SOLAR THERMAL PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL WIND POWER TURBINE ON MAGNETIC LEVIT ATION BEARINGS WITH ZEOLITES THAT ADSORB WATER INSIDE A TUBE REGENERATING HEAT AND AIR CURRENT FOR NIGHTTIME AND DAYTIME OPERATION

Field of the Invention This invention is directed to coupling two or more concentrically aligned tubes by magnetic levitated bearing or coupling systems assembled from curved hexagonal building block structures that lock together into concentric tube structures. The present invention is generally directed to a tube building block apparatus with magnetic levitated coupling or bearing systems,.and more specifically to building blocks filled with phase change materials that absorb daytime solar thermal energy for a heat source to drive a low speed wind-tunnel turbine at nighttime from the temperature differences; the inner air, at a higher temperature than outside air, moves up the tube after recovering the stored heat from the phase change materials which then drive a turbine electric generator levitated by magnetic bearings. In part the advantages of levitated bearings provides major clearances between the tall tube rotating turbine generator when wind and solar thermal cycles from the sun distort the dimensions needed to sustain power generation functions. The present invention is generally directed to a tube building block apparatus with permanent magnetic levitated coupling or bearing systems providing aerospace assemblies a levitating means to hold together fuselage, wing, and propulsion components at an air gap distance without a physical connection and the related weight, fatigue, and vibration transfer in prior art. Background of the Invention

Currently, fuselage, propulsion, and wing components of aircraft are physically connected by engineered material structures. Other non-aerospace low speed

wind tunnel solar powered systems are not magnetically levitating the rotating generator turbines within the inner diameter of the tube.

Accordingly, there is a continuing need in the art for a type of fuselage building structure that can provide magnetic levitation between the fuselage and other major components: wings, propulsion, tail assembly, and landing gear. It would be far superior to use a building structure magnetic bearing levitation system that does not require a physical connection to assemble the required aerospace components, because no vibration or stress would pass from one major component to the other. This invention teaches concentric tube geometric shapes can be constructed from curved hexagonal building blocks or other composite tube technologies and assembled in concentric tubes without physical connections.

Currently, building tube structures from composite materials are monolithic tubes that must be custom manufactured for every job, requiring massive furnaces and manual cuts to achieve the geometry's desired in a tube length. It would be far superior to use a building structure that does not require customization in order to assemble the geometric shapes required to construct tubes or other structure with phase change materials or radiant heating tubing inherent in the building structure. Further, many materials are either not easy to cut, or are unhealthy to fashion on the job. It would be highly desirable to have a building structure that can tolerate high stress loads and does not require numerous amounts of customization.

Accordingly, there is a continuing need in the art for a type of building structure that can be used to produce most geometry desired in the construction of a tube or other structure.

A further objective of this invention is to apply triangles on hexagons combining the geometry of hexagon and triangles and cutting a groove in the triangle, which provides mounting secure fastener geometry. Equilateral triangles are molded onto hexagons in such a way that one third of the hexagon layers on top of the triangle offsetting with aligned dowel holes for optional fasteners. In a wall, triangles mount to each other inside the wall, and hexagons face the inside and outside of the wall.

In a tube wall, triangles mount to each other inside the curved tube wall, and hexagons face the inside and outside of the tube. In a tube wall, there are outside hexagons that match the radial lines projected out from the center of the tube and smaller inside hexagon that match the radial lines projected into the center of the tube which requires smaller inside dimensions when designing closer to the tube center. The length of the hexagon, or height, relative to the length of the tube assembly can remain the same as the design is projected towards the center of the tube.

In still a further embodiment of the present invention, three equilateral triangles are molded onto a single hexagon in an alternating male/female array three female and three male. The male-triangle has a groove around its three base edges with a depth approximately one half of the height of the male-triangle, providing clearance for future assembly. The extension past the edge of the hexagon portion is approximately equal to the groove depth providing geometries that can be assembled and locked into place. In this 3 -triangle hexagon monolith the extension (tongue) and groove on the male three male-triangles forces the hexagon into alignment preventing slipping along the plane.

Summary of the Invention

In brief, this invention is directed to a building block that does not need to be cut to assemble geometric shapes required to build tubes and other structure. For the purpose of this invention tessellation will mean any shape that can be tiled together along the edges. For the purpose of this invention curved conduit will mean straight and curved conduit that form when hexagons are assembled. Building structures can provide arrays of curved and straight tubing; curved and straight conduit pattern in a hexagonal building block with offset tab retainers for tubing retention during installation of radiant tubing, fire sprinkler systems, and/or wiring desired in the construction of a floor, wall ceiling, and wall. Offset retainer tabs will hold the tubing within the conduit, providing a convenient fast tubing installation by walking (stepping on the tubing) the tubing into the conduit in a zig-zag (sign wave) around offset tabs that retain the tubing. Hexagonal conduit patterns are male and female alternating in an array around the center point of the hexagon, providing a tile that can be a single layer retaining tubing or a second like

hexagon can be assembled in a point to center offset layer providing an interlocking surface retaining and protecting hexagon within the sandwich hexagon layers. The curved radius of the hexagon are such that; a wide range of tube diameters can be retained in the radius of the tab retainer. In still a further embodiment of the present invention, equilateral triangles are molded onto hexagons in such a way that one third of the hexagon layers on top of the triangle offsetting with aligned dowel holes for optional fasteners. Triangles on hexagons combine the geometry of hexagon and triangles tiles, which provides a groove in the triangle for mounting secure triangles and hexagons together by mounting the triangle to the triangles attached to the hexagon geometry. In a wall triangles mount to each other inside the wall and hexagons face the inside and outside of the wall.

In still a further embodiment of the present invention, three equilateral triangles are molded onto a single hexagon in an alternating male/female array three female and three male. Hexagon geometry is six equilateral triangles arrayed around a center point and this embodiment of three equally spaced male-triangles uses the maximum surface area of the six arrayed triangles that form a hexagon. The male-triangle has a groove around its three base edges with a depth approximately one half of the height of the male-triangle, providing clearance for future assembly. The extension past the edge of the hexagon portion is approximately equal to the groove depth providing geometries that can be assembled and locked into place. In this invention the groove is a radius, but could be square or any shape. The three male-triangles are larger than the female-triangles and extend past the edge of the hexagon it is mounted to providing an extension (tongue) and groove locking building block when assembled. Male-triangles insert into the female-triangles by geometry fit; facing the male-triangle faces toward each opposing male-triangle relative to the hexagon center-point, rotate one of the two hexagons 60-degrees where male-triangle are aligned with female-triangles, maintaining the parallel alignment of opposing hexagon side edges, move that same hexagon a distance greater than the sum of the hexagon center-to-point distance and groove-depth distance, move that same hexagon toward the opposing hexagon along the center axis perpendicular to the faces a distance equal to the grove depth, and move the male-triangle

of the same hexagon into the female-triangle of the opposing hexagon until point-to- center contact is made. Hexagon male/female triangles are arrayed around the center of the hexagon they are molded to and dowel holes (fastener means) are centered in the middle of the face of each equilateral triangle providing alignment of fasteners when assembled. Layering and tiling hexagon by offsetting hexagon point-to-center aligns dowel holes for a wide range of optional fasteners. Round holes, triangle holes (oriented points in alignment with hexagon larger triangle), or hexagonal dowel holes (orienting three equally spaced hexagon faces parallel to the three equilateral triangle edges it is centered in) align to the six large hexagon triangles when rotated for assembly. Three triangles on hexagons combine the geometry of hexagon and triangles tiles, which provides a groove in the three male-triangle for mounting triangles and hexagons together by inserting the male-triangle into the grooves of three triangle hexagon monolith geometry. In a wall, triangles mount to each other hidden inside the wall, and hexagons are visible on the face of the wall. When three hexagons are assembled to one opposing hexagon three of the single hexagon points aligned to the mating edges of the three opposing hexagons exposing a point air gap. It is desirable to overlap material to cover that air gap. The points can be cut into (e.g. slots, dowel hole, radial cut for disk insertion into three joining hexagon) for insertion of compressible material that extends past the point providing a seal, simple adhesive backed foam seals or in a composite compressible material can be molded in the point as part of the chemical/pressure/thermal process. Hexagon point air gap can be closed by offsetting the geometry of the points slightly into a tongue and groove male/female structure. These point grooves in the hexagon triangle monolith points only have three possible assembly points. Male points are 120-degrees apart, providing three alternating female points with any offset shape. Conduit can be integrated in parallel to the triangle-groove pattern, which forms during assembly. Triangle extensions (tongue) can be molded with a cavity to form conduit; a smaller groove in the surface will form a continuous conduit in an assembly. Triangle extensions (tongue) can be molded or machined with a hole smaller than the extension radius and centered along the radial axis of the extension providing a conduit tube continuously through an assembly. A rod or tube could be inserted into this conduit hole providing a

fastener, in addition to, or as a replacement to, the fastener in the center of each equilateral triangle. The grove surface could be cut into to form conduit. Hexagons will be split along opposing points and opposing flats and hinged along the cut to provide wall corners, floor to wall, and wall to ceiling connections. Extra material could be added to the symmetrical dividing cut to form hinge structure of exterior hexagons in a two or more layered wall. The male-triangle female triangle hexagon monolith could be molded into a one piece rounded corner or other angles. In a further embodiment, the three male- triangles can be molded on both opposing faces of the hexagon monolith providing any wall thickness by the number of layers tiled. 360-degrees of rotational alignment, relative to the central point axis, of these double sided hexagon/triangle faces can be any angle of rotation providing a number of relative angles. hi still a further embodiment of the invention, closed cell spheres are cast into foam from aluminum, ceramic, glass, polymers, polyimides, and other materials as spheres or closed cell materials become available. Further these closed cell foam spheres can have the gases or air replaced with fluids like perilites that are phase change materials or gases like helium. Some spheres are coatings providing spheres within spheres.

