Description of the Prior Art Communications environments can include cellular networks for which individual cells are defined. Each cell services a geographical area and/or a group of entities (e. g. a group of a specific end user devices such as mobile telephones or fixed telephones).

Commonly, mobile wireless communications environments such as GSM and UTMS telephone environments are referred to as cellular. But to be exact, also traditional communications environments having wired communication links (e. g. PSTN tele- phone networks) comprise cells, in particular in terms of geographical areas. Fig. 1 schematically illustrates a single cell of a mobile communications network, while Fig.

2 schematically illustrates a single cell of a PSTN communications network.

Fig. 1 shows two cells CM1 and CM2 of a mobile communications environment such as a GSM or UTMS network. Each of the cells CM1 and CM2 is serviced by a radio base station RBS1 and RBS2, respectively. Mobile end user devices MED located in the geographical area covered by the cell CM1 will perform their communications via the radio base station RBS1, while mobile end user devices MED located in the geographical area covered by the cell CM2 will perform their communications via the radio base station RBS2. Communications between the cells CM1 and CM2 will be accomplished via a radio network controller RNC.

As shown in Fig. 2, a single cell CS of a PSTN network is serviced by a local switching unit LSU. Stationary telephones T can execute communications in the PSTN network via the local switching unit LSU via wired connections in contrast to radio signaling used for communications in the cell shown in Fig. 1. Connections to further cells (not shown) of the PSTN network can be established via area switching units (not shown)

which can be compared with radio network controllers in a mobile communications environment.

In both cases, it is necessary to manage the capacity within a single cell in order to provide a desired quality of service. The capacity of the cell CM is, inter alia, deter- mined by the data processing capacity of the radio base station RBS, communications related data communicated to and from a mobile end user device MED, the frequen- cies and bandwidths allocated for radio communications links and the like. In a comparable manner, the capacity of the cell CS is, inter alia, determined by the data processing capacity of the local switching unit LSU and, here, the transmission capabilities of the wired communications links to and from the stationary telephones T.

The problems arising from capacity management are similar not only for the above exemplary communications environments but also for any other communications environment. Therefore, in the following, it is referred to a GSM network as an illustrative example.

In existing communications networks, different functionalities have been introduced in order to manage the capacity of network cells. In particular, existing architectures for a capacity management for mobile communications networks consist of different functionalities each thereof dedicated to a specific capacity problem in the network.

In existing cellular networks, capacity management functionalities are in general based on measurements of the current load of a cell for a specific cell area. On the basis of cell load measurements, it is determined whether there exists a capacity problem. Usually thresholds are defined for the cell load measurements wherein a violation of a specific threshold indicates a specific capacity problem. A threshold violation is used for triggering or initiating actions for capacity management and is predefined for each functionality.

Fig. 3 schematically illustrates examples of capacity management functionalities including"admission control","congestion control","AMR (i. e. Adaptive Multi Rate, a speech coding method)"and"load sharing". For each functionality, an action part and a triggering part are defined. The action part of a functionality represents measures to be performed by capacity management in case the capacity problem associated with a respective functionality is existing. In order to initiate an action part of a functionality, a respective triggering part defines cell conditions which represent

a capacity problem to be solved by the functionality associated with that triggering part. In general, the triggering parts are based on measurements which are com- pared with predefined thresholds in real time. For example, the transmission power for a downlink communications link is measured periodically and, if a predefined power limit is exceeded, a respective action part is initiated in order to reduce the load in the cell. Often, different functionalities include the same triggering part or at least rather similar triggering parts. An example for triggering parts often used for different functionalities is the transmission power used for downlink communications.

Further, in existing networks, many different functionalities for capacity management include, at least partially, the same action part. For example, the functionalities "admission control"and"congestion control"include same actions like for example down switching of data communicating end user devices and blocking of end user devices trying to establish a communication link to a radio base station.

Existing approaches exhibit several problems, in particular implementation, configuration and flexibility problems.

For implementing a new functionality it is always necessary that a new triggering part requiring a lot of (new) parameters and a new action part have do be imple- mented. This increases the complexity of the capacity management, in particular because synergies between different functionalities cannot be used.

Further, a configuration of such known capacity managements is difficult due to the fact that different capacity management functionalities are used. As a result, for a capacity management configuration it is necessary to know how each functionality is working when configuring respective triggering parts, for example setting a threshold for cell load measurements. A further configuration problem is due to the fact that each functionality is defined for a specific part of the capacity management for which a specific triggering part is defined. Thus, each functionality will be activated for solving its associated capacity problem without considering the overall capacity situation. As a result, it is necessary that the set-up of different functionalities, e. g. parameter settings for triggering parts, have to be performed in advance during configuration such that the settings of all functionalities are taken into account to find a proper overall set-up.

