FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to cation exchange materials.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Preparation of standard cation exchange materials employs non- polymerizable high-boiling solvents for the polymerization of sulfonic acid group containing vinyl monomers and divinyi crosslinkers in the presence of a radical initiator. In several instances, the dissolution of the monomers and crosslinkers in the solvents necessitates high temperature mixing over a long periods of time and use of inhibitors to inhibit the premature polymerization of the monomers during high temperature mix preparation. Also, the post processing of the cation exchange materials involves disposal of as much as 30 - 35 weight % solvent in hazardous waste streams, increasing the cost of waste disposal.

[0003] U.S. Patent No. 4,617,321 , to MacDonald, discloses the preparation of a cation exchange materials where a sulfonic acid group containing vinyl monomer is polymerized with acrylamide and N-methylolacrylamide, using water as a non- polymerizing solvent. MacDonald teaches polymerization of the monomers at 80°C for 2 hours.

[0004] Processes which are known in the art for producing cation exchange membranes involve preparing the cation exchange membranes (and/or precursors) in non-aqueous media, and sulfonation of the membranes to obtain sulfonic acid groups. The costs involved in using these raw materials, as well as the costs in scaling the process to industrial magnitude, add to the cost associated with membrane production process.

[0005]

INTRODUCTION TO THE INVENTION

[0006] It is desirable to provide a lower cost solvent system and/or a more environmentally-friendly solvent system for preparing cation exchange material.

[0007] It is desirable to simplify the process for preparing cation exchange materials, for example by using a solvent which can dissolve the monomers) (such as AMPS) at a temperature closer to ambient temperature than the temperature required in previously known processes (such as the temperature required when using NMP to dissolve AMPS).

It is desirable to use a solvent system which results in reduced amounts of organic solvent in the post preparation waste streams, thereby reducing waste treatment and disposal costs.

[0008] It is an object of the present disclosure to obviate or mitigate at least one disadvantage of previous cation exchange materials and methods for their production.

[0009] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a polymer that includes: mixing in an aqueous solution comprising water and a water- soluble alcohol: an vinyl-based monomer having a sulfonic acid or sulfonate salt functional group, a bifunctional vinyl-based cross-linking agent, and a polymerization initiator, to form a reaction solution, where the monomer and the cross-linking agent are soluble in the reaction solution; and polymerizing the monomer and cross-linking agent to form the polymer.

[0010] In some methods, the monomer and cross-linking agents may be mixed in a molar ratio ranging from 0.50:1 to 2.0:1 (monomer : cross-linking agent); the

polymerization initiator may be added in a molar ratio ranging from 0.0025:1 to 0.02:1 (mols of polymerization initiator : total mols of monomer and cross-linking agent); and the aqueous solution may include water and the water-soluble alcohol in a weight ratio ranging from 1.0:1 to 3.0:1 (water : water-soluble alcohol).

[0011] In particular methods, the monomer and cross-linking agent may total between 50 and 80 wt% of the reaction solution; where the remaining wt% comprises an aqueous solution having a weight ratio of 1.0:1 to 3.0:1 of wateralcohol.

[0012] The vinyl-based monomer may be an acrylic-based monomer, a styrene- based monomer or an allyl-based monomer.

[0013] The monomer may be 2-acry!amidopropyl methane sulfonic acid (AMPS), the cross-linking agent may be glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA), and the water-soluble alcohol may be 1-propanol.

[0014] The method may further include mixing the reaction solution under vacuum.

[0015] The method may further include placing the polymer on a backing cloth to form a polymer sheet; drying the polymer sheet; and converting the sulfonic acid groups to sulfonate functional groups to form a sheet of cation exchange membrane. The polymer sheet may be dried at a temperature between 60°C and 90°C for between 30 and 120 minutes. A saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate may be used to convert the sulfonic acid groups to sulfonate functional groups. The backing cloth may be selected from the group consisting of acrylic, prolyene and polyester cloth.

[0016] in another aspect, the present disclosure provides a polymer that includes a polymer backbone comprising sulfonic acid functional groups; and crosslinks comprising alcohol functional groups.