Utilizing the present invention, a structurally sound aircraft can be assembled in harsh climatic regions. The building can be assembled on snow, ice fields, desert sand, and flood plains. When panels contain foam materials the building will float on water and will rise from the ground during flooding of the grounds around the building. This building could be used as a houseboat.

Utilizing the present invention, a structurally sound aircraft can be assembled in harsh climatic regions. The building can be assembled on snow, ice fields, desert sand, and flood plains. When panels contain foam materials the building will float on water and will rise from the ground during flooding of the grounds around the building. This building could be used as a houseboat.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by

reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIGURE 1 illustrates a cross sectional view of a solar powered wind turbine; FIGURE 2 illustrates the back side of the cross sectional view of FIGURE

1;

FIGURE 3 illustrates a perspective view of a cross sectional view of a solar powered wind turbine in FIGURE 1 ;

FIGURE 4 illustrates a perspective cross sectional view of a solar powered wind turbine in FIGURE 1 without wind inlet and outlet structures;

FIGURE 5 illustrates a perspective cross sectional view of a solar powered wind turbine inlet and outlet structures in FIGURE 1 without tube;

FIGURE 6 illustrates a cross sectional close-up view the wind turbine bearing housing and a side view of the wind turbine; FIGURE 7 illustrates an elevated perspective view of the inlet ports and air manifold;

FIGURE 8 illustrates an elevated perspective view of the inlet ports and without the air inlet manifold;

FIGURE 9 illustrates an elevated cross-sectional view of the turbine tube with vessels of phase change materials inserted in tube walls;

FIGURE 10 illustrates a close-up elevated view of one phase change materials vessel in solar wind tube wall;

FIGURE 11 illustrates a close-up elevated view of a turbine with levitating bearings; FIGURE 12 illustrates a rotate close-up elevated view of a turbine with levitating bearings being loaded from a cartridge of bearings;

FIGURE 13 illustrates a close-up elevated end view of a levitating bearing set;

FIGURE 14 illustrates a close-up cross-sectional side view of a turbine levitating bearing ring set;

FIGURE 15 illustrates a close-up elevated view of the minimum sub set of levitating bearing components with air gap between the pair for a weak field magnetic track;

FIGURE 16 illustrates a close-up elevated view of a bearing ring segment of FIGURE 15 with one ring track pair offset;

FIGURE 17 illustrates a close-up elevated view of FIGURE 16 levitating bearing magnets with one ring track magnet pair offset;

FIGURE 18 illustrates a side view of wind power tube assembled from curved hexagons; FIGURE 19 illustrates tube arrays for alternative hexagon structure that can easily be curved around the centerlines of the tubes providing an infinite curve with end tube segments aligned for mating to assemblies of hexagons;

FIGURE 20 illustrates the mating edges of the hexagons when two hexagons are assembled and tube edge segments inserted to male/female edge tube; FIGURE 21 is a plot of phase change materials that closely follow the behavior of water;

FIGURE 22 illustrates a rotate close-up elevated view of FIGURE 23 aircraft fuselage tail segment with levitating bearings being loaded from a cartridge of bearings; FIGURE 23 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an aircraft fuselage, wing mounted concentrically to the fuselage tube with magnetic levitated couplings of a stationary type;

FIGURE 24 illustrates an elevated view of an aircraft fuselage in FIGURE 23, wing mounted concentrically to the fuselage tube with magnetic levitated couplings of a stationary type;

FIGURE 25 illustrates an elevated view of an aircraft fuselage in FIGURE 23, wing mounted concentrically to the fuselage tube with magnetic levitated couplings of a stationary type;

FIGURE 26 illustrates a rotated close-up edge view of FIGURE 11 assembled from two layers of hexagons tapered into the center relative to the tube axis providing a tube assembly from an inside hexagon smaller and tapered toward the center of tube relative to the outside larger hexagon scaled larger relative to the one circumferential dimension;

FIGURE 27 illustrates a third layer assembled to FIGURE 26 view of a tube assembly;

FIGURE 28 illustrates a view of a hexagonal taper geometry before bullion cut is made by a curved surface to make curved tapered hexagon blocks in FIGURE 29;

FIGURE 29 illustrates the taper of the hexagons relative to the circumferential dimension the axial dimension related to a 1 -meter hexagon (measured flat to flat edge) remains the same;

FIGURE 30 illustrates tubes for bullion cutting fastener holes in the hexagon of FIGURE 27;

FIGURE 31 illustrates an inside top view of one-half hexagon 3 -triangle monolith in FIGURE 27 cut along the points into hexagon derivative half with hexagon edge tube segments aligned at an angle by offset rods which form a curve when half a meter hexagons are hinged and arrayed around the central radial point 22-times;

FIGURE 34 illustrates an elevated cross-sectional view of the turbine tube with two micro electric jets configured for inverse rotation of air to separate water from the air.

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Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiment

FIGURE 1 illustrates a cross sectional view of a solar powered wind turbine generator and components illustrated in FIGURES 1 TO 14. Solar tube 1 is a low speed wind tunnel providing inlet ports 7, rotating turbine 2 comprised of blades 3, bearing ring 4b housing 14, and two magnetic levitated bearing sets in rings 4a and 4b, which are aligned and levitated by concentric magnet rings 4a mounted to tube 1 and in alignment with turbine housing 14. Phase change materials 13 are filled in tube 1 wall structures (vessels in FIGS 13 and 14) to absorb thermal solar heat energy during daylight hours for heat recovery during nighttime hours. This invention is directed to coupling two or more concentrically aligned tubes 1, inlet tube 9, and outlet elbow 8 inner diameter at locations 4, and by magnetic levitated bearing or coupling systems 4 assembled from curved hexagonal building block structures in FIGS 26 - 30 that lock together into concentric tube structures tube 1 and hexagon tube in FIG 18. The present invention is generally directed to a tube building block apparatus with magnetic levitated coupling or bearing systems ring 4a and opposing magnet ring 4b that mount to bearing location 4, and more specifically to building blocks filled with hybrid phase change materials 13 that absorb daytime solar thermal energy for a thermal heat energy source to drive a low speed air current through wind-tunnel tube 1, turbine 2 at nighttime from the temperature differences; the inner air moving up tube 1, at a higher temperature than outside air, moves up the tube 1 after air absorbs stored wall heat recovered from the phase change materials 13 which then drive a turbine electric generator 14 levitated by magnetic bearings 4a and 4b. This flow of air is designed into the system for 24-hour operation of the wind turbine 2, where the sun provides a wide temperature difference between daylight and nighttime temperatures. The electric generator components will be assembled to turbine 2 and fixed to tube 1 so that relative motion generates electricity. It is preferred, but not limiting that the generator rotor turbine 2 will center itself around the stationary generator elements mounted onto tube 1 wall which will substantially phase the turbine 2 up out of the magnetic levitating bearing rings 4 flux field making the speed of the turbine 2 independent of bearing speed capacities. This is important for high-speed wind.

FIGURE 1 air outlet 16 of swivel elbow 8 and airfoil 5 fixed to elbow 8 rotate together freely 360° when the wind pressure forces the opposing surfaces of airfoil 5 parallel to the wind forces. Outlet 16 vacuums air out of tube 1. In desert regions of the world, wide temperature differences are common, which drive winds in evening hours close to the ground and early morning sunrise hours. Bearing sets 4 are mounted on the outside end of tube 1 and inside corresponding inner diameter of elbow 16 magnetically levitating the elbow in location 4, which provides a low resistance to minimal air movement. This invention teaches a brand new solar wind turbine system where the air currents are being vacuumed out of outlet port 16 while simultaneous currents are funneled into inlet ports 7 where air currents are strongest close to the ground, significantly increasing the power from any given wind velocity. FIG 4 is a view of the most basic elements, tube 1, turbine power generator 2, and levitating magnetic bearing elements needed to produce power. FIG 5 is a view of air inlet manifold assembly 17 and air outlet vacuum assembly 16, which are optional attachments that rotate freely 360° to increase the efficiency by increasing air volume through inlet manifold 17 and vacuuming air out of elbow 16.

