BLOWING AGENTS FOR FOAMING THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER COMPRISING POLYSTYRENE

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Field of the Disclosure

This invention relates to the use of HFO-1234yf and E-HFO-1336mzz as blowing agent for thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene.

Description of the Related Art

U.S. patent 8,648, 123 (assigned to Arkema, Inc.) discloses the necessity of the blowing agent being soluble in polystyrene in order to properly foam it. Table 1 in the patent disqualifies E-HFO-1336 (also known as E-HFO-1336mzz, E-1 , 1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene) as a blowing agent by reporting solubility of this compound in polystyrene not being detectible (col. 7, I. 18-23). Table 1 also discloses HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) as having moderate solubility, about one-half of that of the favored HFO-1243zf. Even this moderate solubility is not enough for successful foaming of polystyrene. Table 2 discloses

Examples 30 and 31 representing two failed attempts at successful foaming of polystyrene using HFO-1234yf as the blowing agent. Details of these failures are as follows: "the foamed product had very small cell size, macrovoids, blowholes, high open cell content, and frequent periods of popping at the die caused by undissolved blowing agent" (paragraph bridging cols. 10 and 1 1 ).

SUMMARY

The present invention involves the discovery of foaming conditions unavailable from U.S. Patent 8,648,123 that enable both HFO-1234yf and E-HFO-1336mzz to be useful in foaming thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene and polystyrene itself, with the foamed product being free of the indicia of insoluble blowing agent, i.e. free of defects macrovoids and blowholes and the rough surface skin accompanying these defects. One embodiment of the present invention is the process comprising extruding a molten composition comprising thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene and blowing agent comprising either HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) or E-HFO-1336mzz (E-1 , 1 , 1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro- 2-butene) under the conditions:

(a) said composition being formed by melt mixing at a temperature of at least 180°C,

(b) said melt mixing being carried out under a pressure of at least 2500 psi (172 Bar),

(c) said extruding being carried out at a temperature of at least 120°C, and

(d) said extruding being carried out with a pressure of at least 1250 psi (86 Bar) and obtaining as a result thereof a closed cell, smooth skin, low density foamed thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene.

These conditions are effective to produce this foamed product in the absence of any additional blowing agent in the practice of the present invention. The smooth skin indicates the absence of macrovoids and blowholes. Blowholes are macrovoids that have burst through the skin surface. The closed cells are uniform in size, indicating the absence of internal macrovoids. In the practice of the process of the present invention there is no popping during extrusion. The low density is preferably no greater than 65 kg/m ³ These results are obtained by using either the HFO-1234yf or the E-HFO-1336mzz as the sole blowing agent in the molten composition.

In one embodiment, the thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene is preferably high in molecular weight as indicated by their exhibiting a melt flow rate (sometimes called MFR or MFI) of no greater than 25 g/10 min as determined in accordance with the procedure of ASTM D 1238 at 200°C using a 5 kg weight on the molten polymer.

Another embodiment comprises a foam product comprising: a polymer matrix comprising a thermoplastic material selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polystyrene copolymers, blends of polystyrene with other thermoplastic polymers, defining a plurality of cells having an average cell size of from 0.02 to 5 mm, and a blowing agent comprising either HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) or E-HFO- 1336mzz (E-1 , 1 , 1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene), having a density of less than 65 kg/m ² , wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a melt flow rate of less than 25 g/ 10 min.

The combination of this preferred high molecular weight and the combination of conditions (a)-(d) enable the HFO-1234yf and E-HFO- 1336mzz by themselves facilitate the effectiveness of these blowing agents to produce the above-described foamed product even when the molten composition is free of any additional blowing agent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The thermoplastic polymer being foamed according to the present invention comprises polystyrene.

The polystyrene can be styrene homopolymer or can contain copolymerized monomer other than styrene, i.e. polystyrene copolymer. The thermoplastic polymer can also be a blend of polystyrene with other thermoplastic polymers. The other thermoplastic polymer can also be a copolymer of styrene with monomer other than styrene. A preferred monomer other than styrene is acrylonitrile.

