JP4116147 | Can lid without score |
SARAFIAN ADAM ROBERT (US)
WU JIANGTAO (US)
WO2013034594A1 | 2013-03-14 | |||
WO2021042090A2 | 2021-03-04 |
US20210212893A1 | 2021-07-15 | |||
US5772057A | 1998-06-30 | |||
US202662632818P | ||||
US201916533954A | 2019-08-07 | |||
US8551898B2 | 2013-10-08 | |||
US9145329B2 | 2015-09-29 |
CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A cap for a sealing a pharmaceutical glass container, the cap comprising: a cap skirt comprising an annular body and a crimp region at a first end of the annular body; and a top cover coupled to a second end of the cap skirt, the top cover comprising a solid disc or annular disc; wherein: the crimp region comprises a crimpable metal; the annular body of the cap skirt comprises a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) greater than a CTE of a metal consisting of aluminum, a stiffness greater than or equal to 2 times a stiffness of the crimp region, or both; the CTE refers to the CTE over a temperature range of from -200 °C to 300 °C; and stiffness is defined as a Young’s modulus times a cross-sectional area divided by an axial length. 2. The cap of claim 1, wherein the CTE of the annular body of the cap skirt is greater than the CTE of the metal consisting of aluminum by a difference of at least 100x10-7 K-1. 3. The cap of claim 1, wherein the CTE of the annular body of the cap skirt is greater than or equal to 260x10-7 K-1. 4. The cap of claim 1, wherein the CTE of the annular body of the cap skirt is greater than or equal to 260x10-7 K-1 at a temperature less than or equal to -45 °C. 5. The cap of claim 1, wherein the stiffness of the annular body of the cap skirt is greater than or equal to 2 times a stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. 6. The cap of claim 1, further comprising a stopper, wherein the stiffness of the annular body of the cap skirt is within 30% of a stiffness of the stopper in a compressed state at temperatures less than or equal to the glass transition temperature Tg of the stopper. 7. The cap of claim 1, wherein the annular body of the cap skirt has a Young’s modulus of greater than or equal to 140 GPa, a radial thickness greater than or equal to 0.24 mm, or both. 8. The cap of claim 1, wherein the CTE of the annular body of the cap skirt is greater than 260x10-7 K-1 and the stiffness of the annular body is greater than 2 times a stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. 9. The cap of claim 1, wherein the crimpable metal of the crimp region comprises aluminum or an aluminum alloy. 10. The cap of claim 1, wherein the annular body of the cap skirt comprises a metal or metal alloy having a CTE greater than the CTE of a metal consisting of aluminum. 11. The cap of claim 10, wherein the cap skirt comprises a metal alloy comprising one or more of zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper, lithium, or combinations of these. 12. The cap of claim 1, wherein the cap skirt comprises a polymer-metal composite structure. 13. The cap of claim 12, wherein the annular body of the cap skirt comprises a polymer material and the crimp region comprises the crimpable metal coupled to the polymer material of the annular body. 14. The cap of claim 13, wherein the polymer material of the annular body has a CTE of from 260x10-7 K-1 to 3,000x10-7 K-1. 15. The cap of claim 13, wherein the annular body of the cap skirt has a stiffness that is greater than or equal to 80% of a stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. 16. The cap of claim 13, wherein the plastic material comprises high density polyethylene, acrylonictile butadiene styrene copolymer, polypropylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, or combinations thereof. 17. The cap of claim 1, wherein the cap skirt comprises an attachment flange disposed at a second end of the annular body and the top cover is coupled to the attachment flange of the cap skirt. 18. The cap of claim 17, wherein the top cover is removable from the cap skirt. 19. The cap of claim 1, wherein the top cover is formed integral with the annular body of the cap skirt to form a unitary cap. 20. The cap of claim 1, wherein the top cover comprises the annular disc having an axial opening in a center of the top cover. 21. A sealed pharmaceutical container comprising: a glass container comprising a shoulder, a neck extending from the shoulder, and a flange extending from the neck, the flange comprising: an underside surface extending from the neck; an outer surface extending from the underside surface, the outer surface defining an outer diameter of the flange; and a sealing surface extending between the outer surface and an inner surface defining an opening in the sealed pharmaceutical container; a sealing assembly comprising a stopper extending over the sealing surface of the flange of the glass container and covering the opening, and the cap of claim 1, wherein: the cap secures the stopper to the flange; and the sealing assembly maintains a helium leakage rate of the sealed pharmaceutical container of less than or equal to 1.4x10-6 cm3/s as the sealed pharmaceutical container is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to -45°C. 22. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the stopper has a glass transition temperature (Tg) that is greater than or equal to -70 oC and less than or equal to -45 oC. 23. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein a glass transition temperature of the stopper is less than or equal to -75 °C. 24. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the sealing assembly maintains the helium leakage rate of the sealed pharmaceutical container of less than or equal to 1.4x10-6 cm3/s as the sealed pharmaceutical container is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to - 80°C. 25. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the sealing assembly maintains the helium leakage rate of the sealed pharmaceutical container of less than or equal to 1.4x10-6 cm3/s as the sealed pharmaceutical container is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to - 100°C. 26. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the sealing assembly maintains the helium leakage rate of the sealed pharmaceutical container of less than or equal to 1.4x10-6 cm3/s as the sealed pharmaceutical container is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to - 120°C. 27. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the glass container is constructed of a glass composition having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 70x10-7 K-1. 28. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein an absolute value of the difference between the CTE of the cap skirt and a CTE of the stopper is less than or equal to 50x10-7 K-1. 29. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the CTE of the annular body of the cap skirt is greater than a CTE of the stopper. 30. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the annular body of the cap skirt has a stiffness that is within 30% of a stiffness of the compressed rubber stopper at temperatures less than or equal to the glass transition temperature Tg of the stopper. 31. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the sealed pharmaceutical container maintains the helium leakage rate at is less than or equal to 1.4x10-6 cm3/s as it is cooled to the temperature at a rate of less than or equal to 5oC per minute. 32. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 31, wherein the cap maintains continuous compression of the stopper against the flange of the glass container as the sealed pharmaceutical container is cooled. 33. The sealed pharmaceutical container of claim 21, wherein the glass container comprises an ion-exchangeable aluminosilicate glass, a Type 1B borosilicate glass, or a ion-exchangeable borosilicate glass. 34. A method of sealing a sealed pharmaceutical container, the method comprising: providing a pharmaceutical container comprising a shoulder, a neck extending from the shoulder and a flange extending from the neck, the flange comprising: an underside surface extending from the neck; an outer surface extending from the underside surface and defining an outer diameter of the flange; and an upper sealing surface extending from the outer surface to an inner surface of the sealed pharmaceutical container, wherein the inner surface defines an opening; inserting a pharmaceutical composition into the pharmaceutical container; providing a sealing assembly comprising a stopper and the cap of claim 1; inserting the stopper into the opening so that the stopper extends over the upper sealing surface of the flange and covers the opening; crimping the cap over the stopper and against the flange to thereby compress the stopper against the upper sealing surface; and cooling the sealed pharmaceutical container to a temperature of less than or equal to -45°C, wherein, after the cooling of the sealed pharmaceutical container, the compression is maintained on the sealing surface such that a helium leakage rate of the sealed pharmaceutical container is less than or equal to 1.4x10-6 cm3/s at the temperature. |
In Equation 1, the shrinkage ΔL of each component may be approximated by the relationship in Equation (2).
In Equation (2), Li is an initial dimension of the component and α(T) is the temperature-dependent CTE of the material out of which each of the cap 108, the stopper 106, and the glass container 102 are constructed.