FIGURES 1 and 2 illustrate heat source 10 at the bottom of tube 1, which can be any heat source 10: burn-off from oil and natural gas, a microturbine generator exhaust waste heat, waste heat from fuel cells, a turbine generator waste heat, bio-mass burning, waste material burning, geothermal, building venting, general waste heat from an industrial facility, solar thermal power, and nuclear plant waste heat. Optional electric power conversion facilities can be installed in 10 within the tube 1 for security of a chemical plant that produces powder from air and decomposed water (Oregon Energy Systems, LLC of Oregon State, USA). Water sources need to be available for the OES system to decompose and convert into powder. Water production in the tube 1 can occur, because of natural condensation and thermal differences between the below ground portion of the tube 1 and the aboveground portion. Water production volumes can dramatically increase with zeolites and other adsorbents coated on the surfaces of the tube walls 1. OSE powder is produced from electricity and the bottling facility can be in facility 10. The water adsorbing families of zeolite adsorbates produced by UOP desorb

water from walls heating up during daylight hours for water production and then heat the walls up during cool nighttime hours from heat of adsorption adding to air currents.

In FIGURE 11 - 13 bearing rings 4b are mounted around air inlet ports 7 on the outside bottom end of tube 1 and bearing ring 4a is mounted inside corresponding inner diameter of tube 9 at locations 4 magnetically levitating the concentric tube 9 at an air gap distance 82 from the outer diameter of tube 1. Minimal air movement forces on airfoil 6, which is rigidly fixed to rotating tube 9 and air inlet manifold 11, rotates the assembly around tube 1 freely 360°, because there is no contact relative to any moving components. Inlet manifold 11 on swivel 9 is rigidly fixed to airfoil 6 and rotate together freely 360° when the wind pressure forces the opposing surfaces of airfoil 6 parallel to the wind holding the manifold open into the wind path. This invention teaches that outlet 16 vacuums air out of the wind tube 1 when the wind is blowing past the solar wind power system. In addition, air inlet ports 7 have rotation manifold assembly 17 comprised of 6, 9, and 11 manifold components. In desert regions of the world, wide temperature differences are common, which drive winds in evening hours and early morning sunrise hours.

FIGURE 4, 5, and 7 illustrates the simplest structure tube 1, turbine 2, blades 3, bearing housing 14 with magnetic levitated bearing rings 4a, 4b, and inlet ports 7 are required to operate the solar energy system. FIGURE 2 illustrates the backside of the cross sectional view of FIGURE

1. FIGURE 3 illustrates a perspective view of a cross sectional view of a solar powered wind turbine in FIGURE 1. FIGURE 4 illustrates a perspective cross sectional view of a solar powered wind turbine in FIGURE 1 without wind inlet 17 and outlet 16 structures. FIGURE 5 illustrates a perspective cross sectional view of a solar powered wind turbine in FIGURE 1 without wind inlet 17 and outlet 16 structures. FIGURE 6 illustrates a cross sectional close-up view the wind turbine bearing housing 14, bearing ring sets 4a, 4b, and a side view of the wind turbine 2 with blades 3. FIGURE 7 illustrates an elevated perspective view of the inlet ports 7 within air manifold 11. FIGURE 8 illustrates an elevated perspective view of the inlet ports 7 and without the air inlet manifold assembly 17.

FIGURE 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of system in FIGS 1-3, 7 with a partial view box marked 13a of phase change material 13 within vessels 15 inserted in tube 1 and vacuum outlet port 16. FIGURE 10 illustrates close-up view of marked box 13a in FIGURE 9, phase change materials filled in vessel 15 inserted in tube 1 wall. In addition, the present detailed description is generally directed toward systems, apparatus and methods for levitating two or more concentric tubes from each other. Several embodiments of the present invention may allow an individual to levitate an object inserted into or outside of a tube, all without contact between the concentric tubes. Accordingly, such embodiments can provide highly efficient bearing or coupling means for wind power turbines, and disconnected coupling means for holding together aircraft wings, propulsion, and loads. This invention teaches a weaker magnetic field flux-groove can provide a field boundary to rotate and travel within eliminating the need for the additions in prior art of more than one track, side rollers, central guide tracks, and pressurized air-blowing manifolds to keep a levitated object levitating over the track. All prior art failed to provide weak fields within strong fields to form a standalone magnetic levitating track that an object could travel in without additional physical guides. Prior art added larger magnets in one track relative to the magnets in a levitated object, but this increased the flux fields intensity and height of levitation without addressing the need for a weak flux-groove boundary for a levitated magnet to travel within. This invention teaches that the permanent magnets could be configured in any length, width, height, and power density and be within the scope and novelty of providing a weak permanent magnetic flux-groove "travel boundary" for levitating other permanent magnets objects within. Magnetic levitating weak flux-grooves formed from air gap 88 between 4y and 4z can provide levitated bearing track boundaries and in addition by spacing all permanent magnets along the levitating rings 4a and 4b a new type of levitated gear coupling for levitating concentric tubes relative to one another resisting rotation from the weaker flux- grooves formed from spaces circumferentially too.

FIGS 12 - 17 illustrates a bearing coupling system 4a, 4b for levitating objects. The magnetic levitating system 4 incorporates a bearing ring 4a and 4b configured to move in either direction relative to the magnetic ring 4a and 4b, which are

anchored to the outside and inside diameter of tube composites in two concentric tubes. In all FIGS 1 - 14 bearing ring 4a is provided as a single set of permanent magnet bearings oriented into the center of two ring sets 4 or the object being rotated (example turbine 2) at a 45 degree angle. This levitation bearing set works, but needs two rings 4 and is not as high speed as providing FIGS 16 and 17 bearing sets.

The surface of each of the bearing rings 4a and 4b are filled with permanent magnets 4x, 4y, and 4z extending around the curved bearing rings 4a or 4b circumference. In the illustrated embodiment, the permanent magnets 4x, 4y, and 4z in the bearing rings 4a and 4b are all of a common length 85 and are backed by ferrous material such as steel plates 60 and wider plate 61 (materials of like qualities can be substituted for steel). The rings of 4a or 4b permanent magnets 4x (ring 4a), pair 4y, 4z (both in ring 4b) are as close to each other as possible 84 along the circumference of the ring to provide a magnetic force that is sufficiently constant to enable ring 4b to move freely 360° around the ring 4a. In a magnetic levitation bearing configuration pair 4y, 4z (both in ring 4b) are as close to each other as possible along the circumference of the ring, but 4y is offset by one half of a magnet length 81 relative to the circumference along ring 4b providing smooth magnetic fields where magnetic fields in 4x cannot align with this offset relative to 4y and 4z when rings 4a or 4b are rotated relative to one another, m the preferred arrangement magnet sets 4y have an air gap 88 relative to magnets 4z. This air gap 88 provides a weaker magnetic field flux-groove between magnet 4y and 4z that ring 4a magnets 4x can travel within and still remain levitated. The permanent magnets 4x, 4y, and 4z are oriented such that every magnet around the respective bearing ring 4a and 4b has its polarity aligned with the adjacent permanent magnets. The permanent magnets 4x are oriented such that every magnet around the respective bearing ring 4a is generally oriented radially away from the center of the ring and then at a second angle of approximately 45° toward ring 4b, which has its magnets 4y, and 4z polarity aligned with the adjacent permanent magnets all oriented towards 4a magnets. The permanent magnets 4y, and 4z are oriented such that every magnet around the respective bearing ring 4b is oriented toward ring 4a which has its polarity aligned with the adjacent permanent magnets. This invention teaches that a shaped magnetic field high-density and weaker

low-density flux fields will provide a magnetic levitating flux-groove to keep the motion of magnets levitating within a levitating magnetic flux field boundary.

One of ordinary skill in the art, after reviewing this disclosure, will immediately appreciate that the offset magnets 4y and 4z in bearing ring 4b prevents two adjacent seams in permanent magnets 4x of bearing ring 4a from simultaneously aligning with two adjacent pair of seams in the permanent magnets 4y and 4z, thus avoiding magnetic field resistance. This offset configuration is desirable in bearings where rotation is desired. Alternately, a preferred levitating stationary concentric tube coupling is in FIG 15 magnets 4y and 4z assembled in alignment with each other and are the same length as 4x in ring 4a providing flux field interference to a level sufficient enough to hold to object levitated, but not freely rotating for holding aircraft fuselage components together and oriented for aerodynamics. In FIGS 11 - 13 the permanent magnets 4x on the ring 4a are oriented with their polarities opposite to those of the permanent magnets 4y of the rings 4b. As a result, the ring 4a levitates at an air gap distance of 82. FIGURE 18 illustrates a side view of hexagonal solar tube 50 assembled from outer hexagon 20 and inner smaller hexagon 21. (not shown). FIGURE 28 illustrates an inside top view of one-half hexagon 3-triangle monolith in FIGURE 18 cut along the points into hexagon derivative half with hexagon edge tube segments aligned at an angle by offset rods which form a curve when half a meter hexagons are hinged and arrayed around the central radial point 22-times. FIGURE 29 illustrates a rotated close-up edge view of FIGURE 18. FIGURE 29 illustrates an outside view of a tube 50 in FIGURE 18 assembled from two layers of hexagons outer 20 and inner tube hexagon 21 tapered (taper cuts 31 and 30) into the center relative to the tube axis providing a tube assembly from an inside hexagon smaller and tapered toward the center of tube 50 relative to the outside larger hexagon scaled larger relative to the one circumferential dimension 37. FIGURE 31 illustrates a third layer assembled to FIGURE 30 view of a tube assembly 50. FIGURE 27 illustrates a view of a hexagonal taper geometry taper cuts 31 and 30 before bullion cut 17 is made by a curved surface 37 to make curved tapered hexagon blocks 20 and 21 in FIGURE 18. FIGURE 29 illustrates the taper cuts 31 and 30 of the tube hexagons relative to the circumferential dimension 37 the axial dimension

related to a 1 -meter hexagon (measured flat to flat edge) remains the same from the smallest tube to the largest. FIGURE 30 illustrates tubes for bullion cutting fastener holes in the hexagon of FIGURE 27.

