CATALYST COMPONENTS BASED ON FULVENE COMPLEXES.

The present invention discloses catalyst components based on hydroxyl-carbonyl fulvene ligands their method of preparation and their use in the polymerisation of olefins.

Several ligands have been described in literature, some of which were tested in complexation with metals but none of them have been used as catalysts for the polymerisation of ethylene or alpha-olefins. Some ligands are described for example in Lloyd and Preston (D. Lloyd, N.W. Preston, J. Chem. Soc. C, 1969, 2464-2469.) or by Linn and Sharkey (WJ. Linn, W.G. Sharkey J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 4970- 2.) or in Snyder et al. (CA. Snyder, J. P. Selegue, N.C. Tice, CE. Wallace. MT. Blankenbuehler, S. Parkin, K.D.E. Allen, RT. Beck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 15010-11.) or in Dong et al. (Y.B. Dong, Y. Geng, J. P. Ma and R.Q. Huang, Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 1693-1703.)

There is a need to develop new catalyst system having good activity and able to produce polymers tailored to specific needs.

It is an aim of the present invention to prepare new catalyst components that can be used in the polymerisation of olefins.

It is also an aim of the present invention to provide very active catalyst components.

It is another aim of the present invention to provide a method for polymerising or copolymerising olefins.

The present invention reaches, at least partially, any one of those aims.

Accordingly, the present invention discloses a method for preparing a metallic complex that comprises the steps of:

a) providing a metallic precursor MZ _n wherein M is a metal Group 6 to 11 of the Periodic Table, Z is a negative counter-anion and n is the valence of M; b) complexing the metallic precursor of step a) with an hydroxycarbonyl fulvene ligand of formula

wherein R are the same or different and are selected from aryl, alkyl arylalkyl, alkylaryl having at most 20 carbon atoms or groups containing heteroatoms and Y is an element Group 1 from the Periodic Table, c) retrieving a metallic complex.

The reaction is carried out in a polar solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) preferably at room temperature.

Preferably, R is selected from alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl (Ph), CPh2 wherein Ph may be substituted or not, or the R groups include heteroatom-containing units. More preferably R is a bulky alkyl such as t-butyl or bulkier or contains furan units. Most preferably R is t-butyl or furan.

In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, the ligand is deprotonated. The deprotonation reaction is carried out before metallation by addition of a base. Most preferably, deprotonation is achieved by addition of one equivalent of NaH to the neutral ligand with liberation of hydrogen.

Preferably Y is H or Na, more preferably it is Na.

Preferably, M is CrII, CrIII or Ni, more preferably, it is CrII or CrIII, most preferably it is

CrIII.

Preferably Z is halogen or acetate, more preferably, it is Cl.

Several types of metallic complexes can be formed, one where the metal is coordinated to one ligand and one where the metal is coordinated to two ligands. The relative amounts of each ligand and metal unit depend upon the nature of ligand and of the metal. The amount of ligand must therefore be of at least one equivalent of ligand per metallic equivalent. In another preferred embodiment according to the present invention, the metal is coordinated to two ligands.

The present invention further discloses an active catalyst system comprising the metallic complex and an activating agent having an ionising action.

Suitable activating agents are well known in the art. The activating agent can be an aluminium alkyl represented by formula AIR ⁺ _n X3 _-n wherein R ⁺ is an alkyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and X is a halogen. The preferred alkylating agents are triisobutyl aluminium (TIBAL) or triethyl aluminium (TEAL).

Alternatively and preferably, it is an aluminoxane and comprise oligomehc linear and/or cyclic alkyl aluminoxanes represented by formula

R -- (Al -O) _n -Al R ^* 2

R*

for oligomeric, linear aluminoxanes and by formula

R*

for oligomeric, cyclic aluminoxane,

wherein n is 1-40, preferably 10-20, m is 3-40, preferably 3-20 and R ^* is a d-C ₈ alkyl group and preferably methyl.

The amount of activating is selected to give an Al/M ratio of from 100 to 3000, preferably of about 1000.

Suitable boron-containing activating agents may comprise a thphenylcarbenium boronate such as tetrakis-pentafluorophenyl-borato-triphenylcarbenium as described in EP-A-0427696, or those of the general formula [L'-H] + [B An Ar ₂ X3 X4]- as described in EP-A-0277004 (page 6, line 30 to page 7, line 7). The amount of boron -containing activating agent is selected to give B/M ratio of from 0.5 to 5, preferably of about 1.

The preferred activating agent is methylaluminoxane (MAO).

In another embodiment, according to the present invention, the metallic complex may be deposited on a conventional support impregnated with an activating agent. Preferably, the conventional support is silica impregnated with methylaluminoxane (MAO). Alternatively, it can be an activating support such as fluorinated alumina silica.

The present invention further discloses a method for preparing an active catalyst system that comprises the steps of: a) providing a hydroxyl-carbonyl fulvene ligand; b) optionally deprotonating the ligand of step a) with a base; c) complexing the ligand of step a) or of step b) with a metallic salt MZ _n in a solvent; d) retrieving a catalyst component; e) optionally depositing the catalyst component of step d) on a support; f) activating the catalyst component of step d) or of step e) with an activating agent having an ionising action; g) optionally adding a scavenger; h) retrieving an active oligomerisation or polymerisation catalyst system.

Alternatively, in step d), the catalyst component is deposited on a support impregnated with an activating agent or on an activating support.

The scavenger may be selected from triethylaluminium, triisobutylaluminum, tris-n- octylaluminium, tetraisobutyldialuminoxane or diethyl zinc.

The active catalyst system is used in the oligomerisation and in the polymerisation of ethylene and alpha-olefins.

