This invention relates to a multistage bleaching process in which reducing agents and oxidizing agents are used sequentially to bleach mechanical and chemimechanical pulps to high brightness levels and partially remove their yellow shade.

It is well recognized by those skilled in the art of mechanical and chemimechanical pulping that the quality of mechanical and chemimechanical pulps need to be improved in terms of brightness levels, color or yellowness and rapid reversion characteristics which occur with yellowing. Therefore various processes are currently employed in the pulp and paper industry to bleach these pulps for their use in a wide variety of paper products. The oldest process uses a reducing agent such as dithionite or sodium and zinc hydrosulfite (H) to brighten or bleach the pulps. With this bleaching chemical moderate gains of 4 to 10 points are obtained. Maximum brightness levels of 68 to 70% iso can be reached with the addition of approximately 1% to 1.25% on o.d. pulp of sodium hydrosulfite. The process is usually carried out in an aqueous phase at 3 to 5% consistency, a pH of 4.5 to 6.0, a temperature of about 60°C and a retention time of up to one hour. The use of a chelating or sequestering agent such as sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) to remove naturally occuring trace metals is recommended. This agent is being added to the pulp prior to the addition of the reducing agent or is incorporated in the bleaching solution.

Today, peroxide (P) is the most commonly employed oxidizing agent for bleaching mechanical and chemimechanical pulps. This alkaline process is normally carried out in a single stage or in a double stage. In both cases, the bleaching is done at a pulp consistency of 15 to 35%, moderate temperatures of 50 to 70°C, and retention times of 2 to 3 hours for each

stage. In peroxide bleaching, stabilizers such as sodium silicate and magnesium sulfate are added to the bleach liquor to prevent decomposition of the oxidizing agent. Sodium hydroxide is also used to maintain an alkaline pH of 9.5 to 11 so as to increase the concentration of the perhydroxyl ion OOH ^~ which is beleived to be the active bleaching agent. Furthermore, pulps are normally pretreated at low consistency with organic chelating agents such as sodium diethylenetriamine penta-acetate (DTPA) to remove naturally occuring trace metals. Additional quantities are added in the bleach liquor to complex trace metals that are desorbed from the pulp as a result of the reaction of the bleaching agents with the chromophores of the pulp. In the bleaching of commercial pulps, iso brightness of 74-76% are conventionally achieved using this process with 3% hydrogen peroxide on o.d. pulp in a single stage while values of 76-78% iso-brightness are achieved in two stages in which greater retention times and higher peroxide charge are applied, i.e. 5% hydrogen peroxide on o.d. pulp.

Two stage bleaching of groundwood pulp using peroxide in the first stage and hydrosulfite (dithionite) in the second stage is well known and applied commercially (PH). An ISO-brightness level of 75-77% is achieved. However, much lower brightness levels are achieved when this two stage sequence is reversed (HP) (Schroter, H., Wbl. Papriefabr. 97, No. 23/24 (1969) p. 1023 and Joyce, P. and Mackie, M. , CPPA, TAPPI International Pulp Bleaching Conference, Toronto, Canada, June 11-14, 1979, Preprint Page 116).

Other multistage bleaching processes have been disclosed in the literature but have not found commercial application. For instance, Loras, V. and Soteland, N. have published results for a three stage

bleaching sequence utilizing borohydride, peroxide and dithionite sequentially (BPH) . This sequence was reported to yield a brightness of 88% from an initial level of 67%, an increase of 21 points. (High Brightness Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp, Norsk Skogindustri, 10/72 p. 255). It is also known from U.S. Patent 3,100,732 to Smedberg to use a combined and simultaneous action of an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent; the patentee also discloses that when using a double stage sequence, one uses the oxidizing agent first and subsequently the reducing agent. Liebergσtt, N. , and Heitner, C. disclosed a multistage process for bleaching high yield and ultra-high yield pulps in which the pulp is treated sequentially with a peroxygen compound (P) , a reducing compound (R) and a final peroxygen compound (P) to achieve higher brightness levels (Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 187,477). Tibbling, P. also disclosed a multiperoxide stage mechanical pulp bleaching process in which the pulp is treated sequentially with hydrogen peroxide in a first stage (P) and a second stages (P) and sodium hydrosulfite in a third stage (H) (Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 191,756). It is claimed that higher brightness levels are obtained than for those obtained for the bleaching sequence involving hydrogen peroxide (P) followed by sodium hydrosulfite (H) .

It is an object of the present invention to provide a multistage bleaching process for mechanical and chemimechanical pulps which gives high brightness levels to such pulps and partially remove their yellow shade.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method for the bleaching of high yield or ultra high yield pulp which comprises the steps of sequentially treating the lignocellulosic fibres with

a reducing compound and subsequently treating the same fibres with peroxide in two successive stages.

In greater detail, the method or process includes three stages where the wood pulp is subjected to bleaching operations. The wood pulp which may be utilized is any high yield or ultra yield pulp such as mechanical, chemimechanical, chemithermomechanical, groundwood, refiner mechanical pulp, thermomechanical pulp, high yield and ultra high yield sulfite pulps.