[0017] The polymer backbone may include a monomeric building block according to Formula I:

Formula I.

[0018] The crosslinks may include a cross-linker according to Formul;

Formula I

[0019] Particular polymers contemplated may be according to Formula

Formula III.

[0020] Other aspects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific examples in conjunction with the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] Fig. 1 is an illustration of a polymerization reaction used to form a cross- linked polymer.

[0022] Fig. 2 is a flowchart illustrating the method for synthesizing the cross- linked polymer.

[0023] Fig. 3 is a flowchart illustrating the method for producing a cation exchange membrane using the cross-linked polymer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] Generally, the present disclosure provides processes for the preparation of cation exchange materials in aqueous media. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to poly(2-acrylamidopropyl methane sulfonic acid) crosslinked with glycerol dimethacrylate, prepared in aqueous media.

[0025] A process for synthesizing the polymers is illustrated by the flowchart of

Fig. 2 and involves mixing 50 - 80 wt% of a mixture of vinyl-based monomer(s) and vinyl- based cross-linking agent(s) in a molar ratio of 0.5:1 to 2.0:1 (monomer(s):cross-linking agent(s)); with the remaining wt% comprising an aqueous solution having a weight ratio of 1.0:1 to 3.0:1 of watenalcohol, where the polymerization initiator may be added in a moiar ratio ranging from 0.0025:1 to 0.02:1 (mols of polymerization initiator : total mols of monomer and cross-linking agent).

[0026] In various examples, the vinyl-based monomer and vinyl-based cross- linking agent may make up 50-55, 55-60, 60-65, 65-70, 70-75, or 75-80 wt% of the reaction solution. In other examples, the vinyl-based monomer and vinyl-based cross- linking agent may make up 50-60, 60-70, or 70-80 wt% of the reaction solution.

[0027] In various examples, the aqueous solution may have a weight ratio of 0.5:1 to 1.0:1 , 1.0:1 to 1.5:1 , 1.5:1 to 2.0:1 , 2.0:1 to 2.5:1, or 2.5:1 to 3.0:1 of wateralcohol. In other examples, the aqueous solution may have a weight ratio of 0.5:1 to 1.5:1 , 1.5:1 to 3.0:1 of water:alcohol.

[0028] In particular examples, the vinyl-based monomer and vinyl-based cross- linking agent may make up 60 - 70 wt% of the reaction solution and may be dissolved in an aqueous solution of water and a water-soluble alcohol that makes up the remaining portion of the reaction solution, the aqueous solution having a weight ratio of 1.5:1 to 3.0:1 of wateralcohol and 0.7 to 0.85 wt% of polymerization initiator.

[0029] The vinyl-based monomer and vinyl-based cross-linking agent are soluble in the aqueous solution of water and a water-soluble alcohol. The vinyl-based monomer may be an acrylic-based monomer, a styrene-based monomer or an allyl-based monomer. The monomer may be, for example, 2-acrylamidopropyl methane sulfonic acid (AMPS), sodium styrene sulfonate, sodium methylallyl sulfonate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, sodium allyl sulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid, sodium 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate, or sodium 2-sulfobutyl methacrylate. A preferred monomer is AMPS.

[0030] The vinyl-based cross-linking agent may be an acrylic-based cross-linking agent, a styrene-based cross-linking agent or an allyl-based cross-linking agent. The vinyl-based cross-linking agent may be, for example, glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA), N- (acrylamidomethyl) methacrylamide, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, glycerol

dimethacrylate, poly(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate, and methylenebisacrylamide. A preferred vinyl-based cross-linking agent is GDMA.

[0031] The water soluble alcohol is a water soluble solvent capable of solubilizing the monomer and cross-linking agent. Preferably, the water soluble alcohol is a high boiling, low cost, low toxicity solvent. In particular embodiments, the water soluble alcohol is propanol, or butanol. In particular embodiments, the water soluble alcohol is 1- propanol.

