CBL-B MODULATORS AND USES THEREOF

Title:

CBL-B MODULATORS AND USES THEREOF

Document Type and Number:

WIPO Patent Application WO/2024/081311

Kind Code:

Abstract:

The present invention provides compounds of formula I, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same for the inhibition or degradation of Cbl-b, and the treatment of Cbl-b-mediated disorders. Formula (I)

Inventors:

CAMPOS SEBASTIEN (GB)
GRAVES ALAN (US)
LEIT DE MORADEI SILVANA MARCEL (US)
WEST ANGELA V (US)
FEYFANT ERIC RENÉ PIERRE (US)
RAFI SALMA B (US)

Application Number:

PCT/US2023/034940

Publication Date:

April 18, 2024

Filing Date:

October 11, 2023

Export Citation:

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Assignee:

NIMBUS CLIO INC (US)

International Classes:

C07D209/44; C07D249/08; C07D401/14; C07D403/10; A61K31/40; A61K31/403; A61K31/4196; A61P35/02

Attorney, Agent or Firm:

REID, Andrea L.C. et al. (US)

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Claims:

CLAIMS 1. A compound of formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A is a 5 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen and 0-1 oxygen or sulfur; R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR, or an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic; Ring B is a divalent phenyl, or a divalent 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R² is independently hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –CH₂OR, –CH(OR)R, –CRF₂, –CF₃, –OR, –SR, –NR₂, –SO₂R, –SO₂NR₂, –S(O)R, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR₂, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR₂, –NRC(O)OR, – NRC(O)R, –NRSO₂R; or an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic or C_4–6 heterocycloalkyl; X is CH or N; R³ is fluoro, bromo, iodo, -CN, -CH(R^3A)(R^3B), –OR^3D, –SR^3A, –N(R^3A)(R^3E), –S(O)₂R^3A, –S(O)₂N(R^3A)₂, – S(O)R^3A, –S(O)N(R^3A)₂, –C(O)R^3A, –C(O)OR^3A, –C(O)N(R^3A)₂, –C(O)N(R^3A)OR^3A, –OC(O)R^3A, – OC(O)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)C(O)OR^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)C(NR^3A)R^3A, – N(R^3A)C(NR^3A)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)S(O)₂N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)S(O)₂R^3G, –N=S(O)(R^3A)₂, – S(NR^3A)(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)S(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)CN, –P(O)(OR^3A)₂, –P(O)(R^3A)₂, a substituted straight- chain C_2–3 aliphatic, a substituted 5 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or an optionally substituted group selected from C_4–6 aliphatic; phenyl; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R^3A are independently hydrogen, –CN, halogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted ring selected from a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; R^3B is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, –OR^3C, –SR, –N(R^3A)(R^3C), –S(O)2R, –S(O)2NR2, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR2, – C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR2, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, – NRC(O)NR2, –NRC(NR)NR2, –NRNR2, –NRS(O)2NR2, –NRS(O)2R, –N=S(O)R2, –S(NR)(O)R, – NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R2, –P(O)(OR)2; or an optionally substituted group selected from C4–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R^3C are independently an optionally substituted group selected from C_1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7– 12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R^3D is a substituted ethyl or an optionally substituted group selected from methyl or C3–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R^3E is a substituted C1 or C3 aliphatic, a C2 aliphatic substituted with v instances of R^3F, a substituted 2- hydroxyethyl_, or an optionally substituted group selected from C_4–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: R^3A and R^3E groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with the nitrogen to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R^3A and R^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R^3A and R^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R^3A and R^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R^3F are independently halogen, oxo, -CN, –OR^3C, –SR, –NR, –S(O)2R, –S(O)2NR2, –S(O)R, – S(O)NR2, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR2, –NRC(O)OR, – NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR2, –NRC(NR)NR2, –NRNR2, –NRS(O)2NR2, –NRS(O)2R, –N=S(O)R2, – S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R2, –P(O)(OR)2; or an optionally substituted group selected from C4–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R^3G is hydrogen, a substituted methyl, or an optionally substituted group selected from C2–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3– 7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R⁸ is independently hydrogen, oxo, halogen, –CN, –NO₂, –CHF₂, –CF₃, –OR, –(OCH₂CH₂)_1–10NR₂, – SR, –NR₂, –S(O)₂R, –S(O)₂NR₂, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR₂, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR₂, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR₂, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR₂, –NRC(NR)NR₂, –NRNR₂, – NRS(O)₂NR₂, –NRS(O)₂R, –N=S(O)R₂, –S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R₂, –P(O)(OR)₂; – CH₂NR(CH₂CH₂O)_1–10CH₂CH₂NR₂; or an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic; each R is independently hydrogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C_1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and each instance of v is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring A is .

3. The comopund of claim 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic. 4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Ring A and its R¹ substituents is . 5. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein Ring B is selected from , 6. The compound of any one of claims 1-5, wherein R² is selected from halogen, –CN, –CH₂OR, – CH(OR)R, –OR, –NR₂, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR₂, –NRSO₂R; or an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic. 7. The compound of any one of claims 1-6, wherein n is 1 and R² is choro, -CN, methyl, -CH₂OH, - CH₂OMe, -OMe, -CONH₂, -C(O)Me, -CH(OH)Me, -CO₂Me, or -NHSO₂Me. 8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein Ring B and its R² substituents are selected from , , , , 9. The compound of any one of claims 1-8, wherein Ring B and its R² substituents are selected from , . 10. The compound of any one of claim 1-9, wherein R³ is -CN, -CH(R^3A)(R^3B), –OR^3D, –N(R^3A)(R^3E), –C(O)OR^3A, –C(O)N(R^3A)OR^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)OR^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)N(R^3A)2, – N(R^3A)S(O)2R^3G, a substituted straight-chain C2–3 aliphatic, or an optionally substituted group selected from C4–6 aliphatic; a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. 11. The compound of any one of claims 1-10, wherein R³ is -CN, isopentyl, , , , , - - , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , optionally substituted phenyl, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. 12. The compound of any one of claims 1-11, wherein R⁸ is selected from halogen, –CF3, –OR, – CH2NR(CH2CH2O)1–10CH2CH2NR2, and an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic. 13. The compound of any one of claims 1-12, wherein R⁸ is selected from fluoro, chloro, methyl, -CF3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , r

