BUNKER SYSTEM

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to bunker hoses, bunker systems for bunkering or debunkering vessels, methods of bunkering or debunkering vessels, hulls for vessels, and vessels.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Vessels, such as marine vessels like container ships, tanker ships, bulker ships or passenger ships, consume fuel in systems of the vessels, such as in engines and propulsion systems. The fuel is stored in fuel tanks, which are often referred to as bunkers, aboard the vessels. Often, the fuel is a fossil fuel. To reduce carbon dioxide emissions of vessels, alternatives to fossil fuels which generate fewer emissions when burned are desirable. One such alternative fuel is ammonia, which, when combusted, does not produce carbon dioxide. However, ammonia must be handled with care, as it can release, as a gas or vapour for example, chemicals that could be harmful to a crew of the vessel and any other person working nearby the vessels when bunkering ammonia.

[0003] Bunker barges or pipelines are provided at ports for bunkering fuel to vessels. The bunker barges or pipelines are connected to fuel tanks of the vessels via bunker hoses, when the vessels are docked, and fuel is supplied to the fuel tanks from fuel reservoirs of the bunker barges or pipelines.

SUMMARY

[0004] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a bunker hose comprising: a bunker hose valve at a distal end portion of the bunker hose, the bunker hose valve being configured to restrict or prevent fluid flow through the bunker hose in at least one direction in use.

[0005] In this way, fluid flow through the bunker hose can be controlled to aid bunkering and/or debunkering of a vessel. For example, such a feature could help reduce or avoid ingress of unwanted fluid, such as sea water, into the hose should the hose be placed in water, which fluid might otherwise be carried with fuel to be passed through the hose.

[0006] Optionally, the bunker hose valve is changeable from a first configuration to a second configuration, in which a degree of restriction by the bunker hose valve to fluid flow through the bunker hose is different than when the bunker hose valve is in the first configuration. Optionally, the degree of restriction is less when in the second configuration than in the first configuration.

[0007] Optionally, the bunker hose valve is changeable from the first configuration to the second configuration in response to a fluid flow through the bunker hose in use.

[0008] In this way, the configuration of the bunker hose valve can be changed without the need for an additional device to control the bunker hose valve, simplifying the system.

[0009] Optionally, the bunker hose comprises an actuator configured to drive the bunker hose valve from the first configuration to the second configuration. Optionally, the actuator is configured to drive the bunker hose on connection of the bunker hose to the bunker manifold.

[0010] Optionally, the bunker hose is weighted such that the bunker hose sits below a water surface in use. Optionally, the bunker hose has a density of greater than 1000 kg/m ³ at 4°C and atmospheric pressure. Optionally, the bunker hose has a density of between 1020 and 1030 kg/m ³ . In this way, as the bunker hose sits below the water, were a leak to occur during passage of the fuel through the bunker hose, the fuel would be contained in the water. In cases where the fuel is prone to releasing, as a gas or vapour for example, chemicals that could be harmful to a crew of the vessel, such as ammonia, such an arrangement helps to avoid or minimise such chemicals reaching the crew.

[0011] Optionally, the bunker hose comprises a biasing device to bias the bunker hose valve into the first configuration. Optionally, the biasing device comprises a spring. Optionally, the bunker hose valve is configured to be biased into the first configuration by a fluid in the bunker hose in use. In this way, the bunker hose valve remains closed when not in use, preventing unwanted foreign substances from passing the bunker hose valve.

[0012] Optionally, the bunker hose valve comprises a non-return valve. Optionally, the non-return valve is configured to allow fluid flow out of the distal end portion of the bunker hose when in the second configuration, and to prevent fluid flow out of the distal end portion of the bunker hose when in the first configuration.

[0013] Optionally, the bunker hose comprises an engagement mechanism configured to engage with a bunker manifold system so as to hold the bunker hose in place relative to a bunker manifold of the bunker manifold system when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold.

[0014] Optionally, the engagement mechanism comprises at least one engagement feature configured to engage with an undercut of the bunker manifold. Optionally, the at least one engagement feature selectively creates an interference fit with the bunker manifold. Optionally, the at least one engagement feature is configured to extend radially from the bunker hose to engage the bunker manifold. Optionally, the at least one engagement feature is configured to extend radially from the distal end portion of the bunker hose. Optionally, the engagement mechanism comprises a hydraulic collar that is actuatable to cause an increase in a degree of radial protrusion of the at least one engagement feature.

[0015] Optionally, an exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose comprises at least one O-ring configured to create a substantially fluid-tight seal, such as a circumferential seal, between the exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose and a surface of a bunker manifold system when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold system. Optionally, the exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose comprises a plurality of O-rings configured to create the substantially fluid-tight seal. Providing a plurality of O-rings helps to provide redundancy in the event that one O-ring fails.

[0016] Optionally, the bunker hose valve is disposed inward of a distal end of the bunker hose. In this way, the bunker hose valve is protected to reduce the chance of damaging the bunker hose valve were the distal end of the bunker hose to contact another object.

[0017] Optionally, the bunker hose comprises a projection configured to engage with a drive mechanism to drive the bunker hose into connection with a bunker manifold. In this way, the bunker hose can be more easily held and directed by the drive mechanism, for example a hydraulic arm.

[0018] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a bunker system for bunkering or debunkering a vessel, the bunker system comprising: a bunker manifold system comprising a bunker manifold and a bunker manifold valve configured to control fluid flow through the bunker manifold system; and a bunker hose configured to connect to the bunker manifold; wherein the bunker hose is configured to cause actuation of the bunker manifold valve from a first configuration to a second configuration, in which fluid flow through the bunker manifold system is less restricted by the bunker manifold valve than when the bunker manifold valve is in the first configuration, when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold in use.