[0032] The polymerization of the monomer and cross-linking agent can be thermally or photochemicaliy initialized using a polymerization initiator which is soluble in the aqueous solvent, for example using 2.2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)

dihydrochloride (commercially known as V-50); 2,2'-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2- yl)propane]dihydrochloride (VA-044); 2,2'-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]disulfate dehydrate (VA-046B); 2,2'-Azobis[N-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-methylpropionamidine]hydrat e (VA-057); 2,2'-Azobis{2-[1 -(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolin-2-yl]propane}dihydrochloride (VA-060); 2,2'-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] (VA-061 ); 2,2'-Azobis(1-imino-1- pyrrolidino-2-ethyipropane)dihydrochloride (VA-067); 2,2'-Azobis{2-methyi-N-[1 ,1- bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethl]propionamide} (VA-080); or 2,2'-Azobis[2-methyl-N-(2- hydroxyethyl)propionamide] (VA-086). In particular examples, the polymerization initiator may be, for example, 2.2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride.

[0033] It may be desirable to use polymerization initiators whose initiation temperatures are less than 50°C in order to facilitate membrane curing under mild conditions. Using initiators that initiate the polymerization/curing at lower temperatures (e.g. 50 °C) may help avoid energy costs involved in curing at higher temperatures.

[0034] Chain termination in a polymerization reaction occurs by different mechanisms, such as by recombination of two active polymerization sites or by interaction of an active polymerization site with an inhibitor. If longer chains are desired, the polymerization initiator concentration and polymerization inhibitor concentration should be lower than if shorter chains are desired. Depending on the desired length of polymer, it may be desirable for the polymerization to take place in reaction conditions free of, or substantially free of, polymerization inhibitors, such as oxygen, nitrobenzene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, or diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH).

[0035] The produced polymeric material may be used in the production of, for example, cation exchange resin or cation exchange membranes. An exemplary process for the production of cation exchange membranes is illustrated by the flowchart of Fig. 3. In such methods, a mixture of monomer, cross-liking agent and polymerization initiator is used to wet a membrane backing cloth, such as acrylic, polyester or polypropylene. The mixture is sandwiched between glass plates to remove excess reagents and then cured by drying, for example in an oven for 30-120 minutes at a temperature from 60-90 °C. It would be understood that curing at lower temperatures (e.g. 60 °C) would required longer curing times when compared to curing at higher temperatures (e.g. 90 °C).

[0036] Depending on the monomer used, the cured membranes may be converted into anionic functional groups, for example by treating the membranes in a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate for a period of time (for example, for 10-20 h depending on the size of the membrane) to convert the sulfonic acid groups to sodium sulfonate functional groups. The membranes may be rinsed, for example with deionized water for 1 day, to obtain the cation exchange membrane.

[0037] In a specific example, a cross-linked polymer is produced from the polymerization of 2-acrylamidopropyl methane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and glycerold dimethacrylate (GDMA) in the presence of a water/propanol solution and initiated using 2.2 ^! -Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (V-50), as illustrated in FIG. 1 and exempiil led in Ex ampies 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9 ar d 12. The quantities of reagents 5 and solvents used in Examples 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 a re summarized in Ta ble 1 , below, and the correspc >nding wt % of the re« agents and solvents, and the rr ralar and w eight ratic )S of

AMPS tc 5 GDMA, and water to propano are sumrr sarized in ^' Fable 2.

Mols W eight Perce nt

AMPS GDMA V-50 AMPS GDMA V-50 Propanol Water

Ex. 1 0.168 0.120 0.00253 34.8% 27.5% 0.7% 13.0% 24.0%

Ex. 3 0.161 0.124 0.00246 34.3% 29.1% 0.7% 13.3% 22.5%

Ex. 5 0.147 0.136 0.00246 32.1% 32.5% 0.7% 15.7% 18.9%

Ex. 7 0.159 0.123 0.00246 34.8% 29.6% 0.7% 13.7% 21.1%

Ex. 9 0.159 0.123 0.00246 34.8% 29.6% 0.7% 13.7% 21.1%

Ex. 12 0.159 0.123 0.00295 35.9% 30.5% 0.9% 10.9% 21.8%

Table 1

[0038] The Examples, below, teach the synthesis of different polymers contemplated by the present application (Examples 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12), and teach different ways to produce cation exchange membranes using the different polymers and report the resulting properties of the membranes (Examples 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 and 13). Example 1 - An exemplary mixture of monomer, cross-linking agent and polymerization initiator

[0039] AMPS (34.8 g) is dissolved in water (24 g) and stirred for 35 minutes.