In one embodiment, whether the thermoplastic polymer being foamed is polystyrene or blends of polystyrene with other thermoplastic polymer, styrene is the dominant polymerized monomer (unit) in the thermoplastic polymer being foamed. In another embodiment, the polymerized units of styrene constitute at least 70 mol % or at least 80 mol% or at least 90 mol% or at least 100 mol% of the polymerized monomer units making up the thermoplastic polymer being foamed. In another embodiment when the thermoplastic polymer contains styrene copolymer, the amount of other monomer copolymerized with the styrene, is such that the styrene content of the copolymer is at least 60 mol% of the copolymer. In yet another embodiment, the styrene content is at least 70 mol%. In yet another embodiment, the styrene content is at least 80 mol%. In yet another embodiment, the styrene content is at least 90 mol% of the copolymer, based on the total mols (100%) making up the copolymer. This applies whether the styrene copolymer is the only styrene-containing polymer in the thermoplastic polymer or is a blend with other thermoplastic polymer, such as styrene homopolymer or other styrene copolymer. In another embodiment, the thermoplastic polymer being foamed is entirely polystyrene, notably the styrene homopolymer. When the thermoplastic polymer being foamed is a blend of polystyrene and other thermoplastic polymer as described above, the polystyrene component of this blend is preferably styrene homopolymer constituting at least 80 wt% of the combined weight of polystyrene and other thermoplastic polymer.

The molecular weight of the thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene being foamed is sufficiently high to provide the strength necessary for the requirements of the foam application. The strength requirement determines the minimum density of the foamed product. The high molecular weight of the thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene also contributes to the strength of the foamed product. An indicator of molecular weight is the rate at which the molten polymer flows through a defined orifice under a defined load. The lower the flow, the higher the molecular weight. Measurement of the melt flow rate is determined in accordance with ASTM D 1238 at 200°C and using a 5 kg weight on the molten polymer. The weight of molten polymer flowing through the orifice in a defined amount of time, enables the melt flow rate to be reported in g/10 min. In one embodiment, the melt flow rate of the thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene is no greater than 20 g/10 min. In another embodiment, the melt flow rate is no greater than 15 g/10 min. In yet another embodiment, the melt flow rate is no greater than 10 g/10 min. Surprisingly the higher the molecular weight (lower the melt flow rate), the better the foaming result, especially with respect to the attainability of low density foamed products, while still achieving smooth skin on the foamed product. Preferably the minimum melt flow rate for all the melt flow rates disclose herein is at least 1 g/10 min., whereby the melt flow rate ranges disclosed herein are 1 to 25, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, and 1 to 10, all values being g/10 min. These molecular weights apply to the thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene in the molten composition whether the HFO- 1234yf or E-HFO-1336mzz are the sole blowing agents in the composition or whether co-blowing agent is also present.

The references to thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene also apply to polystyrene by itself. Thus, for example, the disclosure of thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene in the preceding paragraph can be replaced by the disclosure polystyrene.

The molten composition being foamed can contain additives other than the polymer being foamed and the HFO-1234yf or E-HFO-1336mzz blowing agent, such as co-blowing agent, nucleating agent, flame retardant, cell stabilizer agent, surfactant, preservative colorant,

antioxidant, reinforcing agent, filler, antistatic agent, IR attenuating agent, extrusion aid, plasticizer, viscosity modifier, and other known additives, all in the amount to obtain the effect desired. The present invention is not limited to any particular additive, except as may be specified in any claim appended hereto.

Another embodiment of the invention is a foam product, comprising: a polymer matrix comprising a thermoplastic material selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polystyrene copolymers, and blends of polystyrene with other thermoplastic polymers, defining a plurality of cells having an average cell size of from 0.02 to 5 mm, and a blowing agent comprising either HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) or E-HFO- 1336mzz (E-1 , 1 , 1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene), having a density of less than 65 kg/m ² , wherein the thermoplastic polymer has a melt flow rate of less than 25 g/ 10 min.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, co- blowing agent can be present in the molten composition in a minor amount relative to the amount of HFO-1234yf or E-HFO-1336mzz blowing agent present in the molten composition to contribute beneficially to the density and/or closed cell size of the foamed product. When co-blowing agent is present, the above-described conditions (a)-(d) are followed so that the extrusion process is still one in which above-described foamed product would be obtained, even when the density of the foamed product is no greater than 48 kg/m ³ , using either HFO-1234yf or E-HFO-1336mzz as the sole blowing agent. The same is true using the preferred molecular weight of the thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene. In other words, the conditions of operation (a)-(d) when co-blowing agent is present are such the foam product described above for the present invention would be obtained even if co-blowing agent was not present. The presence of co- blowing agent is unnecessary to obtain this foamed product. To

demonstrate this lack of necessity , the amount of HFO-1234yf or E-HFO- 1336mzz is increased to replace the amount of co-blowing agent, whereby the total amount of blowing agent obtaining the foamed product is 100 wt% HFO-1234yf or E-HFO-1336mzz.