In the first stage, the wood pulp is treated with a reducing compound which may be chosen from many such reducing compounds known to those skilled in the art. During this first stage, preferred reaction conditions include:

(1) a reducing compound charge of about 0.01 to about 1.5% by weight of oven dried pulp;

(2) the presence of a chelating agent such as DTPA or STPP;

(3) a reaction temperature of from about 60°C to 100°C;

(4) a reaction time of from about 4 to about 120 minutes; (5) a pulp consistency of from 3% to about 35% and (6) a reaction terminating pH of about 3.5 to about 11.0.

in the second stage, the pulp is bleached with a peroxygen compound. Preferred conditions of bleaching include:

(1) a peroxygen compound charge of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of oven dried pulp in the presence of sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, magnesium sulfate and DTPA;

(2) a reaction temperature of between about 60°C to about 100°C;

(3) a reaction time of from about 4 minutes to about 180 minutes; (4) a pulp consistency of from about 4% to about

40%; and (5) a reaction terminating pH of from about 8.5 to about 10.5.

In the third and final bleaching stage a peroxygen compound is utilized which is similar to the one used in the second stage. The preferred reaction conditions include:

(1) a peroxygen compound charge of about 0.1% to about 12.0% in the presence of sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, magnesium sulf te and DTPA;

(2) a reaction temperature of from about 60°C to about 100°C;

(3) a reaction time of about 4 minutes to about 240 minutes; (4) a pulp consistency of from about 4% to about 40%; and (5) a reaction terminating pH from about 7.5 to about 10.0.

The compounds utilized in the process of the present invention may be selected from among these well known to those skilled in the art. Thus, the reducing compounds may be chosen from commercially inorganic reducing agents such as sodium or zinc hydrosulfite (dithionite) , sodium or magnesium bisulfite, sodium borohydride, Borol* (a solution of sodium borohydride and sodium hydroxide) , thiourea dioxide, ammonium borohydride, hydrazine and organic reducing agents such as amine-boranes and phosphine- boranes. It will be noted that some of these reducing agents are sold commercially with a chelating agent mixed therewith. Registered Trade Mark

Examples of the peroxide compound utilized in the second and third stages may include conventional inorganic peroxides such as hydrogen and sodium peroxide and also organic peroxides such as benzyl peroxide, ditertiary-butyl peroxide and peracetic acid.

The process flow diagram of figure 1 illustrates the various steps of a continuous operation in which pulps are bleached in multistage according to the present invention. In the process the pulp is first washed with a dewatering device (1) such as, but not exclusively, a standard screw press, a displacement washing screw press, a twin wire press, a disc filter or a twin roll press. These devices allow for water removal from the pulp slurry as well as for washing of contaminants such as sodium sulfite, metal ions, organic extractives, dissolved solids, etc., which are known to impair on the bleaching reactions between the bleaching agents and lignocellulosic fibres. Following this washing stage the pulp is mixed with the bleaching liquor containing the reducing agent. Mixing devices (2) such as single or double shaft mixers, refiner type mixers, high shear mixers and medium or low consistency pumps can be used. It is important in this stage of the process to disperse the bleaching liquor uniformly onto the fibre surface so that bleaching reactions can prevail over darkening reactions that also occur when lignocellulosic fibres are submitted to high temperature. After this pulp mixing stage the reducing agent reacts with the pulp in an upflow tower or steaming tube (3) . A chemical charge of 0.75 to 1.25% sodium hydrosulfite and of 0.3 to 0.5% of sodium borohydride by weight of oven dried pulp are the preferred charges. A temperature between 65 to 85°C; a consistency between 3.5 to 5% for sodium .hydrosulfite and of 10 to 12% for sodium borohydride; a reaction time of between 1 to 40 minutes is

preferred at this stage to favor a more effective use of the reducing agent as it cannot be reused in the system. A reaction terminating pH of about 4.5 to 5.0 for sodium hydrosulfite and of about 10.0 to 10.5 for sodium borohydride is also recommended. Following this first stage bleaching with a reducing agent the pulp is dewatered and washed with a dewatering device (4) such as those described previously and used in position (1) . The purpose is to wash the unreacted reducing agents or byproducts produced from the bleaching reactions so as to minimize its carry over to the next bleaching stage. After this pressing and washing stage the pulp is mixed with the peroxide bleaching liquor in a mixer (5) . Other devices such as those described previously and used in position (2) can also be used. The efficiency of the mixer is important at this stage of the process to disperse the bleaching liquor uniformly onto the fibre surface so that oxidizing bleaching reactions of the chromophoric groups on the lignocellulosic fibres occur and prevail over darkening reactions that also occur when pulps are submitted to high temperatures. We show in figure 1 a mixer (5) which allows for the addition of steam and the peroxide bleaching liquor simultaneously. Following this mixing stage the pulp is transferred to a bleaching tower (6). The most preferred charge of the peroxygen compound in this second stage bleaching is in amount equal to the charge of the last bleaching tower or to one third of the charge of the last bleaching tower. Sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and magnesium sulfate are preferably added in charge ranges of 0.5-3.0%, 0.0 to 3.0% and 0.01-0.05% respectively. It is also preferable to add small amounts of DTPA between 0.1-0.4%. All these components stabilize the peroxygen compound, in the form of the perhydroxyl ion, initiate and maintain a stable bleaching reaction. In a commercial operation the peroxide bleaching liquor mixed with the pulp at this

stage can be either prepared from fresh commercial components dissolved in water in separate tanks or it can be a residual bleaching liquor solution from the last stage bleaching tower (9). We have found from mass balance calculations that this latter is preferable to minimize the operating and bleaching cost of the process disclosed in this application. The size of the second bleaching tower (6) is to be determined considering the production rate, reaction time and pulp consistency selected or desired. We have found that a consistency in the 10-12% range, a retention time of 60 to 90 minutes and a temperature of 65 to 70°C are preferable to minimize the bleaching cost of the process disclosed. In figure 1 we show a schematic of a tower which is discharged with a medium consistency pump so as to have an operation with an efficient control over the bleaching conditions.

