR> LISTOFFIGURES pp. D-F SYMBOLS pp. GmiF BIPOLAR MACHINES-A NEW CLASS OF HOMOPOLAR MOTOR/GENERATOR p. 1 CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS p. 1 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OFTHE INVENTION p. l DISCUSSION OF THE BACKGROUND, PRIOR ART AND PRINCIPLES p. 1 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION p. 2 Overcoming Four Impediments Against the Widespread Use of Homopolar Machines p. 2 (i) Improved Machine Efficiency Through Current Channeling Means p. 3 (ii) Improved Brush Holders :"Brush Plates"-Holders for Large Numbers p. 5 of Brushes.

(iii) Increased Voltage Through the Bipolar Design p. 10 (a) GeneralConsiderations P. 10 (b) Increased Value of LR (c) Flux Denyity p. 12 (d) Increase of vR p. 13 (e3 Increase of"Turns"to n = 2per Rotor p. 13 (iv) Operation with DC, AC and/or 3-Phase AC p. 14 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS p. 15 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS p. 19 A. Current Channeling Means (Figures 1 to 6) p. 19 B. Bipolar Machines w. Circular Rotors and Brush Plates (Figs. 7 to 14) p. 26 (a) Basics of the Bipolar Design p. 26 (b) Slip Rings p. 29 (c) Brush Plates and Brush Strips - Basic Construction p. 31 (d) Construction, Operation and Manufacture of Brush Plates p. 34 , polar Machines with Circular Rotors p. 39 69 Manufacture, Replacement and Reliability of Brush Plates p. 41 (g) Mechanical Structure and Assembly of Machines p.45 (h) Optimizing the Ratio of Machine Diameter to Power p. 46 (i) Numerical Yaluesfor Bipolar Machines with Circular Rotors p. 47 C. Bipolar Machines with Cup-Shaped or Cylindrical Rotors (Figs. 15 to 22) p. 49 (a) Bipolar Motors with Cup-Shaped Rotors p. 49 (b) Bipolar Motors with Cylindrical Rotors and Their Manufacture p. 52 Three Simple Methods of Making Bipolar Machines p. 53 Method 1 p 54 Method 2 p. 55 Refined Methods 1 and 2 and Slip Rings with Reduced Diameter p. 59 Method 3-Rotors Made of Current Channeling Material p. 60 Extra-Long Machines p. 65 Machine Structure p. 66 D. Machine Operation with DC, AC and/or 3-Phase Current(Figs.12,23) p. 67 (a) Two Machines in Tandem p.67 (b) Individual Bipolar Machines Replacing Two Muchines in Tandem p. 69 (c) Machine Power Control Via Bipolar Machines p. 71 E. Cooling of Homopolar/Bipolar Machines p. 72 F. Favored Applications for Bipolar Machines According to the Present Invention p. 74 (a) enerators in Conventional Applications p. 74 (b Bipolar Generatorsfor Renewable Ener (c) BipolarMotors p. 74 G. General Equations and Symbols Used for Bipolar Motor with Cylindrical Rotors p. 76 (a) Symbols used p.76 (b) Relations among Parameters p.77 (c) Internal Ohmic Machine Resistance, Loss and Machine Efficiency p. 79 (d) Considerations Regarding Brushes, Brush Holders and Slip Rings p.80 (e) Machine Weight or Mass p.82 (f) Mechanical Stresses and Mechanical Stability of Machine p. 84 H. Numericat Examples p. 85 (a) Zarge Motors Suitablefor Shrp Drives p. 85 (1 A) Large Ship Drive, 50,00 hp, 100 RPM. 9000V, LM=9m, E = 96.6%, 0.4mAxle p. 85 (1 B) As 1A but shortened to LM=5. 6m p. 87 (1 C). As lA but with Voltage lowered to 900V p. 89 (1 D) As 1B but with Voltage lowered to 900V p. 91.