GDMA (27.5 g) is dissolved in 1-propanol (13 g) and stirred for 15 minutes. The GDMA solution is added slowly to the AMPS solution and the resulting solution is stirred for 15 minutes. Finally, V-50 catalyst (0.73 g) is added to the flask and the solution stirred for another 20 minutes. The solution is transferred to a round bottom flask and degassed under vacuum for 45 minutes. Example 2 - Production of an exemplary cation exchange membrane

[0040] The degassed monomer mixture produced as described in Example 1 is used to wet an acrylic backing cloth. The acrylic cloth (0.44958 mm thick) is placed on a mylar sheet which in turn is placed on a clean glass plate and the monomer solution described in Example 1 is poured on the backing cloth. A second mylar sheet is placed on the wet acrylic backing cloth and excess monomer mixture is drained from the cloth. The two my!ar sheets and acylic cloth are sandwiched between glass plates and clamped using binder clips. The sandwiched sheets are cured by heating them in an oven at 85°C for 40 minutes. The cured sandwiched sheets are cooled for 15 minutes out of the oven and the glass plates are removed. The mylar sheets are separated from the acylic / polymer membrane, which is soaked in a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate for 10- 14 h to convert the sulfonic acid groups of the AMPS to sodium sulfonate functional groups. The membrane is rinsed with deionized water for 1 day, or until analysis, to obtain the cation exchange membrane.

[0041] The cation exchange membrane produced from the polymerization of AMPS and GDMA is leak proof and stable to various solutions, such as 2 N sodium chloride and 1 N sodium hydroxide, and has a theoretical ion exchange capability of 2.5 mEq/dry gram, water content of 33 wt %.

[0042] The cation exchange membrane produced from the copolymerization of

AMPS and GDMA has a measured ion exchange capacity of 2.31 meq/dry gm; a water content of 46.7%; a thickness of 0.56 mm, and an area resistance of 10.96 Ohm-cm ² .

Example 3 - An exemplary mixture of monomer, cross-linking agent and polymerization initiator

[0043] AMPS (33.54 g) is dissolved in water (22 g) and stirred for 35 minutes. GDMA (28.4 g) is dissolved in 1-propanol (13 g) and stirred for 15 minutes. The GDMA solution is added slowly to the AMPS solution and the resulting solution is stirred for 15 minutes. Finally, V-50 catalyst (0.71 g) is added to the flask and the solution stirred for another 20 minutes. The solution is transferred to a round bottom flask and degassed under vacuum for 45 minutes.

Example 4 - Production of an exemplary cation exchange membrane

[0044] The degassed monomer mixture produced as described in Example 3 is used to wet an acrylic backing cloth. The acrylic cloth (0.44958 mm thick) is placed on a mylar sheet which in turn is placed on a clean glass plate and the monomer solution described in Example 3 is poured on the backing cloth. A second mylar sheet is placed on the wet acrylic backing cloth and excess monomer mixture is drained from the cloth. The two mylar sheets and acylic cloth are sandwiched between glass plates and clamped using binder clips. The sandwiched sheets are cured by heating them in an oven at 85°C for 40 minutes. The cured sandwiched sheets are cooled for 15 minutes out of the oven and the glass plates are removed. The mylar sheets are separated from the acylic / polymer membrane, which is soaked in a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate for 10- 14 h to convert the sulfonic acid groups of the AMPS to sodium sulfonate functional groups. The membrane is rinsed with deionized water for 1 day, or until analysis, to obtain the cation exchange membrane.