FIGURE 32 illustrates tube arrays for alternative hexagon structure that can easily be curved around the centerlines of the tubes providing an infinite curve with end tube segments aligned for mating to assemblies of hexagons. FIGURE 33 illustrates the mating edges of the hexagons when two hexagons are assembled and tube edge segments inserted to male/female edge tube. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) water-based gels are the control- materials of temperature control in this solar powered low speed wind tunnel. Phase- change materials make it possible to absorb solar thermal energy and hold a wider range of temperatures in a structure while the environmental temperatures are cycling to low nighttime and high daytime temperatures. This invention teaches a novel integration of Phase Change Materials into solar powered wind turbines tube walls designed to operate 24-hours a day everyday by air movement driving a turbine in the path of the air movement.

Phase-change materials offer phase change, at any temperature. PCMs are staged below their phase point to take advantage of energy-absorbing characteristics; changing from a solid to a liquid. Conversely, PCMs give off heat when converting from a liquid to a solid. The drawback of water-based gel as a refrigerant is the need to isolate it from product that requires a temperature range that can't tolerate freezing. Expanded polystyrene, urethane, bubble pack, or some other insulation between the gel packs and the thermal load. High- and low-temperature PCMs can incorporate paraffin. Paraffin phases — liquefies — at a much higher temperature than water, and it solidifies at room temperature, a characteristic that raises the phase point of a gel pack. Paraffins are composed of long carbon molecules that can be manipulated to alter their molecular weight. In doing so, one can create a paraffin solution to change phases at just about any temperature desired. Hybrid can control both cost and temperature. Water-based gels for the bulk of the work of absorbing heat inside an insulated container, at about a 2:1 ratio

of water-based gel packs to PCM packs. The PCM acts to buffer the extreme cold of the frozen water-based packs, but it also has a second benefit in that it partially phases when it's protecting against that very cold temperature. You get a kind of bonus at the end of the cycle, when you still need BTU absorption (to keep it in that 2° to 8 ⁰ C range). The PCM 4C has, in a sense, become another gel pack, helping you get more hours of heat out of the materials.

Paraffin-based PCMs are an order of magnitude higher in price than a standard refrigerant gel. PCMs maintain narrow temperature ranges from thermal control panels (TCPs) to provide an envelope around the load area and maximize the effectiveness of the PCMs. This provides a range to 72 hours using standard insulated panels, and they can be used for multiple temperature ranges. This invention teaches multiple phase-change refrigerants custom formulate for different climates. Water-based paraffin-based, nontoxic PCMs that can be blended to achieve the proper temperature. These are the best choices for use in closed cycles where the temperature range has a great temperature difference. PCMs that offer multiple individual phase changes over a range of temperatures keeps products at a constant and desirable temperature for days at a time.

PCMs that incorporate hydrated salts provide important flexibility for thermal engineering. PCMs require a formal quality assurance program to ensure that the containers are leakproof and reusable and that the phase change performance is repeatable. We are able to target very precisely most of the temperature ranges from -20° to 100 ⁰ C (-4° to 212°F) (253.15°K to373°K) and work with various chemical formulations, including eutectics and hydrocarbons which holds temperature around 28 ⁰ C. Our design approach allowed us to reduce the size and weight and simplify the conditioning of the packs and package qualification.

Now they actually get up into the low-80-hour window using the air- insulated box and this new PCM," he adds. Laminar Medica (Tring, Hertfordshire, UK) offers inorganic hydrated salt-based PCMs. The company is currently in the process of launching a completely new range of PCM solutions, based on these salts. The virtues of these new PCMs, says Laminar's Katrina Bray, include storage and release of latent heat

energy at nearly constant temperatures, making them similar to water. "Inorganic PCMs also store much denser values of latent heat energy in comparison with the organic variety, and therefore packaging performance with O ⁰ C systems is achievable hydrated- salt PCMs can control temperatures ranging from -40° to 12O ⁰ C. Laminar expects the new PCMs to impact package design for temperate product shipping. Given the changes in ambient temperatures when transporting platelets, for example, at 20°-24°C, a package may have to cope with significant periods of positive and negative temperature stress. "If a single-phase material were used," Bray comments, "the package design would need to incorporate a combination of solid- and liquid-phase PCMs. The former prevents the payload from getting too warm and the latter from getting too cold. Sure, the necessary stability is achieved, but assembling the shipper becomes more complex and payload space is much reduced. With one of Laminar' s new-generation PCMs, however, multiple individual phase changes are offered over a range of temperatures using one preparation."One drawback of hydrated-salt solutions is their potential corrosiveness. "I've personally seen corrosive damage in testing a room-temperature PCM in our lab," says Tom Pringle, acting technical director for ThermoSafe Brands. "The material leaked from the bags, and where it leaked, it actually removed the coating on the metal floor of our test chamber. "Cold Chain's Gordon reports a similar experience. "As a company, we have avoided hydrated salts, because they are such a mess. One customer gave us their hydrated salt and wanted us to test the package. The hydrated-salt solution leaked and dripped on the aluminum floor in our thermal chamber and corroded the surface. I just don't want to introduce anything corrosive in my plant," Gordon stresses.

Figure 1. Comparison of the phase-change time of low-temperature gels (- 20 ⁰ C and -50 ⁰ C) with dry ice and water-based 0 ⁰ C PCMs (phase-change materials). The test method involved using 1-lb PCMs frozen 1O ⁰ C lower than their rated temperature and 1 Ib of dry ice, all held at 30 ⁰ C ambient temperature with no insulation. (10 Ib of dry ice has a 24-hour sublimation rate.) The chart values should be viewed respective to the phase temperature of each of the PCMs (i.e., O ⁰ C PCMs would not be used for a -2O ⁰ C application). Insulations will extend phase time at variable rates based on their K value.

Hydrated-salt-based PCMs are often available only in rigid bottles, for good reason. In solid form, these are salt crystals with very sharp edges that will rip right through a plastic pouch. With proper packaging in tube hexagons of FIUGURES 1-7, however, these PCMs may be manageable. Disposal and spillage issues are, for all practical purposes nonexistent. Hydrated salts tend to be unstable. In a sequential series of phase change cycles, they do not always perform the same way the second or third time around. This makes for some difficult reproducibility when considering qualification. One reason is their tendency to precipitate, meaning that the solids of the salt reform and come out of solution. Precipitation changes the molarity of the solution and thus alters the temperature at which phase change occurs. Another shortcoming of novel PCMs. Is the staging of these materials above or below their phase point (solid or liquid phase) is inconvenient compared with using water-based gels that are staged in conventional refrigerators or freezers at refrigerated or frozen temperatures. This applies to both paraffins and hydrated salts. For summer cycles you have to stage it below its phase point to take advantage of its energy-absorbing characteristics. It goes from a solid to a liquid as it absorbs heat at 4°C. Conversely, in the winter you have to stage the 4 ⁰ C PCM above 4°C to gain the most benefit, as it gives off heat converting from a liquid to a solid at 4°C. There is no convenient staging equipment at constant 8 ⁰ C or 2 ⁰ C. Inefficiency is another negative aspect of PCMs. Latent heat energy released as these materials solidify, or absorbed as they liquefy, is far less than that of plain water. Water solidifies in a unique way compared with most other materials, As these other materials change from a liquid to a solid, their molecules stack up in parallel. Water molecules actually form a crystalline structure that is the primary reason for their latent-heat advantage. Therefore, until new materials are identified and developed to overcome the disadvantages noted above, water-based gels used at various temperatures are still the temperature stabilizer of choice for most temperature-sensitive thermal engineering.