The present invention discloses a method for the oligomerisation or the homo- or co- polymerisation of ethylene and alpha-olefins that comprises the steps of: a) injecting the active catalyst system into the reactor; b) injecting the monomer and optional comonomer; c) maintaining under polymerisation conditions; d) retrieving the oligomers and/or polymer.

The pressure in the reactor can vary from 0.5 to 60 bars, preferably from 15 to 45 bars. The productivity of the catalyst system increases with increasing pressure.

The polymerisation temperature can range from 10 to 100 ⁰ C, preferably from 30 to 55°C. The productivity of the catalyst system decreases with increasing temperature.

Most preferred polymerisation is carried out at a temperature of from 30 to 55 ⁰ C and at a pressure of from 24 to 45 bars.

Preferably the monomer and optional comonomer are selected from ethylene, propylene or 1-hexene.

The present invention also discloses the polymers obtained with the new catalyst systems.

List of figures.

Figure 1 represents the molecular structure of ligand i -cyclohexanecarbonyl-6- hydroxy-6-cyclohexanefulvene.

Figure 2 represents the molecular structure of ligand 1 -4-tertbutyl benzoyl -6-hydroxy- 6-4-tertbutylphenylfulvene.

Figure 3 represents the molecular structure of ligand 1 -diphenyl-6-hydroxy-6- diphenylfulvene.

Figure 4 represents the molecular structure of ligand 1 -4-methoxybenzoyl-6-hydoxy- 6-4-methoxyphenylfulvene.

Figure 5 represents the crystal structure of the deprotonated chromium complex prepared from deprotonated ligand 1-neopentyl-6-hydroxy-6-tertbutylfulvene and metallic salt CrCb.

Examples-

Synthesis of liqands.

The ligands were prepared following the methods similar to those described for example in Lloyd and Preston (D. Lloyd, N.W. Preston, J. Chem. Soc. C, 1969, 2464- 2469.) or by Linn and Sharkey (WJ. Linn, W.G. Sharkey J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 4970-2.) or in Snyder et al. (CA. Snyder, J. P. Selegue, N.C. Tice, CE. Wallace. MT. Blankenbuehler, S. Parkin, K.D.E. Allen, RT. Beck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 15010-11.) or in Dong et al. (Y.B. Dong, Y. Geng, J. P. Ma and R.Q. Huang, Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 1693-1703.)

All reactives were purchased from commercially available sources and used without purification and the solvents were purified following standard procedures. The NMR spectra were recorded either on a Brϋcker ARX 200 spectrometer, at 200 MHz for ¹ H spectra and at 50 MHz for ¹³ C spectra, or on a Brϋcker AC 300P at 300 MHz for ¹ H spectra and at 75 MHz for ¹³ C spectra. Mass spectra were obtained with a high resolution mass spectrometer Varian MAT 311 and microanalysis were carried out on a Flash EA1112 CHNS/O Thermo Electron (Centre Regional de Mesures des Physiques de I'Ouest, Rennes, France). Crystalline structure were studied with a diffractometer εnraf Nonius FR590' NONIUS Kappa CCD.

Preparation of ligand A: i -neopentoyl-G-hydroxy-G-tertbutylfulvene.

13.66

Cyclopentadienyl lithium was prepared from 14.5 mmol of just distilled cyclopentadiene and 14.5 mmol of butyl lithium. A solution of 1.17O g (9.7 mmol) of trimethylacetyle chloride in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether was added dropwise to a solution of 14.7 mmol of cyclopentadienyl lithium in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether, at a temperature of 0 ⁰ C. The yellow mixture was placed under stirring overnight at room temperature (about 25 ⁰ C). The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the remaining solid was treated with 20 ml_ of an acid HCI solution (5% in water) overnight. The product was extracted with 20 ml_ of ethyl acetate, purified on silica gel (CH ₂ Cl2/heptane, 1 :1 ) and dried on MgSO ₄ to afford 440 mg of yellow solid with a yield of 39%.

The ligand was characterised as follows.

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ , 200 MHz, ppm) δ 19.33 (1 H, s, O ⁹ H), 7.62 (2H, d, J=0.21 Hz, C ² H),

6.39 (1 H, s, C ³ H), 1.48 (18, s, C ⁸ H ₃ ).

¹³ C NMR (CDCI ₃ , 50 MHz, ppm) δ: 199.19 (C ⁶ ), 135.31 (C ² ad C ⁴ ), 122.36 (C ¹ and

C ⁵ ), 1 19.98 (C ³ ), 42.84 (C ⁷ ), 31 .21 (C ⁸ ).

HRMS: Calcd. for M ⁺ (Ci ₅ H ₂₂ O ₂ ) m/z= 234.16198, found 234.1640.

Anal. CaId for Ci ₅ H ₂₂ O ₂ : C: 76.88, H: 9.46, O: 13.66 found C: 76.48, H: 9.40.

Preparation of ligand B: i -cvclohexanecarbonyl-e-hydroxy-e-cvclohexanefulvene.

Cyclopentadienyl lithium was prepared from 14.5 mmol of just distilled cyclopentadiene and 14.5 mmol of butyl lithium. A solution of 1.422 g (9.7 mmol) of cyclohexane carbonyl chloride in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether was added dropwise to a solution of 14.7 mmol of cyclopentadienyl lithium in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether, at a temperature of 0 ⁰ C. The dark brown mixture was placed under stirring overnight at room temperature (about 25 ⁰ C). The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the remaining solid was treated with 20 ml_ of an acid HCI solution (5% in water) overnight. The product was extracted with 20 ml_ of ethyl acetate, purified on silica gel (CH ₂ Cl2/heptane, 90/10 AIT flash chromatography) and dried on MgSO ₄ to afford 974 mg of yellow solid with a yield of 70%. The ligand was characterised as follows.