Following this second stage bleaching with an oxidizing agent the pulp is dewatered and washed with a dewatering device (7) such as those described previously and used in position (1) and (4). The purpose is to wash the byproducts produced from the bleaching reactions which occured in the second stage bleaching tower, avoid their carry over to the next bleaching stage and eliminate these from the bleach plant with an adequate white water recirculation strategy. After this pressing and washing stage the pulp is mixed with the peroxide bleaching liquor in a mixer (8) . The mixer used and its efficiency are important at this stage for the same reasons as those elaborated previously above. Following this mixing stage the pulp is transferred to a bleaching tower (9) . The preferred charge of the peroxygen compound in this third stage bleaching is 3 to 10% by weight of oven dried pulps. Sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and magnesium sulfate are preferably added in charge ranges of 0.25-0.3%, 0.01% to 3.0% and 0.01-0.05%

respectively. It is also preferable to add small amounts of DTPA between 0.2-0.4%. In a commercial operation it is preferable in this last bleaching stage that fresh peroxide bleaching liquor be used and mixed with the pulp. This bleaching liquor is normally prepared from fresh commercial components which are dissolved in water in separate tanks. In addition to this fresh liquor, a small quantity of the residual bleaching liquor solution from the same tower (9) can also be used. The residual bleaching liquor is recovered with the last pair of dewatering presses (11 and 12). We have found that high charges of peroxide are required in this last bleaching tower to achieve high brightness levels. The size of the third bleaching tower (9) is to be determined considering the production rate, reaction time and pulp consistency selected or desired. We have found that a consistency in the 20-35% range is preferable to have high effective concentrations of the oxidizing agents so as to minimize the bleaching cost of the process disclosed.

In figure 1 we show a schematic of a tower which is discharged in a transfer chest (10) with a screw conveyer. This device allows for a positive displacement out of the tower so as to provide an efficient control over the operating and bleaching conditions of the pulp in the tower.

Following this third stage bleaching with an oxidizing agent the pulp is washed and dewatered with dewatering devices, (11) and (12), such as those described previously. At this stage it is important to add fresh water in the transfer chest (10) to wash the pulp by dilution and minimize brightness reversion subsequently. After the final stage of the bleaching process the pulp is pressed so as to recover the unreacted peroxide bleaching liquor and to reuse it in

the process as shown in figure 1. This white-water recirculation strategy and counter current washing lowers the operating cost of the bleaching process disclosed. The addition of sulfuric acid in the transfer chest (10) or the addition of SO2 in the fluffer (13) is also desirable to lower the aqueous solution pH to about 6 to minimize brightness reversion subsequently.

Having thus generally described the invention, reference will be made to the following examples;

EXAMPLE 1.

A commercial spruce balsam chemithermomechanical pulp from an Eastern Canadian mill was washed with 0.5% diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) for 30 minutes at 60°C and 3% consistency to eliminate metal ions which impair the bleaching reactions. Following this treatment, the pulp was pressed to 25% consistency and bleached. The experimental conditions and chemical charges are given in Table 1.

The bleaching chemicals were mixed by hand with a 20-g pulp sample, while the pulp consistency was simultaneously adjusted with demineralized water. Subsequently, the bags were sealed and immersed in a thermostatically controlled bath for the bleaching reactions to occur. After bleaching, the pulps were neutralized to destroy the bleaching agents and to adjust the pulp pH to minimize brightness reversion. For hydrogen peroxide bleaching, sodium metabisulfide was used, while sulfuric acid was used for the other bleaching agents.

The pulps were neutralized by diluting the pulp to 3% consistency with the neutralizing agent, mixing the slurry for 5 minutes, and pressing the pulp to 18% consistency. After neutralization, two samples of 3.5g

each were used to make the handsheets. The pulps were disintegrated for 2 minutes at a consistency of approximately 0.3%. The sheets were made with demineralized water on a British handsheet machine following the procedures prescribed by the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association. The sheets were pressed for 2 minutes at 50 psig and dried for 24 h at 23°C and 50% RH. The brightness was measured with an Elrepho spectrophotometer. Reflectance measurements with Filter Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11 were made and used to calculate the color coordinates (CIE LAB) reference system. ISO brightness reported are the reflectance values at 457 nm using filter No. 8.

in the multistage bleaching experiments, each stage was similar to the single stage. However, the two-stage experiments were carried out with 30-g pulp samples, and 40-g samples were used for three stages. In all cases, a 7-g sample was taken at the end of each stage and was processed to obtain brightness values.

The results in Table I show the superiority of the multistage bleaching process disclosed in the present invention compared to the bleaching processes which constitute the prior art. High brightness values are achieved (ISO-brightness and L*) and a great deal of the yellow shade of the pulps is removed (B* values) while the pulps have less greenish shade than those bleached with peroxide only (P). These benefits remain after reversion. It can also be observed that for the bleaching process disclosed less peroxide is consumed to achieve higher brightness levels.

EXAMPLE 2 .