Moreover, existing approaches exhibit a flexibility problem in that each functionality has a predefined unchangeable triggering part which is, in turn, unchangeable associated with a respective action part also being unchangeable. This means that after implementation and configuration of such a capacity management, interactions between triggering parts and action parts and, thus, interactions between different functionalities cannot be resolved. As a result, if for example priorities of different action parts are to be changed, the overall setting of the functionalities have to be changed also.

The object underlying the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned problems of existing approaches. In particular, the present invention should provide solutions for an improved capacity management in a communications environment or parts thereof (networks, cells, etc. ), in particular with respect to implementation, configuration and flexibility.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention, a number of cell situations is defined. Each of the cell situations indicates a different level of utilization of a capacity of the cell. A capacity as used herein refers to the capability of the cell to maintain a specific amount of communication in the cell for a predefined quality of service (QoS). Preferably, the definition of cell situations includes a definition of at least one cell situation which represents a capacity problem for the cell. A capacity problem does not necessarily result in a reduction of communications activities in the cell or a reduction of QoS.

Rather, a capacity problem is a cell situation in which the capacity of the cell has to be managed in order to maintain its actually carried out communications or a QoS.

Capacity problems also include cell situations in which communications or a QoS cannot be maintained.

Further, a number of capacity management actions for the cell are defined. Capacity management actions as used herein include measures to be taken with respect to the cell for controlling a current utilization level in relation to the cell capacity and vice versa. Capacity management actions can define at least one measure for reduc- ing a current cell capacity use by decreasing a current utilization level. As a further example, capacity management actions can result in a change of the cell capacity, in particular in a cell capacity increase. The latter capacity management actions can, for example, lead to a cell capacity increase, preferably in combination with a QoS

increase, in the case of situations exhibiting a low current cell capacity utilization level. In general terms, capacity management actions are employed for controlling a current use of the capacity of a cell.

At least one of the defined cell situations is mapped to at least one of the capacity management actions. It is possible that more than one up to all of the defined cell situations are mapped to at least capacity management actions according to which different cell situations can also be mapped to one capacity management action.

Preferably, cell situations representing a capacity problem are mapped to capacity management actions.

Further, it is possible that more than one capacity management actions, for example two, four etc. capacity management actions, are selected in response to a cell situation. In such a case it is possible to weight different capacity management actions with respect to each other for example in view of their respective impact on the cell situation prevailing. The weighted execution of capacity management actions may include for example performing two or more capacity management actions alternating such that each capacity management action is always performed for a specific period of time. Other weighting mechanisms can be implemented as well.

On the basis of a current cell situation for the cell as being determined, a capacity management action is executed if the current cell situation corresponds to a mapped cell situation. In particular the at least one capacity management action will be performed to which a defined cell situation which corresponds to the current cell situation is mapped to.

Cell situations according to the present invention can include at least one of: - cell states of the cell, for example, a load condition of the cell, - cell histories of the cell, for example, actually carried out capacity manage- ment actions within a predefined period of time prior to or including the time when the current cell situation is determined, - neighboring cell states of at least one neighboring cell, for example, load conditions of at least one neighboring cell, and - neighboring cell histories of at least one neighboring cell, for example, actually carried out capacity management actions carried out in at least one neighbor- ing cell prior to or including the time when the current cell situation is deter- mined.

Each of the above cases for cell situations can be implemented alone. Preferably, at least two of the above cell situation cases are implemented in combination.

In dependence of the definition of cell situations according to at least one of the above cell situation cases, the mapping of cell situations to capacity management actions and the execution of capacity management actions is carried out correspond- ingly.

In case of a combination of at least two of the above cell situation cases, it is possi- ble that an execution of at least one capacity management action will be in response to at least one of the at least two chosen cell situation cases. For example, it is possible that a capacity management action is executed in response to a current cell situation corresponding to a defined cell state or to a defined cell history or in response to a current cell situation corresponding to both a defined cell state and a defined cell history.

Preferably, a number of allowable mappings of cell situations to capacity manage- ment actions is defined. The at least one mapping of a cell situation to a capacity management action may then be carried out if that mapping corresponds to one of the allowable mappings. This ensures that an actually carried out mapping of a cell situation to a capacity management action will meet the requirements of the com- munications environment and, in particular, of the cell, by defining respective allow- able mappings.