[0019] In this way, the bunker manifold valve is in the second configuration when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold, allowing for the passage of fuel to begin through the bunker hose.

[0020] Optionally, the bunker system is configured such that connection of the bunker hose to the bunker manifold causes the actuation of the bunker manifold valve from the first configuration to the second configuration. In this way, the configuration of the bunker manifold valve can be changed without the need for an additional device to control the bunker manifold valve, simplifying the system.

[0021] Optionally, the bunker manifold comprises an opening through which the bunker hose is insertable during connection of the bunker hose to the bunker manifold. Optionally, the bunker manifold valve is configured to allow fluid flow in a direction from the opening toward and through the bunker manifold valve when in the second configuration.

[0022] Optionally, the bunker manifold system is configured so that the bunker manifold is located below a waterline of a hull of a vessel when the bunker manifold system is installed on the vessel. As a result, the bunker manifold is located below the waterline when connected to a bunker hose and before fuel passes through the bunker manifold. As such, were a leak to occur at the bunker manifold during passage of the fuel through the bunker manifold, the fuel would be contained in the water. In cases where the fuel is prone to releasing, as a gas or vapour for example, chemicals that could be harmful to a crew of the vessel, such as ammonia, such an arrangement helps to avoid or minimise such chemicals reaching the crew.

[0023] Optionally, the bunker hose comprises an engagement mechanism configured to engage with the bunker manifold system so as to hold the bunker hose in place relative to the bunker manifold when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold. [0024] In this way, the bunker hose is secured to the bunker manifold during use, helping to reduce the likelihood of the bunker hose detaching from the bunker manifold, thus reducing the chances of a fuel leak.

[0025] Optionally, the bunker manifold comprises an undercut and the engagement mechanism comprises at least one engagement feature configured to engage with the undercut of the bunker manifold. Optionally, the at least one engagement feature selectively creates an interference fit with the bunker manifold. Optionally, the at least one engagement feature is configured to extend radially from the bunker hose to engage the bunker manifold. Optionally, the at least one engagement feature is configured to extend radially from a distal end portion of the bunker hose. Optionally, the engagement mechanism comprises a hydraulic collar that is actuatable to cause an increase in a degree of radial protrusion of the at least one engagement feature.

[0026] Optionally, a distal end portion of the bunker hose is insertable into the bunker manifold, and an exterior of the distal end portion is configured to create a substantially fluid-tight seal, such as a circumferential seal, between the exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose and a surface of the bunker manifold system when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold.

[0027] Optionally, the exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose comprises a plurality of O-rings configured to create the substantially fluid-tight seal. Providing a plurality of O-rings helps to provide redundancy in the event that one O-ring fails.

[0028] Optionally, the bunker system is configured such that the substantially fluid-tight seal is present between the exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose and the surface of the bunker manifold system when the bunker hose causes the actuation of the bunker manifold valve from the first configuration to the second configuration.

[0029] Optionally, the bunker manifold comprises a chamber having an opening. Optionally, the bunker manifold system comprises a passage extending from the chamber to an outlet, whereby the passage is configured to avoid the opening to permit passage of a fluid from the chamber to the outlet.

[0030] Optionally, the bunker manifold comprises a chamber having an opening and a distal end portion of the bunker hose is insertable into the chamber via the opening. Optionally, the distal end portion of the bunker hose is insertable into the chamber via the opening and the bunker manifold system comprises a passage extending from the chamber to an outlet, whereby the passage is configured to avoid the opening to permit passage of a fluid from the chamber to the outlet.

[0031] Optionally, the distal end portion of the bunker hose is insertable into the chamber via the opening from a region external to the bunker manifold system and the bunker manifold system comprises a passage extending from the chamber to the region external to the bunker manifold system, whereby the passage is configured to avoid the opening to permit passage of a fluid from the chamber to the region external to the bunker manifold system.

[0032] Optionally, the substantially fluid-tight seal comprises a first substantially fluid-tight seal and the exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose is configured to create the first substantially fluid-tight seal, such as a circumferential seal, at a first side, furthest from the opening, of a mouth of the passage, when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold, so as to restrict fluid flow between the bunker hose and the passage.

[0033] Optionally, the substantially fluid-tight seal comprises a second substantially fluid tight- seal and the exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose is configured to create the second substantially fluid-tight seal, such as a circumferential seal, between the exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose and the surface of the chamber at a second side of the mouth of the passage between the opening and the passage, when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold.

[0034] Optionally, the bunker system is configured such that the second substantially fluid-tight seal is present between the exterior of the distal end portion of the bunker hose and the surface of the bunker manifold system when the bunker hose causes the actuation of the bunker manifold valve from the first configuration to the second configuration.

[0035] Optionally, the bunker hose of the bunker system is the bunker hose according to the first aspect of the present invention.

[0036] Optionally, the bunker manifold valve comprises a non-return valve. Optionally, the non return valve is configured to prevent fluid flow in a direction from the bunker manifold valve towards the bunker hose when in the second configuration. [0037] Optionally, the bunker manifold system comprises a source for inert gas fluidically connected or connectable to the chamber, whereby a flow of an inert gas from the source is able to displace fluid from the chamber when the bunker manifold valve is in the second configuration in use. In this way, unwanted fluid within the chamber can be displaced from the chamber before flowing fuel through the bunker hose.

[0038] Optionally, the flow of the inert gas from the source for inert gas is configured to bias the bunker manifold valve into the first configuration. Optionally, the source for inert gas is an accumulator. Optionally, the source for inert gas comprises the inert gas. Optionally, the inert gas is nitrogen.

[0039] Optionally, the bunker system comprises a biasing device to bias the bunker manifold valve into the first configuration.

