FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates to cable insulation compositions. In one aspect the invention relates to cable insulation compositions comprising a sulfur-containing antioxidant while in another aspect, the invention relates to cable insulation compositions comprising a sulfur-containing antioxidant and a phosphorus-containing antioxidant. In yet another aspect the invention relates to a cable comprising a sheath made from the composition.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Peroxide crosslinkable insulation compounds for extra high voltage (EHV) cable applications must be melt-filtered through fine screens during extrusion. USP 6, 187,847 and 6, 187,858 describe insulation formulations that have excellent properties, except that they suffer from peroxide instability during storage and exhibit high levels of water during crosslinking. USP 6,656,986 teaches that certain amine bases can mitigate these issues if they are included in the composition during extrusion. However, despite their excellent properties, manufacturing trials with the formulations described in USP 6,656,986 have identified a rapid pressure development due to fouling of the fine, e.g., less than 50 microns (μιη), screen required to achieve EHV levels of cleanliness. This results in reduced run lengths and reduced yields of EHV grade, since long runs are required to achieve high EHV yields. This screen fouling phenomenon has not been appreciated in the prior art.

[0003] USP 8,455,580 describes compositions containing:

(A) Ethylene-based polymer;

(B) Polyalkylene glycol;

(C) 0.1-1% of a tertiary hindered amine stabilizer;

(D) Sulfur-containing hindered phenol antioxidant at 0.1% or greater;

(E) Peroxide; and

(F) Optional coagent.

This disclosure does not teach use of a first sulfur-containing antioxidant having at least one -S(CH ₂ ) ₂ C0 ₂ R group in combination with a phosphorus-containing antioxidant, and it does not teach the relative amounts of the antioxidants required by the present invention. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] In one embodiment the invention is a power cable insulation composition comprising a sulfur-containing first antioxidant in a relatively high amount and a phosphorus-containing second antioxidant in a relatively low amount.

[0005] In one embodiment the invention is a composition comprising in weight percent based on the weight of the composition:

(A) 95 to 99.9% of an ethylene-based polymer;

(B) 0.2 to 2.5% peroxide;

(C) 0.01 to 0.5% of a sulfur-containing first antioxidant having at least one -S(CH ₂ ) ₂ C0 ₂ R group, wherein R is a C6 to C20 alkyl;

(D) 0.001 to 0.009% of a phosphorus-containing second antioxidant that does not contain a -S(CH ₂ ) ₂ C0 ₂ R group, wherein R is a C6 to C20 alkyl;

(E) Optionally, an organic nitrogenous base; and

(F) Optionally, a phenolic third antioxidant that does not contain a -S(CH ₂ ) ₂ C0 ₂ R group, wherein R is a C6 to C20 alkyl.

[0006] In one embodiment the invention is a cable comprising a sheath made from the inventive composition.

[0007] In one embodiment the inventive composition is free of polyalkylene glycol.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Definitions

[0008] Unless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all parts and percents are based on weight and all test methods are current as of the filing date of this disclosure. For purposes of United States patent practice, the contents of any referenced patent, patent application or publication are incorporated by reference in their entirety (or its equivalent US version is so incorporated by reference) especially with respect to the disclosure of definitions (to the extent not inconsistent with any definitions specifically provided in this disclosure) and general knowledge in the art.

[0009] The numerical ranges in this disclosure are approximate, and thus may include values outside of the range unless otherwise indicated. Numerical ranges include all values from and including the lower and the upper values, in increments of one unit, provided that there is a separation of at least two units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if a compositional, physical or other property, such as, for example, temperature, is from 100 to 1,000, then all individual values, such as 100, 101, 102, etc., and sub ranges, such as 100 to 144, 155 to 170, 197 to 200, etc., are expressly enumerated. For ranges containing values which are less than one or containing fractional numbers greater than one (e.g., 1.1, 1.5, etc.), one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1, as appropriate. For ranges containing single digit numbers less than ten (e.g., 1 to 5), one unit is typically considered to be 0.1. These are only examples of what is specifically intended, and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated, are to be considered to be expressly stated in this disclosure. Numerical ranges are provided within this disclosure for, among other things, the relative amounts of the individual components in the composition.