Gel packs product-impacting parameters: freezing point and melting point, rate of change, and total energy stored are the foundation of a science-based approach to solving heating problems in a consistent, repeatable, and controllable manner. At the other end of the temperature spectrum are PCMs that change phase at subzero

temperatures in which had to hold -2O ⁰ C as the high temperature and -4O ⁰ C as the low temperature. -5O ⁰ C custom formulations that maintain the internal temperature within the deep-freeze temperature range -5O ⁰ C gel pack, which serves as an alternative to dry ice. No gel pack can match dry ice pound for pound. The thing about dry ice is that it makes a double-phase change. It goes from a solid right to a gas, and skips liquid. As it sublimates, it releases a tremendous amount of energy. But what we've managed to do is offer something that gets down to within the desired temperature range, -50 ⁰ C. It's not - 80 ⁰ C, but it's as close as we've been able to come while still offering a strong latent heat characteristic. This invention teaches temperature differences in sub zero climate regions near the north or south poles can also produce air currents in the low speed wind tunnel tube 1.

FIGURE 22 illustrates a rotate close-up elevated view of FIGURE 23 aircraft fuselage 70 fuselage tail segment 73 with levitating bearings 4a, 4b being loaded from a cartridge of bearings 81 in preformed bearing retainer ring 80. Bearing retainer ring 80 is where the magnetic bearings are removed or inserted forming ring 4a. Removal of bearings in ring 4a from bearing retainers 80 that are part of each tube 70, 72, 73, and engine housing 74 bearing location 4 releases the tubes from mating concentric tubes. Tubes 70, 72, 73, and engine housing 74 are magnetically levitated, disconnected from each other. Any of the major aircraft components related to each fuselage tube can be removed and upgraded with new technology. The bearings 4a, 4b reduce the weight of fuselage and structural components, because levitation air gaps disconnect the major components and related aircraft compression and tinsel loads on prior art connected frame components. Engines and wings can vibrate without transferring the destructive forces through the aircraft. Payloads might include military munitions launch or the vibration generated from bullets firing. Optical cameras or wireless radio transmissions would have a more stable environment with vibration components disconnected from each other. It would be so easy to remove magnetic levitated components that an engine, fuel tank, or wing assembly could be replaced in minutes and selected for functions: jet turbine replaced with a prop 75 engine 74, wing 71 replaced with a high speed high performance wing (not shown) rather than a high weight payload. The removal of the

magnetic levitation bearings that couple all the major components together is a major departure from prior art in aerospace design. FIGURE 23 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an aircraft fuselage, wing 71 fuselage tube 72 mounted concentrically to the fuselage tube 70 with magnetic levitated couplings 4a, 4b of a stationary type. FIGURE 24 illustrates an elevated view of an aircraft fuselage in FIGURE 23, wing 71 mounted concentrically to the fuselage tube 70 with magnetic levitated couplings 4a, 4b of a stationary type located at 4. FIGURE 25 illustrates an elevated view of an aircraft fuselage in FIGURES 22 - 24, wing 71 mounted to tube 72, 72 mounted to 70, 73 attached to tail 77, 76 mounted to 70, and engine (prop 75) housing 74 bearing location 4 concentrically to the fuselage tube 70 with magnetic levitated couplings of a stationary type 4a and 4b.

FIGURE 26 illustrates a rotated close-up edge view of FIGURE 11 assembled from two layers of hexagons tapered into the center relative to the tube axis providing a tube assembly from an inside hexagon smaller and tapered toward the center of tube relative to the outside larger hexagon scaled larger relative to the one circumferential dimension;

FIGURE 27 illustrates a third layer assembled to FIGURE 26 view of a tube assembly;

FIGURE 28 illustrates a view of a hexagonal taper geometry before bullion cut is made by a curved surface to make curved tapered hexagon blocks in FIGURE 29;

FIGURE 29 illustrates the taper of the hexagons relative to the circumferential dimension the axial dimension related to a 1 -meter hexagon (measured flat to flat edge) remains the same; FIGURE 30 illustrates tubes for bullion cutting fastener holes in the hexagon of FIGURE 27;

FIGURE 31 illustrates an inside top view of one-half hexagon 3-triangle monolith in FIGURE 27 cut along the points into hexagon derivative half with hexagon edge tube segments aligned at an angle by offset rods which form a curve when half a meter hexagons are hinged and arrayed around the central radial point 22-times;

Curved hexagons can be molded.

Bentonite is a natural mined mineral that has an adsorption of water 100 layers thick on its surface.

The present invention allows common tessellations to be integrated with tube bundles in order to make heat exchangers in a larger number of geometries, ranging from flat radiator-like devices to flat plane-type heat exchangers. The tubes can be extruded shapes like squares, triangles, hexagons, polygons or other shapes, without departing from the scope of the present invention. Tubes groves can be cut along the plane of these hexagons to make flat plane oriented heat exchangers for floors, walls, working surfaces, and other industrial cooling systems like refrigeration beds. These tube groves in FIGURE 72 and 73 increase structural stability by preventing hexagons from shifting in the plane direction. Some heat exchanger materials like reticulated aluminum foam can be compressed onto the surface of a tube insertions, which may have corrugated surfaces holding the tube and hexagon in rigid location. In another embodiment of the present invention, FIGURE 59 and 60 also illustrate how helium hexagons are assembled to make aircraft fuselages (as will be described in further detail below).

Figure 79 provides flexible rod extensions 440 out of hexagon assemblies in FIGURE 77 and 78 for roof tarps 441, sports net attachments, wide rain collection, and extensions for cable attachment or insertion into conduits. These roof tarps can be layered for insulation functions and clear for plant green house food growth buildings or sun rooms. Flexible solar voltaic films are also available to attach to rods. Reflective polymers are available in a wide range of plastics, however polyimide materials are preferred clear or reflected polyimide films from SRS Technologies 1800 Quail Street, Suite 101 Newport Beach, California 92660. SRS's films are the only available polyimide thin films that are clear/colorless. They also have higher UV resistance, are more transparent, and have greater long-term storage capacities than competing films. Furthermore other potential commercial applications for SRC CPl and CP2 include integration of electric circuits in a flexible film, inflatable structure for reducing fiom vibration and increasing insulation quality with air or other gases like argon and helium. Inflatable SRC polyimides can also have phase change pyrolytic salts for chemical

change brought about by the action of heat. Liquid, gases, and solids can be combines to build inflatable structures that attach to the hexagon structure. SRS's films polyimide thin films that are clear/colorless can enclose adsorbent composites like carbon foam coated with montmorillinites or zeolites to adsorb and desorb adsorbates. Carbon nanotubes can be grown onto a wide range of adsorbents like montmorillinites or zeolites to lower the temperature of desorption of adsorbates like water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds. Lower temperature passive solar heat can desorb adsorbates from adsorbent composites provided within SRC film envelopes where prior zeolites alone could not desorb. After hexagons are formed a coating of infrared paint is applied to the hexagon surface reflecting heat away from the hexagons and retaining heat within the hexagon. This paint is similar to Army tank coating used to reduce infrared signature of men within the tanks.

Referring again to FIGURE 1, the foam 3 can be manufactured from many different substances, including but not limited to neoprene, hypalon, vinyl nitrile, nitrile, (NBR), epichlorohydrin, or urethane foam. Closed cell foam is manufactured in several densities. The more air or gas pressure applied during the foaming process, the more or less dense the foam becomes as a final product. Nitrogen gas is typically applied to the gas to make closed cell foam, because trapping nitrogen in the closed cell foam rather than air reduces oxidation. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nitrogen is replaced with helium, producing a new neoprene closed cell helium material. In the present invention helium gas (or another suitable lightweight gas or gas mixture) is used to form closed cell foam, trapping the lightweight gas in the closed cells.

The present invention advantageously traps helium in the closed cells to produce foam that will float in the air. The foam density is determined by the pressure of gas volume applied to the foaming process and can be very dense or of very low density (to the point of being extremely fragile). The mole weight of helium is 0.004. In one atmosphere, one-cubic foot of helium will lift approximately 0.0646 pounds off the ground. Each engineering project utilizing this invention will determine the requisite helium foam density based on strength and lift requirements. Applications designed to

encounter only low levels of stress (such as telecommunications or high atmospheric satellite broadcast and transmission systems) use very low-density fragile foam, because the equipment is installed only once, and with very minimal handling or need of impact resistance, hi contrast, a personal airplane will be higher density foam for strength, because of landing impact and frequent human handling.

Helium closed cell foam can be shaped into a hexagon building structures 7, as shown in FIGURE 1. The closed multi-cell material can form many small shapes, including but not limited to tubes, squares, triangle polygons, hexagons, honeycombs, and other shapes, without departing from the scope of the present invention. Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, loose beads filled with helium are packed in the cavities (like existing aircraft voids) or in hexagon building structures that are specifically engineered to have cavities to hold these beads or relatively small bladders. Multiple balloons are contemplated as well.