This embodiment of the present invention can be described as a process comprising extruding a molten composition comprising

thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene and blowing agent comprising either HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) or E-HFO- 1336mzz (E-1 , 1 , 1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene) and co-blowing agent, under the conditions

(a) said composition being formed by melt mixing at a

temperature of at least 180°C,

(b) said melt mixing being carried out under a pressure of at least 2500 psi (172 Bar),

(c) said extruding being carried out at a temperature of at least 120°C, and

(d) said extruding being carried out with a pressure of at least

1250 psi (86 Bar), and obtaining as a result thereof a closed cell, smooth skin, low density foamed thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene, said co-blowing agent being unnecessary to said HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) or E-HFO-1336mzz (E-1 , 1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene) obtaining said closed cell, smooth skin, low density foamed thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene. To mention a few of these additives, the co-blowing agent, is preferably one having zero ODP and low GWP, e.g. no greater than 150. Examples of co-blowing agent if used, include HFO-1234ze (1 ,3,3,3- tetrafluoropropene), HFO-1233zd (1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene), HFO- 1243zf (3,3,3-trifluoropropene), HFC-152a (1 , 1 -difluoroethane), CO2, and DME (dimethyl ether).

If co-blowing agent were used, the HFO-1234yf or E-HFO-1336mzz would constitute the major proportion of the total amount of blowing agent. Thus, the 1234yf or E-1336mzz would constitute at least 60 wt% of the total blowing agent, preferably at least 70 wt%, with the co-blowing agent being present in the amounts of 40 wt% and 30 wt%, respectively. If the co-blowing agent were used, its minimum amount will be as little as 5 wt% or 10 wt%, whereby the HFO-1234yf and E-HFO-1336mzz will be present in the 95 wt% and 90 wt% amounts, respectively. Based on the combined weights of blowing agent totaling 100 wt%, the preferred blowing agent composition when co-blowing agent is present is 90 to 75 wt% HFO- 1234yf or E-HFO-1336mzz and 10 to 25 wt% of co-blowing agent.

Preferred examples of nucleating agent are talc and magnesium silicate.

A preferred example of flame retardant is tetrabromo-bis phenol A. The molten composition is in effect the foamable composition. The amount of blowing agent in the molten composition will depend on the amount of additives other than blowing agent and the density desired in the foamed product. Generally, the amount of blowing agent, whether HFO-1234yf or E-HFO-1336mzz as the sole blowing agent or either of these blowing agent plus co-blowing agent, will be 5 to 25 wt %, based on the weight of the molten composition. The process of the present invention is carried out using an extruder to form the molten composition and to extrude it to form the foamed product. The steps (a)-(d) are practiced in and using an extruder. The thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene forms the feed to the extruder. The blowing agent(s) is (are) preferably fed into the extruder at a location intermediate to the feed and extrusion ends of the extruder, typically into the molten composition that is created as the extrusion screw advances the feeds to the extruder along its length. The other additives to the molten composition are added where convenient and as may be dictated by the state of the additive. For example, solid additives can be conveniently be added to the feed end of the extruder, possibly as a mixture with the polymer feed in particulate form to the extruder. The molten composition within the extruder is extruded through a die, thereby allowing the foamable composition to expand into a foamed product. The foamed product, which can be in such forms as sheet, plank, rod, or tube, is then cooled.

The present invention resides in certain conditions, unique to extrusion forming of thermoplastic polymers that include polystyrene, under which the extruder is operated. In the region within the extruder where the composition is melted to form the molten composition, this melting occurring by the input of heat and the heat developed in the mixing process forming the melt, this is considered the melt mixing region. In one embodiment, the temperature in the melt mixing region is at least 185°C. In another embodiment, the temperature is at least 190°C. The preferred maximum temperature for all the melt mixing temperatures disclosed herein is 230°C. The melt mixing temperatures disclosed herein are the temperature of the melt in the mixing zone at the time of mixing. In one embodiment, the pressure under which the melt mixing is carried out is at least 3500 psi (241 Bar). In another embodiment, the pressure is at least 4000 psi (276 Bar). In yet another embodiment, the pressure is at least 4500 psi (310 Bar). In one embodiment, the maximum pressure under which the melt mixing is carried out is no greater than 5000 psi (345 Bar). The pressures disclosed herein are gauge pressures.