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ , 200 MHz, ppm) δ 18.78 (1 H, s, O ¹¹ H), 7.44 (2H, d, J=0.02 Hz, C ² H and C ⁴ H), 6.39 (1 H, s, C ³ H), 3.19 (2, t, J=0.05 Hz, C ⁷ H), 1.55-1.87 (2OH, m, C ⁸ H ₂ , C ⁹ H ₂ and C ¹⁰ H ₂ ).

¹³ C NMR (CDCI ₃ , 50 MHz, ppm) δ: 195.26 (C ⁶ ), 135.84 (C ² and C ⁴ ), 123.37 (C ¹ and C ⁵ ), 121.07 (C ³ ), 45.05 (C ⁷ ), 31.21 (C ⁸ ), 26.36 (C ⁹ and C ¹⁰ ). HRMS: Calcd. for M ⁺ (Ci ₉ H ₂₆ O ₂ ) m/z= 286.19328, found 286.1939

Calcd. for [M-C ₆ Hn] ⁺ (Ci ₃ Hi ₅ O ₂ ) m/z= 203.10720, found 203.1086. Anal. CaId for Ci ₉ H ₂₆ O ₂ : C: 79.68, H: 9.15, O: 11.17 found C: 79.54, H: 9.24. Cristallography. Crystals were obtained by slow evaporation of a saturated solution of ligand in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The complex is represented in Figure 1 , and it is characterised are as follows.

Emphcal formula Ci9 H26 O2

Formula weight 286.40

Temperature 120(2) K

Wavelength 0.71073 A

Crystal system, space group Monoclinic, P 21/n

Unit cell dimensions a = 1.34010(3) nm alpha = 90 deg.

b = 0.92100(3) nm beta = 117.2020(10) deg. c = 1.45837(4) nm gamma = 90 deg.

Volume 1.60089(8) nm ³

Z, Calculated density 4, 1.188 Mg/m ³

Absorption coefficient 0.075 mm ^λ -1

F(OOO) 624

Crystal size 0.3 x 0.25 x 0.2 mm

Theta range for data collection 2.71 to 27.49 deg.

Limiting indices _17<=h<=17, -1 1 <=k<=11 , -18<=K=18

Reflections collected / unique 6882 / 3672 [R(int) = 0.0326]

Completeness to theta = 27.49 99.9 %

Absorption correction None

Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F ²

Data / restraints / parameters 3672 / 0 / 193

Goodness-of-fit on F ^λ 2 1 .059

Final R indices [l>2sigma(l)] R1 = 0.0517, wR2 = 0.1370

R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0810, wR2 = 0.1566

Largest diff. peak and hole 0.230 and -0.226 A -3

Preparation of ligand C: 1 -benzoyl-6-hvdroxy-6-phenylfulvene.

11.67

Cyclopentadienyl lithium was prepared from 14.5 mmol of just distilled cyclopentadiene and 14.5 mmol of butyl lithium. A solution of 1.363 g (9.7 mmol) of benzoyl chloride in 20 mL of anhydrous ether was added dropwise to a solution of 14.7 mmol of cyclopentadienyl lithium in 20 mL of anhydrous ether, at a temperature of 0 ⁰ C. The yellow mixture was placed under stirring overnight at room temperature (about 25 ⁰ C). The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the remaining solid was treated with 20 mL of an acid HCI solution (5% in water) overnight. The product

was extracted with 20 ml_ of ethyl acetate, purified on silica gel (CH ₂ CI ₂ /heptane,

70/30 AIT flash chromatography) and dried on MgSO ₄ to afford 1084 mg of yellow solid with a yield of 81.5%.

The ligand was characterised as follows.

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ , 200 MHz, ppm) δ 18.52 (1 H, s, O ¹¹ H), 7.76 (4H, d, J=0.03 Hz, C ⁸ H),

7.46-7.75 (6H, m, C ⁹ H and C ¹⁰ H), 7.24 (2H, d, J=0.02 Hz, C ² H and C ⁴ H), 6.46 (1 H, t,

J=0.05, C ³ H).

¹³ C NMR (CDCI ₃ , 50 MHz, ppm) δ: 185.80 (C ⁶ ), 142.12 (C ¹⁰ ), 138.07 (C ⁷ ), 131.85 (C ² and C ⁴ ), 130.18 (C ⁹ ), 128.61 (C ⁸ ), 124.80 (C ¹ and C ⁵ ), 123.43 (C ³ ).

HRMS: Calcd. for M ⁺ (Ci ₉ Hi ₄ O ₂ ) m/z= 274.09938, found 274.0998

Anal. CaId for Ci ₉ Hi ₄ O ₂ : C: 83.19, H: 5.14, O: 11.67 found C: 82.99, H: 5.06.

Preparation of ligand D: 1 -4-tertbutylbenzoyl-6-hvdroxy-6-4-tertbutylphenylfulvene.

Cyclopentadienyl lithium was prepared from 14.5 mmol of just distilled cyclopentadiene and 14.5 mmol of butyl lithium. A solution of 1.908 g (9.7 mmol) of 4- tertbutylbenzoyl chloride in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether was added dropwise to a solution of 14.7 mmol of cyclopentadienyl lithium in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether, at a temperature of 0 ⁰ C. The yellow mixture was placed under stirring overnight at room temperature (about 25 ⁰ C). The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the remaining solid was treated with 20 ml_ of an acid HCI solution (5% in water) overnight. The product was extracted with 20 ml_ of ethyl acetate, purified on silica gel (CH ₂ CI ₂ /heptane, 70/30 AIT flash chromatography) and dried on MgSO ₄ to afford 1416 mg of yellow solid with a yield of 75.5%. The ligand was characterised as follows.