[0040] Optionally, the biasing device comprises a spring. In this way, the bunker manifold valve remains closed or more restrictive to fluid flow when not in use, preventing unwanted foreign substances from passing the bunker manifold valve.

[0041] Optionally, the bunker system comprises a main bunker valve configured to control flow of fluid that has passed through the bunker manifold valve from the bunker hose, when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold.

[0042] Optionally, the bunker manifold system comprises a cover which is moveable relative to the bunker manifold between a first position, at which the bunker manifold is substantially obstructed by the cover, and a second position, at which the bunker manifold is unobstructed or less obstructed by the cover. Optionally, the cover is configured to isolate the bunker manifold from a region external to the bunker manifold system when in the first position. In this way, the cover substantially prevents fluid flow into the bunker manifold from the region external to the bunker manifold system when the cover is in the first position.

[0043] According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of bunkering or debunkering a vessel, the method comprising: a bunker hose causing actuation of a valve of a bunker manifold system from a first configuration to a second configuration, in which fluid flow through the bunker manifold system is less restricted by the valve than when the valve is in the first configuration, when the bunker hose is connected to a bunker manifold of the bunker manifold system.

[0044] Optionally, a distal end portion of the bunker hose interacts with the valve of the bunker manifold system to cause the actuation of the valve from the first configuration to the second configuration.

[0045] Optionally, the method comprises moving the bunker hose from a first position remote from the bunker manifold system to a second position in which the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold, wherein the moving the bunker hose to the second position causes the actuation of the valve from the first configuration to the second configuration.

[0046] Optionally, the bunker manifold is comprised by the vessel. Optionally, the bunker manifold is comprised by a bunker barge that is to be used to bunker the vessel.

[0047] Optionally, the method comprises connecting the bunker hose to the bunker manifold. Optionally, the connecting takes place when the bunker manifold is submerged below a water surface. Optionally, the connecting comprises driving a hydraulic arm to connect the bunker hose to the bunker manifold. Optionally, the moving comprises driving a hydraulic arm to move the bunker hose between the first position and the second position. The hydraulic arm may be operable remotely from the bunker manifold and/or the vessel. In this way, safety can be increased by allowing the user of the hydraulic arm to be remote from the connection.

[0048] Optionally, the method comprises creating a seal between the bunker hose and the bunker manifold, when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold. In this way, the chance of fuel leaking from the bunker manifold is reduced.

[0049] Optionally, the method comprises causing the actuation of the valve after the seal has been created.

[0050] Optionally, the method comprises moving a cover relative to the bunker manifold between a first position, at which the bunker manifold is substantially obstructed by the cover, and a second position, at which the bunker manifold is unobstructed or less obstructed by the cover. Optionally, the method comprises connecting the bunker hose to the bunker manifold when the cover is in the second position. [0051] Optionally, the method comprises connecting the bunker hose to the bunker manifold by inserting a distal end of the bunker hose into a chamber of the bunker manifold through an opening of the bunker manifold.

[0052] Optionally, the method comprises passing an inert gas through the chamber to displace a fluid, such as sea water, from the chamber. Optionally, the passing the inert gas occurs before the connecting the bunker hose. Optionally, the passing the inert gas occurs during or after the connecting the bunker hose. In this way, unwanted fluid, such as sea water, within the chamber can be displaced from the chamber before flowing fuel through the bunker hose.

[0053] Optionally, the method comprises connecting the bunker hose to the bunker manifold from a region external to the bunker manifold system, and the method comprises displacing the fluid from the chamber to the region external to the bunker manifold system. Optionally, the method comprises displacing the fluid from the chamber to the region external to the bunker manifold system through a passage which is configured to avoid the opening.

[0054] Optionally, the method comprises operating an engagement mechanism to secure the bunker hose to the bunker manifold. Optionally, the operating the engagement mechanism comprises extending engagement features radially from the bunker hose to engage with the bunker manifold, such as with an undercut of the bunker manifold. In this way, the bunker hose is secured to the bunker manifold to reduce the likelihood of unwanted disconnection.

[0055] Optionally, the method comprises commencing a flow of fuel through the bunker hose when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold.

[0056] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a hull for a vessel, the hull comprising a bunker manifold system comprising a bunker manifold configured to connect to a bunker hose and a bunker manifold valve configured to control fluid flow through the bunker manifold system, wherein the bunker manifold valve is actuable from a first configuration to a second configuration, in which fluid flow through the bunker manifold system is less restricted by the bunker manifold valve than when the bunker manifold valve is in the first configuration, when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold in use. [0057] Optionally, the hull comprises the bunker system according to the second aspect of the invention.

[0058] Optionally, the hull comprises a plurality of such bunker manifold systems. In this way, when the hull is comprised in the vessel, the vessel can be bunkered and/or debunkered from a variety of positions. Moreover, the vessel can be bunkered and/or debunkered by using the plurality of bunker manifold systems simultaneously, speeding up the bunkering and/or debunkering process.

[0059] Optionally, the bunker manifold is provided at a wall of the hull. Optionally, the bunker manifold is provided at a wall on a port side or starboard side of the hull. In this way, the bunker manifold can be easily accessed from a neighbouring bunker station or bunker barge, in use.

[0060] Optionally, the bunker manifold is located below a waterline of the hull.

[0061] According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a vessel comprising the bunker hose of the first aspect of the present invention, or comprising the bunker system of the second aspect of the present invention, or comprising the hull of the fourth aspect of the present invention.

[0062] Optionally, the vessel is a marine vessel. Optionally, the vessel is a container ship. Optionally, the vessel is a bunker barge.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0063] Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0064] Figure 1 is a schematic front view of a vessel according to an example;

[0065] Figures 2a to 2c are schematic cross-sectional views of a bunker system according to an example, the bunker system comprising a bunker manifold system and a bunker hose; [0066] Figures 3a and 3b are schematic partial cross-sectional views of alternative example bunker hoses; and

[0067] Figure 4 is a flow chart of a method of bunkering or debunkering a vessel according to an example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0068] Figure 1 shows a schematic front view of an example vessel 1 comprising a hull 2. In this example, the vessel 1 is a marine vessel to be bunkered and/or debunkered, for example a container ship, but in other examples it may be a bunker barge for bunkering and/or debunkering another vessel.

