POLYMERIC ADDITIVES

Inventors: Russell C. Pratt, Jin Yang, Jonathan Pistorino, Hany Eitouni, Mohit Singh and

Vishal Vijay

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/235,499, filed September 30, 2015, which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0002] This invention relates generally to electrolytes for lithium batteries, and, more specifically, to additives for solid block copolymer electrolytes.

[0003] Some block copolymer electrolytes include a "soft" block that provides ionic conductivity and a "hard" block that provides structural integrity. The resilience of polymer electrolytes based on such block copolymers is dependent on the thermomechanical properties of the so-called "hard" or "mechanical" block. Sufficient physical resistance to the intrusion of uneven or dendritic lithium growth when in contact with lithium metal electrodes is necessary to prevent penetration of lithium through the electrolyte and shorting of the cell. Some current block copolymer electrolytes use polyethylene oxide for the soft block and polystyrene for the hard block. Polystyrene is a well-characterized, inexpensive polymer with good properties, such as a high glass transition temperature (Tg, ~100°C), that allow it to be used at fairly high temperatures while maintaining high modulus values (> 1 GPa), and good physical resiliency. Further improvements in either of these properties would be expected to increase battery performance by providing even greater physical resistance to lithium intrusion and by allowing operation at even higher temperatures, which would increase the ionic conductivity of the soft block.

[0004] There are a number of polymers that have better high-temperature properties than polystyrene and might be considered for use as the hard block in block copolymer electrolytes. But many of these are expensive engineering thermoplastics that may be difficult or impossible to use for forming block copolymers with poly(ethylene oxide) and/or to dissolve and process as a solution.

[0005] Another approach would be to crosslink the polymer used for the hard block. Cross- linking can improve physical properties, but requires great care in processing and perhaps additional processing steps for characterization and control. If a material crosslinks prematurely, it may not be possible for it to undergo further processing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] The foregoing aspects and others will be readily appreciated by the skilled artisan from the following description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0007] Figures 1A, IB, and 1 C are schematic drawings of a diblock copolymer and domain structures it can form.

[0008] Figures 2A, 2B, and 2C are schematic drawings of a triblock copolymer and domain structures it can form.

[0009] Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C are schematic drawings of a triblock copolymer and domain structures it can form.

[0010] Figure 4 is a schematic drawing that shows a novel new nanostructured material that includes ionically-conductive domains containing PEO and structural domains that contain both PS and PXE, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0011] Figure 5 is a schematic drawing that shows a novel new nanostructured material that includes ionically-conductive domains containing PEO and structural domains that contain both PS and PXE, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0012] Figure 6 is a schematic drawing that shows a novel new nanostructured material that includes ionically-conductive domains containing two kinds of polymers and structural domains that contain two kinds of polymers, according to an embodiment of the invention.

SUMMARY

[0013] In one embodiment of the invention, an electrolyte material is disclosed. The electrolyte material has a first phase made of first polymers and a salt, such as a lithium salt. The first phase forms an ionically-conductive domain in the electrolyte material. The electrolyte material has a second phase made of second polymers third polymers. The second phase forms a structural domain adjacent to the ionically-conductive domain. The second phase may be cross-linked. At least some of the first polymers are covalently bonded to at least some of the second polymers to form first block copolymers. In one arrangement, at least some of the first polymers are covalently bonded to at least some of the third polymers to form second block copolymers.

[0014] The first polymer may be any of polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, poly(alkyl carbonates), polynitriles, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazenes, polyolefins, polydienes, and combinations thereof. The first polymer may be an ionically-conductive comb polymer with a backbone and pendant groups. The backbone may be one or more of polysiloxanes, polyphosphazenes, polyethers, polydienes, polyolefins, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, and combinations thereof. The pendants may be one or more of oligoethers, substituted oligoethers, nitrile groups, sulfones, thiols, polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, poly(alkyl carbonates), polynitriles, other polar groups, and combinations thereof.

[0015] In one arrangement, the second polymer and the third polymer are each selected independently from the group consisting of polystyrene, hydrogenated polystyrene, poly(alkyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyimide, polyamide, polyolefins, polypropylene, polyethylene, poly(2,6- dimethyl- 1 ,4-phenylene oxide) (PXE), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), polyfluorocarbons, polyvinylidene fluoride, and copolymers that contain styrene, alkyl methacrylates, and/or vinylpyridine.