For different communications environments and for different parts of one communi- cations environment it can be necessary to execute a different number of different mappings of cell situations to capacity management actions. In such cases it is preferred to define at least two mapping sets of allowable mappings with respect to a mapping of cell situations to capacity management actions. Here, the mapping of cell situations to capacity management actions is repeated until all mappings (to be) carried out are in the set of all allowable mappings of one of the mapping sets. This ensures that not only individual mappings will meet the requirements of the commu- nications environment, in particular the cell, but also all mappings will do so. Further, this procedure makes it possible to obtain different mapping configurations on the basis of the same cell situations and the same capacity management actions in one or different communications environments.

To support a user carrying out the method according to the invention, it is contem- plated to employ a graphical user interface for mapping cell situations to capacity management actions on a graphical display.

For the above case of cell states as cell situations, the current cell state can be calculated on the basis of measurements of the level of utilization of the cell capacity, for example, measurements of transmission power in downlink communications. In addition or as alternative it is possible to monitor the use of cell components such as hardware units and software programs, in order to determine the cell situation and in particular the current cell load.

To solve the above object, the present invention also provides an apparatus for capacity management in a communications environment and a software program product.

Further, the present invention provides a graphical user interface for capacity man- agement in a cellular communications environment, wherein the capacity manage- ment is based on a number of cell situations for a cell of the cellular communications environment, each cell situation being indicative of a use of a capacity of the cell, and a number of capacity management actions for the cell, each capacity manage- ment action decreasing a current use of the capacity of the cell. The graphical user interface which can form an integral or external part of the capacity management comprises means for selecting at least one of the cell situations, means for selecting at least one of the capacity management actions and means for mapping the at least one selected cell situation to at least one selected capacity management action.

The means used for selecting and mapping can comprise graphical representations of the cell situations, the capacity management actions and the mapping operations for display on a graphical display. Suitable graphical representations include drag-and- drop mechanisms, lists, icons, images, (pull-down) menus and the like for visually presenting the cell situations and the capacity management actions.

The selecting means can further comprise a pointing device or an input means, such as a mouse, allowing a user to interactively select cell situations and capacity man- agement actions.

The mapping means can also comprise a pointing device or an input means, such as a mouse, allowing a user to perform the mapping by means of drag-and-drop functions or by means of (graphically) connecting graphical representations of the cell situations and the capacity management actions.

For communication between the graphical user interface and the capacity manage- ment it is possible to use means for providing mapping information to the capacity management. Here, the mapping information is indicative of the mapping of selected cell situations to selected capacity management actions. Suitable means in this regard comprise at least one of a hardware and a software interface to the capacity management.

Preferably, the graphical user interface comprises a graphical display. Further, it is preferred that the graphical user interface is adapted for use in capacity manage- ment being at least one of performed by executing the steps of the method accord- ing to the invention and implemented by means of the apparatus according to the invention. In particular, the graphical user interface can be at least one of adapted to carry out the mapping of the method according to the invention and a mapping unit of the apparatus according to the present invention.

A configuration of a capacity management according to the present invention is less expensive compared with a configuration according to prior approaches. Approxi- mately, a cost reduction of about 50% can be obtained. This is due to the fact that conventionally, all parameters for triggering capacity management actions had to be tuned for each functionality separately. According to the invention, many parameters for initiating capacity management actions need to be only tuned once. This signifi- cantly reduces necessary efforts to configure a capacity management according to the present invention.

New capacity management actions can be easier implemented, since new capacity management actions can be easily mapped to given cell situations. The effort for implementing new capacity management actions will be reduced at least by about 30 %. This is due to the fact that for prior approaches it is necessary to implement a new capacity management functionality including a triggering part and an action part when a new action part was required. According to the present invention, the part for initiating capacity management actions (cell situation part/unit of the present invention) can be used further.

A capacity management according to the present invention can be configured and implemented in a more reliable manner. For a configuration according to the present invention, mapping matrices can be used which include the setting of all functions.

Before actually using the mapping matrix for configuration, it may be checked whether the mapping matrix is an allowed matrix, i. e. an element of a respective allowed matrices set. If this is the case, configuration by means of that mapping matrix will meet the requirements of the respective communications environment or at least part thereof for which a capacity management is to be carried out.