[0010] "Comprising", "including", "having" and like terms mean that the composition, process, etc. is not limited to the components, steps, etc. disclosed, but rather can include other, undisclosed components, steps, etc. In contrast, the term "consisting essentially of excludes from the scope of any composition, process, etc. any other component, step etc. excepting those that are not essential to the performance, operability or the like of the composition, process, etc. The term "consisting of excludes from a composition, process, etc., any component, step, etc. not specifically disclosed. The term "or", unless stated otherwise, refers to the disclosed members individually as well as in any combination.

[0011] "Wire" and like terms mean a single strand of conductive metal, e.g., copper or aluminum, or a single strand of optical fiber.

[0012] "Cable," "power cable," and like terms means at least one wire or optical fiber within a protective j acket or sheath. Typically, a cable is two or more wires or optical fibers bound together, typically in a common protective jacket or sheath. The individual wires or fibers inside the jacket may be bare, covered or insulated. Combination cables may contain both electrical wires and optical fibers. The cable, etc. can be designed for low, medium, high and extra high voltage applications. For purposes of this disclosure, low voltage means less than 5 kilovolts (kV), medium voltage means 5 kV to less than 69 kV, high voltage means 69 kV to less than 220 kV, and extra high voltage means greater than or equal to 220 kV. Typical cable designs are illustrated in USP 5,246,783; 6,496,629 and 6,714,707. [0013] "Composition" and like terms mean a mixture or blend of two or more components.

[0014] "Polymer" means a compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type. The generic term polymer thus embraces the term homopolymer, usually employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, and the terms "interpolymer" and "copolymer".

[0015] "Interpolymer", "copolymer" and like terms means a polymer prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. These generic terms include copolymers, usually employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers, and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers, e.g., terpolymers, tetrapolymers, etc.

[0016] "Blend," "polymer blend" and like terms mean a composition of two or more polymers. Such a blend may or may not be miscible. Such a blend may or may not be phase separated. Such a blend may or may not contain one or more domain configurations, as determined from transmission electron spectroscopy, light scattering, x-ray scattering, and any other method known in the art.

[0017] "Ethylene-based polymer", "ethylene polymer", "ethylenic polymer", "ethylene- based interpolymer" and like terms refer to a polymer that comprises a majority amount of polymerized ethylene based on the weight of the polymer and, optionally, may comprise at least one comonomer.

[0018] "Tubular LDPE" and like terms mean a low density polyethylene made in a process employing at least one tubular reactor.

[0019] "Crosslinkable", "curable" and like terms means that the polymer, before or after extrusion, is not cured or crosslinked and has not been subjected or exposed to treatment that has induced substantial crosslinking although the polymer comprises additive(s) or functionality which will cause or promote substantial crosslinking upon subjection or exposure to such treatment (e.g., peroxide).

[0020] "Crosslinked", "cured" and similar terms mean that the polymer, before or after it is extruded onto a wire or cable, was subjected or exposed to a treatment which induced crosslinking and has xylene or decalene extractables of less than or equal to 90 weight percent (i.e., greater than or equal to 10 weight percent gel content). [0021] "Free of polyalkylene glycol" and like terms means that the inventive composition contains less than 0.1 wt%, or less than 0.05 wt%, or less than 0.01 wt%, of a polyalkylene glycol.

[0022] "Room temperature" and like terms mean 23°C.

Ethylene-Based Polymer

[0023] The ethylenic polymers used in the practice of this invention include both homopolymers and interpolymers, random and blocky copolymers, and functionalized (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene ethyl acrylate, etc.) and non-functionalized polymers. The ethylenic interpolymers include elastomers, flexomers and plastomers. The ethylene polymer comprises at least 50, preferably at least 60 and more preferably at least 80, wt% of units derived from ethylene. The other units of the ethylenic interpolymer are typically derived from one or more alpha-olefms.