[0016] The ionically-conductive domain and the structural domain may be arranged as alternating lamellar domains. The ionically-conductive domain and the structural domain may be arranged as bicontinuous domains. The ionically-conductive domain and the structural domain may alternate on a length scale of 5-500 nm.

[0017] The electrolyte material may also include fourth polymers in the first phase. At least some of the fourth polymers may be covalently bonded to at least some of the third polymers to form third block copolymers. The fourth polymers may be any of polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, poly(alkyl carbonates), polynitriles, polysiloxanes,

polyphosphazenes, polyolefins, polydienes, and combinations thereof.

[0018] In one arrangement, the electrolyte material has a modulus greater than 1 x 10 ⁷ Pa at 80°C. In one arrangement, the electrolyte material has an ionic conductivity greater than 10 ^"4 Scm ^"1 at 25°C. The electrolyte material may be a solid at cell operating temperatures. The electrolyte material may be a gel if a liquid electrolyte is added to it.

[0019] In one arrangement, lithium-ion conducting inorganic ceramics particles are also included in the first phase of the electrolyte material. The particles may be made from one or more of Li ₃ N, LISICON, LIPON, LLTO, LLZO, LATP, thio-LISICON, Li ₂ S-P ₂ S ₅ , and garnet-type Li ion conducting oxides.

[0020] In another embodiment of the invention, an electrolyte material has an ionically- conductive phase that includes PEO polymers and a salt. The ionically-conductive phase forms a first domain. The electrolyte material also has a structural phase that includes PS polymers and PXE polymers. The structural phase forms a second domain adjacent to the first domain. At least a portion of the PEO polymers and at least a portion of the PS polymers are covalently bonded together to form first block copolymers. The first block copolymers may be linear block copolymers. In one arrangement, at least a portion of the PEO polymers and a portion of the PXE polymers are covalently bonded together to form second block copolymers. The second block copolymers may be linear block copolymers. In one arrangement, at least a portion of the PS polymers and at least a portion of the PXE polymers are covalently bonded to one another.

[0021] In another embodiment of the invention, a battery electrode is disclosed. The electrode has electrode active material particles, optional electronically-conductive particles, and an electrolyte material as described above. The electrode active material particles and the optional electronically-conductive particles are distributed randomly throughout the electrolyte material.

[0022] If the electrode is a cathode, the electrode active material particles may be made of a material such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP), LiCo02, LiMn204, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM).

[0023] If the electrode is an anode, the electrode active material particles may be made of a material such as graphite, lithium metal, Li-Al, Li-Si, Li-Sn, Li-Mg, Si, Si-Sn, Si-Ni, Si-Cu, Si-Fe, Si-Co, Si-Mn, Si-Zn, Si-In, Si-Ag, Si-Ti, Si-Ge, Si-Bi, Si-Sb, Si-Cr, metal oxides, silicon carbides, and mixtures thereof.

[0024] In another embodiment of the invention, a battery cell is disclosed. The cell has a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material configured to absorb and release lithium ions, a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode active material configured to absorb and release lithium ions, and an electrolyte material as described above. The electrolyte material is positioned to provide ionic communication between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The preferred embodiments are illustrated in the context of block copolymer electrolytes in an electrochemical cell such as a battery. The skilled artisan will readily appreciate, however, that the materials and methods disclosed herein will have application in a number of other contexts where high temperature operation is desirable.