A capacity management according to the present invention is flexible and can be easily adapted to specific requirements in communications environments. The flexibility and easy adaptability of a capacity management according to the invention is mainly due to the fact that mapping of cell situations to capacity management actions can be easily performed and easily repeated. For example, a communications environment including a GSM network can define a mapping of a cell situation to a capacity management action"hand over to GSM network". In contrast thereto, a communications environment including no GSM network can easily replace the latter mapping by a mapping of a corresponding cell situation to a capacity management action"inter frequency hand over". In particular, the use of a graphical user interface provides for user-friendly mapping capabilities.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the following description of preferred embodiments it is referred to the accompa- nying figures wherein: Fig. 1 is a schematical illustration of a cell of a mobile communications envi- ronment, Fig. 2 is a schematical illustration of a cell of a stationary communications environment, Fig. 3 is a schematical illustration of capacity functionalities in a prior art capacity management approach,

Fig. 4 is a schematical illustration of the basic principle underlying the present invention, Fig. 5 is a schematical illustration of an embodiment of the present invention based on cell states, Fig. 6 is a schematical illustration of an embodiment of the present invention based on cell histories, Fig. 7 is a schematical illustration of a capacity management device according to the present invention based on cell states, Fig. 8 is a schematical illustration of a capacity management device according to the present invention based on cell histories, Fig. 9 is a schematical illustration of a capacity management device according to the present invention based on area load management, Fig. 10 is a schematical illustration of a capacity management device according to the present invention based on cell states and cell histories, Fig. 11 is a schematical illustration of a capacity management device according to the present invention based on cell states, cell histories and area load management, Fig. 12 is a schematical illustration of a capacity management device according to the present invention based on cell states and area load manage- ment, and Fig. 13 is a schematical illustration of a capacity management device according to the present invention based on cell histories and area load manage- ment.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As described above, according to known approaches separate, not interconnected triggering parts and action parts respectively associated with each other are used for

a capacity management in a communications environment. The present invention proposes among other things to use a single capacity management part for determin- ing whether a capacity problem is existing in a communications environment and to use a single capacity management part for initiating measures to solve the existing capacity problem.

For determining whether a capacity problem is existing, the situation of a cell in a communications environment is described by so-called cell states and/or a so-called cell history, both thereof being described in detail below.

For initiating measures to resolve one or more capacity problems, a so-called man- agement actions toolbox is introduced. The capacity management actions toolbox defines a number of at least two possible capacity management actions or measures to be carried out to solve an existing capacity management problem. The definition of the toolbox can be, for example, provided by the network supplier of the commu- nications environment.

To invoke a capacity management action in response to a situation in a cell, cell situations are mapped to suitable capacity management actions which solve a capacity problem associated with a cell situation. In Fig. 4 the above described basic principle is illustrated for a capacity management based on cell states as cell situa- tions which are mapped to capacity management actions. In this figure, the mapping of cell states to actions is indicated by arrows. As will be described below, the mapping between cell situations and suitable capacity management actions will be obtained by a configuration of the capacity management.

In order to consider capacity situations of more cells in a communications environ- ment, preferably neighboring cells, it is also contemplated to describe the cell situation in dependence of the capacity situation of at least one neighboring cell. This embodiment will be referred to as area capacity management in which, in particular, capacity management actions of a cell also depend on capacity problems in at least one neighboring cell.

Cell state based capacity management In order to describe a load situation in a cell, a vector # of cell states C1,...,Cn is defined:

wherein n is the number of cell states, # # Nn and "T" indicates that the vector # is transposed.

Available measurements reflecting the load situation in the cell are described in the measurement vector # wherein the cell states c1...,cn can be defined as follows: c1 = f1# <BR> <BR> c2 = f2#<BR> <BR> <BR> #<BR> cn = fn#, wherein it is possible to use a set of functions The cell states cl,..., cn describing the load situation in the cell can be calculated from measurements of physical measures being indicative of a cell situation. For example, measurements of transmission power in downlink communications can be used to calculate the load of a cell. Further, cell situations can be determined on the basis of information from hardware and/or software resource monitoring units. Such units monitor the use of hardware and/or software components of a cell and provide information to which extent such components are used, i. e. how the cell is loaded.

The following table 1 shows an example of cell states, corresponding downlink transmission power measurement and resulting cell state vectors: cell state downlink power p [W] C = {c"cz,..., c"} no toadP 12 {1, 0, 0, 0, 0} low load 12 < p 14 {0, 1, 0, 0, 0} medium load 14 < p s 16 {0, 0, 1, 0, 0} hi h load 16 < < 18 0 0 0 1 0 congestion 18 < p {0, 0, 0, 0, 1} Table 1

The right column of table 1 represents a set of functions for the exemplary cell states in its left column. The middle column of table 1 represents downlink transmission power measurement values/ranges which indicate, if measured, a respective cell state. Preferably, downlink transmission power measurements are performed con- tinuously such that it is possible to map for each point of a time a downlink transmis- sion power measurement value to a cell state.

Cell history Cell history as used herein indicates previously carried out capacity management actions for solving a capacity problem within the cell in a predefined time period.

Such capacity management actions or cell history are documented in a cell history - vector H.

