| EP0596371A1 | 1994-05-11 | |||
| DE19620270A1 | 1997-11-27 |
| 1. | Building block with four vertical planes of symmetry formed by one or more basic modules M (aM*aM*bM) characterized by the following: in basic moduleM (aM*aM*bM) it has at least one pair of opposite walls (X, X') the shape of which is symmetrical according to each plane in which a diagonal of the wall and the centre of the building block (Y) lie, the shape of the pair of opposite walls of the building block is identical and designed so as to formjoggles (l, 1'). |
| 2. | The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claim 1 characterized by the following: the opposite pairs of walls of the building block have concave figure (1,1') in their centre with circular or 4+npolygonal floor projection, e. g. hemisphere, rectangular parallelepiped. |
| 3. | The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1 and 2 characterized by the following: it consists of one or more modules put next to each other, above each other or mutually firmly linked by space construction (2) in given distance from each other. |
| 4. | The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1,2 and 3 characterized by the following: it is made of ceramic materials, silicates, glass, concrete, plastic materials, mineral substances, metals or other substances of solid state. |
| 5. | The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1,2,3 and 4 characterized by the following: the shape of the walls is modified because of underground services, architectonic designs or other reasons. |
| 6. | The building block with four vertical pianes of symmetry as specified in claims 1,2,3,4 and 5 characterized by the following: it is made in a mould. AMENDED CLAIMS [received by the International Bureau on 10 January 2000 ; original claims 1 and 2 amended ; new claims 79 added; remaining claims unchanged (1 page)] PATENT CLAIMS: 1. Building block with four vertical planes of symmetry formed by one or more basic modules M (aM*aM*bM) characterized by the following: in basic moduleM (aM*aM*bM) it has at least one pair of opposite walls (: Y. X') the shape of which is symmetrical according to each plane in which a diagonal of the wall and the centre of the building block (Y) lie, the shape of the pair of opposite walls of the building block is identical and it is not flat (1,1'). |
| 7. | 2 The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claim 1 characterized by the following: the opposite pairs of walls of the building block have concave figure (1,1') in their centre with circular or 4+2npolygonal floor projection. |
| 8. | 3 The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1 and 2 characterized by the following: it consists of one or more modules put next to each other. above each other or mutually firmly linked by the space construction (2) in given distance from each other. |
| 9. | 4 The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1,2 and 3 characterized by the following: it is made of ceramic materials. silicates, glass, concrete, plastic materials, mineral substances, metals or other substances of solid state. |
| 10. | 5 The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1, 2,3 and 4 characterized by the following: the shape of the walls is modified in various ways because of underground services, architectonic designs or other reasons. |
| 11. | 6 The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1,2,3,4 and 5 characterized by the following: it is made in a mould. |
| 12. | The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1.2.3,4.5 and 6 characterized by the following: there is a concave surface in the upper region 'downwardl. |
| 13. | The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1,2.3.4,5. |
| 14. | 6 and 7 characterized by the following: it is not a hollow body and it is not a liquid receptacle. |
| 15. | The building block with four vertical planes of symmetry as specified in claims 1.2.. 3., 4, 5, 6,7 and 8 characterized by the following: the slope of concave or convex surfaces is n < = 1: 4. Statement under Article 19 (1) The rcason for the amendment of PC'I'./SK 99/00012 ! is the etfort to make the explanation clearer and to point out differences of principle between the building block with four vertical planes of symmetry and known solutions while emphasizing the fact that the building blocks with four vertical planes of symmetry differ from the building blocks from hollow bodies, liquid receptacles and other known solutions not only in the shape but mainly in the functions in mutual connection and transfer of static forces between the building blocks. In EP 0 596 371 A (DE PIERI) and DE 196 20 270 A (FALTIN) documents marked as relevant, the solutions of hollow bodies and liquid receptacles are based on the following: 1. Provision of special means in an upward region, constituted by studs or circular projections protruding upwardly 2. Formation of frogs in the downward region of the building block 3. Which staticallv weakens the limit load of the cross section. ground plan section A A In PCTiSK 99/00012 the solutions of the solid but also hollow bodies are based on the following: 1. Identical, concave or convex, shape of opposite wallse. g. upper and lower 2. Which does not staticallv weaken the limit load of the cross section from the static point of vies and increases contact surface between me building blocks, thus staticilly strengthening the contact of the building blocks. Known solutions of building blocks with studs protruding upwardly are suitable for nonloadbearing structuresplastic and other building blocks (e. g. polystyrene building blocks, LEGO) in which mainly elastic properties of the materials, from which these blocks are made, are used for their mutual connection. The main disadvantage of above building blocks is static weakening of the cross section and proporlional reduction of the limit load in the vertical direction, of the transfer of the load and internal forces. Further disadvantages include complex shape. intensitv of production and demands for careful storage and handling. When other, nonelastic, materials such as brick, concrete, stone are used above solution is disadvantageous due to static weakening of the cross section and thus the reduction of the limit load of the building block and due to difficulties in production and handling. For the reason stated above building blocks made of concrete, ceramic.... are not commonly used. The solution of the building blocks with four vertical planes of symmetry is based on the formation of such shape of the building blocks (analogically to crystal systems known from mineralogy) which would enable. without further means, their precise laying in masonry construction and ensure and improve the transfer of static quantities without weakening the cross section in accordance with the technical standards/STN, DIN,.../. Created on the basis of above considerations was the building block whose shape of surfaces, and not means istudsi formed on it. fulfils the main static functions. Such shape is any symmetrical, concave or convex shape of a pair of opposite walls. Any concave shapes symmetrical according to the vertical planes passing through the centre of the building block ieffect of gravitational forces/are advantageous, preferably with the slope of n < 4. The advantages of the building blocks with four planes of symmetry in comparison with the known solutions are the following: nonweakening of the cross section of the building block, increase in the contact surface between the building blocksdistribution of horizontal forces in vertical direction/positive effect of the own gravity on the transfer of horizontal forces/, simple production, storage, transport and assembly. It follows that the reference solutions EP 0 596 371 A (DE PIERI) and DE 196 20 270 A (FALTIN) do not correspond to the principles of the building block with four planes of symmetry. |
Prior art Masonry constructions used now are built from bricks and building blocks the shape of which is designed for their linear placing in masonry. Their shape is without changes-solid brick or designed in the way of groove and tongue, plough, dowel,.... Their shape does not enable to define their position in the masonry construction exactly. In the basic modular dimension-M (MxMxM) their shape is asymmetric or symmetric at most according to the vertical plane perpendicular to the plane of masonry construction and according to the plane parallel with the masonry construction, which pass through the centre of the building block (except for the solid brick).