Condusions Regarding Large Machines p. 92 (b) Mid-Size Motor Suitable for Podded Ship Drives p. 92 (2) Mid-Sized Ship Drive, 5000 hp, 120 RPM, 160V, LM=5. 4m, 3ft dia, B =1 tesla. p. 92 (c) Automotive Motors p. 93 (3) Car Motor, 150 hp, 4000 RPM, 150V, i=800A, LM=0.6m=2ft, B=1 tesla p. 93 (d) Motors Below Automotive Power p. 95 (4a) Ship Pump Motor, 10 bp, 400 RPM, 220V, i = 50A, B = I tesla assumed p. 95 (4b) Ship Pump Motor, 10 hp, 2500 RPM, 320V, i = 24A, B =1 tesla ass. p. 96 (5) Wheelchair Motor, 1/4 bp, 5500 RPM, 24V, 7.8A, 10cm=1/3ft Dia, p. 97 (e) Small Motors p.98 (6) Motor for Hand-Held Tool : 1/8hp = 100 watt, 12V, 8A, 20,000 RPM, B =1 tesla p. 98 60 Further Comments on Numerical Estimates and Regarding Bipolar Generators p. 99 J. Additional Methods to be Used in Manufacturing Bipolar Machines p. 100 (a) PreferredMethodsfor the Mass Production of Brush Strips of Brush Plates p. 100 (b) Fiber Embedments and Shaping the Running Surfaces ofbrush Plates p. 103 (c) Filler Materials for Eddy Cuts on Slip Rings p. 103 (d) Methods ofPlacingBrush Plates on SlipRingAssemblies p. 103 (e) Protecting Machines Against Failure of Individual Brush Strips p. 104 CLAIMS p. 106 REFERENCES p. 112 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE p. 114 Labels used in Figures, Numerical Order p. 116 Labels used in Figures, Alphabetical Order p. 119 FIGURES LIST of FIGURES Figure A: Scheme of ideal electric machine.

Figure B: Schematic of magnet and flux return of a bipolar machine Figure 1. Figure 2-38 of A. S. Langsdorf (reference [1])-Max<'s motor, Type I.

Figure 2 : Figures. 31 of G. R Slemon (ref. [3])-TypelI, rotorscup-shßped.

Figure 3 : Figure 1 of L. J. Petersen et al, [4]."Our", modem superconducting Type m machine.

Figure 4: Figure 2-40 of A. S. Langsdorf (reference [ID. Diagram of 1959 Allis Chalmers motor.

Figure5 : Figure 2-41 of A. S. Langsdorf (reference [1]). Photo of 1959 Allis Chalmers motor.

Figure 6: Rotors with eddy current barriers Fig. 6A type I, Fig. type It, Fig. 6C type HI.

Figure 7A perspective view of bipolar bipolar machine with circular rotors Figure lengthwise cut through a bipolar machine as in Figure 7A without showing the magnets.

Figure 7C cross-sectional v through a bipolar machine as in Figure 7A Figure 8A"scarfed"slip rings with insulating"separators" Figure 8B is like Figure 8A but with metal cladding on one side of each insulating"separator".

Figure 8C is like Figures 8A and B but with separators eliminated by slip ring shaping.

Figure 8D slip rings with angled metallic extensions for accepting scarfed brushes Figure inside view of brush plate that is suitable for a machine as in Figure 8A and 8B Figure 9B and C: Possible methods offastening fiber brush materialto brush strips Figure 10 : Brush plate construction. (A) Flexible joints and bridge connectors between brush plate sections, (B) Interfacing of brush plates with stationary rigid bridge.

Figure 11 : cross section of brush plates with brushes and rigid bridges for clarifying non- uniform brush wear and problem of adjustment with brush wear.

Figure 12: (A) Two bipolar machines in tandem for AC operation. (B) as (A) including brush plate arrangement.

Figure 13 : Slanting of fibers on brush plates and on slip rings. (A) and (B) fibers slanted in plane parallel to sliding direction. (C) Fibers slanted in the plane normal to sliding direction.

Figure 14 : Bipolar motor with circular rotors and decreased slip ring diameter.

Figure 15: Schematic of bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors. (A) Perspective view. (B) Cross sectional with flux lines. (C) rims with slip rings, brushes, bridges and current flow lines (D) Cross sectional view with possible arrangement of brush plates.