A commercial spruce balsam chemithermomechanical pulp was pretreated and bleached following the experimental procedures described in example 1 and under the chemical charges and bleaching conditions given in Table 2. The results in Table 2 show the superiority of the multistage bleaching process disclosed in the present invention compared to other multistage bleaching sequences; peroxide-reducing agent-peroxide (PRP) and peroxide-peroxide-sodium hydrosulfite (PPH). With the sequences sodium hydrosulfite-peroxide-peroxide (HPP) and sodium borohydride-peroxide-peroxide (BPP) higher ISO- brightness values are obtained for a given total peroxide addition level while less peroxide is consumed in the process. Inversely at a constant peroxide consumption level lower ISO-brightness values are obtained with the bleaching procedures of the prior art compared with the process disclosed in this application. In addition to higher brightness values it can be seen from Table 2 that low B* values are obtained which indicate that the pulp bleached following the process disclosed is less yellow than the control pulp, as well as the pulp bleached with hydrogen peroxide only or upon bleaching with the procedures described in the prior art.

EXAMPLE 3

A commercial spruce balsam chemithermomechanical pulp was pretreated and bleached following the experimental procedures described in example 1. In this series of experiments the pulp was bleached under different charges of the reducing agent in the first stage. The charges used were from 0.01% to 0.5% while the total peroxide charge was kept constant at 5%. The

results in Table 3 show that higher brightness values are obtained with increasing charges of the reducing agent. It can be observed that an optimum charge between 0.1 to 0.3% is desirable. Progressively lower B* values are obtained with the addition of the reducing agent therefore eliminating a great deal of the yellowness of the pulp.

EXAMPLE 4.

A commercial spruce balsam chemithermomechanical pulp was pretreated and bleached following the experimental procedures described in example 1. In this series of experiments the pulp was bleached under a given charge of 0.3% of the reducing agent, sodium borohydride, in the first stage while increasing charges of peroxide up to 5% by weight on oven dried pulp were added in the second and third stages. The results in Table 4 show that higher brightness values are obtained with increasing charges of peroxide in the second and third stages. It can be observed that small brightness gains are realized with charge levels slightly in excess of 3% so that preferred conditions would be for an addition level of 4 to 5% in peroxide o.d. weight when sodium borohydride is used. Progressively lower B* values are obtained with the addition of peroxide therefore eliminating a great deal of the yellowness of the pulp.

EXAMPLE 5.

A commercial spruce balsam chemithermomechanical pulp was pretreated and bleached following the experimental procedures described in example 1. In this series of experiments the pulp was bleached using a constant charge of 0.5% sodium hydrosulfite as the

reducing agent in the first stage. In the second and third stages progressively increasing peroxide charges were added from 1% to 8% o.d. weight o.d. pulp. The results in Table 5 show that higher brightness values are obtained with increasing charges of peroxide in the second and third stages. It can be observed that smooth increases are obtained up to 8% added peroxide allowing for high brightness levels and appreciable pulp yellowness removal.

EXAMPLE 6,

A commercial spruce balsam chemithermomechanical pulp was pretreated and bleached following the experimental procedures described in example 1. In this series of experiments the pulp was bleached using a constant charge of 1.0% sodium hydrosulfite as the reducing agent in the first stage. In the second and third stages progressively increasing charges of peroxide were added from 1% to 8% o.d. weight on pulp. The results in Table 5 show that higher brightness values are obtained with increasing charges of peroxide in the second and third stages. It can be observed that smooth increases are obtained up to 8% added peroxide allowing for high brightness levels and appreciable pulp yellowness removal. It can be appreciated that higher brightness levels are achieved compared to example 5 so that preferred reducing agent charges are 1.0 to 1.25% o.d. weight on pulp.

It will be understood that the above described embodiments are for purposes of illustration only and that changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

TABLE 1: 8_.EACI._K6 CHEΛ1CALS AND SEOUENCE≤

CHEMICAL CHARGES PEROXIDE-

AND BL£ACHIH6 UNBL. HYDRO- PtfOIIOE HYDROSULFITE BLEACHING PROCESS DISCLOSED

-QKOITIOKS PULP SULFITE PEROXIDE _:

(H) (P) (PHI (PHI (PP) (WPP) (HPP) (BPP) (BPP)

FIRST STAGE

N«2S103 ) - 3.86 3,ee a.ee 3.Bt - - - -

«gS04 ) - e.es 8.65 t.es e.es - - - -

NiOH 1 - 3.Be 1.68 1.88 1.88 - - - -

D.I.P.A. . B.48 β.48 8.48 β β.4e e.49 8.48 8,48 8.48

H202 ADDED 1 - 3.B8 2.58 4.88 2.58 - - - -

N*BH 1 - _ - - - - - e.38 e.38

Ni2S204 l.BB - - - i.ee i.ee - -

CONSISTENCY s.e ts.β 18.0 18.8 le.e 5.8 s.e 18.3 18.B

TEΠPERATURE I 78 7B 78 78 72 78 78 78 78

RETENTION TINE « n, 36 98 38 96 98 38 38 28 2B pH (INITIAL ⁾ S.S tl.β 11.β 11.8 π.e 5.4 5.3 11.7 11.5 pH (FINAL ⁾ S.I 9.6 8.4 β.S 9.5 4.9 5.8 18.4 18.4