[0024] The alpha-olefin is preferably a C3-20 linear, branched or cyclic alpha-olefin. Examples of C3.20 alpha-olefins include propene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-l-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, and 1-octadecene. The alpha- olefins also can contain a cyclic structure such as cyclohexane or cyclopentane, resulting in an alpha-olefin such as 3-cyclohexyl-l-propene (allyl cyclohexane) and vinyl cyclohexane. Although not alpha-olefins in the classical sense of the term, for purposes of this invention certain cyclic olefins, such as norbornene and related olefins, particularly 5-ethylidene-2- norbornene, are alpha-olefins and can be used in place of some or all of the alpha-olefins described above. Similarly, styrene and its related olefins (for example, alpha-methylstyrene, etc.) are alpha-olefins for purposes of this invention. Illustrative ethylenic interpolymers include copolymers of ethylene/propylene, ethylene/butene, ethylene/ 1-hexene, ethylene/1- octene, ethyl ene/styrene, and the like. Illustrative ethylenic terpolymers include ethylene/propyl ene/l-octene, ethylene/propylene-/butene, ethylene/butene/l-octene, ethylene/propylene/diene monomer (EPDM) and ethyl ene/butene/styrene.

[0025] Examples of ethylenic polymers useful in the practice of this invention include high density polyethylene (HDPE); medium density polyethylene (MDPE); low density polyethylene (LDPE); very low density polyethylene (VLDPE); homogeneously branched, linear ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers (e.g. TAFMER™ by Mitsui Petrochemicals Company Limited and EXACT™ by DEX-Plastomers); homogeneously branched, substantially linear ethylene/alpha-olefin polymers (e.g., AFFINITY polyolefin plastomers and ENGAGE™ polyolefin elastomers available from The Dow Chemical Company); and ethylene block copolymers (INFUSE™ also available from The Dow Chemical Company). The substantially linear ethylene copolymers are more fully described in USP 5,272,236; 5,278,272 and 5,986,028, and the ethylene block copolymers are more fully described in USP 7,579,408; 7,355,089; 7,524,91 1 ; 7,514,517; 7,582,716 and 7,504,347.

[0026] Olefinic interpolymers of particular interest for use in the practice of this invention are LDPE, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and FIDPE. These ethylenic copolymers are commercially available from a number of different sources including The Dow Chemical Company under such trademarks as DOWLEX™, ATTANE™ and FLEXOMER™.

[0027] One preferred polymer is a high pressure low density polyethylene (LDPE). One conventional high pressure process is described in Introduction to Polymer Chemistry, Stille, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1962, pages 149 to 151. The high pressure processes are typically free radical initiated polymerizations conducted in a tubular reactor or a stirred autoclave. In the stirred autoclave, the pressure is in the range of 10,000 to 30,000 psi (70 to 210 kPa) and the temperature is in the range of 175 to 250°C, and in the tubular reactor, the pressure is in the range of 25,000 to 45,000 psi (170 to 310 kPa) and the temperature is in the range of 200 to 350°C.

[0028] The amount of ethylene polymer present in the compositions of this invention is typically of 95 to 99.9, more typically 95-99 and even more typically 96-99, wt% based on the total weight of the composition. The ethylene polymer can be present as a single polymer, e.g., LDPE, or as a blend of two or more polymers, e.g., LDPE and MDPE.

[0029] In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer is a low density polyethylene (LDPE) made in a tubular reactor.

[0030] In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer has a melt index (I ₂ ) from 0.1 to 100 grams per 10 minutes (g/10 min). In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer has an I ₂ from 0.3 to 100 g/10 min, or from 0.5 to 30 g/10 min, or from 1.0 to 10 g/10 min. In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer has an I ₂ from 0.3 to 100 g/10 min, or from 1 to 50 g/10 min, or from 2 to 20 g/10 min. Melt index is measured according to ASTM D1238, Condition 190°C/2.16 kg. [0031] In one embodiment the ethylene-based polymer has a density greater than or equal to 0.910, or greater than or equal to 0.914, or greater than or equal to 0.916 g cc. Density is measured by the procedure of ASTM D792, Method B. The result is recorded in grams (g) per cubic centimeter, or g/cc or g/cm ³ .