For example, a time period of 300 ms can be defined for which all taken capacity management actions are registered in the cell history vector H. That means that for a given point of time all taken capacity management actions previously occurring in a time frame of 300 ms are memorized. Nevertheless, other predefined time periods or frames can be used, for example time frames of 50,100, 200,500 or 900 ms etc.

In the cell history vector H the number of actually carried out capacity management actions within a predefined time period is registered. If, for example, in the prede- fined time period no taken capacity management action is documented it can be assumed that the cell is operating properly. As a result, it can be expected that a current and, thus, subsequently occurring capacity problem will not be really critical for the operation of the cell and can be solved by carrying out respective capacity management actions.

In case a number of taken capacity management actions is documented, for example one, two or three actions, it can be assumed that the cell is already working at its capacity limit whereby a number of capacity management actions had to be executed to solve capacity problems. In consequence, for a currently occurring capacity problem a capacity management action can be selected which has a stronger impact on the cell condition (e. g. cell load) compared to the case the current capacity problem occurs alone.

Further, it is possible to define a limit for the number of taken capacity management actions documented in the cell history vector H. Such a limit can indicate that the cell has a severe capacity constraint and is virtually continuously operating on its capacity limit. Then, if the number of taken capacity management actions docu- mented in the cell history vector H reaches such a predefined limit, for example three actions, a capacity management action is selected for current problem which has a stronger impact on the cell situation compared to the previous history case or having the strongest possible impact on the cell situation.

The cell history vector H makes it possible not only take into account the current cell situation but also previous cell situations. As a result, capacity management actions to be carried out currently can be selected such that the cell situation (e. g. cell load) is altered in such a manner that a further cell operation will not be on the capacity limit of the cell for a longer period of time. In other words, without consider- ing the cell history, a cell operating near its capacity limit will require a high number of subsequent capacity management actions which actually solve capacity problems for a short period of time but do not effect a fundamental improvement of the cell situation.

Capacity management actions tool box The capacity management actions toolbox defines actions or measures for solving <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> #<BR> existing capacity problems in the cell. For the capacity management actions toolbox, an action vector A is defined : wherein m is the number of possible actions and"T"indicates that the action vector A is transposed.

Each of the actions al,...., am decreases, if initiated, the load of the cell. Exemplarily, the action vector A is here defined such that ai has the smallest impact on the cell load (i. e. smallest cell load decrease), while am has the strongest impact on the cell load (i. e. strongest cell load decrease).

The following table 2 shows an example of actions which, if initiated, decrease the cell load and resulting action vectors A in line with the above cell load impact order: Zut Action Action = {a,, ,..., q,,} block speech {1, 0, 0, 0, 0} block data user {0, 1, 0, 0, 0} lower AMR {0, 0, 1, 0, 0} down switch best effort user {0, 0, 0, 1, 0} dropping of speech users {0, 0, 0, 0, 1}

Table 2 In this exemplary definition of the capacity management actions toolbox, the action "block speech"has been chosen as the action having the smallest impact on the cell load while the subsequent actions"block data user","lower AMR" (AMR: = Adaptive Multi Rate, i. e. a speech coding), "down switch best effort user"and"dropping of speech users"are actions with increasing impact on the cell load in this order. Which actions will actually be defined for a communications environment and, in particular, cells thereof, depends on its current configuration (e. g. bandwidths, frequency range, hardware, software and the like). It is assumed that the operator of a com- munications environment or a supplier of a network provides or redefines actions or a capacity management actions toolbox. Table 2 shows action vectors A respectively characterizing single capacity management actions. Nevertheless, it is possible to employ action vectors defining more than one capacity management action to be executed in response to a cell situation. For example, action vectors like {1, 0,1, 1, 0}, {1, 0,1, 0, 1}, {1, 0,0, 0, 1} and the like are contemplated.

Mapping of cell states to capacity management actions T The cell state vector C indicates the load situation in the cell. The capacity man- agement actions toolbox defines possible capacity management actions which, if carried out, decrease the cell load. In order to initiate a capacity management action in response to a cell state, the capacity management actions contemplated to be <BR> <BR> <BR> carried out for the cell are calculated by using a mapping B of the cell state vector<BR> <BR> <BR> #T :

B : Cs Rc, wherein the possible actions vector Rc indicates capacity management actions in response to cell states.

This mapping B can be implemented as follows : wherein B = (bij) is the mapping matrix for the cell states cj.

Further, a set B of matrices B can be defined which itself defines all allowed matrices ut B for the cell. Then, a mapping matrix B for mapping a cell states vector C to a possible actions vector Rc is valid (i. e. may be actually used) if it is an element of the matrix set B.