Figure 16 : Lengthwise cut of bipolar motor with cup-shaped rotors.

Figure 17 : Method I of making bipolar machines. (A): perspective view half-wound sheet stack.

(B) Assembled machine. (C): short magnets in tray or shaped tubing. aaa Figure 18 : Method II of making bipolar machines. (A) perspective view with cut-out clarifying method of winding rotors from metal foil or thin sheet.

Figure 19 : Cross section through some rotor layers to clarify making of eddy cuts Figure 20: Illustration to shows steps in making slip rings on bipolar machines. (A) Overview of cross section through rotors. (B) Detail of (A). (C) Prefabricated part to make slip ring separators.

Figure 21 (A) Cross section through assembled bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors. (B) Detail of (A) showing fitting together of lengthwise sections.

Figure 22 : Perspective view with cut-out of rotor made of current channeling material, with slip rings and end return Figure 23 : Schematic side-view of long bipolar machine composed of three sections and mechanically supported from the outside.

Figure 24 : Schematic perspective views of the current paths in bipolar machines when operated with DC or AC.

Figure 25: Perspective view of bipolar machine illustrating curving of magnet shape about axle.

Figure 26 : Perspective view of a pair of rails with wound-on fibers slanted against the rail direction according to Figure 13, as an early step in making brush strips.

Figure 27 : Perspective views of fibers wound on rail with profiling to facilitate creating different slants of fibers relative to the rails. (A): Rails roughened in the manner of concrete rebars (B) Rails provided with protrusions keep fibers in place. (C) Cross sectional view of (B).

Figure 28: Perspective views of rails with fibers wound on in different geometries. (A) Simple winding. (B) Winding on hooks on either side of a rail pair. (C) Figure-eight winding.

Figure 29 : Perspective views illustrating the use of mechanical crimping for fastening fibers to rails in the manufacture of brush strips. (A) Individual crimps about separate fiber sections with intervening gaps for future moisture access. (B) A continuous sheath for crimping along a rail, including thickened material at gap between fiber sections.

Figure 30: Perspective views illustrating the use of cavities in rails for eliminating or reducing fiber loosening through elastic back spring after crimping. (A) U-shaped rail with wound-on fibers. (B) As A but after crimping by means of a continuous sheath Figure 31 : Cross sections of rails with fibers after crimping. (A) Protrusions or hooks as in Figures 27B/C and 28B after crimping. (B) Fibers after figure-eight winding as in Figure 28C Figure 32: Schematic top view of production line for brush strips, including cutting the fibers between rails after embedding them in a temporary matrix, curving the resulting two pieces to match the brush plates to which they are to be attached, and cutting them into sections of the desired length Figure 33 left: Top view of completed brush strip or brush plate Figure 33 right : Cross sectional view of completed brush strip with fibers inclined against the future plane of the brush plate as in Figure 13.

Figure 34: Perspective view of wound fibers on a rail pair that have been temporarily stitched on either side ofthe future cut of the fibers between the rails as in Figure 31, with an easily removable stitching, to facilitate insertion of the future brush plate on a series of slip rings.