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ , 200 MHz, ppm) δ 18.64 (1 H, s, O ¹³ H), 7.77 (4H, d, J=0.04 Hz, C ⁸ H), 7.52 (4H, d, J=0.04 Hz, C ⁹ H), 7.33 (2H, d, J=0.04, C ² H and C ⁴ H), 6.50 (1 H, t, J=0.02 Hz ₁ C ³ H), 1.41 (18H ₁ S ₁ C ¹² H).

¹³ C NMR (CDCI ₃ , 50 MHz, ppm) δ: 185.76 (C ⁶ ), 155.45 (C ¹⁰ ), 141.61 (C ² and C ⁴ ),

135.61 (C ⁷ ), 130.23 (C ⁹ ), 125.61 (C ⁸ ), 124.72 (C ¹ and C ⁵ ), 122.98 (C ³ ), 35.47 (C ¹¹ ),

31 .68 (C ¹² ).

HRMS: Calcd. for M ⁺ (C ₂₇ H ₃₀ O ₂ ) m/z= 386.22458, found 386.2210.

Anal. CaId for C ₂₇ H ₃₀ O ₂ : C: 83.90, H: 7.82, O: 8.28 found C: 83.64, H: 7.91.

Cristallography. Crystals were obtained by slow evaporation of a saturated solution of ligand in THF. The complex is represented in Figure 2 and it is characterised as follows.

Empirical formula C ₂₇ H ₃₀ O ₂

Formula weight 386.51

Temperature 120(2) K

Wavelength 0.071073 nm

Crystal system, space group Monoclinic, P 21/a

Unit cell dimensions a = 1.77026(3) nm alpha = 90 deg. b = 0.648020(10) nm beta = 98.1430(10) deg. c = 1.89891 (3) nm gamma = 90 deg.

Volume 2.15640(6) nm ³

Z, Calculated density 4, 1.191 Mg/m ³

Absorption coefficient 0.073 mm ^"1

F(OOO) 832

Crystal size 0.35 x 0.3 x 0.3 mm

Theta range for data collection 2.95 to 27.48 deg.

Limiting indices -22<=h<=22, -8<=k<=8, -24<=l<=24 Reflections collected / unique 9424 / 4932 [R(int) = 0.0326] Completeness to theta = 27.48 99.6 % Absorption correction None Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F ² Data / restraints / parameters 4932 / 0 / 265 Goodness-of-fit on F ^λ 2 1.042 Final R indices [l>2sigma(l)] R1 = 0.0511 , wR2 = 0.1364 R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0609, wR2 = 0.1463 Largest diff. peak and hole 0.283 and -0.235 e.A -3

Preparation of ligand E: i -diphenylacetyl-e-hvdroxy-e-diphenylfulvene.

Cyclopentadienyl lithium was prepared from 14.5 mmol of just distilled cyclopentadiene and 14.5 mmol of butyl lithium. A solution of 4.409 g (9.7 mmol) of diphenylacetyl chloride in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether was added dropwise to a solution of 14.7 mmol of cyclopentadienyl lithium in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether, at a temperature of 0 ⁰ C. The yellow mixture was placed under stirring overnight at room temperature (about 25 ⁰ C). The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the remaining solid was treated with 20 ml_ of an acid HCI solution (5% in water) overnight. The product was extracted with 20 ml_ of ethyl acetate, purified on silica gel (CH ₂ Cl2/heptane, 1 :1 ) and dried on MgSO ₄ to afford 1130 mg of yellow solid with a yield of 51 %.

The ligand was characterised as follows.

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ , 200 MHz, ppm) δδ 18.73 (1 H, s, O ¹² H), 7.63 (2H, d, J=0.02 Hz, C ² H and C ⁴ H), 7.27-7.35 (2OH, m, C ⁹ H, C ¹⁰ H and C ¹¹ H), 6.46 (1 H, t, J=0.02, C ³ H), 5.98

(2H, s, C ⁷ H).

¹³ C NMR (CDCI ₃ , 50 MHz, ppm) δ: 189.19 (C ⁶ ), 140.17 (C ⁸ ), 138.38 (C ² and C ⁴ ),

129.53 (C ¹⁰ ), 129.14 (C ⁹ ), 127.68 (C ¹¹ ), 125.39 (C ¹ and C ⁵ ), 122.95 (C ³ ), 57.07 (C ⁷ ).

HRMS: Calcd. for M ⁺ (C ₃₃ H ₂₆ O ₂ ) m/z= 454.19328, found 454.1978.

Anal. CaId for C ₃₃ H ₂₆ O ₂ : C: 87.20, H: 5.77, O: 7.04 found C: 87.26, H: 5.78.

Cristallography. Crystals were obtaioned by slow evaporation of a saturated solution of ligand in THF. The ligand is represented in Figure 3 and is characterized as follows.

Empirical formula C33 H26 02 Formula weight 454.54 Temperature 100(2) K Wavelength 0.071073 nm

Crystal system, space group Monoclinic, C 2/c Unit cell dimensions a = 3.50497(7) nm alpha = 90 deg.

b = 0.86045(2) nm beta = 93.6060(10) deg. c = 1.61448(4) nm gamma = 90 deg.

Volume 4.85939(19) nm ³

Z, Calculated density 8, 1.243 Mg/m ³

Absorption coefficient 0.076 mm ^"1

F(OOO) 1920

Crystal size 0.4 x 0.25 x 0.1 mm

Theta range for data collection 2.73 to 27.54 deg.