[0045] The cation exchange membrane produced from the polymerization of

AMPS and GDMA is leak proof and stable to various solutions, such 2 N sodium chloride and 1 N sodium hydroxide, and has a theoretical ion exchange capability of 2.4 mEq/dry gram, solvent (water + propanol) content of 33 wt %. Example 5 - An exemplary mixture of monomer, cross-linking agent and polymerization initiator

[0046] AMPS (30.6 g) is dissolved in water (18 g) and stirred for 35 minutes.

GDMA (30.6 g) is dissolved in 1 -propanol (15 g) and stirred for 15 minutes. The GDMA solution is added slowly to the AMPS solution and the resulting solution is stirred for 15 minutes. Finally, V-50 catalyst (0.71 g) is added to the flask and the solution stirred for another 20 minutes. The solution is transferred to a round bottom flask and degassed under vacuum for 45 minutes. Example 6 - Production of an exemplary cation exchange membrane

[0047] The degassed monomer mixture produced as described in Example 5 is used to wet a backing cloth. An acrylic cloth (0.44958 mm thick) is placed on the a mylar sheet which in turn is placed on a clean glass plate and the monomer solution described in Example 5 is poured on the backing cloth. A second mylar sheet is placed on the wet acrylic cloth and excess monomer mixture is drained from the cloth. The two mylar sheets and acylic cloth are sandwiched between glass plates and clamped using binder clips. The sandwiched sheets are cured by heating them in an oven at 85°C for 35 minutes. The cured sandwiched sheets are cooled for 15 minutes out of the oven and the glass plates are removed. The mylar sheets are separated from the acylic / polymer membrane, which is soaked in a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate for 10-14 h to convert the sulfonic acid groups of the AMPS to sodium sulfonate functional groups. The membrane is rinsed with deionized water for 1 day, or until analysis, to obtain the cation exchange membrane.

[0048] The cation exchange membrane produced from the polymerization of

AMPS and GDMA is leak proof and stable to various solutions, such 2 N sodium chloride and 1 N sodium hydroxide, and has a theoretical ion exchange capability of 2.2 mEq/dry gram, solvent (water + propanol) content of 33 wt %. Example 7 - An exemplary mixture of monomer, cross-linking agent and polymerization initiator

[0049] AMPS (33 g) is dissolved in water (20 g) and stirred for 35 minutes. GDMA

(28.1 g) is dissolved in 1 -propanol (13 g) and stirred for 15 minutes. The GDMA solution is added slowly to the AMPS solution and the resulting solution is stirred for 15 minutes. Finally, V-50 catalyst (0.71 g) is added to the flask and the solution stirred for another 20 minutes. The solution is transferred to a round bottom flask and degassed under vacuum for 45 minutes.

Example 8 - Production of an exemplary cation exchange membrane

[0050] The degassed monomer mixture produced as described in Example 7 is used to wet a backing cloth. An acrylic cloth (0.44958 mm thick) is placed on the a mylar sheet which in turn is placed on a clean glass plate and the monomer solution described in Example 7 is poured on the backing cloth. A second mylar sheet is placed on the wet acrylic cloth and excess monomer mixture is drained from the cloth. The two mylar sheets and acylic cloth are sandwiched between glass plates and clamped using binder clips. The sandwiched sheets are cured by heating them in an oven at 85°C for 35 minutes. The cured sandwiched sheets are cooled for 15 minutes out of the oven and the glass plates are removed. The mylar sheets are separated from the acyiic / polymer membrane, which is soaked in a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate for 10-14 h to convert the sulfonic acid groups of the AMPS to sodium sulfonate functional groups. The membrane is rinsed with deionized water for 1 day, or until analysis, to obtain the cation exchange membrane.

[0051] The cation exchange membrane produced from the polymerization of

AMPS and GDMA is leak proof and stable to various solutions, such 2 N sodium chloride and 1 N sodium hydroxide, and has a theoretical ion exchange capability of 2.4 mEq/dry gram, solvent (water + propanol) content of 33 wt %.