[0069] The vessel 1 shown in Figure 1 is configured to be bunkered and/or debunkered. The vessel 1 is configured to store and be fuelled by an ammonia-based fuel. When combusted, ammonia does not produce carbon dioxide and is much more environmentally friendly than conventional fossil fuels. In other examples, the vessel 1 is a bunker barge, which is configured to store and bunker and/or debunker the ammonia-based fuel into/from other vessels. The bunker barge may also be fuelled by the ammonia-based fuel.

[0070] As shown in Figure 1, the vessel 1 comprises a bunker manifold system 10. In particular, the vessel 1 comprises a plurality of bunker manifold systems 10. A first of the bunker manifold systems 10 is provided on a starboard side of the vessel 1 and a second of the bunker manifold systems 10 is provided on a port side of the vessel 1. In some examples, plural bunker manifold systems 10 may be provided on a single side of the vessel 1 (e.g. on the starboard side). Where plural bunker manifold systems 10 are provided, this allows the vessel 1 to be bunkered and/or debunkered from multiple positions. If plural bunker manifold systems 10 are used to bunker and/or debunker the marine vessel 1 simultaneously, the bunkering and/or debunkering process can be completed more quickly. In other examples, only a single bunker manifold system 10 is provided at the port side, starboard side, stern or bow of the marine vessel.

[0071] As shown in Figure 1, the bunker manifold systems 10 are provided below a predetermined waterline X1 of the hull 2 of the vessel 1. The waterline X1 is the line or level at which the surface of the water in which the vessel 1 is disposed meets the hull 2 of the vessel 1. The depth at which the vessel 1 sits in the water varies depending on the weight of the vessel 1 (whether loaded or unloaded) or the properties of the water in which the vessel 1 is disposed. In the example of Figure 1, the waterline X1 is the line or level at which the surface of the water meets the hull 2 when the vessel 1 is at its lightest weight during normal operation - i.e. when the vessel 1 is unladen and carrying minimal or no ballast and minimal or no fuel. In this example, the waterline X1 is below the Plimsoll line of the vessel 1 and above the maximum effective radius of each propeller 3 of the vessel 1, such that the propellers 3 remain below the surface of the water during operation to provide propulsion. In other examples, the waterline X1 might be elsewhere, such as below the Plimsoll line of the vessel 1 and above the axis of rotation of each propeller 3 of the vessel 1. By providing the bunker manifold system 10 below the waterline X1, were a leak to occur at the bunker manifold system 10 during passage of the fuel through the bunker manifold system 10, the fuel would be contained in the water. In cases where the fuel is prone to releasing, as a gas or vapour for example, chemicals that could be harmful to a crew of the vessel 1 , such as ammonia, such an arrangement helps to avoid or minimise such chemicals reaching the crew.

[0072] Figures 2a to 2c show respective schematic cross-sectional views of a bunker system 1000. The bunker system 1000 includes one of the bunker manifold systems 10 of Figure 1 and a bunker hose 100, at successive stages of connection between a bunker manifold 11 of the bunker manifold system 10 and the bunker hose 100. It will be appreciated that only a distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 is shown. The bunker manifold 11 comprises a chamber 12 and an opening 13. The distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 is connectable to the bunker manifold 11 such that an interior 102 of the bunker hose 100 is fluidically connected or connectable to the chamber 12 via the opening 13. In use, therefore, fuel is able to flow from the interior 102 of the bunker hose 100 to the chamber 12, or vice versa. In this example, connecting the bunker hose 100 to the bunker manifold 11 comprises inserting the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 into the chamber 12 via the opening 13. In other examples, the connection may be achieved without inserting part of the bunker hose 100 into the chamber 12, such as by connecting respective flanges of the bunker hose 100 and the bunker manifold 11 to each other, e.g. through the use of fasteners such as bolts. The opening 13 is provided in a wall 14 of the hull 2 of the vessel 1. In this way, the bunker manifold 11 can be easily accessed from a neighbouring bunker station or bunker barge, in use, in order to bunker or debunker the vessel 1. In other examples, the opening 13 is provided at another area of the vessel 1 , for example at a deck level of the vessel 1. [0073] As shown in Figure 2a, the bunker manifold system 10 comprises a passage 15 which extends from the chamber 12 to an outlet 16. The passage 15 is configured to avoid the opening 13 and permit passage of a fluid from the chamber 12 to the outlet 16. In this way, fluid is able to flow from the chamber 12 to the outlet 16 and avoid the opening 13. As such, any unwanted fluid (e.g. sea water) within the chamber 12 can be removed from the chamber 12 either before, during or after connection of the bunker hose 100.

[0074] The outlet 16 of the passage 15 shown in Figure 2a is fluidically connected to, or opens into, a region 17 external to the bunker manifold 11 and the bunker manifold system 10. In other examples, the outlet is fluidically connected or connectable to a container 18 configured to store fluid from the passage 15. The container 18 is removable such that it can be removed from the vessel 1 to allow its contents to be safely disposed of and/or analysed. In other examples, the container 18 forms part of, and is permanently comprised in, the vessel 1. The contents of the container 18 can be analysed to determine if a leak has occurred in the bunker manifold 11. In other examples, the flow through the passage 15 is analysed to determine the presence of any leaking fluid (for example ammonia) during use. In some examples, one or more sensors are provided in the passage 15 and/or at the outlet 16 to monitor flow through the passage to determine the presence of any leaking fluid. For example, a camera with a view of the outlet 16 can monitor for indicators of a leak, such as bubbles emerging from the outlet 16. In some examples, the one or more sensors comprises one or more density sensors configured to take continuous density measurements at the outlet 16.