Essence of the invention The essence of the invention are building blocks the shape of which enables their mutual laying into the masonry construction, in accordance with the modular co-ordination in civil engineering, in exactly defined position. The building blocks under the invention have in the basic module-M (aM*aM*bM) at least one pair of opposite walls the shape of which is symmetrical according to each plane which passes through each diagonal and the centre of the building block. The shape of the pair of opposite walls of the building block is identical and designed so as to form joggles. The building blocks can consist of one or more basic modules put next to each other, above each other or mutually firmly linked by a space structure in given distance from each other. The major advantage of the building blocks under the invention is exactly defined position of the building blocks in the masonry construction, which enables also the formation of sandwich masonry constructions with maximum effective use of thermal and noise insulation, with the minimalization of thermal and noise bridges; exactly defined positions of frames for panes and other construction and architectonic elements. The building blocks under the invention enable to make maximum use of load- bearing capacity of bearing structures, to make maximum use of the properties of insulating materials; they enable to speed up the erection of masonry construction substantially, to eliminate the consumption of mortar and reduce demands on surface finish.
Brief description of the drawings The invention is explained in more details by means of drawings of which: Figure 1 is a perspective view of the building block in the basic modular dimension M*M*M.
Figure 2 is a side view of the building block in the basic modular dimension M*M*M.
Figure 3 is a top view of the building block in the basic modular dimension M*M*M.
Figure 4 is a A-A sectional view of the building block in the basic modular dimension M*M*M.
Figure 5 is a top view of the building block with the dimension of M*M*3M of L-shape.
Figure 6 is a side view of the building block formed from two basic modules with the dimension of MxMxM mutually linked by a space structure.
Figure 7 is a top view of the building block formed from two basic modules with the dimension of M*M*M mutually linked by a space structure.
Figure 8 is a side view of the building block formed from two basic modules with the dimension of MxMx3M mutually linked by a joist.
Figure 9 is a side view of the building block formed from two basic modules with the dimension of MxMxNf mutually linked by a stair step.
Examples of application The building block formed by one M*M*M basic module has a pair of XX'opposite horizontal walls symmetrical in shape according to each plane in which a diagonal of X wall and Y, the centre of the building block lie. The pair of the walls has the shape of a sector of a horizontal plane on which there is 1 and 1'concave figure which does not intersect the edge of the wall.
It is possible to make building blocks in the shape of L L, U, T,... and others, e. g. columns, lintels, slabs, vaults from two or more basic modules. Such building blocks can be laid next to each other, above each other or they can be mutually linked by 2 space construction in given distance from each other and form construction elements such as stair steps, joists and others.
The building blocks and/or construction elements can be made of ceramic materials. concrete, plastic materials, mineral substances or other substances of solid state.
In order to achieve accuracy it is advantageous to produce the building blocks and construction elements in a mould.
An example of utilisation of the invention is the external masonry of a dwelling house with the thickness of 500 mm. The masonry is of sandwich construction from two walls with the thickness of 100 mm, formed from the concrete building blocks under the invention with the dimension of lOOxlOOx500 mm, I, L, U, T-shaped building blocks mutually linked and the insulating layer with the thickness of 300 mm. Thermal resistance/R-value/of such construction while using common heat-insulating materials can reach more than double values the best commonly used single or multi-layer masonry constructions. Current masonry constructions would reach such values of thermal resistance with the thickness of the masonry approaching 900 to 1000 mm.
Beside external walls of sandwich construction, bearing and separating walls it is possible to construct columns, lintels, window ledges, cornices, stairs, joists, shafts and other building constructions.
Industrial applicabilit Building blocks and/or construction elements can be used in the erection of external walls of sandwich construction, bearing and separating walls, columns, lintels, window ledges, cornices, stairs, joists, shafts and other building and other constructions.
Next Patent: DEVICE FOR CONNECTING A GIRDER OF A COMPOSITE FLOOR TO A BEAM