[0095] Further compounding the problem, the stopper 106 may lose elasticity at temperatures less than or equal to -80 °C. The stopper 106 may be constructed of a polymer-based material (e.g., butyl or other synthetic rubbers). Each of these materials may have glass a transition temperature (Tg). Below the T g , the material of the stopper 106 may behave as a solid (e.g., loss of elasticity ), resulting in a diminished sealing force at the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126. For example, if the stopper 106 is cooled to a temperature less than or equal to its T g , the stopper 106 may not fill the entirety of the gap between the upper sealing surface 110 and the attachment flange 166 or top cover 170 of the cap 108, thereby increasing the probability of the seal breaking. That is, the stopper 106 effectively behaves as two different materials as it is cooled below its glass transition temperature: an elastic material above the transition temperature, and a solid glass below the transition temperature. Using Equation (2) above, the shrinkage of the stopper 106 disposed between the flange 126 and the attachment flange 166 or top cover 170 of the cap 108, when cooled from an initial temperature Ti greater than T g to a final temperature TF less than Tg, may be approximated according to Equation 3. ,Q^(TXDWLRQ^^^^Į glass refers to the CTE of the glass-like material that the rubber of the stopper 106 transforms into below its glass transition temperature T g . [0096] In embodiments, to maintain the seal, the cap 108 and stopper 106 may be constructed such that the shrinkage of the cap 108 is greater than or equal to the combined shrinkage of the stopper 106 and the flange 126 of the glass container 102. Typical commercially available sealing assemblies for glass containers generally include metal crimp cap that consists entirely of aluminum metal. The aluminum crimp cap encompasses the rubber stopper and the flange of the glass container. Typical aluminum crimp caps that consist entirely of aluminum metal do not have a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that is great enough to maintain the sealing force of the stopper against the upper sealing surface of the flange of the glass container when cooled to temperatures less than or equal to -80 °C (e.g., less than or equal to -100 °C, less than or equal to -125 °C, less than or equal to -150 °C, less than or equal to -175 °C, or even less than or equal to -180 °C). Typical crimp caps consisting entirely of aluminium metal may have a CTE of approximately 255x10 -7 K -1 at 20 °C. Typical rubbers out of which the stopper 106 is constructed (e.g., Butyl 325, Butyl 035, etc.) may have CTEs of greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 . That is, purely in terms of CTE differential, the crimp caps consisting entirely of aluminum metal have a tendency to shrink less than the stopper, resulting in a diminished sealing force at lower storage temperatures of less than or equal to -80 °C. Further, the Young’s modulus (the resistance to deformation) of existing aluminum crimp caps is not high enough to maintain the sealing force of the stopper against the upper sealing surface of the flange of the glass container. [0097] The present application is directed to designs for the cap 108 of the sealing assembly 104 that increase shrinkage of the cap 108 relative to the stopper 106 and flange 126 of the glass container 102, increase the stiffness of the cap 108, or both in order to maintain container closure integrity (CCI) at temperatures less than or equal to -80 °C, less than or equal to -100 °C, less than or equal to -125 °C, less than or equal to -150 °C, less than or equal to -175 °C, or even less than or equal to -180 °C. In embodiments, the relationship between CTE and stiffness of the cap 108 may be defined to ensure container closure integrity (CCI) at temperatures from -80 °C to -180 °C, and even less than or equal to -180 °C. To facilitate meeting such a relationship, the shrinkage of the cap 108 may be increased, the stiffness of the cap 108 may be increased, or both. In embodiments, the cap 108, in particular the cap skirt 160 of the cap 108, may have a CTE that is at least 100x10 -7 K -1 greater than the CTE of existing caps or cap skirts consisting of aluminum metal, which has a CTE of approximately 255x10 -7 K -1 at 20 °C. In embodiments, the cap 108, in particular the cap skirt 160 of the cap 108, may have a CTE that is at least 100x10 -7 K -1 greater than the CTE of existing caps or cap skirts consisting of aluminum metal at temperatures less than or equal to the glass transition temperature Tg of the stopper 106 (e.g., less than or equal to -45 °C). In embodiments, the cap 108 or cap skirt 160 of the cap 108 of the present disclosure may have a stiffness that is at least 2 times the stiffness of existing aluminum crimp caps consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and an identical axial length, such as a stiffness of greater than or equal to 140 GPa. In embodiments, the cap 108 or cap skirt 160 of the cap 108 may have a CTE greater than a CTE of a metal consisting of aluminum and a stiffness greater than the stiffness of existing aluminum crimp caps consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and an identical axial length. [0098] The cap 108 structures disclosed herein can maintain continuous compression of the stopper 106 against the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 of the glass container 102 as the sealed pharmaceutical container 100 is cooled. Maintaining continuous compression of the stopper 106 against the flange 126 during cooling may maintain container closure integrity (CCI) during cooling to temperatures less than or equal to -80 °C, less than or equal to -100 °C, less than or equal to -125 °C, less than or equal to -150 °C, less than or equal to -175 °C, or even less than or equal to -180 °C. As previously discussed, CCI can be evaluated by conducting a helium leak test as described in USP <1207> (2016). The sealed glass container 100 comprising the caps 108 disclosed herein can maintain the helium leakage rate at is less than or equal to 1.4x10 -6 cm 3 /s as it the sealed glass container 100 is cooled to the temperature at a rate of less than or equal to 5 o C per minute. [0099] The sealing assembly 104 comprising the caps 108 disclosed herein can maintain a helium leakage rate of the sealed glass container 100 of less than or equal to 1.4x10 -6 cm 3 /s as the sealed pharmaceutical container is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to -45 °C. The sealing assembly 104 comprising the caps 108 disclosed herein can maintain a helium leakage rate of the sealed glass container 100 of less than or equal to 1.4x10 -6 cm 3 /s as the sealed pharmaceutical container is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to -80 °C. The sealing assembly 104 comprising the caps 108 disclosed herein can maintain a helium leakage rate of the sealed glass container 100 of less than or equal to 1.4x10 -6 cm 3 /s as the sealed pharmaceutical container is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to -100 °C, less than or equal to -120 °C, less than or equal to -150 °C, or even less than or equal to -180 °C. [0100] Referring again to FIG.5, as previously discussed, the cap 108 comprises the cap skirt 160 and the top cover 170. The cap skirt 160 includes the annular body 162, the crimp region 164 at the bottom end of the annular body 162 (e.g., the end of the annular body 162 in the –Z direction of the coordinate axis in FIG.5), and the attachment flange 166 at the top end of the annular body 162 opposite from the crimp region 164. The top cover 170 may be shaped like a solid disc or an annular disc and may be constructed of a polymeric material. In embodiments, the top cover 170 may be an annular disc having an axial opening (not shown) extending axially (e.g., in the +/-Z direction of the figures) through the top cover 170. The axial opening may provide access to the stopper 106 through the cap 108 so that a syringe can be utilized to penetrate through the stopper 106 to remove the contents of the sealed glass container 100 without removing the cap 108 and stopper 106 from the glass container 102. The top cover 170 may be coupled to the attachment flange 166 of the cap skirt 160. [0101] The crimp region 164 may comprise a crimpable metal. Crimpable metals are metals that are able to be crimped using commercially available crimping devices. In embodiments, the crimpable metal of the crimp region 164 may comprise aluminum or an aluminum alloy. [0102] In embodiments, the cap skirt 160 may have a CTE greater than a CTE of a metal consisting of aluminium. In embodiments, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a CTE greater than a CTE of a metal consisting of aluminium. The greater CTE of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may increase the shrinkage of the cap skirt 160 when the sealed glass container 100 is cooled, which may enable the cap 108 to exert greater sealing force on the stopper 106 as the sealed glass container 100 is cooled to temperatures less than or equal to -80 °C, less than or equal to -100 °C, less than or equal to -125 °C, less than or equal to -150 °C, less than or equal to -175 °C, or even less than or equal to -180 °C. [0103] Referring now to FIGS.6A, 6B, and 6C, the seal pressure between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 of the glass container 102 at different CTE values of the cap skirt 160 and at different temperatures is simulated. The seal pressure at 25 °C is simulated for cap skirts 162 having a CTE of 256x10 -7 K -1 (FIG.6A), a CTE of 352x10 -7 K -1 (FIG. 6B), and a CTE of 698x10 -7 K -1 . As shown in FIGS. 6A-6C, each of the simulations show substantial seal pressure along the entire interface between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 at 25 °C. At 25 °C, there is very little difference in the seal pressure as a function of CTE of the cap skirt 162. [0104] Referring now to FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C, the simulations