SECOND STAGE

Ha2Si03 - - 3.88 3.88 3.88 3.88 3.6B ngSO<! - - B.B5 β.85 8.83 t.es e.es

NiOH - - 1.54 1.74 2.26 1.33 1.39

D.T.P.A. a.48 8.48 8.48 β.48 B.48 8.43 e.48

H202 ADDED - - 2.59 2.58 4.68 1.58 2.58

Kι2S204 1.88 1.88 - - - - -

CONSISTENCY 5.8 S.I 28.8 18.8 ιe.B 18.8 IB.β

TElrøATURE 7β 78 78 78 78 7β 78

RETENTION THE iin. 2β 38 98 93 98 98 98 pH (INITIAL) S.4 5.4 11.5 18.9 Iβ.β 11.1 11.8 pH (FINAL) 4.2 4.4 18.7 B.7 8.B 18.1 18.5

THIRD STAGE

Nι2S103 2.ea 3.82 3.82 3.BB

D.T.P.A. β.48 a.48 8.48 β.48

H202 ADDED 2.58 4.ae 1.58 2.51

CONSISTENCY 28.8 28.8 28.8 2e.e

TEKPERATUR. 78 78 78 78

RETENTION TIΛE iin. 98 98 92 9β pH (INITIAL) - 11.1 Λ 11.1 11.1 pH (FINAL) - 18.5 iβ.ε lβ.5 lβ.5

TOTAL

H202 (AODEI) 1 3.BB 2.5B 4.88 5.88 5.85 β.eβ 2.ti s.βe

H202 (RESIDUAL) I J.79 1.32 2.46 2.18 2.79 5.56 1.66 2.85

H202 (CONSUMED) I 2.21 1.18 1.54 2.82 2.21 2.44 1.3f 2.15

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

BEFORE REVERSION i

BRIGHTNESS (IS0-457M) I 62.5 68.5 77.1 76.4 77.4 7B.5 79.8 88.5 77.6 7B.2

L» 88.1 91.4 95.1 94.5 94.8 95.3 95.8 95.3 95.1 95.8

A* -β.37 -B.9B -2.16 -l.BB -1.93 -2.66 -1.97 -2.83 -2.67 -2.28

B« 9.25 9.68 9.16 8.61 β.48 8.33 7.49 6.66 8.35 7.98

AFTER REVERSION i

BRIGHTNESS US0-457tιι) ϊ £1.9 67.5 75.7 74.5 75.8 76.6 77.7 78. 75.5 77.β

L» 88.8 91.1 94.5 94.2 94.2 94,4 94.6 35.8 5.e 94.1

A» -β.37 -1.14 -3.BB -1.94 -1.73 -3.18 -1.88 -2.B1 -2.72 -2.78

Bi 9.64 lβ.βS 9.18 9.48 β.98 7.83 8.89 7.58 ε.s; 7.39

_-_= ΪLE 2: BLEACHIM CHEHICALS AND SEQUENCE

CHEBICAL CHAR6ES

AND BLEACHING UKJL. - BLEACH1N5 PROCESS DISCLOSED CONDITIONS PULP

(PP) (PP) (PBP) (PBP) (PHP) (PHP) (PPH) (PPH) (BPP) (BPP) (HPP) (HPP)

FIRST STAGE -

N.2SΪ03 3.8B 3.68 3.68 3.88 3.88 3.68 3.88 3.66 _ - - -

I.J804 B.B5 6.85 e.es 6.85 8.85 8.65 e.es 8.85 - e.ee - -

NiOH i.ee l.BB 1.68 1.66 1.68 1.6B 1.88 1.86 1.88 i.ee - -

D.T.P.A. 8.48 B.48 6.48 6.46 1,48 β.48 8.46 β.48 8.46 6.46 6.48 6.46

H202 ADDED 2.36 1.52 2.58 - 2.58 2.56 - - - - -

Nι6K4 - - - - - - - - 8.38 8.38 - -

N12S204 - - - - - - - - - - 8.58 8.58

CONSISTENCY 11.6 16.6 18.! le.e 18.B 16.6 16.6 16.8 ιe.8 16.8 5.8 s.e

TEHPERATURE 78 78 78 78 7B 78 78 76 76 7e 76 78

RETENTION TIflE ain , 98 98 98 98 98 98 96 98 26 28 38 38 pH (INITIAL) - 11, e 11.6 11.6 11. β 11. B 11.8 11.8 11.6 11.5 11.5 5.4 5.2 pH (FINAL) - 9.5 9.5 8.6 8.6 8.4 8.4 8.7 8.7 18.4 18.4 5.2 5.4

SECOND STAGE

Nι2Si03 3.88 3.68 3.86 3. BB 3.68 3.GE 3,ea 3. BE

«gS04 e.es e.65 - - - - e.es 8.65 e.es e.es 6.65 e.es

NiOH 1.34 1.54 1.88 1.88 - - 1.7B 1.78 1.39 1.39 1.74 1.74

D.T.P.A. β.48 6.48 8.48 8.48 6.48 6.48 8.48 8.4Θ 8.48 6.48 1.46 8.48

H202 ADDED 2.56 1.53 - 1.72 - 1.72 2.5B 1.85 2.5B 2.27 2.56 2.25

Nι8H4 - - 8.33 8.38 - - - - - - - -

Nέ2S204 - - - - 1.58 6.58 - - - - - -

CONSISTENCY 28.1 28.8 18.8 18.6 S.8 s.e 28.8 26.8 18.8 18.8 te.e 18.8

'TEMPERATURE 78 78 7e 76 78 7β 78 78 78 76 78 78

RETENTION TIKE tin 9B 98 2E 28 36 38 98 98 96 96 98 98 pH (INITIAL) - H.I 11.8 12.2 12.2 S.4 5.4 11.8 11.6 11.8 11.1 11.1 11.1 pH (FINAL) - 18.7 18.7 π.e 11.8 4.4 4.4 18.3 18.3 16.5 16.5 8.6 8.6