[0075] The bunker manifold 11 , and more specifically the opening 13 thereof, in Figure 2a is disposed below the waterline X1 of the vessel 1. This helps to ensure that, were a leak to occur at the bunker manifold 11 during passage of the fuel through the bunker manifold 11, the fuel would be contained in the water. In cases where the fuel is prone to releasing, as a gas or vapour for example, chemicals that could be harmful to a crew of the vessel 1 , such as ammonia, such an arrangement helps to avoid or minimise such chemicals reaching the crew. Moreover, a leak can more easily be detected by detecting the presence of bubbles when using fuel such as ammonia. In other examples, the bunker manifold system 10 may be arranged such that the opening 13 is above a waterline X2 and the outlet 16 is below the waterline X2. This allows easy access to the opening 13 for connection of the bunker hose 100 but ensures that any leaks through the passage 15 flow into the water at the outlet 16. In another example, both the opening 13 and the outlet 16 are above a waterline X3 such that the bunker manifold system 10 can be easily accessed. [0076] The bunker manifold system 10 comprises a cover 19 which is moveable relative to the bunker manifold 11 between a first position (shown in Figure 2a), at which the bunker manifold 11 is substantially obstructed by the cover 19, and a second position (shown in Figures 2b and 2c), at which the bunker manifold 11 is unobstructed or less obstructed by the cover 19. The cover 19 is configured to isolate the bunker manifold 11 from the region 17 external to the bunker manifold system 10 when in the first position. In this way, the cover 19 substantially prevents fluid flow into the chamber 12 from the region 17 external to the bunker manifold system 10 when the cover 19 is in the first position. For example, the cover 19 can prevent sea water from flowing into the chamber 12 when the bunker manifold is not connected to a bunker hose. Moreover, the cover 19 helps ensure that the hull 2 of the vessel 1 remains substantially smooth to improve movement through a waterway in which the vessel 1 is disposed. The cover 19 of the example of Figure 2a is configured to slide in the direction of the wall 14 of the hull 2 between the first position and the second position. In other examples, the cover 19 is configured to move in another way, for example through the use of a hinge.

[0077] As shown in Figure 2a, the bunker manifold system 10 comprises a source of inert gas 21. The source 21 is fluidically connectable to the chamber 12. A flow of an inert gas, for example nitrogen, from the source 21 is able to displace fluid from the chamber 12 in use. In this way, unwanted fluid within the chamber 12 can be displaced from the chamber 12 before flowing fuel through the bunker hose 100. The flow of the inert gas from the source 21 displaces fluid from the chamber 12 to the outlet 16 via the passage 15. The source 21 shown in Figure 2a comprises a compressed gas storage container, such as an accumulator.

[0078] The bunker manifold system shown in Figure 2a comprises a bunker manifold valve 20. The bunker manifold valve 20 is configured to control fluid flow through the bunker manifold system 10. The bunker manifold valve 20 comprises a first configuration (as shown in Figures 2a and 2b) and a second configuration (as shown in Figure 2c). In the second configuration, fluid flow through the bunker manifold system 10 is less restricted by the bunker manifold valve 20 than when the bunker manifold valve 20 is in the first configuration. As such, fluid can more easily flow past the bunker manifold valve 20 in the second configuration. The bunker manifold valve 20 is biased into the first configuration by a biasing device 28, for example a spring. In other examples, the bunker manifold valve 20 is biased into the first configuration in another way, for example by fluid pressure from the source of inert gas 21. In this way, the bunker manifold valve 20 remains closed or more restrictive to fluid flow when not in use, preventing unwanted foreign substances from passing the bunker manifold valve 20.

[0079] The bunker manifold system 10 comprises a main bunker valve 22 which is configured to control flow of fluid that has passed through the bunker manifold valve 20 from the bunker hose 100, when the bunker hose 100 is connected to the bunker manifold 11. The main bunker valve 22 is configured to be opened during bunkering and/or debunkering of the vessel 1 and closed before and/or after bunkering and/or debunkering is complete. The chamber 12 is fluidically connectable to a bunker of the vessel 1 via the main bunker valve 22, and the main bunker valve 22 is operable to control flow between the chamber 12 and the bunker.

[0080] The bunker hose 100 comprises a bunker hose valve 103 at the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100. The bunker hose valve 103 is configured to restrict or prevent fluid flow through the bunker hose 100 in at least one direction. In the example of Figure 2a, the bunker hose valve 103 prevents fluid flow into a distal end o of the bunker hose 100 from the region 17 external to the bunker manifold system 10, and thus external to the bunker hose 100. In this way, fluid flow through the bunker hose 100 can be controlled to aid bunkering and/or debunkering of the vessel 1. For example, such a feature could help reduce or avoid ingress of unwanted fluid, such as sea water, into the hose 100 should the hose 100 be placed in water, which fluid might otherwise be carried with fuel to be passed through the hose 100. The bunker hose valve 103 shown in Figure 2a is disposed inwardly of the distal end 104 of the bunker hose 100. This helps to protect the bunker hose valve 103 and reduce the chance of damaging the bunker hose valve 103 were the distal end 104 of the bunker hose 100 to contact another object, such as during insertion into, or removal from, the opening 13.