Referring now to FIGURE 9, in one embodiment of the present invention, carbon fiber composite sheathings 7a and 7b are applied to the hexagon building structures 7 making them substantial structural panels by adding strength to the helium hexagon foam panel. Long rods, preferable graphite carbon fiber rods (or tubes) are inserted in the alignments fastening holes 4 (shown in FIGURE 1) or another desired location, hi yet another embodiment, substantially round hexagon assemblies 34 (shown in FIGURES 22 and 23) are stacked forming the fuselage of a plane or a boat haul. In the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIGURE 44, alignments fastening holes 4 are sized and configured for rod fastener insertion to connect hexagon building structure 7 to hexagon building structures 8, 9, 10, as well as any number of other layers and shapes. hi still other embodiments of the present invention, flat wings and shaped wings are derived using the assembly methodology of present invention. Graphite rods, cable, rope, plastic, carbon fiber, tapes, adhesives, or any other fastener can also be used to build desired shapes. Once a shape is constructed, skin can be wrapped around it. The skin is applied using a variety of methods, including but not limited to fiber glassing, carbon fiber spinning, painting, plastic vinyl wrapping, dipping, and shrink-wrapping.

Any cavities in the hexagons can be filled with a foaming agent or other material. Hexagons can be built into personal aircraft or industrial aircraft, toys or any other floating application where floating is desired.

Any shape helium foam parts can be tooled by molding, machining, extruding, hot knife, wire cutting, saw, and water jet cutting techniques. Future shaping by extrusion, ultrasonic, dielectric, microwave, and lithography, chemical or laser is also possible. Some embodiments of the present invention utilize helium closed cell foams for buoyant aircraft. Many base materials will foam other than neoprene and are applied in alternate embodiments of the present invention. Aluminum foam is a good candidate for aircraft. Indeed, many metals can be foam manufactured in accordance with the present invention, such as titanium. Flexible foams are also available and are considered good species of foam for helium.

Honeycomb cores are used in the fabrication of lightweight structures typically used in the aerospace and commercial markets and are employed as the material for hexagon building structure 7 in some embodiments of the present invention. The core material is typically "sandwiched" between skins of aluminum or other high strength composite material. A bonding adhesive is used to attach the "skin" material to the honeycomb core while the in the presents of a helium gas trapping the helium in the honeycomb. The resultant honeycomb panel offers one of the highest strength to weight constructions available. Aircraft engine nacelles, flaps, overhead bins, floor panels, and galleys all are constructed from honeycomb core. Honeycombs can be cut into hexagon shapes, or other tessellations, with fasteners referenced for use in embodiments of the present invention.

Applications of this technology range from air floating to water floating structures or devices. Space structures are also possible and would aid earth-launching weight. Toys, signs, planes, bridges, boats, trains, barges, cargo, underwater systems, air or watercraft, manned or unmanned systems are possible. Homes and furniture could be built to float in air. An untrained aviator farmer could apply agriculture chemical or biological agents from air. Any air, water, land, space transport, or fixed floating type device could be assembled from this invention. Extremely lightweight planes can be

produced that have an actual weight (without helium) that is substantially larger. Carbon foam and other heat adsorbent material can be employed to heat the helium obtaining extra lift. These materials are covered and uncovered to control heat. Phase change heat storage systems are also applied to the present invention to keep the system in high elevation at night by heat recovery.

Prior art in helium systems consist of bladder or balloon type containment. None of this prior art could be accelerated in the air without distorting the shape or destruction. A hole in the bladder type configuration generally loses all the gas in that section. A hole of the same size in the present invention does not significantly impact this helium foam because the present invention teaches a closed cell helium foam that compartmentalizes the gas in millions of individual chambers (in the case of large systems). Thus, this structure can float in the air, be cut without dramatically reducing buoyancy, and has structural strength so building structures can be shaped, coated, and assembled into a variety of configurations. Reticulated foams are open cell, and can still be used as a helium vessel of the present invention, if a coating is placed completely around the foam to seal the helium in the foam.

In still another aspect of the present invention, aircraft related systems are being directed through the air by thin layer composite unimorph ferroelectric driver "wafer" (U.S. Patent No. 5,632,841 Hellbaum et al.). Motion occurs when high frequency voltage is applied to the wafer driver directing airflow to move the whole aircraft related systems. Hexagon wafers can effectively morph the whole surface of a craft. This technique can be applied to water equipment as well.

Polyimide foam can be foamed in place for installation and repair, resulting in dramatic labor and material cost savings. This low-density foam can be processed into neat or syntactic foams, foam-filled honeycomb or other shapes, and micro spheres. Small glass micro sphere have iron tunnels that cause them to leak helium gas. These same iron tunnels allow glass spheres to be filled with helium, which can then be sealed shut by polyimide thin films or metalizing the iron tunnels shut. These products offer excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, and high-performance structural support,

as well as other benefits. Polyimide foam meets aerospace industry demands for high- performance structural foam with increased stiffness but without large weight increases.

The process for this foam begins with a monomelic solution with salt-like properties to yield a homogeneous polyimide precursor solid residuum. The resulting precursor can be processed into polyimide neat or syntactic foams, foam-filled honeycomb or other shapes, and microspheres, all of which produce useful articles through normal foaming techniques. These spheres can be opened vacuumed clean of gas and moisture filled with helium and reclosed. These helium filled foam spheres are ideal for containing the helium, which is a very small molecule that escapes most polymer or latex bladders. These polyimide foams can be coated around other helium filled foam structures like urethane foam structures or reticulated foam filled with helium to form gas tight monolith helium filled foam. Any composite, such as carbon graphite materials, carbon foams, metal aluminum foam, paper, paper fiber products, cloth, and fiberglass can be coated with these foams to seal in helium. Very low-density materials can also be coated with polyimide foam to seal in helium.

This process can produce foam and microsphere materials by reacting a derivative of a dianhydride (e.g., ODPA, BTDA, PMDA) with a diamine (e.g., ODA, PDA, DDS). A mixture of two or more polyimides can be combined or used separately to make a variety of polyimide foams with varying properties. Foams and microspheres can be fabricated to specific densities from approximately 0.5 to over 20 pounds per cubic foot.

A preferred method of the present invention converts the above-mentioned low-density stable polyimide foam into a low-density stable carbon foam or fiber composite by applying microwave energy. In some methodologies of the present invention, pressure is applied during heating the polyimide resin as an added control of density. The resultant carbon foam is very thermally conductive. Aluminum molds are preferred for this process because they do not require a mold release agent. In some alternate embodiments, other molds are selected because they will bond to the carbon end product and become the final integrated net shape products. Carbon foam, carbon fiber, and graphite composites, are all products that can be produced by microwaving a cast or

molded shape of polyimide foam. The foam can be cast, molded, and formed on a variety of materials. This foam is transparent and can be backlit illuminating a building. This foam can me easily molded into curved shapes and dome tessellation components.

The unique quality this stable foam has is its integration to other materials and then conversion to carbon materials by microwave or other heat energy. A preferred embodiment of the present invention microwaves polyimide foams to achieve control of polyimide density. This invention teaches converting carbon materials and controlling density to produce reticulated carbon foam having near original polyimide foam density. By controlling the density and form of the foam prior to carbonizing the foam, new levels of material density and material integration can occur.

Microwaving is a radiant energy source so when converting polyimide foam to carbon materials only a portion of the foam needs to be converted based on the power and direction the microwaves are directed. Metals like magnetic materials can be added to the foam prior to microwaving the materials into carbon materials. These metals can be positioned to reflect the microwaves into a pattern that localizes the carbon conversion of the polyimide. Insulators and conductive carbons result from this process. These processes can be stopped at any point during conversion to get carbon, graphite, or other composites of the polyimide foam. No other process provides the localization of producing insulation and conductive materials as an integrated product. Carbon fibers (chopped, or long fibers), fiberglass, metals, or other fibers can me molded into this composite system. Paper molds can be cast onto and then removed to form complex shapes.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, aluminum foam material is utilized to construct foam panels, hexagon building structures 7, and other tessellation shapes. Additionally, aluminum foam can be applied to obtain a final net shape on the outer structure of a hexagon assembly. Hard aluminum foam cores can have complex exact shapes on the outside. The final outer skin hexagonal composite can also be a unimorph ferroelectric driver "wafer" that provides electronic control of the surface shape. These wafers can be seeded with materials carbon nanotubes (referenced in this invention) can be grown on under a vapor deposition process. High or low density

carbon nanotubes will grow on the surface based on the density of the seeded materials. This invention teaches that growing carbon nanotubes on these wafers will enhance the thermal absorption into the wafer. These wafers are made in a variety of shapes and sizes providing a wide range of density requirements to optimize thermal absorption needed to increase the thermal absorption into the wafer and to radiate heat back to the surrounding environment. Carbon nanotubes can be deposited in a straight, curved, zigzagged, and combinations of each shape. Each carbon nanotube is "individually, bonded to the wafer substantially perpindicular to the wafers surface, providing the wafer a wide vibration bending range with no stress to the nanotube. Fluid flow across the carbon nanotubes connected to the wafer can be dipped in fluid, exposed to air or gas, and integrated into other materials the wafer might be mounted to. Adhesives could be applied to nanotube ends. Zigzagged carbon nanotubes would provide the wafer a predictable spring surface to lay the wafer onto during its operation. Wafers will generate voltage when a thermal absorption process is applied across the wafers surface; carbon nanotubes increase the efficiency of this process by substantially increasing the surface area. More nanotubes can be provided to one side of the wafer absorbing heat unevenly relative to each wafer surface driving the wafer frequency generating more voltage. Different types of nanotubes can be provided to each wafer side and mixtures of carbon nanotubes types and lengths can be grown on the surfaces to match the thermal source. These wafers can be the hexablock in this invention, where hexsuperelements service processes are applied to optimize the placement of carbon nanotubes to generate the greatest voltage from the selected heat-source. Heat sources can be solar, gas fires, waste heat, or other sources like ice sources. These voltage generating wafers can be mounted between a hot (heat rejection side) and cold side (heat absorption side) of a heat pump system. This invention teaches that the most optimized application of this wafer/carbon nanotube wafer is in the heat pump thermal battery system described in PCT/USOl/12369, U.S. Patent Application No. 09/898,758, and United States Patent number 5,813,248, where a temperature difference is generated and the potential to store the energy is an unlimited time. These wafers are ceramic layers of materials bonded by co-polyimide providing high temperature surfaces for carbon nanotube applications.