Nanostructured block copolymer electrolytes

[0026] A solid polymer electrolyte, when combined with an appropriate salt, is chemically and thermally stable and has an ionic conductivity of at least 10 ^"5 Scm ^"1 at operating temperature. Examples of useful operating temperatures include room temperature (25°C), 40°C, and 80°C. In one arrangement, a polymer electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of at least 10 ^"3 Scm ^"1 at battery cell operating temperatures, such as between 20°C and 100°C, or any range subsumed therein. Examples of appropriate salts include, but are not limited to metal salts selected from the group consisting of chlorides, bromides, sulfates, nitrates, sulfides, hydrides, nitrides, phosphides, sulfonamides, triflates, thiocynates, perchlorates, borates, or selenides of lithium, sodium, potassium, silver, barium, lead, calcium, ruthenium, tantalum, rhodium, iridium, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium. Examples of specific lithium salts include LiSCN, LiN(CN) ₂ , LiC10 ₄ , LiBF ₄ , LiAsF ₆ , LiPF ₆ , LiCF ₃ S0 ₃ , Li(CF ₃ S0 ₂ ) ₂ N, Li(CF ₃ S0 ₂ ) ₃ C, LiN(S0 ₂ C ₂ F ₅ ) ₂ , lithium alkyl fluorophosphates, lithium oxalatoborate, as well as other lithium bis(chelato)borates having five to seven membered rings, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone imide) (LiTFSI), LiPF ₃ (C ₂ F ₅ ) ₃ , LiPF ₃ (CF ₃ ) ₃ , LiB(C ₂ 04) ₂ , , LiDFOB,and mixtures thereof. In other embodiments of the invention, for other electrochemistries, electrolytes are made by combining the polymers with various kinds of salts. Examples include, but are not limited to AgS0 ₃ CF ₃ , NaSCN, NaS0 ₃ CF ₃ , KTFSI, NaTFSI, Ba(TFSI) ₂ , Pb(TFSI) ₂ , and Ca(TFSI) ₂ . As described in detail above, a block copolymer electrolyte can be used in the embodiments of the invention.

[0027] Figure 1A is a simplified illustration of an exemplary diblock polymer molecule 100 that has a first polymer block 110 and a second polymer block 120 covalently bonded together. In one arrangement both the first polymer block 1 10 and the second polymer block 120 are linear polymer blocks. In another arrangement, either one or both polymer blocks 110, 120 has a comb (or branched) structure. In one arrangement, neither polymer block is cross-linked. In another arrangement, one polymer block is cross-linked. In yet another arrangement, both polymer blocks are cross-linked.

[0028] Multiple diblock polymer molecules 100 can arrange themselves to form a first domain 1 15 of a first phase made of the first polymer blocks 110 and a second domain 125 of a second phase made of the second polymer blocks 120, as shown in Figure IB. Diblock polymer molecules 100 can arrange themselves to form multiple repeat domains, thereby forming a continuous nanostructured block copolymer material 140, as shown in Figure 1 C. The sizes or widths of the domains can be adjusted by adjusting the molecular weights of each of the polymer blocks. In various embodiments, the domains can be lamellar, cylindrical, spherical, or gyroidal depending on the nature of the two polymer blocks and their ratios in the block copolymer.

[0029] In one arrangement the first polymer domain 115 is ionically conductive, and the second polymer domain 125 provides mechanical strength to the nanostructured block copolymer.

[0030] Figure 2A is a simplified illustration of an exemplary triblock polymer molecule 200 that has a first polymer block 210a, a second polymer block 220, and a third polymer block 210b that is the same as the first polymer block 210a, all covalently bonded together. In one arrangement the first polymer block 210a, the second polymer block 220, and the third copolymer block 210b are linear polymer blocks. In another arrangement, either some or all polymer blocks 210a, 220, 210b have a comb structure. In one arrangement, no polymer block is cross-linked. In another arrangement, one polymer block is cross-linked. In yet another arrangement, two polymer blocks are cross-linked. In yet another arrangement, all polymer blocks are cross-linked.

[0031] Multiple triblock polymer molecules 200 can arrange themselves to form a first domain 215 of a first phase made of the first polymer blocks 210a, a second domain 225 of a second phase made of the second polymer blocks 220, and a third domain 215 of a first phase made of the third polymer blocks 210b as shown in Figure 2B. Triblock polymer molecules 200 can arrange themselves to form multiple repeat domains 225, 215 (containing both 215a and 215b), thereby forming a continuous nanostructured block copolymer material 240, as shown in Figure 2C. The sizes of the domains can be adjusted by adjusting the molecular weights of each of the polymer blocks. In various arrangements, the domains can be lamellar, cylindrical, spherical, gyroidal, or any of the other well-documented triblock copolymer morphologies depending on the nature of the polymer blocks and their ratios in the block copolymer.

[0032] In one arrangement the first and third polymer domains 215 are ionically conductive, and the second polymer domain 225 provides mechanical strength to the nanostructured block copolymer. In another arrangement, the second polymer domain 225 is ionically conductive, and the first and third polymer domains 215 provide a structural framework.