An example of such a mapping of cell states to capacity management actions will be explained with reference to Fig. 5. In the upper portion of Fig. 5 the cell states of above table 1 are illustrated wherein the downlink transmission power has been chosen as basis for the cell states. In the lower portion of Fig. 5 the capacity man- agement actions of above table 2 are illustrated wherein in this example five actions are provided. For configuring the capacity management of the cell for this example, capacity management actions are mapped to cell states. In Fig. 5, such a mapping is indicated by arrows 1 and 2.

In this example, the cell capacity management will block speech users (see Fig. 5 action"block speech") when the cell state is determined as"high load" (see Fig. 5 cell state"high load"). Further, if in this example the cell exhibits the cell state "congestion", the cell capacity management will initiate the capacity management action "block data user".

Thus, the cell state vector # = {0,0,0,1,0} is mapped to the possible actions vector #c = {1,0,0,0,0} and the cell state vector # = {0,0,0,0,1} is mapped to the possible action vector Rc = {0, 1,0, 0, 0}.

This mapping can be represented by the following mapping matrix B: 0 0 0 1 0 00001 B= 0 0 0 0 0 B. <BR> <BR> <BR> <P> 00000<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> , 0 0 0 0 0, Mapping of cell histories to capacity management actions Comparable to the above mapping of cell states to capacity management actions, a mapping D is used to initiate capacity management actions in response to cell histories. The capacity management actions contemplated to be carried out for the cell are calculated by using a mapping D of the cell history vector H : D : HoRH, wherein the possible actions vector RH indicates capacity management actions in response to cell histories.

This mapping D can be implemented as follows : <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> # #<BR> <BR> RH =DH, where D is the mapping matrix for the history counter H. As above, a set D of matrices can be defined which itself defines all allowed matrices D. Then, a matrix D for mapping the cell history to a possible actions vector RH has to be an element of the matrix set D.

Fig. 6 illustrates an example for three different cell histories and the capacity man- agement actions as used in the example shown in Fig. 5. In this example, three different cell histories are distinguished, namely the cell history"no actions", "1, 2 or 3 actions"and"more than three actions". In this example, for determining a cell history a time period of 300 ms is defined. Thus, the three cell histories indicate that within the last 300 ms no capacity management actions, 1,2 or 3 capacity manage-

ment actions or more than three capacity management actions have been carried out.

In order to carry out capacity management actions in response to cell histories, cell histories are mapped to capacity management actions. As an example, this is indi- cated in Fig. 6 by arrow 1 so as to map the cell history"more than three actions"to the capacity management action"down switch of best effort user".

For the mapping shown in Fig. 6 the following mapping matrix D is valid : O O O 0 0 0 <BR> <BR> <BR> D = 0 0 0 # D.<BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <P> 0 0 1<BR> Cell state or cell history based capacity management For carrying out a capacity management in a communications environment, capacity management actions to be carried out can be defined to be initiated in response to either cell states or cell histories (see sections"mapping of cell states to capacity management actions"and"mapping of cell histories to capacity management ac- tions"). Here, the above defined possible actions vector RC or the above defined possible actions vector RH is used.

Cell state and cell history based capacity management Capacity management in a communications environment can also be based on both cell states and cell histories. In such cases capacity management actions to be carried out to solve a capacity problem are initiated in response to a cell state and a cell history documented for the time the cell state is determined.

Comparable to the above possible actions vector RC due to cell states and the above possible actions vector RH due to cell histories, a possible actions vector R can be defined which indicates all capacity management actions possible for a cell due to

both its cell states and its cell histories. A general approach would be to describe a possible actions vector R as (e. g. vector valued) function of RH and Rc. Such a possible actions vector R can be defined as: <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> # # #<BR> <BR> R= RH + Rc, if the capacity management action in response to a cell state and a capacity man- agement action in response to a cell history should be carried out.

In case a cell history does not require a capacity management action while a cell state requires a capacity management action, the capacity management action to which that cell state is mapped will be carried out. Vice versa, in the case, a cell history requires a capacity management action, while a cell state does not require a capacity management action, the capacity management action to which that cell history is mapped will be executed. If both a cell state and a cell history will require a capacity management action, both capacity management actions to which that cell state and that cell history are respectively mapped to will be performed.

Further, it is possible to define a possible actions vector R as follows : R = Max (Rc, RH), if a capacity management action to be carried out in response to a cell state and to a cell history should be the capacity management action having the stronger impact on the cell situation. If, for example, a cell history requires the capacity management action"down switch best effort user", while a cell state requires the capacity man- agement action"block data user" (see Fig. 5 and 6), the capacity management action "downswitch of best effort user"will be executed since its impact is larger than the impact of the capacity management action"block data user".