[0081] The bunker hose valve 103 is changeable from a first configuration (as shown in Figures 2a and 2b) to a second configuration (as shown in Figure 2c), in which a degree of restriction by the bunker hose valve 103 to fluid flow through the bunker hose 100 is different than when the bunker hose valve 103 is in the first configuration. In this example, the degree of restriction is less in the second configuration than in the first configuration. In the example shown in Figure 2a, the bunker hose valve 103 is changeable from the first configuration to the second configuration in response to a fluid flow through the bunker hose 100 towards the distal end 104 in use. That is, when fuel flows through the bunker hose 100 towards the distal end 104, the pressure of the fuel flow causes the bunker hose valve 103 to change from the first configuration to the second configuration, allowing the fuel to pass out of the distal end 104 of the bunker hose 100. This allows the configuration of the bunker hose valve 103 to be changed without the need for an additional device to control the bunker hose valve 103, simplifying the system.

[0082] As shown in Figure 2a, the bunker hose valve 103 comprises a biasing device 105 to bias the bunker hose valve 103 into the first configuration. This helps to ensure that the bunker hose valve 103 remains closed when not in use, preventing unwanted foreign substances from passing the bunker hose valve 103 and entering the interior 102 of the bunker hose 100. In this example the biasing device 105 is a spring. In other examples, the bunker hose valve 103 is biased into the first configuration by, for example, fluid pressure, such as in use. The bunker hose valve 103 of Figure 2a acts as a non-return valve such that fuel flows out of the distal end 104 of the bunker hose 100 by moving the bunker hose valve 103 from the first configuration to the second configuration, whereas any fluid attempting to flow in the opposite direction and enter the distal end 104 of the bunker hose 100 will drive the bunker hose valve 103 from the second configuration to the first configuration, thereby closing the bunker hose valve 103 and substantially preventing ingress of fluid into the interior 102. Other examples and operations of bunker hose valves 103 are discussed in relation to Figures 3a and 3b below.

[0083] The bunker hose 100 is weighted such that the bunker hose 100 sits below the water surface in use. In this example, the bunker hose 100 has a density which is greater than 1000 kg/m ³ at 4°C and atmospheric pressure. In other examples, the density is greater than 1000 kg/m ³ at 4°C and atmospheric pressure, such as between 1020 kg/m ³ and 1030 kg/m ³ at 4°C and atmospheric pressure. In this way, as the bunker hose 100 sits below the water surface, were a leak to occur during passage of the fuel through the bunker hose 100, the fuel would be contained in the water. In cases where the fuel is prone to releasing, as a gas or vapour for example, chemicals that could be harmful to a crew of the vessel 1 , such as ammonia, such an arrangement helps to avoid or minimise such chemicals reaching the crew.

[0084] The bunker hose 100 shown in Figure 2a comprises an engagement mechanism 106 configured to engage with a part of the bunker manifold 11 so as to hold the bunker hose 100 in place relative to the bunker manifold 11 when the bunker hose 100 is connected to the bunker manifold 11. In this way, the bunker hose 100 is secured to the bunker manifold 11 during use, helping to reduce the likelihood of the bunker hose 100 detaching from the bunker manifold 11 , thus reducing the chances of a fuel leak. In the example of Figure 2a, the engagement mechanism 106 comprises two engagement features 107 or arms which are configured to extend radially from the bunker hose 100 and engage with an undercut 23 of the bunker manifold 11 , when the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 is in the chamber 12. In other examples, greater or fewer engagement features 107 are provided. In this example, the engagement mechanism 106 comprises a hydraulic collar that is actuatable to cause an increase in a degree of radial protrusion of the engagement features 107 from the rest of the bunker hose 100. The chamber 12 of the bunker manifold 11 is dimensioned to allow the engagement features 107 to move and engage with the undercut 23 when the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 is inserted into the chamber 12.

[0085] As shown in Figure 2a, the bunker hose 100 comprises a projection 111 configured to engage with a drive mechanism (not shown). The drive mechanism is to drive the bunker hose 100 into connection with the bunker manifold 11 in use. In this way, the bunker hose 100 can be more easily held and directed by the drive mechanism, for example a hydraulic arm. In other examples, the manner in which the bunker hose 100 is engageable with a drive mechanism may be different to that shown, and in some examples the bunker hose 100 may not have any dedicated feature(s) for engagement with a drive mechanism.

[0086] Figure 2b shows the cover 19 having been moved to its second position, and the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 partially inserted into the chamber 12 of the bunker manifold 11 via the opening 13. The distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 creates a substantially fluid-tight seal 29 between an exterior 108 of the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 and a surface 24 of the chamber 12. In Figure 2b, the bunker hose 100 comprises first and second O-rings 109a, 109b to create the substantially fluid-tight seal 29, although greater or fewer (e.g. none) O-rings 109a, 109b can be provided in other examples.

[0087] As shown in Figure 2b, the substantially fluid-tight seal 29 is created before the bunker hose 100 is fully inserted into the chamber 12. The distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 is dimensioned such that fluid from the chamber 12 is displaced when the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 is inserted into the chamber 12. This allows fluid to be displaced via the passage 15 from the chamber 12 in the same action of inserting the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100, simplifying the process.

[0088] Figure 2c is a cross-sectional schematic view of the bunker manifold system 10 when the bunker hose 100 is fully inserted into the chamber 12. As shown in Figure 2c, a first substantially fluid-tight seal 29a is created by the first O-ring 109a between the exterior 103 of the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 and the surface 24 of the chamber 12 at a first side 25, furthest from the opening 13, of a mouth 27 of the passage 15. The first substantially fluid-tight seal 29a helps to substantially prevent fuel flowing through the bunker hose 100 from passing between the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 and the surface 24 of the chamber 12. This reduces the chance of fuel leaking to the region 17 external to the bunker manifold system 10. When the first substantially fluid-tight seal 29a is present, a leak can be determined by detecting fuel flowing through the passage 15. A second substantially fluid-tight seal 29b is created by the second O- ring 109b between the exterior 108 of the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 and the surface 24 of the chamber 12 at a second side 26 of the mouth 27 of the passage 15 between the opening 13 and the passage 15.