[0032] In one embodiment the ethylene-based polymer has a density less than or equal to 0.940, or less than or equal to 0.935, or less than or equal to 0.932, grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc or g/cm ³ ).

[0033] In one embodiment the ethylene-based polymer has a density from 0.910 to 0.940 g/cc. In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer has a density from 0.910 to 0.940, or from 0.915 to 0.935, or from 0.916 to 0.932 g/cc.

[0034] Preferably, in one embodiment the ethylene-based polymer has a density from

0.912 to 0.940, or from 0.915 to 0.935, or from 0.920 to 0.930, or from 0.918 to 0.926 g/cc.

[0035] In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer has a density of from 0.916 to

0.940, or from 0.916 to 0.921, or from 0.920 to 0.924, or from 0.923 to 0.940, g/cc.

[0036] In one embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer has a density from 0.920 to

0.940 g/cc.

Peroxide

[0037] The peroxides that can be used in the practice of this invention include, but are not limited to, cyclic peroxides, diacyl peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, hydroperoxides, peroxycarbonates, peroxydicarbonates, peroxyesters, and peroxyketals. In one embodiment the peroxide is an organic peroxide. Representative organic peroxides include dicumyl peroxide; bis(alpha-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; isopropylcumyl t-butyl peroxide; t-butylcumylperoxide; di-t-butyl peroxide; 2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane; 2,5- bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexyne-3; l, l-bis(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane; isopropylcumyl cumylperoxide; di(isopropylcumyl) peroxide; and mixtures of two or more such initiators. Examples of commercially available peroxides include, but are not limited to, TRIGONOX™ 301 (3,6,9-triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-l,4,7-triperoxonaan) and TRIGONOX™ 31 1 (3,3,5,7,7-pentamethyl-l,2,4-trioxepane), both available from Akzo Nobel, and HMCH- 4-AL (3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl-l,2,4,5-tetroxonane) available from United Initiators. See also WO 02/14379 and WO 01/68723. [0038] In one embodiment the peroxide is used in an amount from 0.2-2.5 wt%, or from 0.2-2.0 wt%, based upon the weight of composition.

[0039] In one embodiment, the peroxide is used in combination with a curing coagents (and, optionally, one or more boosters or retarders). Representative coagents include triallyl isocyanurate; ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate; alpha-methyl styrene dimer (AMSD); and the other coagents described in USP 5,346,961 and 4,018,852. Coagents are used, if used at all, typically in amounts of greater than 0 (e.g., 0.01) to 3, more typically 0.1 to 0.5 and even more typically 0.2 to 0.4, wt % based on the weight of the composition.

Sulfur-Containing First Antioxidant

[0040] The sulfur-containing antioxidants used in the practice of this invention have at least one -S(CH2)2C02R group in which R is C6 to C20 alkyl. In preferred embodiments R is C1 ₈ H ₃ 7 or C ₁₂ H ₂₅ . Examples of sulfur-containing antioxidants include but are not limited to: dimyristyl thiodipropionate; distearyl thiodipropionate (DSTDP); dilauryl thiodipropionate (DLTDP); and pentaerythritol tetrakis (B-laurylthiopropionate). Additional examples can be found in Plastic Additives Handbook, Gachter et al, 1985. These sulfur- containing antioxidants are typically used in amounts of 0.01 to 0.5 wt%, more typically in amounts of 0.05 to 0.30 wt% based on the weight of the composition. Preferred embodiments include the thioesters DSTDP, DLTDP and NAUGARD™ 412S (pentaerythritol tetrakis(p-laurylthiopropionate). In one embodiment, the sulfur-containing first antioxidant is present in an amount from 0.01 to 0.5 wt%, or from 00.10 to 0.30 wt%, based on the weight of the composition.