[0033] Figure 3A is a simplified illustration of another exemplary triblock polymer molecule 300 that has a first polymer block 310, a second polymer block 320, and a third polymer block 330, different from either of the other two polymer blocks, all covalently bonded together. In one arrangement the first polymer block 310, the second polymer block 320, and the third copolymer block 330 are linear polymer blocks. In another arrangement, either some or all polymer blocks 310, 320, 330 have a comb (or branched) structure. In one arrangement, no polymer block is cross-linked. In another arrangement, one polymer block is cross-linked. In yet another arrangement, two polymer blocks are cross-linked. In yet another arrangement, all polymer blocks are cross-linked.

[0034] Multiple triblock polymer molecules 300 can arrange themselves to form a first domain 315 of a first phase made of the first polymer blocks 310a, a second domain 325 of a second phase made of the second polymer blocks 320, and a third domain 335 of a third phase made of the third polymer blocks 330 as shown in Figure 3B. Triblock polymer molecules 300 can arrange themselves to form multiple repeat domains, thereby forming a continuous nanostructured block copolymer material 340, as shown in Figure 3C. The sizes of the domains can be adjusted by adjusting the molecular weights of each of the polymer blocks. In various arrangements, the domains can be lamellar, cylindrical, spherical, gyroidal, or any of the other well-documented triblock copolymer morphologies depending on the nature of the polymer blocks and their ratios in the block copolymer.

[0035] In one arrangement the first polymer domains 315 are ionically conductive, and the second polymer domains 325 provide mechanical strength to the nanostructured block copolymer. The third polymer domains 335 provides an additional functionality that may improve mechanical strength, ionic conductivity, electrical conductivity, chemical or electrochemical stability, may make the material easier to process, or may provide some other desirable property to the block copolymer. In other arrangements, the individual domains can exchange roles.

[0036] Choosing appropriate polymers for the block copolymers described above is important in order to achieve desired electrolyte properties. In one embodiment, the conductive polymer: (1) exhibits ionic conductivity of at least 10 ^"5 Scm ^"1 at electrochemical cell operating temperatures, such as at 25°C or at 80°C, when combined with an appropriate salt(s), such as lithium salt(s); (2) is chemically stable against such salt(s); and (3) is thermally stable at electrochemical cell operating temperatures. In another embodiment, the conductive polymer exhibits ionic conductivity of at least 10 ^"3 Scm ^"1 at electrochemical cell operating temperatures, such as at 25°C or at 80°C, when combined with an appropriate salt(s). In one embodiment, the structural material has a modulus in excess of lxl 0 ⁵ Pa at electrochemical cell operating temperatures. In one embodiment, the structural material has a modulus in excess of lxl 0 ⁷ Pa at electrochemical cell operating temperatures. In one embodiment, the structural material has a modulus in excess of lxl 0 ⁹ Pa at electrochemical cell operating temperatures. In one embodiment, the third polymer (1) is rubbery; and (2) has a glass transition temperature lower than operating and processing temperatures. It is useful if all materials are mutually immiscible. In one embodiment the block copolymer exhibits ionic conductivity of at least 10 ^"4 Scm ^"1 and has a modulus in excess of 1 x 10 ⁷ Pa or lxlO ⁸ Pa at electrochemical cell operating temperatures. Examples of cell operating temperatures include 25°C and 80°C.

[0037] In one embodiment of the invention, the conductive phase can be made of a linear polymer. Conductive linear or branched polymers that can be used in the conductive phase include, but are not limited to, polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, poly alkyl carbonates, polynitriles, and combinations thereof. The conductive linear or branched polymers can also be used in combination with polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, poly olefins, and/or polydienes to form the conductive phase.

[0038] In another exemplary embodiment, the conductive phase is made of comb (or branched) polymers that have a backbone and pendant groups. Backbones that can be used in these polymers include, but are not limited to, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, polyethers, polydienes, polyolefins, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates (PMMA), and combinations thereof. Pendants that can be used include, but are not limited to, oligoethers, substituted oligoethers, nitrile groups, sulfones, thiols, polyethers (PE), polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, alkyl carbonates, polynitriles, other polar groups, single ion conducting groups, and combinations thereof.