THIRD STAGE

Nι2Si03 X 3.E2 3.86 3.88 3.BB - _ 3.86 3.ee 3.83 3.88

»,S04 I 1.65 8.65 8.85 β.15 - - e.es β.65 8.85 6.85

NiOH I 1.25 1.25 1.88 1.88 - - 1.88 1.66 1.75 1.75

D.T.P.A. I 8,48 8.48 8.48 6.48 8.48 8.46 8.46 e.46 8.48 6.48

H202 ADDED X 2.58 1J3 2.56 1.73 - 1.85 2.5B 2.58 2.58 2.25

Ni2S204 X - - - - 8.38 8.S8 - 2.28 - -

CSϋ3I5ιςnvY 28.6 2β.e 2B.6 28.6 5-β 5. a 28. fl 2E.E 28.8 28.8

TEltPERATURE C 76 76 78 76 78 76 7β 78 78 78

RETENTION TINE tin 9β 9β 98 98 36 36 96 98 96 98 pH (INITIAL) - 11.8 11.6 11.6 11.8 5.5 5.5 il. l 11.1 11. e 11.8 pH (FINAL) - 11.8 11.6 9.6 9.6 5.5 3.S 18.5 16.5 18,4 ιe.4

TOTAL

H202 (ADDED) I 5.68 3.E5 5.88 3.45 s.ee 3.45 s.ee 3.78 5.68 4.55 5.B8 4.52

H202 (RESIDUAL) I 2.18 8.95 2.43 1.43 2.62 1.45 2.S7 1.78 2.85 2.55 2.97 2.S8

H202 (CONSUMED) I 2.82 2.88 2.57 2.88 2.3B 2.63 2.43 2.88 2.15 2.88 2.E3 2.8B

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

BEFORE REVERSION 1

BRIGHTNESS (IS0-457_l__U £2.8 78.5 75.9 79.6 78.9 77.5 76.7 78.8 77.8 JB.2 78.2 78.9 78.7

U - 87.3 35.3 94.6 94.9 95.8 94.8 94.7 94.9 94.4 95.8 95.2 35.2 95.1

Λ« - -8.74 -2.66 -2.6B -1.86 -1.96 -2.B2 -1.98 -1.91 -1.75 -2.26 -2.86 -2.68 -2.33

81 - 8.37 8.33 9.17 7.28 8,18 8.25 8.68 7.99 8.25 7,98 7.88 8.82 8.88

AFTER REVERSION : •

BRIGHTHESS (IS0-457nι)X 61.9 76.6 74.6 77.2 - 75.3 - 76.9 - 77.B _ 78.2 _

L» - 87.4 94.4 93.8 93.7 - 94.4 - 94.7 - 94.1 . 95.1 .

A« - -1.25 -3.68 -3. IB -2.16 - -1.78 - -1.95 - -2.78 - -1.93 -

TABLE 3 : CHEfllCAL CHAR6ES AND BLEACHING CONDITIONS FDR

THE SEQUENCE SODIUI. BOROHYORIOE-PEROXIDE-PEROIIDE (BPP ⁾

FIRST STAGE

NiOH ; 8.83 MB 8.17 B.33 i.ee 1.67

D.T.P.A. l 8.43 8.48 8.46 8.46 8.46 8,48

NaBH4 X 8.81 8.83 8.85 8.18 e.38 8.58

CONSISTENCY l 18.8 18.8 18.6 18.8 16.6 18.6

TEMPERATURE C 78 78 78 78 78 76

RETENTION TIME •in. 28 28 28 ^' 26 26 26 pH (INITIAL) - 8.3 9.7 18.3 18.9 11.5 11.B pH (FINAL) - 7.8 9.1 9.5 9.8 18.4 11.8

SECOND STAGE

Hi2Si03 X 3.88 3.8B 3.BB 3.66 3.88 3.86

«gS04 X 1.83 1.85 8.85 e.es 6.85 6.65

NiOH X 1.74 2.89 1.56 1.39 1.39 1.22

D.T.P.A. X 8.48 8.48 8.46 8.46 8.46 8.48

H202 AIDED I 2.56 2.58 2.58 2.5β 2.56 2.56

CONSISTENCY z 11.6 11.e 18.8 18.8 18.8 lβ.β

TEMPERATURE c 78 78 78 78 78 78

RETENTION TIME fir. 1.5 1.5 l.S 1,5 1.5 1.5 pH (INITIAL) - 11.6 11.6 11.8 11.6 11.8 ll.B pH (FINAL) - 9.1 8.S 9.6 9.5 18.5 18.2