. 14. The compound of claims 1, 2, or 5, represented by any one of the following formulae: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein R² is halogen, –CN, –CH₂OR, –CH(OR)R, –OR, –NR₂, – C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR₂, –NRSO₂R, or an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic. 16. The compound of any one of claims 1-9 or claim 11, represented by any one of the following formulae:

I-b-7 I-b-8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 17. The compound of claim 16, represented by any one of the following formulae:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 18. The compound of any one of claims 14-17, wherein R⁸ is selected from halogen, –CF3, –OR, –NR2, and an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic. 19. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 5, represented by any one of the following formulae:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^8A and R^8B are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, –CF3, –OR, –NR2, and an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic. 20. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein X is CH. 21. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein X is N. 22. The compound of any one of claims 1-9 or claim 11, represented by any one of the following formulae: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^8A and R^8B are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, –CF₃, –OR, –NR₂, and an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic. 23. The compound of claim 20 or 21, represented by any one of the following formulae:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 24. The compound of any one claims 16-23, wherein R³ is -CN, -CH(R^3A)(R^3B), –OR^3D, –N(R^3A)(R^3E), –C(O)OR^3A, –C(O)N(R^3A)OR^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)OR^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)N(R^3A)₂, – N(R^3A)C(NR^3A)R^3A, –N(R^3A)S(O)₂R^3G, a substituted straight-chain C_2–3 aliphatic, or an optionally substituted group selected from C_4–6 aliphatic; a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. 25. The compound of claim 20, represented by any one of the following formulae:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 26. A compound of formula I-h-1 to I-h-8: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: R¹³ is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, –OR^3A, –SR^3A, –N(R^3A)(R^3A), –S(O)₂R^3A, –S(O)₂N(R^3A)₂, –S(O)R^3A, – S(O)N(R^3A)₂, –C(O)R^3A, –C(O)OR^3A, –C(O)N(R^3A)₂, –C(O)N(R^3A)OR^3A, –OC(O)R^3A, – OC(O)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)C(O)OR^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)C(NR^3A)R^3A, – N(R^3A)C(NR^3A)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)S(O)₂N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)S(O)₂R^3A, –N=S(O)(R^3A)₂, – S(NR^3A)(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)S(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)CN, –P(O)(R^3A)OR^3A, –P(O)(R^3A)₂, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R^3A are independently hydrogen, –CN, halogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted ring selected from a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; each R⁸ is independently hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –NO2, –CHF2, –CF3, –OR, –(OCH2CH2)1–10NR2, –SR, –NR2, –S(O)2R, –S(O)2NR2, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR2, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, –C(O)N(R)OR, – OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR2, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR2, –NRC(NR)NR2, –NRNR2, – NRS(O)2NR2, –NRS(O)2R, –N=S(O)R2, –S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R2, –P(O)(OR)2, – CH₂NR(CH₂CH₂O)_1–10CH₂CH₂NR₂; or an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic; each R is independently hydrogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C_1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; and q is 0, 1, 2, or 3, wherein the compound of formula I-h-2 is not . 27. The compound of claim 26, wherein R¹³ is -CN, –OR^3A, –N(R^3A)(R^3A), –C(O)OR^3A, – C(O)N(R^3A)OR^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)OR^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)N(R^3A)2, –N(R^3A)C(NR^3A)R^3A, – N(R^3A)S(O)2R^3A, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. _, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , an optionally substituted phenyl, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. 29. The compound of any one of claims 26-28, wherein R⁸ is selected from halogen, –CF3, –OR, –NR2, -CH2NR(CH2CH2O)1–4CH2CH2NR2, and an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic. 30. The compound of any one of claims 26-29, wherein R⁸ is selected from R⁸ is selected from fluoro, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