Phosphorus-Containing Second Antioxidant

[0041] The "second antioxidant" used in the practice of this invention is a phosphorus- containing antioxidant that does not contain a -S(CH ₂ ) ₂ C0 ₂ R group, wherein R is a C6 to C20 alkyl. Preferred second antioxidants are phosphites, phosphonites and phosphines, with phosphites and phosphonites more preferred. The second antioxidant may be a mixture of two or more phosphorus-containing antioxidants that do not contain a -S(CH ₂ ) ₂ C0 ₂ R group, wherein R is a C6 to C20 alkyl. In one embodiment, the phosphorus-containing second antioxidant does not contain sulfur. Phosphorus-containing antioxidants that can be used in the practice of this invention include, but are not limited to, IRGAFOS™ 126, IRGAFOS™ 168 and IRGASTAB™ 301, all available from BASF. In one embodiment, the phosphorus- containing second antioxidant is present in an amount from 0.001 to 0.05 wt% based on the weight of the composition. In another embodiment, the phosphorus-containing second antioxidant is present in an amount from 0.001 to 0.03 wt% based on the weight of the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the phosphorus-containing second antioxidant is present in an amount from 0.001 to 0.009 wt%, or more preferably from 0.003 to 0.007 wt%, based on the weight of the composition.

Nitrogenous Base

[0042] In one embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises a nitrogenous base. In one embodiment the nitrogenous base is triallyl cyanurate. In one embodiment the nitrogenous base is UVINUL™ 4050 H (N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-N,N'- diformylhexamethylenediamine). In one embodiment the nitrogenous base is a hindered amine stabilizer (HAS). Examples of HAS include but are not limited to: TINUVIN™ XT 850, TINUVIN™ 622, TINUVIN™ 144, SANDUVOR™ PR-31 and CHIMASSORB™ 1 19 FL. TINUVIN™ 144 is bis-(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-2-n-butyl-2-(3,5-d i-tert- butyl— 4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate, has a molecular weight of about 685 grams/mole (g/mol), contains tertiary amines, and is also available from BASF. SANDUVOR™ PR-31 is propanedioic acid, [(4-methoxyphenyl)-methylene]-bis-(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4- piperidinyl)ester, has a molecular weight of about 529 g/mol, contains tertiary amines, and is available from Clariant Chemicals (India) Ltd. CHIMASSORB™ 119 FL or CHIMASSORB™ 119 is 10 wt% of dimethyl succinate polymer with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6,- tetramethyl-l-piperidineethanol and 90 wt% of N,N"'-[1,2-Ethanediylbis[[[4,6- bis[butyl(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)amino]-l,3,5-t raizin-2-yl]imino]-3, l-propane- diyl]]bis N'N"-dibutyl-N'N"-bis(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)]- l and is commercially available from BASF. The optional nitrogenous base, if present, is typically present in an amount of 0.001-0.01 wt%, or 0.001-0.008 wt%, or 0.002-0.004 wt%, based on the weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the nitrogenous base does not contain sulfur. In one embodiment, the nitrogenous base does not contain a -S(CH ₂ ) ₂ C0 ₂ R group, wherein R is a C6 to C20 alkyl. In one embodiment the nitrogenous base does not contain phosphorus. In one embodiment the nitrogenous base contains neither sulfur nor phosphorus. Phenolic Third Antioxidant

[0043] In one embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises a phenolic third antioxidant. Examples of phenolic antioxidants, include but are not limited to, hindered phenolic antioxidants such as IRGANOX™ 1010 (tetrakis[methylene(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyhydro-cinnamate)]methane); CYANOX™ 1790 (l,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy- 2,6-dimethyl benzyl)-l,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(lH,3H,5H)-trione); bis [(beta-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)-methylcarboxyethyl)]sulphide; thiodiethylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxy hydrocinnamate); 1,3,5-tris (3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethyl benzene; 1,3,5-tri (3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate); octadecyl 3-(3 ',5'-di- tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; 2,5-distyrylnonylphenol; and l, l,3-tris(2'-methyl-4'- hydroxy-5 '-tert-butylphenyl) butane. Preferred phenolic antioxidants include CYANOX™ 1790 and IRGANOX™ 1010. In one embodiment, the optional phenolic antioxidant does not contain sulfur. The optional phenolic antioxidant, if present, is typically present in an amount of 0.05-0.5 wt%, or 0.1-0.3 wt% based on the weight of the composition.