Limiting indices -45<=h<=45, -i κ=k<=11 , -20<=K=20

Reflections collected / unique 10617 / 5581 [R(int) = 0.0589]

Completeness to theta = 27.54 99.4 %

Absorption correction None

Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F ²

Data / restraints / parameters 5581 / 0 / 319

Goodness-of-fit on F ^λ 2 1 .041

Final R indices [l>2sigma(l)] R1 = 0.0605, wR2 = 0.1588

R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0777, wR2 = 0.1749

Largest diff. peak and hole 0.312 and -0.374 e.A -3

Preparation of ligand F: 1 -4-methoxybenzoyl-6-hvdroxy-6-4-methoxyphenylfulvene.

19.14

Cyclopentadienyl lithium was prepared from 14.5 mmol of just distilled cyclopentadiene and 14.5 mmol of butyl lithium. A solution of 1.655 g (9.7 mmol) of 4- methoxybenzoyl chloride in 20 mL of anhydrous ether was added dropwise to a solution of 14.7 mmol of cyclopentadienyl lithium in 20 mL of anhydrous ether, at a temperature of 0 ⁰ C. The yellow mixture was placed under stirring overnight at room

temperature (about 25 ⁰ C). The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the remaining solid was treated with 20 ml_ of an acid HCI solution (5% in water) overnight. The product was extracted with 20 ml_ of ethyl acetate, purified on silica gel (Et ₂ O/heptane, 70/30 AIT flash chromatography) and dried on MgSO ₄ to afford

1040 mg of yellow solid with a yield of 64%.

The ligand was characterised as follows.

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ , 200 MHz, ppm) δ: 18.59 (1 H, s, O ¹² H), 7.78 (4H, d, J=0.05 Hz,

C ⁸ H), 7.24 (2H, d, J=0.02 Hz, C ² H and C ⁴ H), 6.96 (4H, d, J=0.04, C ⁹ H), 6.46 (1 H, t,

J=0.02 Hz, C ³ H), 3.87 (6H, s, C ¹¹ H).

¹³ C NMR (CDCI ₃ , 50 MHz, ppm) δ: 185.06 (C ⁶ ), 162.93 (C ¹⁰ ), 140.71 (C ² and C ⁴ ),

132.48 (C ⁸ ), 130.52 (C ⁵ ), 124.48 (C ⁷ ), 122.59 (C ³ ), 1 13.96 (C ⁹ ), 55.92 (C ¹¹ ).

HRMS: Calcd. for M ⁺ (C ₂ iHi ₈ O ₄ ) m/z= 334.12051 , found 334.1217.

Anal. CaId for C ₂ iHi ₈ O ₄ : C: 75.43, H: 5.43, O: 19.14 found C: 75.36, H: 5.38.

Cristallography. Crystals were obtained by slow evaporation of a satrated solution of ligand in THF. The crystal structure is diplayed in Figure 4 and the ligand is characterised as follows.

Empirical formula C ₂ i Hi ₈ O ₄

Formula weight 334.35

Temperature 293(2) K

Wavelength 0.071073 nm

Crystal system, space group Monoclinic, P 21 /a

Unit cell dimensions a = 1 .58788(3) nm alpha = 90 deg. b = 1 .18158(2) nm beta = 104.6490(10) deg. c = 1 .80453(3) nm gamma = 90 deg.

Volume 3.27561 (10) nm ³

Z, Calculated density 8, 1 .356 Mg/m ³

Absorption coefficient 0.093 mm ^"1

F(OOO) 1408

Crystal size 0.55 x 0.44 x 0.4 mm

Theta range for data collection 2.61 to 27.49 deg.

Limiting indices -20<=h<=20, -15<=k<=15, -23<=l<=23

Reflections collected / unique 14636 / 7500 [R(int) = 0.0286]

Completeness to theta = 27.49 99.8 %

Absorption correction None

Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on f

Data / restraints / parameters 7500 / 0 / 457

Goodness-of-fit on F ^λ 2 1.060

Final R indices [l>2sigma(l)] R1 = 0.0485, wR2 = 0.1221

R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0710, wR2 = 0.1361

Largest diff. peak and hole 0.352 and -0.406 e.A ^"3

Preparation of liqand G: 1-3,4,5-trimethoxvbenzovl-6-hvdroxv-6-3,4,5- trimethoxvphenvlfulvene.

28.16

Cyclopentadienyl lithium was prepared from 14.5 mmol of just distilled cyclopentadiene and 14.5 mmol of butyl lithium. A solution of 2.230 g (9.7 mmol) of

3,4,5-thmethoxybenzoyl chloride in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether was added dropwise to a solution of 14.5 mmol of cyclopentadienyl lithium in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether, at a temperature of 0 ⁰ C. The yellow mixture was placed under stirring overnight at room temperature (about 25 ⁰ C). The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the remaining solid was treated with 20 ml_ of an acid HCI solution (5% in water) overnight. The product was extracted with 20 ml_ of ethyl acetate, purified on silica gel (Ether 100%) and dried on MgSO ₄ to afford 614 mg of yellow solid with a yield of

28%.

The ligand was characterised as follows.

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ , 200 MHz, ppm) δ:18.51 (1 H, s, O ¹³ H), 7.35 (2H, d, J=0.02 Hz, C ² H and C ⁴ H), 7.06 (4H, s, C ⁸ H), 6.51 (1 H, t, J=0.02, C ³ H), 3.95 (6H, s, C ¹² H), 3.92 (12H,

S ₁ C ¹¹ H,).