In the region within the extruder where the molten composition is extruded, the molten composition is cooled so that the temperature at which the extrusion is carried out is preferably at least 125°C, more preferably at least 130°C. The maximum temperature for all the minimum extrusion temperatures disclosed herein is preferably no greater than 140°C. The extrusion temperatures disclosed herein are the temperature of the melt at the time of extrusion. In one embodiment, the extrusion is preferably carried out with a pressure of at least 1500 psi (103 Bar). In another embodiment, the pressure is at least 1600 psi (1 10 Bar). In one embodiment, the maximum pressure for all the extrusion pressure disclosed herein is no greater 2000 psi (138 Bar). The extrusion pressure is the pressure inside the extrusion die.

The disclosures of multiple ranges for melt flow rate, temperature and pressure above can be used in any combination in the practice of the present invention to obtain the particular foamed structure desired. For example, melt mixing pressures of 4000 to 5000 psi (276 to 345 Bar) are preferred for achieving low foam densities of the foamed product, and this temperature range can be used with any of the melt mixing and extrusion temperature ranges to form any of the smooth-skin, closed cell foam product densities disclosed herein. The same is true for the melt extrusion pressure range of 1500 to 2000 psi (103 to 138 Bar) pressure range together with the 3500 to 5000 psi (241 to 345 bar) pressure range for melt mixing. Most preferably, the two preferred pressure ranges, for melt mixing (241 to 345 Bar) and extrusion (103 to 138 bar) are used together. The melt flow rates for the polymer being foamed of no greater than 25, 20, 15, and 10, and as little as at least 1 , all values being in g/10 min, can be used with any of these combinations of pressure and temperatures, depending on the foamed product result desired. The conditions (a)-(d) can be used in any combination with any of the polymer melt flow rates and compositions and blowing agent compositions disclosed above.

Preferably the thermoplastic polymer comprising polystyrene and polystyrene itself exhibits the following foamed product attributes:

The foam will have a preponderance of closed cells. In one embodidment at least 80% of the cells will be closed. In another embodiment, at least 90% of the cells will be closed. In yet another embodiment, at least 95%. In yet another embodiment, at least 98% of the cells will be closed.

In one embodiment, the density of the foam is no greater than 65 g/m ³ In another embodiment, the density of the foam is no greater than 50 g/m ³ . In yet another embodiment, the density of the foam is no greater than 40 kg/m ³ . A smooth skin on the foam indicates the absence of macrovoids and blowholes.

The minimum required strength (compressive) of the foamed product will dictate that the density be at least 16 kg/m ³ .

As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having" or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. The transitional phrase "consisting of" excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. If in the claim, such would close the claim to the inclusion of materials other than those recited except for impurities ordinarily associated therewith. When the phrase "consists of" appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole. The transitional phrase "consisting essentially of" is used to define a composition, method that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosed provided that these additional included materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention, especially the mode of action to achieve the desired result of any of the processes of the present invention. The term 'consisting essentially of occupies a middle ground between "comprising" and 'consisting of.

Where applicants have defined an invention or a portion thereof with an open-ended term such as "comprising," it should be readily understood that (unless otherwise stated) the description should be interpreted to also include such an invention using the terms "consisting essentially of" or "consisting of."

EXAMPLES

The following examples demonstrate the use of E-HFO-1336mzz and HFO-1234yf as blowing agents to produce polystyrene foam insulation exhibiting uniform closed cells, smooth skin, and low density. Macrovoids and blowholes are not present in the foam insulation. The polystyrene used in the Examples is styrene homopolymer available as Nova 1600 polystyrene having a melt flow rate of 6 g/10 min. A nucleating agent (nucleator), namely magnesium silicate, is present along with the polystyrene and blowing agent in the molten composition formed within the extruder.

Example 1 : E-HFO-1336mzz Blowing Agent

For this example, a 30 mm twin screw laboratory extruder was used with 8 individually controlled, electrically heated zones and water cooled barrels. Extrusion used a round die. Table 1 - Extruder Operating Parameters and Foam Density Achieved

Example 2: HFO-1234vf Blowing Agent

For this example, a 30 mm twin screw laboratory extruder was used with 8 individually controlled, electrically heated zones and water cooled barrels. Extrusion used a round die.

Table 2 - Extruder Operating Parameters and Foam Density Achieved

The foregoing results can also be obtained with a tandem extruder equipped with an extrusion slit die for production of insulation board foam, The tandem configuration employs a primary extruder and a secondary extruder, with secondary extruder having the slit die. The conditions (a)- (d) are observed in the operation of the secondary extruder.