are repeated for each of the cap skirts 162 at a temperature of -80 °C. Referring to FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C, close-ups of the interface between the stopper 106 and the flange 126 of the glass container 102 are graphically depicted and the different seal pressure regions illustrated with different shade patterns to better show the difference in seal pressures and contact areas. As shown in FIG.8A, for the cap skirt 162 having a CTE of 256x10 -7 K -1 , the seal pressure is shown to be greatly reduced and the regions of no seal pressure (e.g., less than 0.0001) are increased compared to the simulation at 25 °C in FIG. 6A. FIG.8A shows a large portion of the interface between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 having zero seal pressure. Referring to FIG. 8B, when the CTE of the cap skirt 162 is increased to 352x10 -7 K -1 , a greater portion of the interface between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 has a positive seal pressure and the seal pressure in these regions is greater at -80 °C compared to the seal pressure profile achieved with the cap skirt 162 having CTE of 256x10- 7 K -1 of FIG. 8A. Referring now to FIG. 8C, when the CTE of the cap skirt 162 is increased to 698x10 -7 K -1 , the seal pressure extends across a much greater percentage of the width of the upper sealing surface 110 compared to the lower CTE simulations in FIGS.8A and 8B at the temperature of -80 °C. Further, with CTE of 698x10 -7 K -1 , the contract pressure is greater in magnitude compared to the lower CTE simulations of FIGS.8A and 8B at the temperature of -80 °C. [0105] Referring now to FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C, the simulations are repeated for each of the cap skirts 162 at a temperature of -180 °C. Referring to FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C, close-ups of the interface between the stopper 106 and the flange 126 of the glass container 102 are graphically depicted and the different seal pressure regions illustrated with different shade patterns to better show the difference in seal pressures and contact areas. As shown in FIG. 10A, for the cap skirt 162 having a CTE of 256x10 -7 K -1 , the regions of no seal pressure (e.g., less than 0.0001) are increased compared to the simulation at -80 °C in FIG. 8A. FIG.10A shows seal pressure only at the outer edge of the upper sealing surface 110, which greatly increases the probability of losing container closure integrity during cooling. Referring to FIG. 10B, when the CTE of the cap skirt 162 is increased to 352x10 -7 K -1 , a greater portion of the interface between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 has a positive seal pressure and the seal pressure in these regions is greater at -180 °C compared to the seal pressure profile achieved with the cap skirt 162 having CTE of 256x10 -7 K -1 of FIG.10A. The two regions of seal pressure shown in FIG.10B can greatly reduce the probability of CCI failure at -180 °C compared to the single point of seal pressure shown in FIG.10A. Referring now to FIG.10C, when the CTE of the cap skirt 162 is increased to 698x10- 7 K -1 , the seal pressure extends across a much greater percentage of the width of the upper sealing surface 110 compared to the lower CTE simulations in FIGS. 10A and 10B at the temperature of -180 °C. Further, with CTE of 698x10 -7 K -1 , the seal pressure is greater in magnitude compared to the lower CTE simulations of FIGS.10A and 10B at the temperature of -180 °C. [0106] Referring now to FIG. 11, the contact area (y-axis) between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 as a function of temperature (x-axis) is graphically depicted for cap skirts 162 having different CTE ranging from 236x10 -7 K -1 to 1160x10 -7 K -1 . As shown in FIG. 11, at a CTE of 236x10 -7 K -1 , the contact area between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 100 is less than 25 mm 2 at temperatures less than -90 °C. As the CTE of the cap skirt 162 is increased, the contact area between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 100 increases. Increasing the CTE of the cap skirt 162 to just 352x10 -7 K -1 more than doubles the contact area between the stopper 106 and upper sealing surface 100 compared to the contact area with the CTE of 236x10 -7 K -1 . The contact area continues to increase as the CTE of the cap skirt 162 is increased. These simulations demonstrate that increasing the CTE of the cap skirt 162 can increase the seal pressure and contact area between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 at decreasing temperatures down to at least -180 °C. This increase in seal pressure and contact area resulting in increasing the CTE of the cap skirt 162 can reduce the probability of CCI failure at temperatures less than -80 °C. [0107] Referring again to FIG. 5, in embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may have a CTE that is greater than the CTE of existing metal crimp caps. The cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body of the cap skirt 160, may comprise a material having a CTE that is greater than the CTE of a typical crimp cap consisting of aluminum. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162, may comprise a material having a CTE that is greater than the CTE of a metal consisting of aluminum metal (e.g., at least 99% aluminum) by a difference of at least 100x10 -7 K -1 . In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may comprise a material having a CTE that is greater than a CTE of the stopper 106. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may comprise a material having a CTE such that an absolute value of the difference between the CTE of the cap skirt 160 or annular body 162 and the CTE of the stopper is less than or equal to 50x10 -7 K -1 . Typical stoppers 106 can have CTE at 20 °C of from 1311x10- 7 K -1 to 3134x10 -7 K -1 . In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may comprise a material having a CTE that satisfies the following Equation 4, in which Į skirt is the CTE of the cap skirt 160 at the glass transition temperature of the stopper 106, Į stopper is the CTE of the stopper 106 at the glass transition temperature of the stopper 106, Į flange is the CTE of the flange 126 of the glass container 102 at the glass transition temperature of the stopper 106, h stopper is the height of the stopper 106 encompassed by the cap skirt 160, and h flange is the height of the flange 126. [0108] In embodiments, the cap skirt 162 or the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise a material having a CTE that is greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 280x10- 7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 355x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 . In embodiments, the cap skirt 162 or the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise a material having a CTE that is greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 355x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 at temperatures less than or equal to the glass transition temperature of the stopper 106 (e.g., less than or equal to -45 °C). [0109] In embodiments, the greater CTE of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may be achieved by constructing the cap skirt 160, or portions thereof, from a material having a CTE greater than aluminum metal (e.g., greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 at 20 °C). The material of the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162, may comprise a material selected from a metal, a metal alloy, or a polymer-metal composite, where the material has a high CTE of greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 355x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 . [0110] In embodiments, the cap skirt 160 or the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise a metal or metal alloy having a CTE greater than the CTE of aluminum metal (i.e., a metal consisting of aluminium), such as a CTE greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 355x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 . In embodiments, the metal or metal alloy may have a CTE greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 355x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 at temperatures less than or equal to the glass transition temperature T g of the stopper 106 (e.g., less than or equal to about -45 °C). In embodiments, the cap skirt 160 can be made of a high CTE metal that can be crimped. Examples of high CTE metals that can be crimped include, but are not limited to, Li, Li-containing alloys, Pb, Sb-Pb alloys, Zn, Zn-containing alloys, Zn-Pb-Cd alloys, Cd, or combinations of these. However, some of these high CTE metals may be unstable in the atmosphere or may pose unacceptable health and safety risks. [0111] Therefore, in embodiments, the cap skirt 160 can be constructed of a composite material comprising aluminum metal or high CTE metal alloy comprising one or more of zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), or combinations of these. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, or the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may comprise Zn or Mg to increase the CTE of the cap relative to aluminum. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160 or the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise a metal alloy comprising one or more of zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper, or combinations of these. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, or the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may comprise an alloy of Zn, such as a Zn alloy comprising one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Cu, and combinations of these. Alloys of Zn may have CTE that can be as much as 15% greater than the CTE of a metal consisting of aluminum. In embodiments, the metal alloy of the cap skirt 160, or the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may comprise less than or equal to 5 wt. % Al. In embodiments, the metal-containing cap 108 may comprise other metallic alloys, such as a suitable Pb-Sn alloy. In embodiments, the high CTE metal or metal alloy of the cap skirt 160 may be a crimpable metal or metal alloy. Metals and metallic alloys may beneficially be used with existing crimping processes. As such, current bottling processes need not be significantly modified to obtain the improved seals described herein. [0112] In embodiments, the entire cap skirt 160, including the annular body 162, the crimp region 164, and the attachment flange 166, may be constructed of the high CTE metal alloy, such as any of the high CTE metal alloys previously described herein. In embodiments, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise the high CTE metal alloy, and the crimp region 164, the attachment flange 166, or both may comprises a metal or metal alloy that is different from the high CTE metal alloy of the annular body 162. [0113] In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may be constructed of a polymer-metal composite material. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may be constructed of a metal-polymer composite comprising a polymer matrix coated with a metal-containing coating. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may be constructed of a metal-polymer composite comprising a metal matrix having polymer-based reinforcements disposed therein. The polymer-based reinforcements may be dispersed throughout the aluminum matrix. In these embodiments, the polymer may have a high CTE, such as a CTE of greater than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 355x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 1000x10 -7 K -1 (at 20 °C and/or at temperatures less than or equal to the glass transition temperature of the stopper 106) so that the CTE of the polymer-metal composite material is greater than the CTE of aluminum metal (i.e., metal consisting of aluminum). The metal of the polymer-metal composite materials may any of the metals or metal alloys previously discussed herein. In embodiments, the metal of the polymer-metal composite materials may be aluminum or an aluminum-containing alloy. [0114] Referring again to FIG. 5, in embodiment, the cap 108 may be a polymer-metal composite structure comprising a polymer having a high CTE and a crimpable metal for the crimp region 164 of the cap skirt 160. In particular, the cap 108 may include the cap skirt 160 that may be a polymer-metal composite structure. In embodiments, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise a polymer having a high CTE, and the crimp region 164 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise a crimpable metal, such as an aluminum-containing metal, coupled to the polymer of the annular body 162. Aluminum-containing metals may include aluminum metal or an aluminum-containing metal alloy. The crimpable metal of the crimp region 164 may be coupled directly to the polymer material of the annular body 162 at the bottom end of the annular body 162 (e.g., the end of the annular body 162 oriented in the –Z direction of the coordinate axis in FIG. 5). In embodiments, the crimp region 164 comprising the crimpable metal may be molded into the polymer material of the annular body 162. [0115] The annular body 162 may comprise a polymer having a high CTE that is greater than the CTE of a metal consisting of aluminum. In embodiments, the attachment flange 166 may also comprise the polymer material having high CTE. The polymer material of the annular body 162 may have a CTE of greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 355x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 1,000x10 -7 K -1 . In embodiments, The polymer material of the annular body 162 may have a CTE of greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 355x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 500x10- 7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 1,00x10 -7 K -1 at temperatures less than or equal to the glass transition temperature Tg RI^WKH^VWRSSHU^^^^^^H^J^^^^^-45 °C). The polymer may have a CTE of less than or equal to 3,000x10 -7 K -1 , such as less than or equal to 2500x10 -7 K -1 , or less than or equal to 2000x10 -7 K -1 . In embodiments, the polymer of the annular body 162 may have a CTE of from greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 to 3000x10 -7 K -1 , from 260x10-7 K -1 to 3000x10 -7 K -1 , from 260x10 -7 K- 1 to 2500x10 -7 K -1 , from 260x10 -7 K -1 to 2000x10 -7 K -1 , from 300x10-7 K -1 to 3000x10 -7 K -1 , from 300x10 -7 K -1 to 2500x10 -7 K -1 , from 300x10 -7 K -1 to 2000x10 -7 K -1 , from 350x10-7 K -1 to 3000x10- 7 K -1 , from 350x10 -7 K -1 to 2500x10 -7 /K, from 350x10 -7 K -1 to 2000x10 -7 K -1 , from 400x10-7 K -1 to 3000x10 -7 K -1 , from 400x10 -7 K -1 to 2500x10 -7 K -1 , from 400x10 -7 K -1 to 2000x10 -7 K -1 , from 500x10-7 K -1 to 3000x10 -7 K -1 , from 500x10 -7 K -1 to 2500x10 -7 K -1 , or from 500x10 -7 K -1 to 2000x10 -7 K -1 . [0116] The polymer material for the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may be any polymer having a high CTE greater in the above ranges, such as but not limited to high density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer (ABS), polypropylene (PP), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), or other high CTE polymers. In embodiments, the polymer material may be a high CTE plastic. In embodiments, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of HDPE, ABS, PP, UHMWPE, and combinations thereof. [0117] For most common polymer materials, the Young’s modulus of the polymer material is very low compared to metals used for existing metal crimp caps, even though the polymer materials can have a much greater CTE compared to the metals. The reduced Young’s modulus of the polymer material may result in a reduction in stiffness of the cap skirt 160, which may cause the cap skirt 160 to flex during cooling. The flexing of the cap skirt 160 during cooling may reduce the amount of force exerted by the cap 108 on the stopper 106, thereby increasing the probability of loss of CCI when the sealed glass container 100 is cooled to temperatures less than -80 °C. Thus, any benefit to the sealing force provided by the increase in CTE of the polymer material may be reduced due to the reduced stiffness of the polymer material. [0118] Referring now to FIG.14, to ensure the polymer portions of the cap skirt 160 are strong enough to enable the cap 108 to hold the stopper 108 tightly against the upper sealing surface 110 with sufficient sealing force, the stiffness of the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may be increased. The stiffness of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 can be increased by increasing the radial thickness tCS of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160. The radial thickness tCS of the annular body 162 may be the distance between the inner surface 168 of the annular body 162 and the outer surface 169 of the annular body along a radial line perpendicular to the center axis C of the sealed glass container 100 and extending radially outward from center axis C. The stiffness of the annular body 162 is defined by the following Equation 5. In Equation 5, k is the stiffness, E is the Young’s modulus, A is the cross-sectional area of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, and L is the axial length of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160. The cross-sectional area A is the cross-section taken by a plane that is perpendicular to the center axis C of the sealed glass container 102. The length L of the annular body 162 is the length of the annular body 162 in a direction parallel to the center axis C of the sealed glass container 100 (i.e., in the +/-Z direction of the coordinate axis in FIG. 14). [0119] The annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a stiffness that is within 20% of a stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length L. In other words, an absolute difference between the stiffness of the polymeric annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 and the stiffness of the comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length L is less than or equal to 20% of the stiffness of the comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length L. A ratio of the stiffness of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 to the stiffness of the comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length L may be greater than 0.8, such as from 0.8 to 1.2. [0120] In embodiments, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a stiffness that is within 30% of a stiffness of the compressed rubber stopper 106 at temperatures less than or equal to the glass transition temperature T g of the stopper 106 (e.J^^^^^-45 °C). Considering the need to maintain 20% of the seal surface of the rubber stopper 106 on the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126, the stiffness of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 can be estimated from the following Equation 6. [0121] In Equation 6, Epolymer and Apolymer are the Young’s modulus and area, respectively, of the annular body 162 constructed of the polymer material, Estopper is the Young’s modulus of the stopper 106, Aflange top surface is the seal surface area of the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 of the glass container 102, Lstopper is the axial length of the stopper 106, and Lpolymer is the axial length of the cap skirt. In most cases, an inner radius of the annular body 162 comprising the polymer material is about the same as the inner radius of the comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal. Thus, one method to change the stiffness is to change the thickness the following Equation 7. [0122] In embodiments, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise the polymer material having a CTE of greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 350x10 -7 K -1 or even greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 1,00x10 -7 K -1 . Additionally, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a thickness sufficient so that the ratio of the stiffness