In a comparable manner, a possible actions vector R as defined in the following can be used: R = Min (Rc, R H),

if the capacity management action to be executed in response to a cell state and a cell history should be the capacity management action mapped thereto having the weaker impact on the cell situation.

Area capacity management implementation As an option with respect to the above cell state or cell history and cell state and history based capacity managements, a so-called area capacity management (ACM) can be implemented. Here, not only the cell situation (at least one of cell states and cell histories) is considered for a capacity management and for carrying out capacity management actions. Rather, the cell situation (at least one of cell states and cell histories) of at least one neighboring cell is taken into account.

The capacity management for the at least one neighboring cell to be considered for a capacity management can be performed as described above on the basis of at least one of cell states # ACM and cell histories # ACM for a neighboring cell. Comparable to the above described mapping, cell situations of a neighboring cell are mapped to 7', 7- suitable capacity management actions A. For cell states C ACM of a neighboring cell as its cell situation, a mapping matrix BACM and a matrices set BACM can be used.

For a mapping of cell histories HACM of a neighboring cell as its cell situation a mapping matrix DACM and a matrices set DACM can be employed. Comparable to the above combination of cell states and cell histories, such a combination is also con- template for a capacity management considering cell situations of at least one neighboring cell.

A general approach would be to describe a possible actions vector R as (e. g. vector valued) function of RC, RH andRxcM. For carrying out such a capacity management in a communications environment considering at least one neighboring cell, the following exemplary possible actions vectors # can be used: # = #C + #H + #ACM, # = Max(#C,#H,#ACM) and R = Min Min RH, RACM),

wherein RACM defines capacity management actions in response to a cell situation of at least one neighboring cell. The observations given above with respect to the above possible actions vectors R apply here correspondingly. Although not described in detail, a capacity management of a cell can be only based on a cell situation of at least one neighboring cell.

Capacity management configuration In the following, a configuration for a capacity management based on both cell states and cell histories is described.

For determining the situation of a cell, a number of cell states, a set of functions for calculating cell states of the cell, for example based on measurements and/or moni- toring of cell components (hardware, software,...), and a number of cell histories are defined. Further, a number of different capacity management actions is defined.

Then, suitable capacity management actions are mapped to the cell states and suitable capacity management actions are mapped to the cell histories. Such a mapping can be easily performed by means of a graphical user interface which displays, comparable to Fig. 5 and 6, cell states, cell histories and capacity manage- ment actions. In this case, a mapping of cell states and cell histories to capacity management actions can be easily performed by connecting cell states/histories with suitable capacity management actions on the graphical display, for example, resulting in the arrows shown in these figures.

The mapping of cell states to capacity management actions and the mapping of cell histories to capacity management actions are performed until the mapping matrix B is an element of the matrices set B and until the mapping matrix D is an element of the matrices set D.

For a configuration of a capacity management based on either cell states or cell histories, the above described configuration procedure is modified such that steps with respect to cell states or cell histories are omitted.

For extending the above configuration procedure to a capacity management consid- ering the cell situation of at least one neighboring cell, a number of cell situations of the neighboring cell to be considered are defined and mapped to suitable capacity

management actions. In case a graphical user interface is used, a modification with respect to the cell situation of the at least one neighboring cell is advantageous.

Again, the mapping of neighboring cell (s) situations (at least one of cell states and cell histories) will be performed until at least one of a mapping matrix BACM being an element of the matrices set BACM and a mapping matrix DACM being an element of the matrices set dan are obtained.

Determination of cell states As set forth above, a determination (e. g. measurement) of the transmission power actually used in a downlink can be employed for a determination of cell states.

Further parameters whereon a determination of cell states can be based include the transmission power in an uplink, the number of actually active user equipment in the cell and/or neighboring cell (s), the amount of data (data traffic) communicated in a cell and/or neighboring cell (s), the type of data (voice, video, raw data) communi- cated in a cell and/or neighboring cell (s), environmental conditions (e. g. rain or snow fall) possibly affecting communications in a cell and/or neighboring cell (s), hardware and/or software limitations, RF limitations, limitations in shared networks due to contracts (e. g. license agreements) and the like.

For determining cell states it is contemplated that, as in the above description, a single measure (e. g. downlink transmission power) or several measures simultane- ously can be employed. In the latter case, it is further contemplated to weight different measures being indicative of cell states with respect to each other in view of its impact on a cell state.

Apparatus for cell state based capacity management Fig. 7 illustrates an apparatus for a capacity management based on cell states. The apparatus comprises a cell state determination unit for determining the current state of a cell in a communications environment, for example a current cell load. Associ- ated therewith a memory is provided in which data for an operation of the cell state determination unit can be stored. Such data include, for example, the number of defined cell states to be determined and functions for determining cell states.