¹³ C NMR (CDCI ₃ , 50 MHz, ppm) δ: 185.23 (C ⁶ ), 162.68 (C ⁷ ), 153.26 (C ⁹ ), 144.22 (C ² and C ⁴ ), 133.11 (C ¹⁰ ), 124.54 (C ¹ and C ⁵ ), 123.28 (C ³ ), 107.85 (C ⁸ ), 61.44 (C ¹² ),

56.76 (C ¹¹ ).

HRMS: Calcd. for M ⁺ (C ₂ iHi ₈ O ₄ ) m/z= 334.12051 , found 334.1217.

Anal. CaId for C ₂₅ H ₂₆ O ₈ : C: 66.07, H: 5.77, O: 26.16 found C: 65.28, H: 5.82.

Preparation of ligand H: 1 -2-furoyl-6-hvdroxy-6-2-furanefulvene.

25.17

Cyclopentadienyl lithium was prepared from 14.5 mmol of just distilled cyclopentadiene and 14.5 mmol of butyl lithium. A solution of 1.264 g (9.7 mmol) of 2- furoyl chloride in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether was added dropwise to a solution of 14.7 mmol of cyclopentadienyl lithium in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether, at a temperature of 0

⁰ C. The orange mixture was placed under stirring overnight at room temperature

(about 25 ⁰ C). The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the remaining solid was treated with 20 ml_ of an acid HCI solution (5% in water) overnight. The product was extracted with 20 ml_ of ethyl acetate, purified on silica gel (Et ₂ O/heptane, 70/30

AIT flash chromatography) and dried on MgSO ₄ to afford 260 mg of yellow solid with a yield of 21 %.

The ligand was characterised as follows.

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ , 200 MHz, ppm) δ: 18.49 (1 H, s, O ¹¹ H), 8.14 (2H, d, J=0.02 Hz,

C ¹⁰ H), 7.71 (2H, s, C ⁸ H), 7.39 (2H, d, J=0.02, C ² H and C ⁴ H), 6.62 (2H, t, J=0.01 ,

C ⁹ H), 6.60 (1 H, t, C ³ H).

¹³ C NMR (CDCI ₃ , 50 MHz, ppm) δ: 169.60 (C ⁶ ), 152.31 (C ¹⁰ ), 147.24 (C ² and C ⁴ ),

124.45 (C ³ ), (C ¹ and C ⁵ ), 120.12 (C ⁹ ), 112.83 (C ⁸ ).

HRMS: Calcd. for M ⁺ (Ci ₅ Hi ₀ O ₄ ) m/z= 234.16198, found 234.1640.

Anal. CaId for Ci ₅ Hi ₀ O ₄ : C: 70.86, H: 3.96, O: 25.17 found C: 70.50, H: 4.17.

Preparation of ligand I: 1-2-acetoxybenzoyl-6-hvdroxy-6-2-acetoxyphenylfulvene.

24.59

Cyclopentadienyl lithium was prepared from 14.5 mmol of just distilled cyclopentadiene and 14.5 mmol of butyl lithium. A solution of 1.950 g (9.81 mmol) of

O-acetylsalicyloyl chloride in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether was added dropwise to a solution of 14.7 mmol of cyclopentadienyl lithium in 20 ml_ of anhydrous ether, at a temperature of 0 ⁰ C. The dark brown mixture was placed under stirring overnight at room temperature (about 25 ⁰ C). The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the remaining solid was treated with 20 ml_ of an acid HCI solution (5% in water) overnight. The product was extracted with 20 ml_ of ethyl acetate, purified on silica gel (Ether/heptane, 2:1 ) and dried on MgSO ₄ to afford 350 mg of yellow solid with a yield of 18%.

The ligand was characterised as follows.

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ , 200 MHz, ppm) δδ 18.06 (1 H, s, O ¹⁵ H), 7.22-7.60 (8H, m, C ⁸ H, C ⁹ H,

C ¹⁰ H and C ¹¹ H), 7.09 (2H, d, J=0.02 Hz, C ² H and C ⁴ H), 6.43 (1 H, s, C ³ H), 2.18 (6H, s, C ¹⁴ H).

¹³ C NMR (CDCI ₃ , 50 MHz, ppm) δ: 182.76 (C ⁶ ), 169.63 (C ¹³ ), 148.84 (C ⁷ ), 142.92 (C ² and CT), 131.97 (C ⁰ ), 131.33 {C% 130.68 (C or C ⁰ ), 125.86 (C 1"1)\, 125.66 (C »1 ^ι 2 ^z )\,

124.16 (C ¹⁰ ), 124.99 (C ⁹ ), 30.12 (C ¹⁴ )

HRMS: Calcd. for M ⁺ (C ₂₃ Hi ₈ O ₆ ) m/z=390.11034, found 390.1087.

Calcd. for [M-COCH ₂ ]" (C21 Hi ₆ O ₅ ) m/z= 348.09977, found 348.0965 Calcd. for [M-CH ₃ COOH] ⁺ (C ₂ I H ₁₄ O ₄ ) m/z= 330.08921 , found 330.0861

Anal. CaId for C ₂₃ Hi ₈ O ₆ : C: 70.76, H: 4.65, O: 24.59 found C: 71.17, H: 4.89.

Preparation of metallic complexes from neutral fulvenes.

Chromium complexes.

CrCI ₃ / ligand A complex.

9.37 mg (40 μmol) of ligand A and 7.49 mg (20 μmol) of CrCb.3THF were introduced in a Schlenk with 200 μl_ of THF. The mixture was placed under stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum overnight to yield a dark brown solid.

CrCh / ligand H complex.

10.17 mg (40 μmol) of ligand H and 7.49 mg (20 μmol) of CrCI ₃ .3THF were introduced in a Schlenk with 200 μl_ of THF. The mixture was placed under stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum overnight to yield a red solid.