of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 to the stiffness of the compressed stopper 106 at the glass transition temperature Tg of the stopper 106 is greater than or equal to 0.7. In embodiments, the annular body 162 may have a radial thickness tCS of greater than 0.19 mm, such as greater than or equal to 0.20 mm, greater than or equal to 0.21 mm, greater than or equal to 0.25 mm, greater than or equal to 0.50 mm, or even greater than or equal to 1 mm. [0123] It has also been found that increasing the stiffness of the cap 108 by itself can also increase the seal pressure and decrease the probability of CCI failure independent of increasing the CTE of the material comprising the cap 108. Referring now to FIG. 12, the contact area (y- axis) between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 as a function of temperature (x- axis) is graphically depicted for cap skirts 160 having constant CTE of 255x10 -7 K -1 at 20 °C and increasing stiffness. In FIG. 12, the line indicated by reference number 1202 provides data for a typical cap skirt consisting of aluminum metal and having a thickness of 0.19 mm. For reference number 1204, the stiffness of cap skirt 160 was increased by 1.5 times the stiffness of the typical cap skirt of reference number 1202, while keeping the CTE constant. For reference number 1206, the stiffness was increased by 2 times the stiffness of the typical cap skirt (ref. no. 1202), and for reference number 1208, the stiffness was increased by 4 times the stiffness of the typical cap skirt (ref. no. 1202). The CTE was held constant. As shown in FIG. 12, as the stiffness of the cap skirt 160 increases, the contact area between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 increases at temperatures less than about -100 °C. At a temperature of -180 °C, increasing the stiffness by a factor of 2 nearly doubles the contact area between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110. Thus, the contact area between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 can be increased at temperatures less than -100 °C, -110 °C, -120 °C, -150 °C, or even -180 °C by increasing the stiffness of the cap skirt 160, thereby decreasing the probability of CCI failure at these reduced storage temperatures. [0124] Referring again to FIG. 5, in embodiments, at least a portion of or all of the cap skirt 160 may have a stiffness that is greater than or equal to 2 times a stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. In embodiments, at least a portion of or all of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a stiffness that is greater than or equal to 2 times a stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. The stiffness of the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, can be increased by increasing the Young’s modulus of the material comprising the cap skirt 160, changing the geometry of the cap skirt 160 (e.g., increasing the thickness tCS of the annular body 162), or both. [0125] The Young’s modulus of the cap skirt 160 can be increased by constructing at least a portion of or all of the cap skirt 160, in particular at least a portion of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, from a metal or metal alloy having a Young’s modulus greater than the Young’s modulus of aluminum metal or an aluminum alloy. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may comprise a metal or metal alloy having a Young’s modulus that is greater than or equal to 2 times the Young’s modulus of a metal consisting of aluminum or an aluminum-based alloy, where an aluminum-based alloy refers to a metal alloy comprising at least 50 wt.% aluminum. Aluminum and aluminum-based alloys have Young’s moduli in the range of from 67 GPa to 73 GPa. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160, in particular the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, may comprise a metal or metal alloy having a Young’s modulus that is greater than or equal to 134 GPa, greater than or equal to 140 GPa, greater than or equal to 145 GPa, greater than or equal to 150 GPA, or even greater than or equal to 160 GPa. Examples of suitable metals may include but are not limited to iron, nickel, steel, and alloys of iron, nickel, or steel. In embodiments, the cap skirt 162 and crimp region 164 may be constructed of the same metal or metal alloy having a Young’s modulus greater than or equal to 134 GPa. In other embodiments, the cap skirt 162 can be the metal or metal alloy having Young’s modulus greater than or equal to 134 GPa, and the crimp region 164 can comprise an aluminum or aluminum-based alloy having a lesser Young’s modulus. [0126] Referring again to FIG. 14, the stiffness of the cap skirt 160, or the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, can also be increased by modifying the geometry of the annular body 162. For constant axial length L of the annular body 162, the stiffness of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 can be increased by increasing the radial thickness t CS of at least a portion of or all of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160. In embodiments, at least a portion of or all of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a radial thickness t CS that is greater than a radial thickness of a typical commercially available cap skirt comprising aluminum metal so that the stiffness of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 is greater than or equal to 2 times the stiffness of the typical commercially-available cap skirt comprising aluminum metal. In embodiments, at least a portion of or all of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a radial thickness t CS that is greater than or equal to 2 1/3 times the radial thickness of a typical commercially-available cap skirt comprising aluminum metal. In embodiments, at least a portion of or all of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a radial thickness tCS that is greater than or equal to 0.22 mm, greater than or equal to 0.23 mm, greater than or equal to 0.24 mm, greater than or equal to 0.25 mm, or even greater than or equal to 0.30 mm. [0127] In embodiments, the stiffness of the cap skirt 160 may be increased by both increasing the Young’s modulus of the material comprising the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 and increasing the radial thickness t CS of at least a portion of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160. Thus, a combination of an increase in Young’s modulus and an increase in radial thickness t CS of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 can increase the stiffness of the cap skirt 160 to greater than or equal to 2 times the a stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. In embodiments, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise a material having a Young’s modulus of greater than 73 GPa, such as from greater than 73 GPa to 140 GPa or even greater than 140 GPa, and at least a portion of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a radial thickness t CS of greater than 0.19 mm, greater than or equal to 20 mm, greater than or equal to 21 mm, or even greater than or equal to 22 mm, such that the combination of Young’s modulus and radial thickness t CS of the annular body 162 result in the cap skirt 160 having a stiffness greater than or equal to 2 times the a stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. [0128] Additionally, the inventors of the present disclosure have also discovered that increasing the CTE of the cap skirt 160 in combination with increasing the stiffness of the cap skirt 160 produces a synergistic effect that further improves the contact area and seal pressure between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 beyond the contact area and seal pressure that would be achievable with only one of increasing the CTE or increasing the stiffness. Referring now to FIG.13, the contact area (y-axis) between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 as a function of temperature (x-axis) for sealed glass containers 100 having cap skirts 160 with different CTE and stiffness is graphically depicted. In FIG. 13, the line indicated by reference number 1302 shows the contact area as a function of temperature for a sealed glass container 102 for which the cap skirt 160 has a CTE of 236x10 -7 K -1 and a first stiffness. The first stiffness corresponds to the stiffness of a cap skirt consisting of aluminum and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm. The cap skirt of reference number 1302 had a contact area of less than 10 mm 2 at temperatures less than -120 °C. For reference number 1304, the stiffness of the cap skirt 160 was increased to a stiffness of 1.5 times the first stiffness. As shown in FIG. 13, increasing the stiffness by 1.5 times the first stiffness (ref. no. 1304) resulted in an increase in the contact area, but the contact area was still around 12 mm 2 . For reference number 1306, the cap skirt 160 had a stiffness equal to the first stiffness (same as reference no. 1302), but the CTE of the cap skirt 160 was increased to 352x10 -7 K -1 . As shown in FIG. 13, keeping the stiffness the same and only increasing the CTE of the cap skirt 160 increased the contact area to a range of between 25 mm 2 and 30 mm 2 at temperatures between -120 °C and -180 °C. [0129] For reference number 1308, the CTE of the cap skirt 160 was increased to 352x10 -7 K- 1 and the stiffness of the cap skirt 160 was increased to 1.5 times the first stiffness. As shown in FIG.13, increasing both the CTE and stiffness (ref. no.1308) resulted in the contact area increasing to between 50 mm 2 and 62 mm 2 at temperatures between -120 °C and -180 °C, which was over 2 times the increase in contact area achieved by increasing the CTE to 352x10 -7 K -1 alone without changing the stiffness. The results are unexpected because the observed increase in contact area resulting from increasing the CTE and stiffness is substantially greater than merely adding the individual effects of increasing the CTE (ref. no.1304) and increasing the stiffness (ref. no.1306). Merely adding the