[0089] The bunker manifold system 10 is configured such that the second substantially fluid-tight seal 29b is present between the exterior 108 of the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 and the surface 24 of the bunker manifold system 10 when the fluid flows through the bunker hose 100. This helps to reduce the chance of fuel leaking to the region 17 external to the bunker manifold system 10 by ensuring that the seal is present before beginning to flow fuel.

[0090] As shown in Figure 2c, the engagement features 107 of the engagement mechanism 106 have radially extended (as compared to the state in Figure 2b) to engage with the undercut 23 of the bunker manifold 11. As such, the bunker hose 100 is substantially prevented from being removed from the bunker manifold 11 while the engagement features 107 are extended. This helps to reduce the chance of an accidental disconnection between the bunker manifold 11 and the bunker hose 100 caused, for example, by the vessel 1 moving due to rough sea conditions.

[0091] As shown in Figure 2c, the bunker manifold valve 20 is configured to be actuated from the first configuration to the second configuration when the bunker hose 100 is connected to the bunker manifold 11. In this way, the bunker manifold valve 20 is in the second configuration when the bunker hose is connected to the bunker manifold, allowing for the passage of fuel to begin through the bunker hose. The bunker manifold valve 20 in Figure 2c is configured such that connection of the bunker hose 100 to the bunker manifold 11 causes the actuation of the bunker manifold valve 20 from the first configuration to the second configuration. In particular, the distal end 104 of the bunker hose 100 interacts with the bunker manifold valve 20 to cause actuation of the bunker manifold valve 20 from the first configuration to the second configuration when the bunker hose 100 is connected to the bunker manifold 11. The bunker manifold valve 20 is biased such that, when the bunker hose 100 is subsequently disconnected from the bunker manifold 11 , the bunker manifold valve 20 returns to the first configuration. In this way, the configuration of the bunker manifold valve 20 can be changed without the need for an additional device to control the bunker manifold valve 20, simplifying the operation.

[0092] In some examples, the bunker manifold valve 20 is configured to be actuated from the first configuration to the second configuration by an actuator other than the bunker hose 100. This allows independent control of the bunker manifold valve 20, such that connection of the bunker hose 100 can be confirmed before the bunker manifold valve 20 is actuated.

[0093] Figures 3a and 3b are schematic cross-sectional views of alternative bunker hoses 100. In the example of Figure 3a, the bunker hose valve 103 is configured to change from the first configuration (as shown) to the second configuration (not shown, but in which the degree of restriction to fluid flow is less than in the first configuration) upon contact between the distal end 104 of the bunker hose 100 and an external object (for example the bunker manifold valve 20). This pushes the bunker hose valve 103 away from a seat 110 in the bunker hose 100, to allow fluid flow past the bunker hose valve 103.

[0094] Figure 3b shows an alternative example of a bunker hose 100 in which the bunker hose valve 103 is configured to change from the first configuration (as shown) to the second configuration (not shown, but in which the degree of restriction to fluid flow is less than in the first configuration) in response to fluid flow into the distal end 104 of the bunker hose 100. Such a bunker hose valve 103 can, for example, be used at an end of the bunker hose 100 for connection to a bunker barge to be used for bunkering a vessel using the bunker hose 100. For example, in some examples the bunker hose 100 has one end as shown in Figures 2a-2c and its other end as shown in Figure 3b.

[0095] In some examples, the bunker hose 100 comprises an actuator configured to drive the bunker hose valve 103 between the first configuration and the second configuration. This allows independent control of the bunker hose valve 103, such that connection of the bunker hose 100 to the bunker manifold 11 and/or presence of the seals 29 can be confirmed before the bunker hose valve 103 is actuated. In some examples, the actuator is configured to drive the bunker hose valve 103 on connection of the bunker hose 100 to the bunker manifold 11.

[0096] Figure 4 is a flow diagram of a method 300 of bunkering or debunkering a vessel 1. The method 300 may be performed using the bunker system 1000 shown in Figures 2a-2c or any compatible variant thereof discussed herein. The method 300 comprises moving 301 a cover 19 relative to a bunker manifold 11 between a first position, at which the bunker manifold 11 is substantially obstructed by the cover 19, and a second position, at which the bunker manifold 11 is unobstructed or less obstructed by the cover 19.

[0097] The method 300 comprises passing 302 an inert gas, for example nitrogen, through a chamber 12 of the bunker manifold 11 to displace a fluid from the chamber 12, such as sea water that may have entered the chamber 12 on movement of the cover 19. In the example of Figure 4, the passing 302 the inert gas occurs before connecting 304 a bunker hose 100 to the bunker manifold 11 , discussed below. In other examples, the passing 302 the inert gas also or alternatively occurs during or after the connecting 304 the bunker hose 100. In this way, unwanted fluid, such as sea water, within the chamber 12 can be displaced from the chamber 12 before flowing fuel through the bunker hose 100. In the example of Figure 4, the passing 302 the inert gas comprises displacing the fluid from the chamber 12 to a region 17 external to the bunker manifold 11 through a passage 15, such as the passage 15 described in relation to Figures 2a to 2c above, which is configured to avoid an opening 13 via which the hose 100 is insertable into the chamber 12. In other examples, the fluid is displaced from the chamber 12 to the region 17 external to the bunker manifold 11 without passing through the passage 15.

[0098] As shown in Figure 4, the method 300 comprises moving 303 the bunker hose 100 from a first position remote from the bunker manifold system 10 to a second position in which the bunker hose 100 is connected to the bunker manifold 11. The moving 303 comprises driving a drive mechanism, for example a hydraulic arm, to move the bunker hose 100 from the first position to the second position. The drive mechanism is operated remotely from the bunker manifold 11. In some examples, the drive mechanism is operated remotely from the vessel 1. In this way, safety can be increased by allowing the user of the drive mechanism to be remote from the connection.