Silica carbonate aluminum foam exhibits a combination of qualities not found in other low-density materials including sufficient strength to serve as structural members, good thermal qualities for insulation, resistance to fire and immunity to electromagnetic fields. Aluminum foam is strong enough to build panels without sheathing bonded to each side of the panel, just aluminum foam is needed. Sheathing panels can be bonded into a sandwich arrangement if extra strength is desired in application where thickness and strength need to be at the highest density. Aluminum foam can be heated in shaping the hexagon building structures 7 into curved shapes in order to form a macro-sphere, large tube, aerospace component, boat hull, auto body, or frame components. Final net shape surfaces can be polyimide foams as described above.

During the gas injection stage of aluminum foam production, helium gas can be substituted for air. (Other gases and/or liquids can also be substituted for air and combined with the aluminum foam.) The combination of low aluminum alloy weight and helium gas is ideal for making strong air buoyant structures. Heat should be applied along with any other coating to seal the helium into the aluminum foam. Copolymides polyimides, or other suitable materials can be added to the aluminum foam to form a gas tight seal for helium gas. Carbon fiber, carbon foam, ceramic spheres, copper foam, glass, and other structural material can be cast while the foam is in the liquid state. Paper and burnable cores can also be cast forming complex shapes. Aluminum foam can be cast around a carbon foam or carbon fiber monolith to produce gas tubes. In the case of the carbon fiber, an insulated structural vessel will form around the carbon fiber. A copolymide coating can be applied to the outside of the carbon fiber to form a gas tight seal between the carbon fiber and aluminum foam. The closed cell foam of the aluminum has small fractures that require closure to produce a gas tight seal. This aluminum foam can produce simple structural insulated foam around a pressure vessel. Carbon fiber reduces gas pressure by adsorbing the gas. Natural gas stores at 3000 pounds per square inch (psi) in a typical pressure vessel, but when stored on carbon fiber gas pressure is reduced to 500 psi. The aluminum foam as a structural and insulating material further reduces the possible rupture of a gas pressure or vacuum vessel. Thus, fuel vessels can be inserted into hexagon building

structures to store fuels. ORNL carbon foam referred to above is porous foam and aluminum does not stick to it when it is molded to its surface shape. The porous carbon foam can have air passed through it to foam the silica carbonate aluminum foam materials. The crucible containing the aluminum just prior to foaming would be totally or partially made from carbon foam. This carbon foam will not provide an opening for aluminum to flow through, but does provide an air path for blowing air into the aluminum foam replacing mechanical stirring and air insertion rods that do not make uniform aluminum.

Reticulated aluminum foam can be manufactured by placing the silica carbonate aluminum in a carbon foam closed tube. In one embodiment the mold can be a hexagon mold with the walls of the hexagon a graphite closed surface and two of the opposing flat ends of the hexagon would be porous carbon foam, one to rest the molten aluminum materials on and the other to pull a vacuum. When a vacuum is pulled, the aluminum will foam into a reticulated porous aluminum in the form of a hexagon. Hexagon molds are used in this example, but any shape will work where there is a carbon foam surface to rest the molten aluminum on and a vacuum surface to pull gas through the aluminum reticulating it.

FIGURE 80 is a rotated illustration of hexagon building blocks injection molded with carbon nanotube polymers in an equilateral triangle attachment arrangement. FIGURE 81 is an illustration of hexagon building blocks 1000 injection molded with equilateral triangle male patterns 1001 and female equilateral triangle pattern 1002. Hexagons measure 1 -meter (m) flat-to-flat and when two hexagons are assembled the thickness is 150-millimeters (mm). It is understood that any size can be made with any material. Every other equilateral triangle pattern on hexagon 1000 has pattern 1001 and pattern 1002, three each for each hexagon. 50-centimeter (cm) diameter tube 1003 is inserted into hole 1004 after hexagons are assembled onto each other. In FIGURE 80 triangle pattern 1001 and 1002 are assembled onto each other male to female patterns providing an aligned hole 1004 for tube 1003 insertion. Alignment hole 1004 is also an equilateral triangle formed by the three triangle coordinate points aligned on the midpoints of each flat edge of the hexagon. Two triangles are formed and rotated; offset

one flat edge forming six tubes all in the same plane and coordinate points relative to rotating the hexagon around six equal times. These holes 1004 align to assembled hexagons and form straight hexagon conduit throughout a wall hexagon assembly. Hexagons can be molded (or cut) along the points or flat edges dividing the hexagon in half that when assembled form flat wall edges. These hexagons can have thermal materials, water maker adsorbents, inserted in-between the wall or in the conduits. The polymers of the hexagon can be made of zeolites or other adsorbents, including any fill materials. NASA/Langley polyimides can be foamed and when burned convert to CO ₂ and H ₂ O meeting any fire code. These same polyimides can provide the base material for a wide range of fill materials, PZT Pezos-electric (magnetic field shielding), microscopic reflective particles suspended in an infrared transparent matrix binder, and a wide range of gases can be inserted into the foam, like argon, helium, nitrogen. NASA invented RP46 and 50 polyimides make aluminum foaming possible and provide the base material to substitute the air used to foam with pyrolytic phase change salts to fill the closed cells with a thermal management material. The heat pump in FIGURE 9 and FIGURE 28 are tooled to insert into these hexagon for climate control.

Water makers are formed from these hexagon assemblies when the optional adsorbent materials are applied hi the hexagon wall. Nighttime air moisture is adsorbed by the adsorbents and the daytime heat desorbs the adsorbent (water) from the wall.

FIGURE 81 is a rotated illustration of hexagon building blocks in FIGURE 80 injection molded with carbon nanotube polymers in an equilateral triangle attachment arrangement. Optional double-sided hexagon patterns can be provided on hexagons so any number of wall layers can be assembled. It is preferred that he last hexagon be a flat surface in the case where a finish wall is provided. Conduit hole 1004 can also be assembled around a frame structure of tubing connected. Tubing 1003 is connected to tubing to form corners, roofs, floors, and wall structure. The tubing frame alone would provide the outline of the final wall assembly. Liquids can be passed from the grounds to through this tubing to cool or heat the assembly of tubes and hexagons. Magnetic material insertions can be placed into the hexagons to make a magnetic

levitation train track invented by Magna Force of Port Angeles Washington. Magna Force proprietary magnetic field can be inserted into hexagon tubes 1004 or mounted onto the hexagon for a ready made track surface. Sensors, electric switching and general wiring can be inserted into the hole 1004. Flexible cables can be inserted into hole 1004 to make suspended walls, floors, roof, bridges, and climbing walls for athletic facilities. FIGURE 80 is an illustration of hexagon building blocks injection molded with carbon nanotube polymers in an equilateral triangle attachment arrangement.

FIGURE 82 illustrates hexagon panels providing curved conduits 1000 and 1002, and 1003 which align when assembled 1004. Radiant fluid heating and cooling tubes applied in flooring, walls, and ceilings for sprinkler systems can not be over curved or they will crack and leak. Hexagon 999 conduits can be curved in a wide range of radius to accommodate any tubing requirement. A layer of radiant infrared coatings are applied to the surfaces to manage heat radiating the heat into the room rather than floor. Offset layering, placing hexagon conduit face over opposing conduit lines up radius tolerance.

Curved hexagons can be injected or molded. GE Plastics makes a brand name Norolide (trademarked Noryl®) and it is the preferred material where users want to meet water fire sprinkler building codes. These GE polymers are ideas to place fill materials in. FIGURE 202 illustrates an inside top view of one-half hexagon 3-triangle monolith 1411,1412 in FIGURE 190 - 198 cut along the points into hexagon derivative half with hexagon edge tube segments 1415, 1416 aligned at an angle by FIGURE 140 offset rods 1413, 1414 which form a curve or tube when half a meter hexagons are hinged and arrayed around the central point 22-times providing 3501-milimeter (mm) radius. FIGURE 203 illustrates a rotated close-up edge view of FIGURE 202. FIGURE 204 is the same as FIGURE 202. FIGURE 205 - 208 illustrates outside view of a tube assembled from two layers of hexagons outside array 1600 and inside array 1601 each tapered into the center relative to the tube axis 1609 providing a tube assembly from an inside hexagon smaller and tapered toward the center of tube relative to the outside larger hexagon scaled larger relative to the one circumferential dimension in tube 1607.