CrCI? / ligand H complex.

10.17 mg (40 μmol) of ligand H and 2.46 mg (20 μmol) of CrC^ were introduced in a Schlenk with 200 μl_ of THF. The mixture was placed under stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum overnight to yield a red solid.

Nickel complexes.

Ni(OAc)? / ligand A complex.

9.37 mg (40 μmol) of ligand A and 4.98 mg (20 μmol) of Ni(OAc)2 were introduced in a Schlenk with 200 μl_ of THF. The mixture was placed under stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum overnight to yield a yellow- green solid. Ni(OAc)? / ligand E complex.

18.18 mg (40 μmol) of ligand E and 4.98 mg (20 μmol) of Ni(OAc)2 were introduced in a Schlenk with 200 μl_ of THF. The mixture was placed under stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum overnight to yield a yellow-green solid.

Preparation of metallic complexes from deprotonated fulvenes.

CrCh / ligand A- complex.

Ligand A was first deprotonated with NaH.

9.37 mg (40 μmol) of ligand A and 0.96 mg (40 μmol) of NaH were introduced in a Schlenk with 400 μl_ of THF. The mixture was placed under stirring for a period of time of 1 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum to yield a light brown solid. 7.49 mg (20 μmol) of CrCb.3THF were then introduced in the Schlenk with 200 μl_ of THF and the mixture was placed under stirring for a period of time of 2 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum overnight to afford a dark yellow-brown solid. The complex is soluble in THF, dichloromethane and toluene.

The complex was recrystallised by slow evaporation of a saturated solution of the complex in toluene. The crytals obtained were suitable for X-Ray analysis. Anal. CaId for C ₃₄ H ₅₀ O ₅ CICr: C: 65.21 , H: 8.05, found C: 64.83, H: 8.15. The complex crystallises in a triclinic environment with space group P-1. The chromium atom is coordinated to 2 molecules of bidentate fulvene of LX type each being coordinated by its 2 oxygen atoms. The chromium atom is further coordinated by a chlorine atom and a THF molecule. This can be seen in Figure 5. The complex is characterised as follows.

Empirical formula C ₃₄ H ₅₀ Cl Cr O ₅

Formula weight 626.19

Temperature 120(2) K

Wavelength 0.071073 nm

Crystal system, space group Triclinic, P -1

Unit cell dimensions a = 0.95512(2) nm alpha = 93.0100(10) deg. b = 1.09349(3) nm beta = 91.3950(10) deg. c = 1.70208(5) nm gamma = 112.2880(10) deg. Volume 1640.71 (7) A3

Z, Calculated density 2, 1.268 Mg/m3 Absorption coefficient 0.468 mm-1 F(OOO) 670

Crystal size 0.5 x 0.3 x 0.06 mm

Theta range for data collection 2.65 to 27.57 deg.

Limiting indices -12<=h<=12, -14<=k<=13, -22<=l<=22

Reflections collected / unique 13520 / 7501 [R(int) = 0.0653]

Completeness to theta = 27.57 98.8 %

Absorption correction None

Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F2

Data / restraints / parameters 7501 / 0 / 371

Goodness-of-fit on F ^λ 2 1.047

Final R indices [l>2sigma(l)] R1 = 0.0700, wR2 = 0.1771

R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0870, wR2 = 0.1887

Extinction coefficient 0.039(4)

Largest diff. peak and hole 1.048 and -0.631 e.A-3

CrCh / ligand H- complex.

Ligand H was first deprotonated with NaH.

10.17 mg (40 μmol) of ligand H and 0.96 mg (40 μmol) of NaH were introduced in a Schlenk with 400 μL of THF. The mixture was placed under stirring for a period of time of 1 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum to yield a yellow solid. 7.49 mg (20 μmol) of CrCb.3THF were then introduced in the Schlenk with 200 μL of THF and the mixture was placed under stirring for a period of time of 2 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum overnight to afford a dark red solid.

CrCI? / ligand H- complex.

10.17 mg (40 μmol) of ligand H and 0.96 mg (40 μmol) of NaH were introduced in a Schlenk with 400 μL of THF. The mixture was placed under stirring for a period of time of 1 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum to yield a yellow solid. 2.46 mg (20 μmol) of CrC^ were then introduced in the Schlenk with

200 μl_ of THF and the mixture was placed under stirring for a period of time of 2 h at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum overnight to afford a dark red solid.

Homogeneous polymerisation of ethylene.

The metallic catalyst component were activated with 3.25 ml_ of methylaluminoxane (MAO)(30% in toluene). The solution was stirred for 5 minutes and then diluted with 1.75 ml_ of toluene. The reactor was dried under nitrogen at a temperature of 110 ⁰ C for a period of time of 30 minutes. The reactor was brought to a polymerisation temperature of 35 ⁰ C and 50 ml_ of toluene were added to the reactor under nitrogen. A scavenger solution consisting of 1 ml_ of MAO (30% in toluene) and 4 ml_ of toluene was added to the reactor and the solution was stirred for a few minutes. The solution of activated catalyst was added to the reactor under nitrogen. The flux of nitrogen was interrupted, the reactor was purged and placed under an ethylene pressure of 15 bars. It was placed under stirring for a period of time of 1 h. The reactor was purged and the polymerisation was stopped by adding a 10% solution of MeOH/HCI. The polymer was washed 3 times with 30 ml_ of MeOH and 3 times with 30 ml_ of acetone. The polymer was dried under vacuum overnight at room temperature. The results are summarised in Table I for the chromium-based catalyst systems, and in table Il for the nickel-based catalyst systems.

TABLE I.