[0039] Further details about polymers that can be used in the conductive phase can be found in International Patent Application Number PCT/US09/045356, filed May 27, 2009, U.S. Patent Number 8,691,928, issued April 8, 2014, International Patent Application Number PCT/US 10/21065, filed January 14, 2010, International Patent Application Number

PCT/US 10/21070, filed January 14, 2010, U.S. Patent Application Number 13/255,092, filed September 6, 2011, and U.S. Patent Number 8,598,273, issued December 3, 2013, all of which are included by reference herein.

[0040] There are no particular restrictions on the electrolyte salt that can be used in the block copolymer electrolytes. Any electrolyte salt that includes the ion identified as the most desirable charge carrier for the application can be used. It is especially useful to use electrolyte salts that have a large dissociation constant within the polymer electrolyte.

Although not always stated explicitly, it should be understood that all electrolyte materials disclosed herein also include an appropriate electrolyte salt(s).

[0041] Suitable examples include alkali metal salts, such as Li salts. Examples of useful Li salts include, but are not limited to, LiPF ₆ , LiN(CF ₃ S0 ₂ ) ₂ , Li(CF ₃ S0 ₂ ) ₃ C, LiN(S02CF ₂ CF ₃ ) ₂ , LiB(C ₂ C>4) ₂ , Bi ₂ F _x Hi ₂ -x, Bi ₂ Fi ₂ , and mixtures thereof. Non-lithium salts such as salts of aluminum, sodium, and magnesium are examples of other salts that can be used with their corresponding metals.

[0042] In one embodiment of the invention, single ion conductors can be used with electrolyte salts or instead of electrolyte salts. Examples of lithium single ion conductors include, but are not limited to bound anions based on sulfonamide salts, boron based salts, and sulfate salts.

[0043] In one embodiment of the invention, the structural phase can be made of polymers such as polystyrene, hydrogenated polystyrene , polymethacrylate, poly(methyl

methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide,

polypropylene, poly (2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) (PXE), polyolefins, poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), polyethylene, polyfluorocarbons such as polyvinylidene fluoride, or copolymers that contain styrene, methacrylates, and/or vinylpyridine. It is especially useful if the structural phase is rigid and is in a glassy or crystalline state.

[0044] In one embodiment of the invention, the structural phase or domain of an electrolyte material can be made up of a mixture of polymers. In some arrangements, at least a portion of the polymers are cross-linked or covalently bonded together. Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide), also known as poly(2,6-xylenyl oxide) or PXE, was developed in the 1950's and 1960's as an engineering thermoplastic with good mechanical properties (tensile modulus = 3.2-3.5 GPa), good chemical and electrical resistance, and a high glass transition temperature (T _g = 210°C at 2000 Da molecular weight), allowing for its use over a wide temperature range. However, PXE is expensive to manufacture compared to most commodity polymers (e.g., polyacrylates, polystyrene (PS)). It was discovered that PXE is fully miscible with PS, which is unusual, as many combinations of different polymers cannot mix at a molecular level and can form only crude physical blends. This discovery allowed mixtures of PXE and PS to be marketed under the brand name Noryl™ (GE Plastics), wherein the PXE fraction provided good thermomechanical properties while the inclusion of PS allowed the manufacturing cost to be kept low.

PXE

[0045] In one embodiment of the invention, an electrolyte material 400 includes two microscopically separated phases, an ionically-conductive phase 405 and a structural phase 415, which are self-assembled into domains, as shown in Figure 4. The ionically conductive phase 405 comprises poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) 420 (or other suitable polymer, as discussed above). The structural phase includes both polystyrene (PS) 460 as well as PXE 440. The PXE 440 may be thought of as an additive. Some or all of the PS polymers 460 are covalently bonded to PEO polymers 420. The PXE polymers 440 are miscible with the PS 460, and they both segregate to the structural phase 415 to separate from the PEO 420. Other combinations of structural polymers are possible, as long as they are miscible and can meet the modulus criteria discussed above. Thus there are PEO-PS block copolymers 465, and there are PXE polymers 440, which are not bonded to PEO 420, interspersed with the PS polymers (or copolymer blocks) 460 within the structural phase 415. This electrolyte material 400 may be referred to with the notation: PEO-PS(PXE). Although the schematic drawing in Figure 4 shows a case where there are only two domains 405, 415, it should be understood that there may be any number of repetitions of 405 and 415. In addition, although this discussion has described materials based on PEO-PS diblock copolymers, it should be understood that analogous materials can be formed from multiblock copolymers, such as PEO-PS-PEO triblocks becoming PEO-PS(PXE)-PEO or PS-PEO-PS triblocks becoming PS(PXE)-PEO-PS(PXE), within the embodiments of the invention.