Fillers and Additives

[0044] The composition may contain additives including but not limited to processing aids, fillers, coupling agents, ultraviolet absorbers, antistatic agents, nucleating agents, slip agents, plasticizers, lubricants, viscosity control agents, tackifiers, anti-blocking agents, surfactants, extender oils, acid scavengers, and metal deactivators. Additives, other than fillers, are typically used in amounts ranging from 0.01 or less to 10 or more wt% based on the weight of the composition. Fillers are generally added in larger amounts although they the amount can range from as low as 0.01 or less to 50 or more wt % based on the weight of the composition. Examples of fillers include but are not limited to clays, precipitated silica and silicates, fumed silica, calcium carbonate, ground minerals, and carbon blacks. The fillers typically have an arithmetic mean particle size larger than 15 nanometers.

Compounding and Fabrication

[0045] Compounding of a cable insulation material can be effected by standard equipment known to those skilled in the art. Examples of compounding equipment are internal batch mixers, such as a BANBURY™ or BOLLING™ internal mixer. Alternatively, continuous single, or counter and/or co-rotating twin screw, mixers can be used, such as FARREL continuous mixer, a WERNER AND PFLEIDERER twin screw mixer, or a BUSS™ kneading continuous extruder.

[0046] A cable containing an insulation layer comprising a composition of the invention can be prepared with various types of extruders, e.g., single or twin screw types. A description of a conventional extruder can be found in USP 4,857,600. An example of co- extrusion and an extruder therefore can be found in USP 5,575,965. A typical extruder has a hopper at its upstream end and a die at its downstream end. The hopper feeds into a barrel, which contains a screw. At the downstream end, between the end of the screw and the die, there is a screen pack and a breaker plate. The screw portion of the extruder is considered to be divided up into three sections, the feed section, the compression section, and the metering section, and two zones, the back heat zone and the front heat zone, the sections and zones running from upstream to downstream. In the alternative, there can be multiple heating zones (more than two) along the axis running from upstream to downstream. If it has more than one barrel, the barrels are connected in series. The length to diameter ratio of each barrel is in the range of about 15 : 1 to about 30: 1. In wire coating where the polymeric insulation is crosslinked after extrusion, the cable often passes immediately into a heated vulcanization zone downstream of the extrusion die. The heated cure zone can be maintained at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 350°C, preferably in the range of about 170 to about 250°C. The heated zone can be heated by pressurized steam, or inductively heated pressurized nitrogen gas.

[0047] The invention is illustrated by the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Test Methods

[0048] Melt index (MI) measurement for polyethylene is performed according to ASTM D1238, Condition 190°C/2.16 kilogram (kg) weight, formerly known as "Condition E" and also known as , and is reported in grams eluted per 10 minutes. Melt index is inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the polymer. Thus, the higher the molecular weight, the lower the melt index, although the relationship is not linear.

[0049] Density is measured by the procedure of ASTM D792, Method B. The result is recorded in grams (g) per cubic centimeter, or g/cc. [0050] MH (maximum torque) is measured on a moving die rheometer (MDR) according to ASTM D-5289.

[0051] To assess long term heat aging performance, crosslinked samples are aged in air at 150°C for 10 and 21 days and analyzed for tensile strength and ultimate elongation on an INSTRON™ 4201 machine.

Initial tensile strength (psi) is measured by ASTM D638.

Initial ultimate elongation (%)is measured by ASTM D638.

Tensile strength (psi) 10 days at 150°C is measured by ASTM D638.

Ultimate elongation (%) 10 days at 150°C is measured by ASTM D638.

Percent retained tensile strength (psi) 10 days at 150°C is measured by ASTM D638.