SYMBOLS AB working area of brush Asmm total working brush area of machine if NR =1 AB, Tbtai = NR Asmm total working brush area of machine Ac cross sectional area of electrical connections to and from brush Acm, minimum allowable cross sectional area of electrical connections to and from brush if they shall at most consume 1% of the machine power by way of joule heat B flux density in pole gap (typically 1 tesla for permanent magnets and 4 tesla for superconducting magnets assumed) d mechanical density (equal to-7. 9tonnes/m3 for iron and steels, 8.9tonnes3 for copper) dB diameter of foils in bridges of bipolar machines (Figure 36A) dc wall thickness of cylindrical conductors connecting correlated rotors in tandem machines of basic design dw brush holder strip width excluding fibers or brush plate thickness DM outer machine diameter EM machine efficiency E$ maximum efficiency attainable on account of electrical brushes induced EMF fB fraction of slip ring occupied by working brush area (should not much exceed fBmax=1/2) F mechanical force G shear modulus of rotor material (#8#1010N/m2 for Cu, #2. 7x 1010N/m2 for Al) hM height of magnet in direction of axle in machines with circular rotors H Height of magnet in machine with cylindrical rotors-RR He width of magnetic gap in machines with circular rotors NRtR machine current jB current density in brush (should not much exceed jsmax = 2X106 A/cm2} iS average current density on active portion of slip ring L length of magnet within rotors or of current path length in magnetic flux Lb width of bottom strip w/o eddy current barrier in bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors LB permissible wear length of fiber brush brush length in sliding direction on slip ring LBSmax maximum length of brush strip segments in gases, for moisture access (est. = 5 cm) Lc length of cup-shaped, respectively cylindrical rotor in bipolar machine Le thickness of motor endplates (assumed to be 2/3RR) LM axial length of machine LR length of cylindrical rotor or of cylindrical part of cup-shaped rotor Ls length of active slip ring parts in zone (a) and in zone (b) # RR #LB<#vRTB5x10-11 lifetime wear length of fiber brush L loss =##/VR = WM/VM2 (eq. 19) machine mass if the fluv density in the flux return is B = 1.8 tesla (eq. 45) mF mass of flux return (eq. 45a) mM mass of machine n number of"turns"per rotor. (n=1 and 2 for conventional homopolar and for bipolar machines, respectively) M torque , MR torque delivered to axle due to one rotor NB number of brushes in the machine NR number of rotors in machine ; in basic homopolar machines = number of current turns Ns number of sets of rotors operating on the same axle Rp radius of axle = radius of bore in magnets in machines with cylindrical rotors RF = Di,,/2 outer radius-of flux return Ro DM/2 radius of machine unless brushes at the two ends are connected as in DC operation RR radius of rotor RPM machine rotational velocity in revolutions per minute Rmt internal electrical resistance of machine electrical resistance of circular rotor to radial current flow te thickness of endplate kR/2 tR thickness of rotor (assumed to be RR/3NR in bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors) TB brush life time VR circumferential velocity of rotor (typically compares to sliding velocity of brushes) iVR voltage per"turn", induced voltage in rotor per number of Voltage loss per brush = 1.76x10-3(jBvR2)1/5 (eq.9); empirically #0.2V including holder) ohmic voltage drop through internal machine resistance WB length of"foot print"of brush working surface in sliding direction WB share of power due to one brush of area AB We power loss through joule heat in electrical connections to and from brush WH power loss due to Hall/eddy current effect Win power generated by flux B operating on current i moving at velocity v WM nominal machine power WMachme Machine power including losses WMax Maximum machine power (i. e. power at maximum current at 100% efficiency) Wout power generated by rotating axle or input into rotating axle WR power generated by one rotor lWR power generated by one rotor in a bipolar machine a angle subtended by magnet (s) onto rotors in bipolar machine with cylindrical rotors P=RR/Lb in bipolar machines with cylindrical rotors ß rotor segment penetrated by the flux from one magnet in machines with circular rotors or ratio RRIH yd elastic shear strains in machine component due to torque M 8 = R relative width of circumferential slip ring 6mm reduction of machine mass if B = 1. 8 in flux return tiw = dw/RR relative thickness of brush plate A width of circumferential slip ring, (# brush width normal to sliding direction) Amin minimum width of circumferential slip ring (estimated at 0. 1" = 2.5mm) Ax = AXM + At relative displacements of ends of magnet and rotor through elastic deformation ALB brush wear length angle by which brush is rotated from the normal of the slip ring 5D magnetic flux penetrating rotor ratio #/h//RR or LR/RR v rotational speed of axle, i.e. of machine, in Hz co angular velocity of axle, i. e. of machine, in radians per second p electrical resistivity (=1.65x10-8#m for Cu and = 2. 7x10-8#m for Al) EAB total rotor area in a set penetrated by flux B 0 arc spanned by brush plate TA maximum shear stress in axle on account of machine torque # shear stress in machine on account of torque M critical shear strength of the rotor material, equal to about 108 N/m for copper