[0046] In another embodiment of the invention, as shown in Figure 5, an electrolyte material 500 includes PEO 520, PS 560, and PXE 540. An ionically-conductive phase 505 is formed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) 520 (or other suitable polymer, as discussed above) and a structural phase 515 is formed from a mixture of polymers such as PXE 540 and polystyrene (PS) 560; at least some of the PEO 520 is covalently bonded to at least some of the PXE 540, and at least some of the PEO 520 is covalently bonded to at least some of the PS 560. Some or all of the PEO 520 may be covalently bonded. Suitable choice of polymer molecular weights and ratios results in the formation of nanostructured domains made up of ionically- conductive phases 505 and structural phases 515, which have been formed by self-assembly. The PXE 540 is miscible with the PS 560, and they both segregate to the structural phase 515. Other combinations of structural polymers are possible, as long as they are miscible and can meet the modulus criteria discussed above. Thus there are PEO-PXE block copolymers 545 and PEO-PS block copolymers 565 within the electrolyte material 500. There may also be PXE polymers 540, which are not bonded to PEO 520, and PS polymers 560, which are not bonded to PEO 520, interspersed within the structural domain or phase 515. Although the schematic drawing in Figure 5 shows a case where there are only two domains 505, 515, it should be understood that there may be any number of repetitions of 505 and 515. In addition, although this discussion has been about formation of diblock copolymers, it should be understood that analogous multiblock copolymers, such as triblocks, are also possible within the embodiments of the invention.

[0047] In another embodiment of the invention, an electrolyte material 600 includes PEO 620, PS 660, PXE 640, and another polymer 680. An ionically-conductive phase 605 and a structural phase 615 have been formed by self-assembly, as shown in Figure 6. The ionically conductive phase 605 includes at least two different kinds of ionically-conductive polymers that are miscible with one another. In an exemplary embodiment, one of the ionically- conductive polymers is poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) 620 and the other ionically-conductive polymer 680 is PMMA-g-PE (polymethacrylate grafted with poly ether), which is miscible with PEO. Other suitable ionically-conductive polymers can be chosen from the list shown above. The structural phase includes a mixture of polymers such as PXE 640 and polystyrene (PS) 660. The PXE polymers 640 are miscible with PS 660, and they both segregate to the structural phase 615 when combined with PEO 620 and PMMA-g-PE 680 to form the material 600. Other combinations of structural polymers are possible, as long as they are miscible and can meet the modulus criteria discussed above. In one arrangement, at least some PEO polymers 620 are covalently bonded to at least some PS polymers 660. In one arrangement, at least some PEO polymers 620 are covalently bonded to at least some PXE polymers 640. In one arrangement, at least some PMMA-g-PE 680 are covalently bonded to at least some PXE polymers 640. In one arrangement, at least some PMMA-g-PE 680 are covalently bonded to at least some PS polymers 660. Thus there may be PEO-PS block copolymers 665 and PMMA-g-PE -PXE block copolymers 647 within the material 600. There may also be (PMMA-g-PE)-PS block copolymers and PEO- PXE block copolymers (not shown) within the electrolyte material 600.

[0048] There may also be PXE polymers 640 (not shown), which are not bonded in a block copolymer, and PS polymers 660, which are not bonded in a block copolymer, interspersed within the structural phase 615. Although the schematic drawing in Figure 6 shows a case where there are only two domains 605, 615, it should be understood that there may be any number of repetitions of 605 and 615. In addition, although this discussion has been about formation of diblock copolymers, it should be understood that analogous multiblock copolymers, such as triblocks, are also possible within the embodiments of the invention.

[0049] Using a mixture of PXE and PS as an example, a PS(PXE) structural phase has a glass transition temperature (T _g ) that increases in a roughly linear fashion as the proportion of PXE relative to PS increases, that is, as more PXE is included. For example, using PXE with a T _g of 200°C, and PS with a T _g of 100°C, the T _g of a mixture of the two in the structural phase would increase from about 100°C at 0 wt% PXE in PS to about 150°C at 50 wt% PXE in PS and to about 200°C at 0 wt% PS in PXE. It may be useful to use PXE of sufficiently high molecular weights (> 2000 Da) to have high glass transition temperatures (> 200°C). The modulus of a PEO-PS(PXE) material may be comparable to that of the PS-PEO block copolymer and is likely to be even greater. Such a mixture of polymers in the structural phase of the inventive electrolyte material can make it possible to operate a battery cell at higher temperature and with increased reliability and durability when used with lithium metal anodes in lithium batteries as compared to batteries using PS-PEO alone.