effects shown for reference numbers 1304 and 1306 would be expected to result in a contact area in a range of 35 mm 2 to 38 mm 2 at temperatures of from -120 °C to -180 °C. However, increasing the CTE and the stiffness of the cap skirt 160 simultaneously (ref. no. 1308) resulted in a contact area of from 55 mm 2 to 62 mm 2 over the temperature range of -120 °C to - 180 °C, which is almost two times the contact area expected by just adding the individual effects (i.e., adding the difference between 1304 and 1302 to the difference between 1306 and 1302). [0130] In embodiments, the cap skirt 160 may have a CTE of greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 350x10- 7 K -1 , even greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 and may have a stiffness that is greater than a stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. The stiffness of the cap skirt 160 may be greater than or equal to 1.2 times, greater than or equal to 1.3 times, greater than or equal to 1.4 times, greater than or equal to 1.5 times, or greater than or equal to 2.0 times the stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. [0131] As previously discussed, the stiffness of the cap skirt 160 may be increased by increasing the Young’s modulus of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, increasing the thickness of at least a portion of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160, or both. The annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have any of the features, materials, or characteristics previously described herein resulting in both increased CTE and increased stiffness of the cap skirt 160 compared to typical commercially-available cap skirts consisting of aluminum and having a thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160 may comprise the annular body 162 comprising a material having a CTE greater than or equal to 260x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 350x10 -7 K -1 , even greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 , and a Young’s modulus greater than 73 GPa, greater than or equal to 80 GPa, greater than or equal to 90 GPa, greater than or equal to 100 GPa, greater than or equal to 120 GPa, or even greater than or equal to 140 GPa. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160 may include the annular body 162 comprising a material having a CTE greater than or equal to 260x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 350x10 -7 K -1 , even greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 , and at least a portion of the annular body 162 may have a radial thickness t CS that is greater than or equal to 0.20 mm, greater than or equal to 0.21 mm, greater than or equal to 0.22 mm, greater than or equal to 0.23 mm, greater than or equal to 0.24 mm, greater than or equal to 0.25 mm, greater than or equal to 0.50 mm, or even greater than or equal to 1.0 mm. In embodiments, the cap skirt 160 may comprise the annular body 162 comprising: (1) a material having a CTE greater than or equal to 260x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 350x10 -7 K -1 , even greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 , and a Young’s modulus greater than 73 GPa, greater than or equal to 80 GPa, greater than or equal to 90 GPa, greater than or equal to 100 GPa, greater than or equal to 120 GPa, or even greater than or equal to 140 GPa; and (2) at least a portion of the annular body 162 may have a radial thickness tCS that is greater than or equal to 0.20 mm, greater than or equal to 0.21 mm, greater than or equal to 0.22 mm, greater than or equal to 0.23 mm, greater than or equal to 0.24 mm, greater than or equal to 0.25 mm, greater than or equal to 0.5 mm, or even greater than or equal to 1.0 mm. [0132] Referring again to FIG.14, the cap 108 may have a cap skirt 160 comprising a polymer- metal composite structure and a top cover 170. At least a portion of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may comprise a polymer material having CTE greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 260x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 350x10 -7 K -1 , even greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 , and the crimp region 162 may comprises a crimpable metal, such as aluminum metal or an aluminum metal alloy. The annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a reinforced region 180 where the radial thickness t CS is greater than or equal to 0.20 mm, greater than or equal to 0.21 mm, greater than or equal to 0.22 mm, greater than or equal to 0.23 mm, greater than or equal to 0.24 mm, greater than or equal to 0.25 mm, or even greater than or equal to 0.30 mm. The reinforced region 180 may comprise at portion of or all of the annular body 162. In embodiments, the reinforced region 180 may comprise at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, or even at least 70% of the axial length L of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160. The radial thickness tCS of the annular body 162 may increase the stiffness of the cap skirt 160 to a stiffness that is greater than or equal to 1.2 times, greater than or equal to 1.3 times, greater than or equal to 1.4 times, greater than or equal to 1.5 times, or greater than or equal to 2.0 times the stiffness of a comparable cap skirt annular body consisting of aluminum metal and having a radial thickness of 0.19 mm and identical axial length. The cap skirt 160 may have both increased CTE and increased stiffness, which may enable the cap skirt 160 to maintain a contact area and seal pressure between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 of the glass container 102 when the sealed glass container 100 is cooled to temperatures less than -80 °C. [0133] As shown in FIG.14, the cap 108 may have the top cover 170 that is separate from the cap skirt 160 and removeably attachable to the cap skirt 160. In such embodiments, the top cover 170 may be removed from the cap skirt 160 prior to use of the sealed glass container 100, such as to provide access to the stopper 106 using a syringe or other device to withdraw the contents of the sealed glass container 100. The top cover 170 may be engageable with the attachment flange 166 of the cap skirt 160. In embodiments, the top cover 170 may include a slot 172 shaped to receive the attachment flange 166, where engagement of the attachment flange 166 with the slot 172 couples the top cover 170 to the cap skirt 160. In embodiments, the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 may have a notch 182 positioned to receive an end 174 of the top cover 170. [0134] The top cover 170 may comprise a polymer material, such as a polymer having a CTE greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 260x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 350x10 -7 K -1 , even greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 . In embodiments, the top cover 170 may be constructed of the same polymer material as the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160. In embodiments, the top cover 170 may be a material different from the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160. [0135] Referring now to FIG. 15, in embodiments, the cap 108 may comprise a unitary structure in which the cap skirt 160 and top cover 170 are integrally formed together to produce the single unitary structure. In embodiments, the reinforced region 180 of the annular body 162 may extend from the crimp region 164 all the way to the top 171 of the top cover 170 portion of the cap 108. The cap 108 comprising the cap skirt 160 and top cover 170 integrally formed into a unitary structure may further comprise the crimp region 164 extending downwardly (e.g., generally in the –Z direction of the coordinate axis in FIG.15) from the cap skirt 160 portion of the cap 108. The annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 and the top cover 170 portion of the cap 108 may comprise a polymer material having a CTE greater than 255x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 260x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 , greater than or equal to 350x10 -7 K -1 , even greater than or equal to 400x10 -7 K -1 , or even greater than or equal to 500x10 -7 K -1 . [0136] The annular body 162 of the cap 108 may have any of the features, materials, or dimensions previously described herein for the annular body 162. In embodiments, the annular body 162 of the cap 108 may have an increased CTE, increased stiffness, or both according to any of the embodiments previously described herein. The increased CTE, increased stiffness, or both of the annular body 162 of the cap 108 may increase the seal pressure and contact area between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 of the glass container 102. The increased seal pressure and contact area provided by the caps 108 disclosed herein may reduce the probability of CCI failure. [0137] When formed integrally into a unitary structure, the top cover 170 may not be removable from the cap skirt 160 of the cap 108. In embodiments, the top cover 170 portion of the cap 108 may include an opening 176 extending axially through the top cover 170 portion. The opening 176 may provide access to the stopper 106 enclosed by the cap 108. Access to the stopper 106 provided by the opening 176 in the top cover 170 portion may enable the contents of the sealed glass container 100 to be removed using a needle or other penetrating device to pierce through the stopper 106 and draw out the contents of the sealed glass container 100 without removing the cap 108 and stopper 106. The needle or other penetrating device may be passed through the opening 176 in the top cover 170 portion of the cap 108 and then passed through the stopper 106 and into the sealed glass container 100. The opening 176 in the top cover 170 portion of the cap 108 may be coaxial with the center axis C of the sealed glass container 100. [0138] Referring now to FIG. 16, an embodiment of the cap 108 having a cap skirt 160 comprising an annular body 162 having high CTE and high stiffness is schematically depicted. The increased