THIRD STAGE

Nl2Si03 X 3.88 3.C8 3.86 3.BE 3.88 3.68

«gS04 I (.85 e.es 1.85 t.es 8.85 8.15

N«OH I 1.25 i.ee 8.75 1.25 i.ee i.ee

D.T.P.A. X 8.48 e.4t MB 8.4S 8.48 β.48

H202 ADDED X 2.56 2.58 2.3B 2.58 2.58 2.58

CONSISTENCY X 26.6 21.8 28.8 28.e 28.8 28.6

TEMPERATURE c 78 78 78 78 78 78

RETENTION TIME hr. 1.5 1.5 l.S 1.5 1.5 1.5 pH (INITIAL) - 11.1 11.8 ll.B 11.2 11.1 11.8 pH (FINAL) - 18.1 18.3 18.4 le.s 18.5 18.6

TOTAL

H202 (ADDED ⁾ X 5.68 3,88 5.BB s.ea 5.85 5.69

H2Q2 (RESIDUAL) X 2.38 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.85 3.19

H202 (CONSUMED) •X 2.62 2.66 2.59 2.52 2.15 l.fll

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

BEFORE REVERSION i

BRIGHTNESS (IS0-4S7nι)X 62.6 77.5 77.2 77.8 78.5 78.2 77.8

L« - 87.3 93.e 95.8 95.8 9S.3 95.8 94.6

A« - -8.74 -2.71 -2.75 -2.73 -2.92 -2.26 -2.17 t* - 8.37 8.77 8.54 8.52 8.25 7.9B 7.64

AFTER REVERSION I

BRIGHTNESS (IS0-457nt)Σ 61.9 75.9 76.E 76.5 77.8 77.8 77.8

L* - 87.4 94.1 94.1 94.1 94,1 94.1 93.8

A» - -1.25 -3.81 -3.11 -2.49 -2.93 -2.78 -2.42

B» - 8.73- 8.19 8.19 7.39 7.39 7.39 £.94

TABLE 4 : CHEMICAL CHARGES AND BLEACHING CONDITIONS FOR

THE SE8UENCE SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE-PEROXIDE-PEROXIOE (BPP)

riRST STAGE

N»OH X 1.86 l.BB i.ee 1.88 D.T.P.A. X 8.48 8.48 8.48 8.48

N.BK4 X B.38 8.38 1.3B 8.38

CONSISTENCY X 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8

TEMPERATURE C 78 78 78 78

RETENTION TINE •in. 28 28 28 28 pH (INITIAL) - 11.5 11.5 11.7 11.5 pH (FINAL) - 18.8 IB.3 18.4 18.4 SECOND STAGE

N»2SiQ3 3.B8 3.BB 3.8B 3.88

M9S04 8.85 e.es 8.85 6.83

NiOH 8.78 1.22 1.39 1.39

D.T.P.A. 8.48 8.46 I.4B 8.48

K202 ADDED 1.58 i.ee 1.5B 2.58

CONSISTENCY 18.1 18.8 18.8 ιe.ι

TEMPERATURE 78 7B 78 71 RETENTION TIME kr. 1.5 1.5 1,5 S.5 pH (INITIAL) - 11.8 11.8 11.1 11.e pH (FINAL) - ιe.e 18.1 11.1 21.5

THIRD STAfiE

Hι2Si03 3.88 3.-8 3.86 3.88

HgS04 e.es e.es 1.85 1.85 NiOH 1.15 1.58 1.88 1.88

D.T.P.A. 8.48 8.48 1.48 1.48

H202 ADDED t.se 1.88 1.S8 2.58

CONSISTENCY le.e 11.1 11.8 Iβ.β

TEMPERATURE 78 78 7B 78

RETENTION TIKE dr. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 pH (INITIAL) - 11.1 11.8 11.1 11.1 pH (FINAL) - 18.7 18.7 18.5 18.5 TOTAL

H202 (ADDEO) X 1.86 2.88 3.88 5.BB

H202 (RESIDUAL ⁾ X - e.98 1.66 2.85

H202 (CONSUMED) X - LIE 1.34 2.15

OPTICAL PROPERTIES BEFORE REVERSION !

BR16KTNESS (IS0-437nt)Z 62.E 74.3 76.9 77.8 78.2

L* - 87.3 .4.2 94.6 95.1 95.8

A« - -8.74 -2.42 -2.51 -2.67 -2.28

8* - 8.37 9.48 8.68 8.35 7.98

AHER REVERSION ;

BRIGHTNESS (1S0-457M)X £1.9 73.3 75.1 76.5 77.8 t» - 87.4 93.5 93-9 94,8 34.1

A< - -1.25 -3.81 -2.69 -2.72 -2.78

B* - 8.73 9.28 8.47 8.88 7.33

TABLE 5: CHEMCAl CHARGES AND BLEACHING CONDITIONS FOR

THE SEBUENCE SODIUM HYDR0SULFITE-PER0XIDE-PER0X1DE (HPP)