Percent retained ultimate elongation (%) 10 days at 150°C is measured by

ASTM D638.

[0052] Plaques are crosslinked, die-cut into 3.5" diameter specimens, degassed in a vacuum over at 60°C for a minimum of 4 days, then evaluated for dissipation factor (df) using a Soken Schering Bridge set up. df Testing is carried out according to ASTM D 150 at 60 Hz (at temperatures and electrical stresses indicated in the Tables).

[0053] For AC breakdown strength (ACBD) measurements, compression molded plaques are cured and cooled under pressure to a target 40 mil thickness. AC breakdown strength measurements are conducted with a Hipotronics AC test unit according to ASTM D-149. The sample is placed between two opposing cylindrical electrodes of 0.5" diameter surrounded by Exxon Univolt N61 oil. A voltage ramp of 500V/second is employed until breakdown.

Materials

[0054] PE1 is an additive-free LDPE (melt index 2.1 dg/min, density 0.92 g/cm ³ ).

[0055] PE2 is an unstabilized LDPE (PE1) that had been processed in an open mixer at 150°C for 30 minutes prior to use in the experiments.

[0056] CYANOX™ 1790 is l,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)- l,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(lH,3H,5H)-trione available from Cytec Industries Inc.

[0057] DSTDP is distearylthiodipropionate and is available as CYANOX™ STDP from Cytec Industries, Inc. [0058] IRGAFOS 126 is bis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite available from BASF.

[0059] IRGAFOS™ 168 is tris(2,4-di-(tert)-butylphenyl)phosphite available from BASF.

[0060] IRGASTAB™ 301 (i.e., IRGASTAB™ FS 301) is a 1 : 1 (by weight) blend of phosphite IRGAFOS™ 168 and hydroxylamine, and it is available from BASF.

[0061] Dicumylperoxide is available from Akzo Nobel.

[0062] HOSTANOX™ P-EPQ (CAS number 119345-01-6) is a bisphosphonite antioxidant powder tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) 4,4'-biphenyldiphosphonite available from Clariant.

[0063] Triphenylphosphine is available from Sigma-Aldrich.

[0064] UVINUL™ 4050 (i.e., UVINUL™ 4050 H) is N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- piperidyl)-N,N'-diformylhexamethylenediamine available from BASF.

Sample Preparation

[0065] Comparative example 1 is a prior art formulation described in USP 6, 187,847 and 6, 187,858. Inventive examples 1 through 3 include various embodiments of the invention with the phosphorus-containing second antioxidant at a level of 75 parts per million (ppm). Comparative Examples 2 and 3 have the phosphorus-containing second antioxidant at much higher levels typical of how they are used in general polyethylene stabilization applications.

[0066] All formulations are prepared with PE1 (additive-free LDPE). Additives that are contained at >0.1 wt% of the formulation are added directly while the ones that are contained at <0.1wt% of the formulation are added via masterbatches to ensure correct loading. Masterbatches are prepared in a 265g BRABENDER™ bowl at 180°C, 30 revolutions per minute (rpm), with cam blades. Additives are added when the resin starts to flux, and are mixed for 3 minutes. The compounded masterbatches are shredded and then pelletized prior to use to make the final formulations. The inventive formulations 1-8 and comparative formulations 1-5 are first compounded in a 265g BRABENDER™ bowl at 180°C, 30 rpm, with cam blades. Subsequently, these are passed through a single screw extruder for further homogenization. The single screw extruder contains a 'pineapple' mixing head and is operated at 100 rpm with a target melt temperature of 200°C. Strands from the extruder are water cooled and pelletized. Pellets are preheated in the oven for four hours at 70°C and are soaked with 1.8% peroxide by tumble rolling for 10 minutes followed by overnight soaking in an oven at 70°C.

Formulations and Results

[0067] The example formulations and results are reported in Tables 1-3 below.