stiffness for the cap 108 in FIG.16 is provided by increased radial thickness t CS of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160. Referring now to FIGS. 17A, 17B, and 17C, the seal pressure between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 of the glass container 102 for the cap 108 of FIG. 16 is simulated at different temperatures. The annular body of the cap skirt is constructed of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) having a CTE of 1,264x10 -7 K -1 and a Young’s modulus of only 1 GPa. The stiffness is increased by increasing the thickness of the annular body 162 of the cap skirt 160 from 0.2 mm to 2.14 mm. The seal pressure between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 was simulated at 25 °C (FIGS. 17A), -80 °C (FIG. 17B), and -180 °C (FIG. 17C). As shown in FIGS. 17A, 17B, and 17C, the increased CTE and stiffness of the cap skirt 162 was able to maintain sufficient seal contact area and pressure between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 even at temperatures down to -180 °C. [0139] Referring now to FIG.18, contact area (y-axis) between the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 and the stopper 106 as a function of temperature (x-axis) for a sealed glass container comprising the cap 108 of FIG.16 having a CTE of 1264x10 -7 K -1 at 20 °C and thickness of 2.14 mm cooled at a constant cooling rate is shown and compared to the contact area for a sealed glass container comprising a conventional cap constructed of aluminum and having a thickness of 0.2 mm. In FIG. 18, reference number 1802 refers to the sealed container comprising the conventional cap constructed of aluminum metal and having a thickness of the annular body of 0.2 mm. Reference number 1804 refers to the sealed glass container comprising the cap of FIG. 16 having an HDPE cap skirt with a CTE of 1264x10 -7 K -1 at 20 °C, a Young’s modulus of 1 GPa, and a thickness of 2.14 mm. As shown in FIG. 18, the contact area for the sealed glass container comprising the cap of FIG. 16 having greater CTE and stiffness provided substantially greater contact area compared to the sealed glass container comprising conventional cap constructed of aluminum at temperatures less than -80 °C. In particular, the cap of FIG.16 (1804) provided nearly 10 times the contact area compared to the conventional aluminum cap (1802) at temperatures less than -80 °C. [0140] The caps 108 disclosed herein having increased CTE, increased stiffness, or both may increase the seal pressure and contact area between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 of the glass container 102. The increased seal pressure and contact area provided by the caps 108 disclosed herein may reduce the probability of CCI failure. In particular, the caps 108 disclosed herein may enable the sealed glass containers 100 to maintain a helium leakage rate of the sealed glass container 100 of less than or equal to 1.4x10 -6 cm 3 /s as the sealed pharmaceutical container is cooled to a temperature of less than or equal to -45 °C, less than or equal to -80 °C, less than or equal to -100 °C, less than or equal to -120 °C, or even less than or equal to -180 °C. [0141] The caps 108 disclosed herein may be utilized in combination with other features of the glass container 102, stopper 106, or both to further reduce the probability of CCI failure at low storage temperatures of less than -80 °C. Referring again to FIGS. 1-4, the structure of the glass container 102 may be modified to deviate from existing glass containers to provide greater compression of the stopper 106 during the process of crimping the cap 108. Referring again to FIG. 2, the upper sealing surface 110 may include an inclined sealing surface 140. The inclined sealing surface 140 extends between the outer surface 134 of the flange 126 and the inner surface 114 of the glass container 102. The inclined sealing surface 140 may extends at an angle 150 to a plane 152 extending through an end 154 of the opening 105. The plane 152 may be a planar surface that rests on top of the glass container 102 at the opening 105 (e.g., that rests on peaks of the inclined sealing surface 140) and is perpendicular to the center axis C of the glass container 102 (e.g., in the X-direction depicted in FIG.1). [0142] The angle 150, as described herein, may be referred to as a “flange angle.” Flange angles relative to the plane 152 may be measured in a variety of different ways. For example, in embodiments, to determine an extension direction for the inclined sealing surface 140, an image may be captured of the glass container 102, and image processing techniques may be used to determine the angle 150 of the inclined sealing surface 140 (relative to the plane 152). In embodiments, the extension direction of the inclined sealing surface 140 is measured via finding a plane that extends between a peak of the inclined sealing surface 140 (e.g., having the greatest distance in the +/-Z direction from the underside surface 132) and a second highest point on the inclined sealing surface 140 (e.g., the extension direction of the inclined sealing surface 140 is measured via a plane that rests on the peak of the inclined sealing surface and another point of the inclined sealing surface 140 that is lower than the peak relative to the plane 152). In embodiments, the extension direction of the inclined sealing surface 140 is measured via connecting points on the inclined sealing surface 140 that are a predetermined distance (e.g., 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, etc.) outward from the inner surface 114 and inward of the outer surface 134 (e.g., the points may be taken at a uniform distribution of spatial points extending between the inner surface 114 and the outer surface 134). In embodiments, the extension direction of the inclined sealing surface 140 is measured by curve fitting a linear plane to a plurality of different points distributed throughout the entirety of the inclined sealing surface 140. [0143] In embodiments, the angle 150 may be greater than 5 degrees and less than or equal to 45 degrees (e.g., greater than 5 degrees and less than or equal to 40 degrees, greater than 5 degrees and less than or equal to 40 degrees, greater than 5 degrees and less than or equal to 30 degrees, greater than 5 degrees and less than or equal to 20 degrees, greater than 5 degrees and less than or equal to 10 degrees). In embodiments, the angle 150 is substantially uniform around a circumference of the glass container 102 (e.g., when measured at a plurality of azimuthal orientations, each of the measurements may be within 0.5 degrees of one another). In existing glass containers, the angle 150 is typically around 3 degrees. As such, in the glass container 102, the inclination of the upper sealing surface 110 relative to the plane 152 is increased by at least 50% over existing glass containers. [0144] The greater inclination of the upper sealing surface 110 may increase stopper compression at low storage temperatures, thereby increasing the sealing pressure between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126. The angle 150 may create a compression gradient within the stopper 106 as a result of crimping the cap 108. For example, in embodiments, a compression of the stopper 106 may increase with increasing radial distance from the outer surface 134 such that the compression of the stopper is greater closer to the inner surface 114. Such greater compression with proximity to the inner surface 114 may prevent gaps from forming in the seal as the stopper 106 shrinks with cooling. The stopper 106 is compressed to a greater extent proximate to the opening 105 than at peripheral regions of the stopper 106 disposed near the outer surface 134 of the flange 126. Such greater compression results in a greater compression of the stopper 106 using the same crimping process, providing a higher tolerance for shrinkage of the stopper 106. Additionally, the inclined sealing surface 140 reduces the term L i,stopper in Equation 3 above proximate to the opening 105. This reduces the amount of shrinkage of the cap 108 that is necessary to maintain the relationship of Equation 1 herein. [0145] Referring again to FIG. 3, in embodiments, the upper sealing surface 110 may extend in the plane 152 extending through the end 154 of the opening 105 in the glass container 102. In embodiments, the upper sealing surface 110 may extend substantially perpendicular (e.g., at an angle greater than or equal to 89.5 degrees and less than or equal to 90.5 degrees) to the center axis C of the glass container 102. Such an upper sealing surface 110 may increase the contact area between the stopper 106 (see FIG. 1A) and the upper sealing surface 110 and may increase the probability of maintaining integrity of the seal. [0146] In embodiments, various additional characteristics of the upper sealing surface 110 and/or the inclined sealing surface 140 depicted in FIG. 2 may be tailored for maintaining a seal at storage temperatures less than or equal to -80 °C. For example, in embodiments, the upper sealing surface 110 may comprise a surface roughness (e.g., Ra value) that is less than or equal to a threshold value (e.g., 0.1 μm, 50 nm, etc.). Such a low surface roughness may beneficially prevent the stopper 106 from pulling away from the upper sealing surface 110 upon cooling. In embodiments, the upper sealing surface 110 may be substantially free of defects (e.g., folds, bumps, ridges, etc.). Such defects may lead to gaps forming at the interface between the upper sealing surface 110 and the stopper 106, thereby reducing seal quality. A flatness of the inclined sealing surface 140 may be maintained within a threshold value to facilitate adherence between the stopper 106 and the upper sealing surface 110. [0147] In embodiments, the upper sealing surface 110 comprises a surface roughness (e.g., Sa value) that is greater than or equal to a threshold value (e.g., 3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm) to increase friction at the upper sealing surface 110 between the glass container 102 and