FIGURE 206 illustrates one-half of FIGURE 205. FIGURE 207 illustrates the taper of the hexagons relative to the circumferential dimension the axial dimension related to a 1- meter hexagon (measured flat to flat edge) remains the same. FIGURE 208 illustrates a view of a hexagonal taper geometry before a bullion cut is made by a surface like 1607 to make curved hexagon blocks 1600, 1601 in FIGURE 207. In FIGURE 208 hexagon tapered structure 1606 is tapered on surfaces 1610a, 1610b relative to the axial segment length 1609 and tapered surface 1611 is tapered to the line segment 1609 relative to the flat hexagon edge only; the surfaces 1610a, 1610b shape block source structure 1606 surface 1611 providing a match to additional arrays of the same tapered block 1606. FIGURE 209 illustrates tubes for bullion cutting fastener holes in the hexagons of FIGURE 207 with the same taper.

FIGURE 210 illustrates tube arrays 1653 for alternative hexagon structure that can easily be curved around the centerlines of the tubes 1653 providing an infinite curve with end tube segments 1651, 1650a, 1650b aligned for mating to assemblies of hexagons. FIGURE 210 illustrates the mating edges 1651 to tubes 1650a and tube segment 1650b of the hexagons when two hexagons are assembled and tube edge segments 1650a, 1650b insert to male/female edge tube voids 1651. These tubes can be co molded to surface 1653 so when the surface is curved the tubes curve with eh bend in the surface forming tubes. Open ends of the tubes can have smaller tubes inserted to connect one open tube edge with another making a very stiff integrated ridged structure.

An innovation is needed to manufacture optimally engineered building blocks that snap together by hand to create any shape of conventional building assembly. Advanced material developers need a common shape to make market penetration into consumers that do not appreciate new technical details, hi order for new materials to make it to the marketplace a standard size building block and shape need to be developed. Hexagon/triangle block materials need to be purchased with FEA-Superelement engineering data locating each block in an assembly.

Human imagination of building designs cannot currently be analyzed rapidly, because of random fastening, unsymmetrical shapes, and limited difficult to shape material choices. FEA-superelement based symmetrical material shapes with

common fasteners can convert human engineering imagination directly to "real life" structures that are safe and predicable when assembled exactly as the superelement code suggests would be the most optimized final assembly. Many materials exist that are difficult and expensive to shape into useful buildings or structures and this innovation in Table 1.1 teaches how to tile these different materials into optimized assemblies where a variety of materials applied together provide utility (Ref. 1).

There is an inherent relationship between shape and the ability to predict material behavior. The stiffness matrix for a substructure is commonly referred to as a "superelement". A formula of the stiffness matrix of a substructure is a superelement, which in this case is a hexagon/triangle substructure element. The stiffness structures are modeled by constant stiffness matrices and therefore it is desirable to have the substructures behave in a linier, elastic manner (Ref. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). The selection of S- Groove male/female hexagon/triangle fasteners overlapping S-Groves, offsetting hexagons, and locking in the block faces were based on the need for a robust fastener directed at holding blocks together for linier force transfers between blocks; obtaining an accurate FEA-Superelement result.

Salient characteristics of the hexagon/triangle building block are: A sole building block; meeting building needs with one inventory item. A sole building block assembly is rapidly optimized by one engineering "formula". No power equipment is needed to assemble building blocks. A material library list is provided; changing assembled functions. Utility functions are packaged inside hexagon/triangles (climate control, solar voltaic.) No cutting is needed to construct a building. No fasteners are needed to hold one blocks face to another. Extra fasteners located in the apex of the equilateral triangles of the hexagon are optional. Blocks can be light enough for one person to lift and large enough to build rapidly. Block materials in the shape of a hexagon/triangle need to be purchased with FEA-Superelement engineering data locating each block. New future materials for rebuild updates need to mate up to old blocks. The block cannot have difficult complex fasteners to remove, because future rebuild materials will not be the same Subsystems can be packaged inside hexagon/triangles. Fuel cells, solar cells, climate control, heat reflective infrared paints, lighting, noise cancellation

(unimorphic ultrasonic wafers), wiring, plumbing, and other functions can be packaged inside hexagon/triangle for plug-in delivery of technology to Do-It- Yourself (DIY) customers. Technical expertise for these multi-functional hexagon/triangles can remain in the source-factories. A library list of materials is made available.

Virtually any structural material can be integrated into hexagon/triangles. Material selections will change based on climatic, building-site environment, and application. The library list of materials available is relative to material suppliers providing stress analysis of each material in the composite shape of the hexagonal superelement shape. It is a goal to select sustainable composites where decades from now the original hexagon blocks will mate with brand new hexagon parts made of new material technologies - updating the old with new elements.

Those who wish to build "Green" have a wish list of building materials for which few companies have supplied product. Hexagon/triangle blocks can satisfy the need for a major part of this "Green" list: Light-Translucent walls and roofs for a more sunlight penetrating building. Bamboo and strawboard composite for allergy reduction. Thermal plastic for easy recycling. 3-Dimensional color polymer composite options that resist showing attrition. Thermal reflective infrared coating integrated into the multiple block wall layers. Curved building blocks for roof and walls. Thermal storage and recovery material integration (phase change salts). Water adsorbent materials for water- making. Wire integrated into the building block. Plumbing integrated into the building block. Solar cells integrated into the building block. Fire resistant materials.

FIGURE 34 illustrates an elevated cross-sectional view of the turbine tube with two micro electric jets configured for inverse rotation of air to separate water from the air. Micro Electric fans 2a and 2b are at opposite ends of the tube and fan 2b is shaped and rotated in an opposite direction relative to fan 2a providing an inverse rotated column of air which separates water out to the inner diameter of tube 1. Tube 1 port 50 will drain the water produced in the inner diameter of the tube. This invention teaches that micro fans high speed low energy inverse rotation can extract the water from air for drinking water or industrial use. Prior art required high pressure to provide an inverse rotation

function to separate water and is a much higher energy requirement. Speed control of each motor allows adjustments for the infinitely variable moisture content in the air. Carbon thermal materials can be added to further cool the air coming into the system with additional filters to reduce insects and dust from entering the system. A source for these micro fan components is Electric Jet Factory, 8929 N. Ferber Ct., Tucson, AZ 85742, www.ejf.com (examples given of sized: Lehner 2280-9 Hi-Amp brushless motor (for DS-94 EDF -15 lbs. thrust) DS-94 all carbon fiber EDF (120mm), WeMoTec - MidiFan 90mm with 5mm adapter, which the system is not limited to). Speed variations can move the inverse rotated event, when water separates from the air, into the water exhaust port area 50. A float valve could be installed to maintain pressure and provide a drain for the water at the same time.

Zeolites are bonded to a graphite rod with electrical and thermal conductivity in the axial (planar) direction 17 in FIGURE 35 and 36 is significantly higher than for conventional graphite. The restitivity in this plane is about 55mW per meter. The electrical and thermal conductivity in the longitudinal direction 325 is significantly lower than for conventional graphite. In this plane, restitivity is about 2.5 mW per meter. This graphite refractory brick (manufactured by Modern Ceramics of Australia) 312 and 314 are provided with enhanced thermal silicone or ceramic insulation when the hot fibrous edges are protected from a heat transfer event. Heat storage occurs when heat in fluid is absorbed in the graphite brick's fibrous edges and cannot escape from a face. Colder fluid contacting the hot fibrous edges removes the heat from the brick to form non supercritical fluids on the ends 326 and 327. For the purposes of illustration rods 311 and 314 are spaced distance 329, where in most applications the end 326 and 327 are operated almost touching. The distance 329 between 326 and 327 are dependant on the product being produced. A high pressure high temperature insulated vessel 3 with thermal 311 and 314 penetrating the vessel wall is filled with multiple fluid species phased up (temperature and pressure) to desorb water from zeolite. High thermal capacity cathodes 311 and anodes 314 with fluid porting functions 312 and 315 "contact" the inside during the daytime and move inside the vessel from off cam 361 at nighttime for adsorption of water which heats up the inside the vessel driving the turbine at night. The

molecular sieve, like zeolite provide water making during heat desorption/

The present invention has been described in relation to a preferred embodiment and several alternate preferred embodiments. One of ordinary skill, after reading the foregoing specification, may be able to affect various other changes, alterations, and substitutions or equivalents thereof without departing from the concepts disclosed. It is therefore intended that the scope of the Letters Patent granted hereon be limited only by the definitions contained in the appended claims and equivalents thereof.