Catalyst Mass Activity Tm ( ⁰ C) Mp Mn Mw Ip PE (g) (kg _PE /(mol.h)

CrCI ₃ /A 1 ,20 60 125 689 1 453 129 89

217

CrCI ₃ /H 4,75 237 130 474 1 874 214 1 14

323

CrCI ₂ /H 5,56 278 133 538 1 452 240 165

331

CrCI 3/H; 5,91 295 128 758 1 967 333 169

164

CrCI ₂ /H- 6,47 324 131 804 2 061 388 188

029

CrCI a/A ^" 8,38 419 129 i i i i

i : insoluble polymer

For all polymerisations, the conditions were as follows:

Cr 20 μmol, ligand 40 μmol, polymerisation temperature 35 ⁰ C, ethylene pressure 15 bars,

1000 eq. MAO, solvent: toluene, polymerisation time 1 h.

TABLE II.

Activity Consom. Distributions oligo. (%) m ^{pE (9)} kg _PE /(mol.h) (kg _C2H4 /(mol.h)) C4 (α) C6 C8

Ni(OAc) ₂ 73.2

0.021 21 .9 4 .9

1.05 580 (49)

Ni(OAc) ₂ /A 71 .4 25.4

0.027 3 .2

1.35 641

(50)

Ni(OAc)JE 57.2 36.4 6 .5

0.028 1.4 890 (45)

For all polymerisations, the conditions were as follows: Cr 20 μmol, ligand 40 μmol, polymerisation temperature 30 ⁰ C, ethylene pressure 15 bars, 1000 eq. MAO, solvent: toluene, polymerisation time 1 h.

The highest activity was obtained with the catalyst system based on CrCb / ligand A-. Its activity has been studied as a function of temperature and of ethylene pressure. The results are displayed in Table III.

TABLE III.

Activity Pressure (bars)

(kg _PE /(mol.h) 15 24 45

35 486 512 588

292 538 602

85 47 1 19 254

The conditions were as follows:

Cr l O μmol, ligand 20 μmol,

1000 eq. MAO, solvent: toluene, polymerisation time 1 h.

It can be concluded that the activity of the catalyst system increases with increasing pressure and decreases when the temperature is increased.

The same catalyst system based on CrCb / ligand A- was used for additional ethylene polymerisations under the following conditions:

Complexation time: 12 h,

1000 eq. MAO, solvent: toluene, polymerisation time 1 h,

TABLE IV

Catalyst amount Temperature Pressure m PE (g) Activity Consom.

(μmol) CC) (bars) (kg _PE /(mol.h) (kgc _∑H∑ /fmol.h)

5 35 45 15,18 3 077 n.m.

5 25 45 20,34 4 069 n.m.

2,5 35 45 9,10 3 642 n.m.

2,5 35 45 7,78 3 1 12 3 000

2,5 25 45 8,90 3 560 n.m.

2,5 25 45 10,10 4 040 4 430

1 ,0 25 45 5,298 5 298 n.m.

3,26 0 45 5,36 1 645 n.m.

3,26 0 45 5,34 1 639 4 982

n.m. = not measured

Polymerisation of ethylene with supported catalyst systems.

The activity of the unsupported CrCb / ligand A- catalyst system was evaluated in heptane. There was not a selective amount of ethylene present in the polyethylene.

The polymerisation conditions were as follows: complexation time: 12 hours,

5 μmol of ligand with 2.5 μmol of Cr, polymerisation temperature: 25 ⁰ C, polymerisation pressure: 45 bars,

1000 eq u. of MAO, solvent: heptane, polymerisation time: 1 hour.

The results are displayed in Table V.

TABLE V.

Activity Consom. mPE (g) _(kg ^ _{(moLh) (k} g _c2H4 / _(mo l.h)) ^Tm ( ^C >

3,40 1 360 3 214 139

Impregnation of the catalyst on silica/MAO.

5 μmol of complex CrCb/A ^" were dissolved in 600 μl of toluene and then introduced in a schlenk with 100 mg of silica/MAO (50 μmolcr/gsi) under stirring for a period of time of 30 minutes. The impregnated silica was filtered and washed either with once 600 μl of toluene and three times with 600 μl of heptane (condition 1 ) or three times with 600 μl of heptane (condition 2).

Polymerisation of ethylene with impregnated silica/MAO.

The reactor was dried under nitrogen for a period of time of 30 minutes and at a temperature of 90 ⁰ C. 50 ml_ of heptane were then introduced into the reactor with 100 ml_ of scavenger, MAO (30 %) diluted in 5 ml_ of heptane, at a temperature of

25 ⁰ C. 50 mg of silica, containing about 2.5 μmol of activated catalyst (50 μmolcr/gsιθ2) were introduced into the reactor with 5 ml_ of heptane. The polymerisation reaction was carried out at a temperature of 25 ⁰ C under an ethylene pressure of 45 bars and for a period of time of 1 hour for conditions 1 and 2. The results are displayed in Table Vl.

TABLE Vl.

Activite Consom. Activite Consom. Tm m PE (g) (kg _pE /(mol.h) ( ^k 9c2H/( ^mθLh ) (9 _P /(9sr ^h )) (9 _C2H /(9 _sr h)) ( ⁰ C)

Cond. 1 1 ,02 408 3 993 20,4 200 139 Cond. 2 3,42 1 368 3 530 68,4 177 133

The complexation time was of 12 hours.

Polymerisation of alpha-olefins.

The unsupported catalyst system CrCb/A ^" was used for the polymerisaton of hexene with the following conditions: CrCI ₃ /A ^" / MAO / hexene = 1 / 100 / 2000. After a period of time of 24 hours and a polymerisation temperature of 30 ⁰ C the yield was of about 2%.