[0050] In some embodiments of the invention, the ionically-conductive polymer has a molecular weight greater than 50,000 Daltons or greater than 100,000 Daltons. In some embodiments of the invention, the structural polymer has a molecular weight greater than 50,000 Daltons or greater than 100,000 Daltons. In some embodiments of the invention, diblock copolymers that make up the electrolyte have molecular weights greater than 150,000 Daltons or greater than 350,000 Daltons. In some embodiments of the invention, triblock copolymers that make up the electrolyte have a molecular weights greater than 250,000 Daltons or greater than 400,000 Daltons. The molecular weights given herein are weight- averaged molecular weights.

[0051] In another arrangement, crosslinking can be induced in the structural phase, such as in the PS(PXE) phase, to further increase the modulus.

[0052] The sizes or dimensions of the domains in the electrolyte materials described herein can be adjusted by changing the relative amounts of the ionically-conductive and structural phases. In various embodiments, the domains can have morphologies that are lamellar, cylindrical, spherical, or bicontinuous, such as gyroidal. In one arrangement, the ionically- conductive domain and the structural domain are arranged as alternating lamellar domains. In one arrangement, the ionically-conductive domain and the structural domain are arranged as bicontinous domains. In one arrangement, wherein the ionically-conductive domain and the structural domain alternate on a length scale of 5-500 nm, or any range subsumed therein. In one arrangement, structural lamellar domains have a width between 5 and 500 nm, or any range subsumed therein. In one arrangement, ionically-conductive lamellar domains have a width between 5 and 500 nm, or any range subsumed therein.

[0053] It can be useful to optimize the molecular weight of PXE polymers used in a PEO- (PS,PXE) block copolymer. Although high molecular weights (e.g. , 2000 Da or greater) yield high glass transition temperatures (greater than 200 °C), processing of such high molecular weight polymers can be difficult. Processing (especially solubility) generally becomes easier with lower molecular weight. In an exemplary embodiment, the molecular weight of the PXE is lower than the molecular weight of polystyrene. This may be important for miscibility of PXE and PS in the novel polymer materials disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the molecular weight of PXE in a PEO-PS(PXE) material is between 1000 and 10,000 Daltons In another embodiment, the molecular weight of PXE in a PEO-PS(PXE) material is between 1500 and 3000 Daltons.

[0054] In one arrangement, the PXE in PEO-PS(PXE) may be singly or doubly terminated with the phenolic groups as would normally be expected from its industrial synthesis. In another arrangement, the PXE phenolic ends can be derivatized to form groups which are less likely to react with anodic or cathodic battery materials; for instance, alkylation of the phenolic groups to form alkyl ethers would reduce the likelihood of reaction with a lithium metal anode. In another arrangement, the PXE phenolic ends can be derivatized to form groups with additional functionality; for instance, allylation to form allyl ethers may allow the PXE groups to be crosslinked through radical reactions.

[0055] In one arrangement, a PEO-PS(PXE) polymer mixture has between 0 wt% and 90 wt% PXE and between 10 wt% and 100 wt% PS in the structural phase, or any range subsumed therein. In another arrangement, there is less than 50 wt% PXE and more than 50 wt% PS in the structural phase.

[0056] In one arrangement, the total volume fraction of the structural phase (PXE together with PS) within a PEO-PS(PXE) polymer mixture is approximately 50%. The volume fraction of the conductive phase (PEO) is also approximately 50%. Such a composition may favor formation of lamellar domains. In some arrangements, the structural phase makes up between 40 and 60 volume percent of the PEO-PS(PXE) material, and the conductive phase makes up the rest.