[0052] The cation exchange membrane produced from the polymerization of

AMPS and GDMA has a measured ion exchange capacity of 2.06 meq/dry gm, a water content of 41.8%, a thickness of 0.59 mm, and an area resistance of 12.00 Ohm-cm ² .

Example 9 - An exemplary mixture of monomer, cross-linking agent and polymerization initiator

[0053] AMPS (33 g) is dissolved in water (20 g) at room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. GDMA (28.5 g) is dissolved in 1 -propanol (13 g) and added slowly to the AMPS solution. The resulting solution is stirred for 20 minutes. Finally, V-50 catalyst (0.71 g) is added to the flask and the solution stirred for another 20 minutes. The solution is transferred to a round bottom flask and degassed under vacuum for 45 minutes.

Example 10 - Production of an exemplary cation exchange membrane

[0054] The degassed monomer mixture produced as described in Example 9 is used to wet a backing cloth. An acrylic cloth (0.44958 mm thick) is placed on the a mylar sheet which in turn is placed on a clean glass plate and the monomer solution described in Example 9 is poured on the backing cloth. A second mylar sheet is placed on the wet acrylic cloth and excess monomer mixture is drained from the cloth. The two mylar sheets and acyiic cloth are sandwiched between glass plates and clamped using binder clips. The sandwiched sheets are cured by heating them in an oven at 85°C for 40 minutes. The cured sandwiched sheets are cooled for 15 minutes out of the oven and the glass plates are removed. The mylar sheets are separated from the acyiic / polymer membrane, which is soaked in a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate for 10-14 h to convert the sulfonic acid groups of the AMPS to sodium sulfonate functional groups. The membrane is rinsed with deionized water for 1 day, or until analysis, to obtain the cation exchange membrane.

[0055] The cation exchange membrane produced from the polymerization of

AMPS and GDMA is leak proof and stable to various solutions, such 2 N sodium chloride and 1 N sodium hydroxide, and has a theoretical ion exchange capability of 2.4 mEq/dry gram, solvent (water + propanol) content of 33 wt %.

[0056] The cation exchange membrane produced from the polymerization of

AMPS and GDMA has a measured ion exchange capacity of 2.25 meq/dry gm, a water content = 45.1%, a thickness of 0.56 mm, an area resistance of 10.95 Ohm-cm ² .

Example 11 - Production of an exemplary cation exchange membrane

[0057] The degassed monomer mixture produced as described in Example 9 is used to wet a backing cloth. An acrylic cloth (0.44958 mm thick) is placed on the a mylar sheet which in turn is placed on a clean glass plate and the monomer solution described in Example 9 is poured on the backing cloth. A second mylar sheet is placed on the wet acrylic cloth and excess monomer mixture is drained from the cloth. The two mylar sheets and acylic cloth are sandwiched between glass plates and clamped using binder clips. The sandwiched sheets are cured by heating them in an oven at 85°C for 40 minutes. The cured sandwiched sheets are cooled for 15 minutes out of the oven and the glass plates are removed. The mylar sheets are separated from the acylic / polymer membrane, which is soaked in a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate for 10-14 h to convert the sulfonic acid groups of the AMPS to sodium sulfonate functional groups. The membrane is rinsed with deionized water for 1 day, or until analysis, to obtain the cation exchange membrane.

[0058] The cation exchange membrane produced from the polymerization of

AMPS and GDMA is leak proof and stable to various solutions, such 2 N sodium chloride and 1 N sodium hydroxide, and has a theoretical ion exchange capability of 2.4 mEq/dry gram, solvent (water + propanol) content of 33 wt %.