Table 1

Formulations and Test Results of Inventive Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3

Table 2

Formulations and Test Results of Inventive Examples 4-5 and Comparative Examples 4-5 Table 3 A

Formulations and Test Results of Comparative Examples 6-8

Table 3B

Formulations and Test Results of Inventive Examples 6-7 and Comparative Example 9

[0068] MH (maximum torque) is a measure of crosslinking, the higher the value the higher the degree of crosslinking. Ideally, the MH will not show a significant decline during aging of un-crosslinked peroxide-containing pellets. This is used to provide prediction of shelf life at room temperature. After one week of aging Comparative Example 1 shows a large rate of MH loss of 21% per week (79% retained) while the Inventive Examples 1 through 3 show negligible loss of MH. This improved stability is achieved without any significant sacrifice in AC breakdown strength or undesired increase in dissipation factor versus Comparative Example 1. Comparative Examples 2 and 3 show that when the phosphorus-containing second antioxidant is used at conventional levels a good balance of properties is not obtained (Comparative Example 2 giving insufficient cure and Comparative Example 3 having high dissipation factor).

[0069] Inventive Examples 4 and 5 show additional embodiments of the present invention where the phosphorus-containing second antioxidant is used in conjunction with a nitrogenous base (UVINUL™ 4050). Comparative Example 4 does not contain a phosphorus-containing second antioxidant. Comparative Example 5 uses the phosphorus- containing second antioxidant at a conventionally high level. The inventive examples give a good balance of properties while neither comparative example does. In particular, Comparative Example 4 shows 18% loss in MH after 21 days (versus 4% or less loss for the inventive examples) and Comparative Example 5 shows poor percent retained tensile strength and ultimate elongation upon heat aging at 150°C (whereas Inventive Example 5 shows good retention).

[0070] Testing was conducted to assess extruder head pressure and screen pack differential pressure build up due to additive plate out on the screens. During compounding extrusion, the pressure measured upstream of the breaker plate builds up until it reaches a level where it becomes unsafe to operate the extruder. The maximum allowable head pressure is specific to extruder design but always has a finite limit. Once the allowable head pressure limit is reached, the screen pack which has had additive plated out onto it must be changed to reduce the head pressure into an acceptable, safe range. Slower pressure build up at the head of the extruder correlates to longer run times between screen pack changes in the production cycles and hence the higher yields of extra clean product for extra high voltage applications.

[0071] Pilot scale experiments were run on a ZSK-30 co-rotating twin screw extruder manufactured by Coperion to simulate screen plate out and resulting pressure build up. This is an accelerated model test with higher than normal additive levels. For example, in one experiment additive loadings are: 1.37% DSTDP + 0.83% CYANOX™ 1790 + 61 1 ppm of Cyasorb 3346. These loadings are nearly six times of what is used in actual production environment, and are used to accelerate the screen build up. For example these tests with 1.37%) of DSTDP are intended to simulate relative performance to be expected when using approximately 0.225% of DSTDP in the actual application. Experiments are run to an ultimate melt temperature of 245°C to further accelerate the deposition of additive plate-out on the screens.. A multi-layer screenpack was used, the finest screen layer had a nominal opening that was less than 50 microns. The first set of experiments run using this ZSK-30 accelerated test were compared to results obtained at normal additive levels in the plant in order to establish that the accelerated model test correlates with actual plant data. As shown in Table 3A, the ZSK-30 accelerated test correlates well with production data. That is, the results show that the trends observed in the Model test on the ZSK-30 are the same as those observed on full scale production equipment, with pressure rise increasing in the order: no base < UVINUL™ 4050 < CYASORB™ 3346. Note that PEl is an additive-free LDPE (melt index 2.1 dg/min, density 0.92 g/cm ³ ).

[0072] Next, the Model test on the ZSK-30 was utilized to study compositions of the present invention using PE2, which is an unstabilized LDPE (PEl) that had been processed in an open mixer at 150°C for 30 minutes prior to use in the experiments. When the formulation in Comparative Example 9 was run, the average rate of pressure rise was 9 psi/minute. The compounds that are a model for the inventive compositions show much lower rate of pressure rise of 5 and 5 psi/minute (Inventive Examples 6 and 7).