[0057] The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte materials disclosed herein can be improved by including one or more additives in the ionically conductive phase. An additive can improve ionic conductivity by lowering the degree of crystallinity, lowering the melting temperature, lowering the glass transition temperature, increasing chain mobility, or any combination of these. A high dielectric additive can aid dissociation of the salt, increasing the number of Li+ ions available for ion transport, and reducing the bulky Li+[salt] complexes. Additives that weaken the interaction between Li+ and PEO chains/anions, thereby making it easier for Li+ ions to diffuse, may be included in the conductive phase. The additives that enhance ionic conductivity can be broadly classified in the following categories: low molecular weight conductive polymers, ceramic particles, room temp ionic liquids (RTILs), high dielectric organic plasticizers, and Lewis acids. In one arrangement, lithium-ion conducting ceramic particles are added to the ionically-conductive phase.

Examples of useful, lithium-ion conducting inorganic ceramics include sulfide, oxide and phosphate compounds. More specific examples include Li ₃ N, LISICON (lithium super ionic conductor - e.g. , Li _2+2x Zni _-x Ge0 ₄ ), LIPON (lithium phosphorous oxy -nitride), LLTO (lithium lanthanide tantalum oxide), LLZO (lithium lanthanide zirconium oxide), LATP (e.g. , Lii. ₅ Alo. ₅ Tii.5 (P0 ₄ ) ₃ ), thio-LISICON (e.g., Li _x Mi- _y M _y 'S ₄ (M=Si, Ge, and M'=P, Al, Zn, Ga, Sb)), L12S-P2S5, garnet-type Li ion conducting oxides, and the like.

[0058] Other additives can be used in the polymer electrolytes described herein. For example, additives that help with overcharge protection, provide stable SEI (solid electrolyte interface) layers, and/or improve electrochemical stability can be used. Such additives are well known to people with ordinary skill in the art. Additives that make the polymers easier to process, such as plasticizers, can also be used.

[0059] In one embodiment of the invention, neither small molecules nor plasticizers are added to the block copolymer electrolyte and the block copolymer electrolyte is a dry polymer.

[0060] Further details about block copolymer electrolytes are described in U.S. Patent Number 8,563,168, issued October 22, 2013, U.S. Patent Number 8,268,197, issued

September 18, 2012, and U.S. Patent Number 8,889,301, issued November 18, 2014, all of which are included by reference herein.

Example

[0061] The following example provides details relating to composition, fabrication and performance characteristics of electrolyte materials in accordance with the present invention. It should be understood the following is representative only, and that the invention is not limited by the detail set forth in this example.

[0062] A vial was charged with poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) (PXE, Aldrich 181781 ; see table), cyclohexanone (1.5 g) and xylenes (1.5 g), then stirred overnight at 45°C. To the resulting clear solutions was added PS-PEO-PS block copolymer (PEO 153 kDa, 58 wt%; 375 mg), and the solutions were again stirred overnight at 45°C. These clear solutions were then poured onto glass slides and heated on a 75°C hotplate to provide clear films. Samples of these films were analyzed by DSC to determine glass transition temperature (Tg) and DMA to observe the softening point (storage modulus < 10 MP a). These results are shown in Table I.

Table I

[0063] In another embodiment of the invention, a battery electrode has electrode active material particles, optional electronically-conductive particles, and an electrolyte material as described above. The electrode active material particles and the optional electronically- conductive particles are distributed randomly throughout the electrolyte material.

[0064] If the electrode is a cathode, the electrode active material particles may be made of a material such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP), L1C0O2, LiMn ₂ 04, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM).

[0065] If the electrode is an anode, the electrode active material particles may be made of a material such as graphite, lithium metal, Li-Al, Li-Si, Li-Sn, Li-Mg, Si, Si-Sn, Si-Ni, Si-Cu, Si-Fe, Si-Co, Si-Mn, Si-Zn, Si-In, Si-Ag, Si-Ti, Si-Ge, Si-Bi, Si-Sb, Si-Cr, metal oxides, silicon carbides, and mixtures thereof.

[0066] In another embodiment of the invention, a battery cell has a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material configured to absorb and release lithium ions, a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode active material configured to absorb and release lithium ions, and an electrolyte material as described above. The electrolyte material is positioned to provide ionic communication between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. [0067] This invention has been described herein in considerable detail to provide those skilled in the art with information relevant to apply the novel principles and to construct and use such specialized components as are required. However, it is to be understood that the invention can be carried out by different equipment, materials and devices, and that various modifications, both as to the equipment and operating procedures, can be accomplished without departing from the scope of the invention itself.