Further, the apparatus comprises a mapping unit which maps cell states to capacity management actions as described above. In a memory associated thereto, operating data for the mapping unit can be stored, for example, mapping matrices B and a corresponding matrices set B.

A capacity management actions toolbox provides for capacity management actions in response to cell states. An associated memory can store respective operating data, such as definitions of different capacity management actions.

For carrying out capacity management actions the capacity management actions toolbox advises a cell control unit to execute a capacity management action to solve a specific capacity problem due to a determined cell state.

In operation, the cell state determination unit determines a current cell state and transmits data indicative thereof to the mapping unit. The mapping unit maps the determined cell state according to a mapping matrix B to a suitable capacity man- agement action and outputs respective data to the capacity management actions toolbox. In response thereto, the capacity management actions toolbox selects the requested capacity management action and advises the cell control unit to execute that capacity management action.

Apparatus for cell history based capacity management Fig. 8 illustrates an apparatus for a capacity management based on cell histories. The apparatus comprises a cell history determination unit for determining the current history of a cell in a communications environment. Associated therewith a memory is provided in which data for an operation of the cell history determination unit can be stored. Such data include, for example, the number of defined cell histories to be determined and functions for determining cell histories.

Further, the apparatus comprises a mapping unit which maps cell histories to capac- ity management actions as described above. In a memory associated therewith, operating data for the mapping unit can be stored, for example, mapping matrices D and a corresponding matrices set D.

A capacity management actions toolbox provides for capacity management actions in response to cell histories. An associated memory can store respective operating data, such as definitions of different capacity management actions.

For carrying out capacity management actions the capacity management actions toolbox advises a cell control unit to execute a capacity management action to solve a specific capacity problem due to a determined cell history.

In operation, the cell history determination unit determines a current cell history and transmits data indicative thereof to the mapping unit. The mapping unit maps the determined cell history according to a mapping matrix D to a suitable capacity management action and outputs respective data to the capacity management actions toolbox. In response thereto, the capacity management actions toolbox selects the requested capacity management action and advises the cell control unit to execute that capacity management action.

Apparatus for area capacity management based capacity management Fig. 9 illustrates an apparatus for a capacity management based on cell situations of at least one neighboring cell. The apparatus comprises a neighboring cell situation unit for determining the current situation of at least one neighboring cell. Associated therewith a memory is provided in which data for an operation of the neighboring cell situation unit can be stored. Such data include, for example, the number of defined cell situations to be determined and functions for determining neighboring cell situation.

Further, the apparatus comprises a mapping unit which maps neighboring cell situations to capacity management actions as described above. In a memory associ- ated thereto, operating data for the mapping unit can be stored, for example, mapping matrices BACM, DACM and corresponding matrices sets Dace.

A capacity management actions toolbox provides for a capacity management actions in response to neighboring cell situation. An associated memory can store respective operating data, such as definitions of different capacity management actions.

For carrying out capacity management actions the capacity management actions toolbox advises a cell control unit to execute a capacity management action to solve a specific capacity problem due to a determined neighboring cell situation.

In operation, the neighboring cell unit determines a current neighboring cell situation of at least one neighboring cell and transmits data indicative thereof to the mapping unit. The mapping unit maps the determined neighboring cell situation according to a mapping vector BACM, DACM to a suitable capacity management action and outputs respective data to the capacity management actions toolbox. In response thereto, the capacity management actions toolbox selects the requested capacity manage- ment action and advises the cell control unit to execute that capacity management action.

Apparatus for cell state and history based capacity management Fig. 10 illustrates an apparatus for a capacity management based on cell states and cell histories. The apparatus comprises the units shown in Fig. 7 and 8 which are operated as described, here in combination.

Apparatus for cell state and history and area capacity management based capacity management Fig. 11 illustrates an apparatus for a capacity management based on cell states, cell histories and neighboring cell situations. The apparatus comprises the units shown in Fig. 7 to 9 which are operated as described, here in combination.

Apparatus for area capacity management and cell state or cell history based capacity management Fig. 12 and 13 illustrate apparatus for capacity management based on neighboring cell situations and on cell states or cell histories. The apparatus shown in Fig. 12 comprises the units shown in Fig. 7 and 9 which are operated, here in combination, as described. The apparatus shown in Fig. 13 comprises the units shown in Fig. 8 and 9 which are operated as described, here in combination.

Although Fig. 7 to 13 illustrate the cell control unit as being separated from the shown capacity management apparatus, it is contemplated that the cell control unit is comprised by a capacity management apparatus by means of an integral integration.