FIRST STAGE

> D.T.P.A. X 6,48 6.48 I.4B B.4B 8.46

N12S204 X 8.56 β.sβ I.S8 e.se e.se

CONSISTENCY X S.β 5.8 5.1 5.8 5.8

TEMPERATURE C 71 78 76 78 76

RETENTION TIME hr. β.5 8.5 8.5 6.5 1.5 pH (INITIAL ⁾ - 5.4 5.4 5.S 5.4 5.2 pH (FINAL) - 4.E 4.5 4.7 5.2 5.1

LO SECOND STAGE

NJZB103 X 3.6B 3.18 2.80 3.18 3.81

HgS04 X 8.85 e.es i.es 8.15 e.es

NiOH X 8.76 1.22 1.39 1.74 2.89

D.T.P.A. X 1.48 β.48 8.48 1.48 1.48

K202 ADDED X 6.58 1.88 1.5B 2.5B 4.86

CONSISTENCY X 18.1 le.e 11.8 11.8 ιe.e

TEMPERATURE c 78 71 78 78 76

1 RETENTION TIME hr. 1.5 1.5 1.5 l.S 1.5 pH (INITIAL) - 11.9 11.1 11.8 11.1 li.e pH (FINAL) - 9.7 8.7 8.5 8.6 8.8

THIRD STAGE

Nι2S103 3.18 3.88 3.88 3.B8 3.81 ngS-4 8.85 1.85 8.15 1.85 8.85

20 WOH 6.75 1.25 1.58 1.75 2.88

D.T.P.A. 8.41 8.41 1.41 8.48 8.48

H202 ADDED 8.51 i.ee 1.58 2.58 4.88

CONSISTENCY 18.β 18.8 ιe.e 11.8 lβ.e

TEMPERATURE 7β 76 78 7β 7β

RETENTION TIME hr, l.S 1.5 1.5 l.S 1.5 pH (INITIAL) - 11.β 11.β 11.8 11.8 11.8 pH (FINAL ⁾ - 16.3 9.8 9.8 11.4 18.6

25 TOTAL

H202 (ADDED) X i.ee 2.88 3.eø 5.86 β.ei

K202 (RESIDUAL) : 1.26 β.78 1.45 2.97 4.45

H202 (CONSUMED) X 8.74 1.22 1.55 2.63 3.55

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

....____..__..___....

30 BEFORE REVERSION i

BRIGHTNESS USO-437nι)I 62.5 71.7 75.7 77 78.9 79.6

Lf - 88.1 93.7 94.5 94.9 95.2 95.6

At - -B.37 -1.85 -2.15 -2.31 -2.8B -1.82

B ⁽ - 9.25 11.91 9.18 8.B7 8.82 6.87

AFTER REVERSION j

8RI6HTNESS (IS0-457M)X 61.9 71.3 74.7 76.2 78.2 78.2

35 L* - 88.8 93.5 94.4 94.7 95.1 94.9

A« - -8.37 -2.19 -2.38 -!.B1 -1.93 -1.72

B* - 9.64 11.36 9.69 9.66 8.63 7.61

TABLE 6: CHEMICAL CHARGES AND BLEACHING CONDITIONS FOR

THE SEQUENCE SODIUM HYDROSULFITE-PEROXIDE-PEROXIDE (HPP)

FIRST STA6E

D.T.P.A. X 1.46 8.4B B.4B 8.48 8.48 Nι2S204 X 1,86 1.68 i.ee i.ee 1.88 CONSISTENCY X 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 S.8 TEMPERATURE c 76 76 78 76 78 RETENTION TINE hr. B.5 8.5 B.S 8.5 8.5 pH (INITIAL) 3.4 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 pH (FINAL) 5.1 5.1 5.6 4.9 s.e

SECOND STAGE

N*2SiQ3 3.86 3.80 3.88 3.8B 3.B8 MgS04 e.es 1.85 e.es 8.85 e.es NlOK 1.39 1.39 1.57 1.74 2.26 D.T.P.A. 1.48 1.48 8.48 8.46 8.48 K202 ADDED e.se 1.88 1.5B 2.58 4.68 CONSISTENCY 11.1 11.6 18.8 U.β lβ.e TEMPERATURE 78 78 78 78 7e RETENTION TINE 1.5 l.S 1.5 l.S l.S pH (INITIAL) 11.1 11.8 11.8 18.9 IB.8 pH (FINAL) 9.5 9.1 9.6 8.7 8.8

THIRD STAGE

N»2Si03 3.6B 3.8B 3.68 3.B8 3.88 M;S04 i.es 8. IS 8.65 t.es 8.85 NiOH 1.B8 1.25 1.25 1.75 2.88 D.T.P.A. 8.46 8.48 1.48 8.48 1.48 K202 ADDED 8.58 1.18 l.SB 2. SB 4.88 CONSISTENCY 21.6 26.6 28.6 28.1 28.8 TEMPERATURE 78 78 78 78 78 RETENTION TIME 1.5 l.S 1.5 1.5 l.S pH (INITIAL) 11.1 11.6 18.9 11.1 11.1 pH (FINAL) ιe.2 18.2 9.9 18.5 18.6

TOTAL

K202 (ADDED) i.ee 2.88 3.88 5.16 s.ee K202 ⁽ RESIDUAL) 1.19 1.81 1.68 2.79 3.56 H202 (CONSUMED) 1.81 1.19 1.48 2.21 2.44

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

BEFORE REVERSION i

BRIGHTNESS US0-457n*)t 62.5 71.4 75.7 76.8 79.8 88.5

U - 88.1 93.4 94.5 94.5 9S.8 95.3

A» - -8.37 -2.88 -1.83 -1.66 -1.97 -2.B3

Bi - 9.2S 18.81 9.17 8.45 7.49 6.68

AFTER REVERSION s

FRI6HT ESS US0-457n*)X 61.9 78.4 74.7 75.7 77.7 78.4 l« 88. t 93.1 94.4 94.4 94.8 95.8

A« -1.37 -1.87 -1.93 -1.59 -l.BB -2.B1

8* 9.64 11.14 9.69 B.9S 8.68 7.S8