the stopper 106. In such embodiments, the surface roughness of the upper sealing surface 110 may be relatively uniform throughout the entirety thereof. For example, Sa values of the upper sealing surface 110 throughout a plurality of different measurement windows (e.g., 100 μm by 100 μm) may vary by less than or equal 0.1 μm. In embodiments, the roughness of the upper sealing surface 110 may be determined based at least in part on properties (e.g., surface roughness) of the stopper 106. In embodiments, the roughness of the upper sealing surface 110 may approximately equal a difference in shrinkage between the metal-containing cap 108 and the combination of the flange 126 and stopper 106. For example, in embodiments, the surface roughness of the upper sealing surface 110 may be within a threshold value of the estimated shrinkage difference between the cap 108 and the combination of the stopper 106 and flange 126. Providing such a surface roughness may ensure at least some contact between the upper sealing surface 110 and the stopper 106 after cooling. [0148] For example, in embodiments, a flange thickness 158 (e.g. distance between the upper sealing surface 110 and the underside surface 132) may be increased over existing glass containers. In such embodiments, if the stopper 106 and crimping process of the cap 108 is un-modified, the proportion of the combined height 138 of material enclosed by the cap 108 containing stopper 106 is reduced, thereby reducing the shrinkage of the cap 108 needed to satisfy Equation 1 described herein. Alternatively or additionally, the size of the stopper 106 (e.g., in terms of thickness of the sealing portion 119) may be reduced. In embodiments, the flange height 158 is greater than or equal to 4.0 mm and constitutes at least 61% of the combined height 138. [0149] The features of the cap 108 disclosed herein may also be used in combination with compositional changes to the stopper 106 to further increase the seal pressure and contact area and decrease the probability of CCI failure. In embodiments, the composition of the stopper 106 may be chosen to lower the CTE or glass transition temperature thereof. Choosing such compositions for the stopper 106 may lower the shrinkage thereof and therefore help maintain compression of the stopper 106 via the cap 108. In embodiments, the polymer formulation of the stopper 106 may be chosen (or additions may be added to the stopper 106) such that the glass transition temperature of the stopper 106 is less than or equal to -45 °C, less than or equal to -70 °C, less than or equal to -75 °C, less than or equal to -80 °C, or even less than or equal to -85 °C. In embodiments, the stopper 106 may comprise a polymer composition that has a glass transition temperature that is greater than or equal to -70 °C and less than or equal to -45 °C. In embodiments, the glass transition temperature of the stopper 106 may be lowered to below a desired storage temperature of the sealed glass container 100 (e.g., to less than or equal to dry ice storage temperatures around -80 °C) such that the stopper 106 retains elasticity, creating the seal at the upper sealing surface 110. In embodiments, the stopper 106 may comprise one or more low T g elastomeric materials such as Polybutadienes, silicones, fluorosilicones, nitrites, and EPDM elastomers (e.g., PDMS), or any combination thereof. In embodiments the elastomeric material may comprise a material having a glass transition temperature that is less than or equal to -100 °C. [0150] In embodiments, the stopper 106 may comprise a polymer-based composite material having a lower CTE than typically used rubber materials. In embodiments, the stopper 106 may comprise a rubber-filler mixture. For example, in embodiments, the stopper 106 may comprise a polymer or rubber material and up to 15 % by volume of filler material. In embodiments, the stopper 106 may comprise less than or equal to 40 wt. % filler material (e.g., less than or equal to 30 wt.% filler material). More than 40 wt. % filler material may diminish seal quality by lowering the elasticity of the stopper 106. The filler material may have a CTE that is less than that of the rubber out of which stoppers are typically constructed (e.g., less than or equal to 50x10 -7 K -1 , less than or equal to 20x10 -7 K -1 , less than or equal to 10x10 -7 K -1 , less than or equal to 5x10 -7 K -1 ). In embodiments, the filler may comprise silicon. For example, in embodiments, the filler material may comprise SiO 2 glass particles having a particle size that is greater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 100 nm. In embodiments, the SiO 2 glass particles may be functionalized with oranosilanes to tune the particle dispersion state within the elastomeric material of the stopper 106. In embodiments, the filler material may comprise a silicate (e.g., cordierite, b-eucryptite, b- spodumene). In embodiments, the filler material may be a high melting point metal (e.g., Ir, W, Ti, Si). In embodiments, the filler material may comprise Mg2PO4. In embodiments, the filler material may comprises an oxide, such as SiO 2 , Ti-doped SiO 2 , ZrW 2 O 8 , or other ceramics in the AM 2 O 8 family. In embodiments, the filler material may comprise any other suitable material with a relatively low or negative CTE. In embodiments, the CTE of the stopper 106 containing the filler material may be less than or equal to 300x10 -7 K -1 (e.g., less than or equal to 290x10 -7 K -1 , less than or equal to 280x10 -7 K -1 , less than or equal to 270x10 -7 K -1 ). By adding the filler material described herein to the stopper 106, the CTE of the stopper 106 may be reduced relative to the CTE of the metal cap 108, thereby reducing the likelihood of decompression of the stopper 106 when the sealed glass container 100 is cooled to storage temperatures that are less than or equal to -80 °C. [0151] It should be appreciated that any combination of the above-described approaches (e.g., increasing the CTE and/or stiffness of the cap 108, lowering the CTE and/or T g of the stopper 106, structurally modifying the glass container 102 in any of the ways described herein) may be used in the sealed glass container 100. In embodiments, both cap 108 comprising a high CTE greater than or equal to 260x10 -7 K -1 and/or high stiffness of greater than or equal to 140 GPa (e.g., constructed of a polymer-aluminum composite) and low CTE stopper 106 (e.g., constructed of a rubber-SiO 2 composite) may be used. In such embodiments, given that the shrinkage differential between the metal-containing cap 108 and the stopper 106 is reduced by composition formulation, modification of the structure of the glass container 102 may be avoided. [0152] The caps 108 disclosed herein may be incorporated into a method for sealing a glass container, such as a method of sealing a sealed pharmaceutical container. Referring again to FIG. 5, in embodiments, a method of sealing a sealed pharmaceutical container may include providing the glass container 102 comprising the shoulder 130, the neck 128 extending from the shoulder 130, and the flange 126 extending from the neck 128. The glass container 102 may be a pharmaceutical container and may include any of the features, compositions, or characteristics previously described herein for the glass container 102. The flange 126 may include an underside surface 132 extending from the neck 128, an outer surface 134 extending from the underside surface 132 and defining an outer diameter of the flange 126, and an upper sealing surface 110 extending between the outer surface 132 and the inner surface 114 of the sealed glass container 100. The inner surface 114 defines the opening 105 in the glass container 102. The methods may further include inserting a pharmaceutical composition into the glass container 102 and providing the sealing assembly 104 comprising the stopper 106 and the cap 108. The stopper 106 and cap 108 may have any of the features, materials, or characteristics previously described herein for the stopper 106 and cap 108, respectively. [0153] The methods may further include inserting the stopper 106 into the opening 105 in the glass container 102 so that the stopper 106 extends over the upper sealing surface 110 of the flange 126 and covers the opening 105. The method may further include crimping the cap 108 over the stopper 106 and against the flange 126 to thereby compress the stopper 106 against the upper sealing surface 110. The methods may further include cooling the sealed glass container 100 to a temperature of less than or equal to -45 °C, such as less than or equal to -80 °C, less than or equal to -100 °C, less than or equal to -120 °C, or even less than or equal to -180 °C. After the cooling of the sealed glass container 100, the compression is maintained on the upper sealing surface 110 such that a helium leakage rate of the sealed glass container 100 is less than or equal to 1.4x10 -6 cm 3 /s at the temperature. [0154] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order, nor that with any apparatus specific orientations be required. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps, or that any apparatus claim does not actually recite an order or orientation to individual components, or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or description that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, or that a specific order or orientation to components of an apparatus is not recited, it is in no way intended that an order or orientation be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including: matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps, operational flow, order of components, or orientation of components; plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, and; the number or type of embodiments described in the specification. [0155] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Thus, it is intended that the specification cover the modifications and variations of the various embodiments described herein provided such modification and variations come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.