[0059] The cation exchange membrane produced from the polymerization of AMPS and GDMA has a measured ion exchange capacity of 1.98 meq/dry gm, a water content of 39.2 %, a thickness of 0.54 mm, and an area resistance of 16.76 Ohm-cm ² . Example 12 - An exemplary mixture of monomer, cross-linking agent and polymerization initiator

[0060] AMPS (33 g) is dissolved in water (20 g) and stirred for 10 minutes. 1- propanol (10 g) is added to the solution, which is stirred for 10 minutes. GDMA (28.1 g) is added to the solution and then stirred for 10 minutes. Finally, V-50 catalyst (0.85 g) is added to the flask and the solution stirred for another 15 minutes. The solution is transferred to a round bottom flask and degassed under vacuum for 30 minutes. Example 13 - Production of an exemplary cation exchange membrane

[0061] The degassed monomer mixture produced as described in Example 12 is used to wet a backing cloth. An acrylic, prolyene or polyester cloth is placed on a mylar sheet which in turn is placed on a clean glass plate and the monomer solution described in Example 12 is poured on the backing cloth. A second mylar sheet is placed on the acrylic, prolyene or polyester cloth and excess monomer mixture is drained from the acrylic, prolyene or polyester cloth. The two mylar sheets and the acrylic, prolyene or polyester cloth are sandwiched between glass plates and clamped using binder clips. The sandwiched sheets are cured by drying them in an oven at 75°C, 80°C or 85°C for 30, 45 or 60 minutes. The cured sandwiched sheets are cooled for 15 minutes out of the oven and the glass plates are removed. The mylar sheets are separated from the resulting polymer membrane, which is soaked in a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate for 10- 14 h to convert the sulfonic acid groups of the AMPS to sodium sulfonate functional groups. The membrane is rinsed with deionized water for 1 day, or until analysis, to obtain the cation exchange membrane.

[0062] The cation exchange membranes produced from the polymerization of

AMPS and GDMA, as described in Example 12, is leak proof and stable to various solutions, such 2 N sodium chloride and 1 N sodium hydroxide. The produced cation exchange membranes have: ion exchange capabilities of 2.2-2.3 mEq/dry gram, water content of 40-45 wt%, and area resistance of 10 -13 Ohm cm ² .

Example 14 - Experimental protocol for determination of ion exchange capacity and water content

[0063] Two membrane strips each of 3" x 0.75" dimensions are cut using a die and placed in an Erlenmeyer flask (250 ml). 100 ml of 1N Hydrochloric acid is added to the flask and the flask shaken for 30 minutes. The 1 N HCI is then replaced with 100 mL deionized (Dl) water and the flask is shaken for 15 minutes. The Dl water wash is repeated for 3 times or until the solution pH is 4.0. The membranes are soaked in 1N NaCI solution and shaken for 30 minutes. The strips are removed from the flask and rinsed with Dl water into the flask. The excess water on the membrane surface is blotted using adsorbent paper and the wet weight of the membranes is recorded (W _wet ). The membranes are then dried for at least 30 minutes in an oven at 120 °C. The membranes are removed from the oven and the dry weight is measured immediately (W _dry ). The 1 N NaCI solution from the Erlenmeyer flask is titrated against 0.1 N NaOH solution (in a burette) in the presence of phenolphthaiein indicator. The initial and final volumes (burette readings) of the 0.1 N NaOH solution are recorded as V, and V _f , respectively. The ion exchange capacity and water content of the membranes are then calculated according to the following equations:

IEC (in meq/gm) = [(Titration volume of 0.1 N NaOH) x (normality of NaOH) / (W _dry

- cloth backing weight)] x 1000

Water content (in %) = [(W _Ml - W _dry ) / (W _wet - cloth backing weight)] x 100

Example 15 - Experimental protocol for measurement of thickness and area-resistance

[0064] A membrane strip is cut into 3" x 0.75" dimension and placed into a 100 ml plastic bottle. 80 mL of 1 N NaCI is added to the bottle and the bottle shaken for 30 minutes. The solution is discarded and the membranes are washed in 80 mL of deionized (Dl) water 3 times. The membranes are then soaked in 0.01 N NaCI solution in the bottle and shaken for at least 30 min. The thickness is then measured using a thickness gauge. The resistance is measured by placing the membrane in between two platinum electrodes connected to a conductivity/resistivity meter. The resistance recorded is multiplied by the area of the electrodes to obtain area-resistance.

The above-described examples are intended to be for illustration only. Alterations, modifications and variations can be effected to the particular examples by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.