[0099] The method 300 comprises connecting 304 the bunker hose 100 to the bunker manifold 11 , for example from the region 17 external to the bunker manifold 11 , when the bunker manifold 11 is submerged below a water surface. In this way, as the bunker manifold 11 is below the water surface when connected to the bunker hose 100, were a leak to occur at the bunker manifold 11 during passage of the fuel through the bunker manifold 11 , the fuel would be contained in the water. In the example shown in Figure 4, the connecting 304 occurs when the cover 19 is in the second position. [00100] The connecting 304 comprises inserting a distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 into a chamber 12 of the bunker manifold 11 through the opening 13 of the bunker manifold 11. The method 300 further comprises creating 305 a seal 29, for example a circumferential seal, between the bunker hose 100 and the bunker manifold 11. In this way, the chance of fuel leaking from the bunker manifold 11 is reduced. When the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 is inserted into the chamber 12, the seal is created between an exterior 108 of the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 and a surface 24 of the chamber 12. The seal 29 may be a seal 29 as described in relation to Figures 2a to 2c above.

[00101] The inserting comprises displacing fluid from the chamber 12 to an outlet 16, for example the outlet 16 described in relation to Figures 2a to 2c. The method comprises displacing the fluid from the chamber 12 to the outlet 16 the passage 15 which is configured to avoid the opening 13. In some examples, the outlet 16 is fluidically connected to the region 17 external to the bunker manifold 11.

[00102] In the example shown in Figure 4, the connecting 304 comprises driving the drive mechanism to connect the bunker hose 100 to the bunker manifold 11. The drive mechanism is operated remotely from the bunker manifold 11. In some examples, the drive mechanism is operated remotely from the vessel 1. In this way, safety can be increased by allowing the user of the drive mechanism to be remote from the connection. In some examples, the connecting 304 comprises manually connecting the bunker hose 100 to the bunker manifold 11 without the use of a drive mechanism, such as through the use of a dive team.

[00103] The method 300 of Figure 4 comprises the bunker hose 100 causing 306 actuation of a valve of the bunker manifold system 10, for example the bunker manifold valve 20 discussed above, from a first configuration to a second configuration, in which fluid flow through the bunker manifold system is less restricted by the valve 20 than when the valve 20 is in the first configuration, when the bunker hose 100 is connected to a bunker manifold 11 of the bunker manifold system 10. In the example of Figure 4, the distal end portion 101 of the bunker hose 100 interacts with the valve 20 of the bunker manifold system to cause the actuation of the valve 20 from the first configuration to the second configuration. In some examples, the moving the bunker hose 100 to the second position causes the actuation of the valve 20 from the first configuration to the second configuration. In some examples, the valve of the bunker manifold system is actuated from the first configuration to the second configuration by an actuator, for example operable by a user interface. In the method of Figure 4, the causing 306 actuation occurs after the seal 29 has been created. In other examples, the causing 306 actuation occurs before or during creation of the seal 29.

[00104] The method 300 comprises commencing 307 a flow of fuel through the bunker hose 100 when the bunker hose 100 is connected to the bunker manifold 11. As such, fuel flow only begins when the bunker hose 100 is connected to the bunker manifold 11, reducing the risk of leaks. When the vessel 1 is being bunkered, fuel flow from the bunker hose 100 and into the bunker manifold 11. When the vessel 1 is being debunkered, the fuel flow is reversed such that fuel flows from the bunker manifold 11 into and through the bunker hose 100.

[00105] The method 300 comprises disconnecting 308 the bunker hose 100 from the bunker manifold 11. The disconnecting 308 comprises driving the drive mechanism to disconnect the bunker hose 100 to the bunker manifold 11. As with the connecting 304, the drive mechanism is operated remotely from the bunker manifold 11 to disconnect the bunker hose 100. In some examples, the drive mechanism is operated remotely from the vessel 1. In some examples, the disconnecting 308 comprises manually disconnecting the bunker hose 100 from the bunker manifold 11 without the use of a drive mechanism, such as through the use of a dive team.

[00106] The method 300 further comprises passing 309 an inert gas through the bunker hose 100 to displace fluid from within the bunker hose 100. The passing 309 can occur before, during or after the disconnecting 308 the bunker hose 100 from the bunker manifold 11. In this way, any unwanted fluids can be removed from the bunker hose 100 after use, allowing the bunker hose 100 to be stored safely or used in another application without contamination. Moreover, this helps to reduce the likelihood of potentially dangerous chemicals remaining in the bunker hose 100.

[00107] In the example of Figure 4, the moving 301 the cover, the passing 302 the inert gas through the chamber, the moving 303 the bunker hose 100, the connecting 304, the creating 305 the seal, the causing 306 actuation, the commencing 307 the flow of fuel, the disconnecting 308 and the passing 309 the inert gas through the bunker hose are performed when the bunker manifold 11 is below the water surface. In other examples, one or more of the passing 302 the inert gas through the chamber, the moving 303 the bunker hose 100, the connecting 304, the creating 305 the seal, the causing 306 actuation, the commencing 307 the flow of fuel, the disconnecting 308 or the passing 309 the inert gas through the bunker hose is performed when the bunker manifold 11 is above the water surface. In some examples, any one or more of the moving 301 the cover, the passing 302 the inert gas through the chamber, the moving 303 the bunker hose 100, the connecting 304, the creating 305 the seal, the commencing 307 the flow of fuel, the disconnecting 308 or the passing 309 the inert gas through the bunker hose is omitted from the method 300.

[00108] Examples of the present invention have been discussed, with particular reference to the examples illustrated. However, it will be appreciated that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.