31. The compound of any one of the claims 1-30, wherein the compound has a Cbl-b / c-Cbl selectivity of greater than 20. 32. The compound of claim 31, wherein the compound has a Cbl-b / c-Cbl selectivity of greater than 50. 33. The compound of any one of the claims 1-32, wherein the compound is selected from those depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 34. A compound of formula I-i: I-i or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A is a 5 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen and 0-1 oxygen or sulfur; R¹ is hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –OR, or an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic; Ring B is a divalent phenyl, or a divalent 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R² is independently hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –CH2OR, –CH(OR)R, –CHF2, –CF3, –OR, –SR, –NR2, –SO₂R, –SO₂NR₂, –S(O)R, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR₂, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR₂, –NRC(O)OR, – NRC(O)R, –NRSO₂R; or an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic or C_4–6 heterocycloalkyl; R¹³ is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, –OR^3A, –SR^3A, –N(R^3A)(R^3A), –S(O)₂R^3A, –S(O)₂N(R^3A)₂, –S(O)R^3A, – S(O)N(R^3A)₂, –C(O)R^3A, –C(O)OR^3A, –C(O)N(R^3A)₂, –C(O)N(R^3A)OR^3A, –OC(O)R^3A, – OC(O)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)C(O)OR^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)C(O)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)C(NR^3A)R^3A, – N(R^3A)C(NR^3A)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)S(O)₂N(R^3A)₂, –N(R^3A)S(O)₂R^3A, –N=S(O)(R^3A)₂, – S(NR^3A)(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)S(O)R^3A, –N(R^3A)CN, –P(O)(R^3A)OR^3A, –P(O)(R^3A)₂, or an optionally substituted group selected from C_1–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R^3A are independently hydrogen, –CN, halogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted ring selected from a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; each R⁸ is independently hydrogen, oxo, halogen, –CN, –NO₂, –CHF₂, –CF₃, –OR, –(OCH₂CH₂)_1–10NR₂, – SR, –NR₂, –S(O)₂R, –S(O)₂NR₂, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR₂, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR₂, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR₂, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR₂, –NRC(NR)NR₂, –NRNR₂, – NRS(O)₂NR₂, –NRS(O)₂R, –N=S(O)R₂, –S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R₂, –P(O)(OR)₂ – CH₂NR(CH₂CH₂O)_1–10CH₂CH₂NR₂; or an optionally substituted C_1–6 aliphatic; each R is independently hydrogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C_1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each instance of v is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; E3TM is a E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety; and L is -(A^L)_q’-; wherein: q’ is an integer greater than or equal to 1; each A^L is independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, -CR^L1R^L2-, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO₂-, - NR^L3-, -SO₂NR^L3-, -SONR^L3-, -CONR^L3-, -NR^L3CONR^L4-, -NR^L3SO₂NR^L4-, -CO-, -CR^L1═CR^L2-, - C≡C-, -SiR^L1R^L2-, -P(O)R^L1-, -P(O)OR^L1-, -NR^L3C(═NCN)NR^L4-, -NR^L3C(═NCN), - NR^L3C(═CNO₂)NR^L4-, C_3-11cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 0-6 R^L1 and/or R^L2 groups, C_3- ₁₁heteocyclyl optionally substituted with 0-6 R^L1 and/or R^L2 groups, aryl optionally substituted with 0- 6 R^L1 and/or R^L2 groups, heteroaryl optionally substituted with 0-6 R^L1 and/or R^L2 groups, where R^L1 or R^L2, each independently are optionally linked to other groups to form cycloalkyl and/or heterocyclyl moiety, optionally substituted with 0-4 R^L5 groups; and R^L1, R^L2, R^L3, R^L4 and R^L5 are, each independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C_1-8alkyl, -OC_1-8alkyl, - SC_1-8alkyl, -NHC_1-8alkyl, -N(C_1-8alkyl)₂, C_3-11cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C_3-11heterocyclyl, -OC_1- ₈cycloalkyl, -SC_1-8cycloalkyl, -NHC_1-8cycloalkyl, -N(C_1-8 cycloalkyl)₂, -N(C_1-8cycloalkyl)(C_1-8alkyl), - OH, -NH2, -SH, -SO2C1-8alkyl, -P(O)(OC1-8alkyl)(C1-8alkyl), -P(O)(OC1-8alkyl)2, -C≡C1-8alkyl, - CH═CH(C1-8alkyl), -C(C1-8alkyl)═CH(C1-8alkyl), -C(C1-8alkyl)═C(C1-8alkyl)2, -Si(OH)3, -Si(C1- 8alkyl)3, -Si(OH)(C1-8alkyl)2, -COC1-8alkyl, -CO2H, -halogen, -CN, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -NO2, -SF5, - SO2NHC1-8alkyl, -SO2N(C1-8alkyl)2, -SONHC1-8alkyl, -SON(C1-8alkyl)2, -CONHC1-8alkyl, CON(C1- 8alkyl)2, -N(C1-8alkyl)CONH(C1-8alkyl), -N(C1-8alkyl)CON(C1-8alkyl)2, -NHCONH(C1-8alkyl), - NHCON(C1-8alkyl)2, -NHCONH2, -N(C1-8alkyl)SO2NH(C1-8alkyl), -N(C1-8alkyl)SO2N(C1-8alkyl)2, - NH SO2NH(C1-8alkyl), -NH SO2N(C1-8alkyl)2, and -NH SO2NH2. 35. The compound of claim 34, represented by any one of the following formulae:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 36. The compound of claim 34 or claim 35, wherein the E3TM is a cereblon (CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety, a Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety, an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety, or a mouse or human double minute 2 homologue (MDM2) E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety. 37. The compound of any one of the claims 34-36, wherein the compound is selected from those depicted in Table 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 38. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1-37, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. 39. The compound of any one of claims 1-37, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 34, for use as a medicament. 40. A method of inhibiting or degrader Cbl-b in a biological sample, comprising contacting the sample with the compound of any one of claims 1-37, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 34. 41. A method of treating an Cbl-b-mediated disorder, disease, or condition in a patient, comprising administering to said patient the compound of any one of claims 1-37, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 34. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the Cbl-b-mediated disorder is a hematological cancer. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the hematologic cancer is B-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (BALL), T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (TALL), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a chronic leukemia, a hematologic cancer or hematologic condition selected from B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, Burkitt’s lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, small cell- or a large cell-follicular lymphoma, malignant lymphoproliferative conditions, MALT lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, Marginal zone lymphoma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplasia and myelodysplastic syndrome, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, and preleukemia. 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the Cbl-b-mediated disorder is bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head or neck, cutaneous or intraocular malignant melanoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, cancer of the anal region, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, uterine cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, endometrial cancer, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin’s Disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, a chronic or acute leukemia selected from acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, solid tumors of childhood, lymphocytic lymphoma, cancer of the bladder, cancer of the kidney or urethra, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), primary CNS lymphoma, tumor angiogenesis, spinal axis tumor, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, epidermoid cancer, squamous cell cancer, T-cell lymphoma, an environmentally induced cancer, or a combination of said cancers.

Description:

CBL-B MODULATORS AND USES THEREOF CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Appl. No.63/379,102, filed October 11, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 63/586,243, filed September 28, 2023, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful for inhibiting E3 ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b). The invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising compounds of the present invention and methods of using said compositions in the treatment of various disorders. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that regulates the function and fate of proteins involved with physiological processes. The addition of ubiquitin to target proteins occurs via a three-step enzymatic process that involves three enzymes. The first enzyme, E1, catalyzes ubiquitin activation. Activated ubiquitin is then transferred from E1 to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E2. The third enzyme, or E3 ligase, confers substrate specificity and directly catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 into the protein substrate. The addition of poly-ubiquitin chains to proteins serves as a signal leading to degradation into peptides of the ubiquitin-conjugated protein by the proteasome. Additionally, poly- and mono- ubiquitination can also alter cellular localization, function, and interactions of the protein substrate with proteins required for downstream activity and signaling events. [0004] Ubiquitination controls multiple biological processes that are often dysregulated in disease, including cell cycle, DNA repair, differentiation, and innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, the discovery of molecules that modulate components of the ubiquitin proteasome system represents an attractive therapeutic opportunity for a wide range of conditions, including cancer and auto-immune disease. [0005] The compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for the inhibition of the E3 ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b). [0006] Cbl-b is a RING finger E3 ligase and a member of a highly conserved family of Cbl proteins, which in mammals consists of three Cbl genes: Cbl, Cbl-b, and Cbl-c. Cbl proteins interact with target proteins via their protein-protein interaction domains, allowing regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling in multiple cell types. The structure of Cbl proteins consists of an amino-terminal tyrosine kinase binding domain (TKBD), a linker helix region (LHR) and a really interesting new gene (RING) domain, followed by a carboxy-terminal region containing binding sites for Src homology 2 (SH2) and Src homology 3 (SH3) domains. Cbl TKBD is composed of a four-helix bundle (4H), an EF-hand, and a variant SH2 domain, which binds substrates, such as activated TKs, in a phospho- tyrosine dependent manner. [0007] Ubiquitination of activated receptor TKs by Cbl-b regulates the assembly of endocytic proteins both at the membrane and at sorting endosomes to promote lysosome targeting, degradation and signal termination. Cbl-b is also important for down regulation of signaling from antigen and cytokine receptors through ubiquitination of receptor chains and associated cytosolic TKs, leading to inactivation and/or proteasomal degradation. [0008] Cbl-b is expressed in immune cell lineages and acts as a major regulator of immune cell activation and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Cbl-b negatively regulates adaptive immune system signaling by establishing the threshold for the activation of antigen receptors. In T cells, Cbl-b imposes a requirement for a co-stimulatory signal to mount a productive immune response upon T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Mice deficient in Cbl-b, and more specifically in the RING Zn-finger ligase domain of Cbl-b, showed tumor rejection that is mediated by CD8+ T cells. [0009] Additionally, Cbl-b regulates the activity of multiple cell lineages involved in innate immunity, including NK cells, antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Therefore, due to the complexity and diversity of the protein targets of Cbl-b in a variety of immune cells, it is possible that the functions of Cbl-b are cell-type dependent. [0010] Novel therapeutic approaches aimed at removing inhibitory signals in immune cells to boost a productive immune system have gained recent attention. Given the central role that Cbl-b plays in regulating multiples signaling mechanisms in both innate and adaptive immunity, inhibition of Cbl-b provides therapeutic opportunities, including cancer immunotherapies. [0011] Cbl-b inhibitors may strengthen the activity of cancer vaccines. For example, it was reported that the adoptive transfer of Cbl-b-/- CD8+ T cells combined with DC vaccines delays tumor growth. Additionally, Cbl-b-/- T cells are resistant to inhibition by PDL-1/PD-1 in vitro and in vivo, which supports the rationale combination of Cbl-b inhibitors with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade. [0012] Enhanced expression of Cbl-b associates with better prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, mutations in the RING finger domain of Cbl proteins and Cbl-b linker sequence are found in a variety of disorders and cancers, including Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), preleukemic chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN), and Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These observations suggest that that degradation impairment of activated TKs represents an important cancer mechanism that involves Cbl proteins. In agreement, multiple reports have demonstrated the ubiquitination of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRa) by Cbl-b. The ubiquitination of these receptors promotes their proteasomal-dependent degradation in a variety of cancer lineages. The degradation of EGFR by Cbl-b leads to lung and gastric cancer cell proliferation and mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in metastatic breast and gastric cancers. Additionally, amplifications and mutations of both EGFR and PDGFR are major drivers of oncogenic transformation and are commonly found in multiple types of cancer. Thus, Cbl-b inhibition represents an opportunity for both tumor intrinsic and tumor extrinsic therapies. [0013] PCT/US2022/071633 describes Cbl-b inhibitor compounds that also show activity for c-Cbl. Accordingly, there is an unmet medical need to provide compounds that have high Cbl-b selectivity to avoid adverse affects associated with interactions with non-efficiency conferring targets, such as c-Cbl. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0014] It has now been found that compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective as inhibitors of Cbl-b. In certain embodiments, the invention provides for compounds of the formulae presented herein. [0015] It has also been found that compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective as degraders of Cbl-b. In certain embodiments, the invention provides for compounds of the formulae presented herein. [0016] Compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are useful for treating a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions, associated with modulating the immune system implicating Cbl-b. Such diseases, disorders, or conditions include those described herein. [0017] Compounds provided by this invention are also useful for the study of Cbl-b enzymes in biological and pathological phenomena; the study of ubiquitination occurring in bodily tissues; and the comparative evaluation of new Cbl-b inhibitors or other regulators of cell cycle, DNA repair, differentiation, and innate and adaptive immunity in vitro or in vivo. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 1. General Description of Certain Embodiments of the Invention: [0018] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a compound of formula I: I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R ¹, R ², R ³, R ⁸, X, m, n, and q is as defined below and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0019] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or diluent. [0020] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a Cbl-b-mediated disease, disorder, or condition comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. Compounds and Definitions: [0021] Compounds of the present invention include those described generally herein, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75 ^th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5 ^th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M.B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001. [0022] The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group”, as used herein, means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic hydrocarbon or bicyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as "carbocycle," “cycloaliphatic” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-3 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-2 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, “cycloaliphatic” (or “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”) refers to a monocyclic C3-C6 hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl. [0023] As used herein, the term “bridged bicyclic” refers to any bicyclic ring system, i.e., carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or partially unsaturated, having at least one bridge. As defined by IUPAC, a “bridge” is an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a valence bond connecting two bridgeheads, where a “bridgehead” is any skeletal atom of the ring system which is bonded to three or more skeletal atoms (excluding hydrogen). In some embodiments, a bridged bicyclic group has 7-12 ring members and 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur Unless otherwise specified, a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as set forth for aliphatic groups. Additionally or alternatively, any substitutable nitrogen of a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted. The term “alkyl” refers to a C _1-12 straight or branched saturated aliphatic group. In certain instances, alkyl refers to a C _1-8 straight or branched saturated aliphatic group or a C _1-6 straight or branched saturated aliphatic group. The term “lower alkyl” refers to a C _1-4 straight or branched alkyl group. [0024] Exemplary lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl (also referred to interchangeably herein as 2-propyl, iPr, ⁱPr and i-Pr), butyl, isobutyl (also referred to interchangeably herein as 2-butyl, iBu, ⁱBu and i-Bu) and tert-butyl (also referred to interchangeably herein as 2-methyl-2-butyl, tBu, ^tBu and t-Bu). [0025] The term “alkenyl” refers to a C2-12 straight or branched partially unsaturated aliphatic group comprising at least one unsaturated carbon carbon double bond. In certain instances, alkenyl refers to a C2- 8 or a C1-6 straight or branched partially unsaturated aliphatic group comprising at least one unsaturated carbon carbon double bond. The term “lower alkenyl” refers to a C2-4 straight or branched partially unsaturated aliphatic group comprising at least one unsaturated carbon carbon double bond. Alkenyl groups include both cis (Z) and trans (E) regioisomers. Exemplary lower alkenyl groups are vinyl, allyl, 2- propenyl,and butenyl isomers (-CH2CH2CH=CH2, -CH2CH=CHCH3 and -CH=CH=CH2CH3). [0026] The term “alkynyl” refers to a C2-12 straight or branched partially unsaturated aliphatic group comprising at least one unsaturated carbon carbon triple bond. In certain instances, alkynyl refers to a C2-8 or a C1-6 straight or branched partially unsaturated aliphatic group comprising at least one unsaturated carbon carbon triple bond. The term “lower alkynyl” refers to a C2-4 straight or branched partially unsaturated aliphatic group comprising at least one unsaturated carbon carbon triple bond. Exemplary lower alkynyl groups are ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, and 3-butynyl. [0027] The term “haloalkyl” refers to a straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms. The term “lower haloalkyl” refers to a C1-4 straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms. [0028] The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR ⁺ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)). [0029] The term "unsaturated," as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation. [0030] As used herein, the term “bivalent C _1-8 (or C _1-6) saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain”, refers to bivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straight or branched as defined herein. [0031] The term “alkylene” refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An “alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., –(CH ₂) _n–, wherein n is a positive integer, preferably from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3. A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group. [0032] The term “alkenylene” refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A substituted alkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group. [0033] The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I. [0034] The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl,” “aralkoxy,” or “aryloxyalkyl,” refers to monocyclic or bicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring.” In certain embodiments of the present invention, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included within the scope of the term “aryl,” as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non–aromatic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like. [0035] The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar–,” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl,” or “heteroaralkoxy,” refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, 9 or 10 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 ^ electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. The term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl (i.e., 1,2,3-triazolyl), 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-- oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar–”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where unless otherwise specified, the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring or on one of the rings to which the heteroaromatic ring is fused. Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, isoindolin-1-only, 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[3,4- c]pyridin-3-onyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridin-1-only, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl, imidazo[1,5- a]pyridyl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridyl, pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazinyl, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, imidazo[1,2- b]pyridazinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H–quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, and tetrahydroisoquinolinyl. A heteroaryl group may be mono– or bicyclic. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring,” “heteroaryl group,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted. [0036] As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclic radical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 5– to 7–membered monocyclic or 7–10– membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ring atom of a heterocycle, the term "nitrogen" includes a substituted nitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0–3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4–dihydro–2H–pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or ⁺NR (as in N–substituted pyrrolidinyl). [0037] A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane, and quinuclidinyl. The terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclyl ring,” “heterocyclic group,” “heterocyclic moiety,” and “heterocyclic radical,” are used interchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl, 3H–indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl. A heterocyclyl group may be mono– or bicyclic. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted. [0038] As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined. [0039] As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein. [0040] Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; –(CH2)0–4R °; –(CH2)0–4OR °; -O(CH2)0-4R ^o, –O–(CH2)0–4C(O)OR°; – (CH2)0–4CH(OR °)2; –(CH2)0–4SR °; –(CH2)0–4Ph, which may be substituted with R°; –(CH2)0–4O(CH2)0–1Ph which may be substituted with R°; –CH=CHPh, which may be substituted with R°; –(CH ₂) _0–4O(CH ₂) _0–1- pyridyl which may be substituted with R°; –NO2; –CN; –N3; -(CH2)0–4N(R °)2; –(CH2)0–4N(R °)C(O)R °; – N(R °)C(S)R °; –(CH ₂) _0–4N(R °)C(O)NR ° ₂; –N(R °)C(S)NR ° ₂; –(CH ₂) _0–4N(R °)C(O)OR °; – N(R °)N(R °)C(O)R °; –N(R °)N(R °)C(O)NR ° ₂; –N(R °)N(R °)C(O)OR °; –N(R °)C(NR °)N(R °) _2; –(CH ₂) _0– 4C(O)R °; –C(S)R °; –(CH2)0–4C(O)OR °; –(CH2)0–4C(O)SR °; –(CH2)0–4C(O)OSiR °3; –(CH2)0–4OC(O)R °; – OC(O)(CH2)0–4SR°; –(CH2)0–4SC(O)R °; –(CH2)0–4C(O)NR °2; –C(S)NR °2; –C(S)SR°; –SC(S)SR°, – (CH ₂) _0–4OC(O)NR ° ₂; –C(O)N(OR °)R °; –C(O)C(O)R °; –C(O)CH ₂C(O)R °; –C(NOR °)R °; –(CH ₂) _0–4SSR °; –(CH ₂) _0–4S(O) ₂R °; –(CH ₂) _0–4S(O) ₂OR °; –(CH ₂) _0–4OS(O) ₂R °; –S(O) ₂NR ° ₂; –(CH ₂) _0–4S(O)R °; – N(R °)S(O) ₂NR ° ₂; –N(R °)S(O) ₂R °; –N(OR °)R °; –C(NH)NR ° ₂; –(CH ₂) _0–4P(O) ₂R °; –(CH ₂) _0–4P(O)R ° ₂; – (CH2)0–4OP(O)R °2; –(CH2)0–4OP(O)(OR °)2; –SiR °3; –(C1–4 straight or branched alkylene)O–N(R °)2; or – (C1–4 straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O–N(R °)2, wherein each R ° may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C _1–6 aliphatic, –CH ₂Ph, –O(CH ₂) _0–1Ph, -CH ₂-(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R °, taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3–12–membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, or spirocyclic ring, or aryl mono– or bicyclic ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below. [0041] Suitable monovalent substituents on R ° (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R ° together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen, –(CH ₂) _0–2R ^●, – (haloR ^●), –(CH2)0–2OH, –(CH2)0–2OR ^●, –(CH2)0–2CH(OR ^●)2; –O(haloR ^●), –CN, –N3, –(CH2)0–2C(O)R ^●, – (CH2)0–2C(O)OH, –(CH2)0–2C(O)OR ^●, –(CH2)0–2SR ^●, –(CH2)0–2SH, –(CH2)0–2NH2, –(CH2)0–2NHR ^●, – (CH2)0–2NR ^●2, –NO2, –SiR ^●3, –OSiR ^●3, -C(O)SR ^●, –(C1–4 straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR ^●, or – SSR ^● wherein each R ^● is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C _1–4 aliphatic, –CH ₂Ph, –O(CH ₂) _0–1Ph, or a 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R ° include =O and =S. [0042] Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: =O, =S, =NNR ^*2, =NNHC(O)R ^*, =NNHC(O)OR ^*, =NNHS(O)2R ^*, =NR ^*, =NOR ^*, – O(C(R ^*2))2–3O–, or –S(C(R ^*2))2–3S–, wherein each independent occurrence of R ^* is selected from hydrogen, C1–6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: –O(CR ^*2)2–3O–, wherein each independent occurrence of R ^* is selected from hydrogen, C _1–6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. [0043] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R ^* include halogen, –R ^●, -(haloR ^●), -OH, –OR ^●, –O(haloR ^●), –CN, –C(O)OH, –C(O)OR ^●, –NH ₂, –NHR ^●, –NR ^● ₂, or –NO ₂, wherein each R ^● is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C _1–4 aliphatic, –CH ₂Ph, –O(CH ₂) _0–1Ph, or a 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. [0044] Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include – R ^†, –NR ^† ₂, –C(O)R ^†, –C(O)OR ^†, –C(O)C(O)R ^†, –C(O)CH ₂C(O)R ^†, -S(O) ₂R ^†, -S(O) ₂NR ^† ₂, –C(S)NR ^† ₂, –C(NH)NR ^† ₂, or –N(R ^†)S(O) ₂R ^†; wherein each R ^† is independently hydrogen, C _1–6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted –OPh, or an unsubstituted 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R ^†, taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3–12– membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, or spirocyclic ring, or aryl mono– or bicyclic ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below. [0045] Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R ^† are independently halogen, –R ^●, -(haloR ^●), –OH, –OR ^●, –O(haloR ^●), –CN, –C(O)OH, –C(O)OR ^●, –NH ₂, –NHR ^●, –NR ^● ₂, or –NO ₂, wherein each R ^● is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C _1–4 aliphatic, –CH ₂Ph, –O(CH ₂) _0–1Ph, or a 5–6–membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. [0046] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1–19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2–hydroxy–ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2–naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3–phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p–toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. [0047] Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N ⁺(C1–4alkyl)4 salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. [0048] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, Z and E conformational isomers and R _a (or M) and S _a (or P) atropisomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention. In certain embodiments, a warhead moiety, R ¹, of a provided compound comprises one or more deuterium atoms. In certain embodiments, Ring B of a provided compound may be substituted with one or more deuterium atoms. [0049] The structures as drawn represent relative configurations, unless labeled as absolute configurations. The invention contemplates individual enantiomers and racemic mixtures. [0050] As used herein, a "Cbl-b inhibitor" is a molecule that reduces, inhibits, or otherwise diminishes one or more of the biological activities of Cbl-b (e.g., ubiquitination, regulation of tyrosine kinase signaling, or regulation of immune cell activation and maintenance of peripheral tolerance). Inhibition using the Cbl- b inhibitor does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of the Cbl-b activity. Instead, the activity could decrease by a statistically significant amount including, for example, a decrease of at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 95% or 100% of the activity of Cbl-b compared to an appropriate control. In some embodiments, the Cbl-b inhibitor reduces, inhibits, or otherwise diminishes the ubiquitination activity of Cbl-b. In some of these embodiments, the Cbl-b inhibitor reduces, inhibits, or otherwise diminishes the Cbl-b-mediated ubiquitination of tyrosine kinases. The presently disclosed compounds bind directly to CBl-b and inhibit its ubiquitinating activity. [0051] “Selectivity” and “selective” as used herein is a relative measure of the tendency for a compound to preferentially (e.g., in a statistically significant manner) associate with one target as opposed to another target (or group of targets). In some embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds reduce, inhibit, or otherwise diminishes the activity of Cbl-b greater than that of another target. For example, a selective Cbl-b inhibitor reduces at least one biological activity of Cbl-b by an amount that is statistically greater than the inhibitory effect of any other protein (e.g., other E3 ligases such as c-Cbl). In some embodiments, the activity of a selective inhibitor is reported as EC ₅₀, IC ₅₀, K _D or K _i. In some embodiments, the activity of a selective inhibitor (measured as any one of EC ₅₀, IC ₅₀, K _D or K _i) for Cbl-b is about 10 fold greater than the corresponding inhibitory activity for another target (e.g., other E3 ligase such as c-Cbl). In other embodiments the activity of the selective inhibitor for Cbl-b is at least about 15 fold greater, 20 fold greater, 25 fold greater, 30 fold greater, 40 fold greater or 50 fold greater than the corresponding inhibitory activity for another target (e.g., other E3 ligases such as c-Cbl). The presently disclosed compounds may or may not be a selective Cbl-b inhibitor. [0052] A compound of the present invention may be tethered to a detectable moiety. It will be appreciated that such compounds are useful as imaging agents. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a detectable moiety may be attached to a provided compound via a suitable substituent. As used herein, the term “suitable substituent” refers to a moiety that is capable of covalent attachment to a detectable moiety. Such moieties are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art and include groups containing, e.g., a carboxylate moiety, an amino moiety, a thiol moiety, or a hydroxyl moiety, to name but a few. It will be appreciated that such moieties may be directly attached to a provided compound or via a tethering group, such as a bivalent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, such moieties may be attached via click chemistry. In some embodiments, such moieties may be attached via a 1,3-cycloaddition of an azide with an alkyne, optionally in the presence of a copper catalyst. Methods of using click chemistry are known in the art and include those described by Rostovtsev et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2002, 41:2596-99 and Sun et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2006, 17:52-57. [0053] As used herein, the term “detectable moiety” is used interchangeably with the term "label" and relates to any moiety capable of being detected, e.g., primary labels and secondary labels. Primary labels, such as radioisotopes (e.g., tritium, ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S, or ¹⁴C), mass-tags, and fluorescent labels are signal generating reporter groups which can be detected without further modifications. Detectable moieties also include luminescent and phosphorescent groups. [0054] The term “secondary label” as used herein refers to moieties such as biotin and various protein antigens that require the presence of a second intermediate for production of a detectable signal. For biotin, the secondary intermediate may include streptavidin-enzyme conjugates. For antigen labels, secondary intermediates may include antibody-enzyme conjugates. Some fluorescent groups act as secondary labels because they transfer energy to another group in the process of nonradiative fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), and the second group produces the detected signal. [0055] The terms “fluorescent label”, “fluorescent dye”, and “fluorophore” as used herein refer to moieties that absorb light energy at a defined excitation wavelength and emit light energy at a different wavelength. Examples of fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to: Alexa Fluor dyes (Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 660 and Alexa Fluor 680), AMCA, AMCA-S, BODIPY dyes (BODIPY FL, BODIPY R6G, BODIPY TMR, BODIPY TR, BODIPY 530/550, BODIPY 558/568, BODIPY 564/570, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 581/591, BODIPY 630/650, BODIPY 650/665), Carboxyrhodamine 6G, carboxy-X- rhodamine (ROX), Cascade Blue, Cascade Yellow, Coumarin 343, Cyanine dyes (Cy3, Cy5, Cy3.5, Cy5.5), Dansyl, Dapoxyl, Dialkylaminocoumarin, 4',5'-Dichloro-2',7'-dimethoxy-fluorescein, DM-NERF, Eosin, Erythrosin, Fluorescein, FAM, Hydroxycoumarin, IRDyes (IRD40, IRD 700, IRD 800), JOE, Lissamine rhodamine B, Marina Blue, Methoxycoumarin, Naphthofluorescein, Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514, Pacific Blue, PyMPO, Pyrene, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine Green, Rhodamine Red, Rhodol Green, 2',4',5',7'-Tetra-bromosulfone-fluorescein, Tetramethyl-rhodamine (TMR), Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), Texas Red, Texas Red-X. [0056] The term “mass-tag” as used herein refers to any moiety that is capable of being uniquely detected by virtue of its mass using mass spectrometry (MS) detection techniques. Examples of mass-tags include electrophore release tags such as N-[3-[4’-[(p-Methoxytetrafluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl]-3- methylglyceronyl]isonipecotic Acid, 4’-[2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-(pentafluorophenoxyl)]methyl acetophenone, and their derivatives. The synthesis and utility of these mass-tags is described in United States Patents 4,650,750, 4,709,016, 5,360,8191, 5,516,931, 5,602,273, 5,604,104, 5,610,020, and 5,650,270. Other examples of mass-tags include, but are not limited to, nucleotides, dideoxynucleotides, oligonucleotides of varying length and base composition, oligopeptides, oligosaccharides, and other synthetic polymers of varying length and monomer composition. A large variety of organic molecules, both neutral and charged (biomolecules or synthetic compounds) of an appropriate mass range (100-2000 Daltons) may also be used as mass-tags. [0057] The terms “measurable affinity” and “measurably inhibit,” as used herein, means a measurable change in a Cbl-b ubquitination activity between a sample comprising a compound of the present invention, or composition thereof, and a Cbl-b E3 ligase, and an equivalent sample comprising an Cbl-b E3 ligase, in the absence of said compound, or composition thereof. 3. Description of Exemplary Embodiments: Formula I [0058] As described above, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A is a 5 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen and 0-1 oxygen or sulfur; R ¹ is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR, or an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic; Ring B is a divalent phenyl, or a divalent 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ² is independently hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –CH ₂OR, –CH(OR)R, –CRF ₂, –CF ₃, –OR, –SR, –NR ₂, –SO ₂R, –SO ₂NR ₂, –S(O)R, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR ₂, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(O)OR, – NRC(O)R, –NRSO ₂R; or an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic or C _4–6 heterocycloalkyl; X is CH or N; R ³ is fluoro, bromo, iodo, -CN, -CH(R ^3A)(R ^3B), –OR ^3D, –SR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)(R ^3E), –S(O)2R ^3A, –S(O)2N(R ^3A)2, – S(O)R ^3A, –S(O)N(R ^3A)2, –C(O)R ^3A, –C(O)OR ^3A, –C(O)N(R ^3A)2, –C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A, –OC(O)R ^3A, – OC(O)N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)R ^3A, – N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)S(O)2N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)S(O)2R ^3G, –N=S(O)(R ^3A)2, – S(NR ^3A)(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)S(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)CN, –P(O)(OR ^3A)2, –P(O)(R ^3A)2, a substituted straight- chain C2–3 aliphatic, a substituted 5 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or an optionally substituted group selected from C4–6 aliphatic; phenyl; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ^3A are independently hydrogen, –CN, halogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R ^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted ring selected from a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; R ^3B is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, –OR ^3C, –SR, –N(R ^3A)(R ^3C), –S(O)2R, –S(O)2NR2, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR2, – C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR2, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, – NRC(O)NR2, –NRC(NR)NR2, –NRNR2, –NRS(O)2NR2, –NRS(O)2R, –N=S(O)R2, –S(NR)(O)R, – NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R2, –P(O)(OR)2; or an optionally substituted group selected from C4–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ^3C are independently an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7– 12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R ^3D is a substituted ethyl or an optionally substituted group selected from methyl or C _3–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R ^3E is a substituted C1 or C3 aliphatic, a substituted 2-hydroxyethyl, or an optionally substituted group selected from C _4–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0– 3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: R ^3A and R ^3E groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with the nitrogen to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ^3F are independently oxo, halogen, –CN, –OR ^3C, –SR, –NR, –S(O) ₂R, –S(O) ₂NR ₂, –S(O)R, – S(O)NR ₂, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR ₂, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(O)OR, – NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(NR)NR ₂, –NRNR ₂, –NRS(O) ₂NR ₂, –NRS(O) ₂R, –N=S(O)R ₂, – S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R ₂, –P(O)(OR) ₂; or an optionally substituted group selected from C _4–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R ^3G is hydrogen, a substituted methyl, or an optionally substituted group selected from C2–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3– 7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ⁸ is independently hydrogen, oxo, halogen, –CN, –NO2, –CHF2, –CF3, –OR, –(OCH2CH2)1–10NR2, – SR, –NR ₂, –S(O) ₂R, –S(O) ₂NR ₂, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR ₂, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR ₂, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(NR)NR ₂, –NRNR ₂, – NRS(O) ₂NR ₂, –NRS(O) ₂R, –N=S(O)R ₂, –S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R ₂, –P(O)(OR) ₂ – CH ₂NR(CH ₂CH ₂O) _1–10CH ₂CH ₂NR ₂; or an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic; each R is independently hydrogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C _1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and each instance of v is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [0059] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I’: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A is a 5 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen and 0-1 oxygen or sulfur; R ¹ is hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –OR, or an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic; Ring B is a divalent phenyl, or a divalent 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ² is independently hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –CH2OR, –CH(OR)R, –CHF2, –CF3, –OR, –SR, –NR2, –SO2R, –SO2NR2, –S(O)R, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR2, –NRC(O)OR, – NRC(O)R, –NRSO ₂R; or an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic or C _4–6 heterocycloalkyl; R ³ is fluoro, bromo, iodo, -CN, -CH(R ^3A)(R ^3B), –OR ^3D, –SR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)(R ^3E), –S(O) ₂R ^3A, –S(O) ₂N(R ^3A) ₂, – S(O)R ^3A, –S(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –C(O)R ^3A, –C(O)OR ^3A, –C(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A, –OC(O)R ^3A, – OC(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)R ^3A, – N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)S(O) ₂N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)S(O) ₂R ^3G, –N=S(O)(R ^3A) ₂, – S(NR ^3A)(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)S(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)CN, –P(O)(OR ^3A) ₂, –P(O)(R ^3A) ₂, a substituted straight- chain C _2–3 aliphatic, a substituted 5 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or an optionally substituted group selected from C4–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ^3A are independently hydrogen, –CN, halogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R ^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted ring selected from a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; R ^3B is hydrogen, oxo, halogen, –CN, –OR ^3C, –SR, –N(R ^3A)(R ^3C), –S(O) ₂R, –S(O) ₂NR ₂, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR ₂, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR ₂, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, – NRC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(NR)NR ₂, –NRNR ₂, –NRS(O) ₂NR ₂, –NRS(O) ₂R, –N=S(O)R ₂, –S(NR)(O)R, – NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R ₂, –P(O)(OR) ₂; or an optionally substituted group selected from C _4–6 aliphatic; phenyl; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5– 6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ^3C are independently an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7– 12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R ^3D is a substituted ethyl or an optionally substituted group selected from methyl or C _3–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R ^3E is a substituted C ₁ or C ₃ aliphatic, a C ₂ aliphatic substituted with v instances of R ^3F, a substituted 2- hydroxyethyl, or an optionally substituted group selected from C4–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: R ^3A and R ^3E groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with the nitrogen to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ^3F are independently oxo, halogen, –CN, –OR ^3C, –SR, –NR, –S(O) ₂R, –S(O) ₂NR ₂, –S(O)R, – S(O)NR ₂, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR ₂, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(O)OR, – NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(NR)NR ₂, –NRNR ₂, –NRS(O) ₂NR ₂, –NRS(O) ₂R, –N=S(O)R ₂, – S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R ₂, –P(O)(OR) ₂; or an optionally substituted group selected from C _4–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; R ^3G is hydrogen, a substituted methyl, or an optionally substituted group selected from C _2–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3– 7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each R ⁸ is independently hydrogen, oxo, halogen, –CN, –NO2, –CHF2, –CF3, –OR, –(OCH2CH2)1–10NR2, – SR, –NR2, –S(O)2R, –S(O)2NR2, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR2, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR2, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR2, –NRC(NR)NR2, –NRNR2, – NRS(O)2NR2, –NRS(O)2R, –N=S(O)R2, –S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R2, –P(O)(OR)2,– CH2NR(CH2CH2O)1–10CH2CH2NR2; or an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic; each R is independently hydrogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or: two R groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and each instance of v is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [0060] As defined generally above, Ring A is a 5 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen and 0-1 oxygen or sulfur. [0061] In some embodiments, Ring A is a 5 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 nitrogen and 0-1 oxygen or sulfur. [0062] In some embodiments, Ring A is a furanyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazinyl, or triazolyl. [0063] In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from [0064] In some embodiments, Ring A is [0065] In certain embodiments, Ring A is [0066] In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0067] As defined generally above, R ¹ is hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –OR, or an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic. [0068] In some embodiments, R ¹ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R ¹ is halogen. In some embodiments, R ¹ is –CN. In some embodiments, R ¹ is –OR. In some embodiments, R ¹ is an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic. [0069] In some embodiments, R ¹ is a C1–6 aliphatic. [0070] In some embodiments, R ¹ is a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or isopropyl. [0071] In certain embodiments, R ¹ is methyl. [0072] In some embodiments, R ¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0073] As defined generally above, m is 0, 1, 2, or 3. [0074] In some embodiments, m is 0, 1, 2, or 3. [0075] In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, m is 3. [0076] In some embodiments, m is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, m is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, m is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, m is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, m is 2 or 3. [0077] In some embodiments, m is selected from the values represented in the compounds depicted in Table 1, below. [0078] In certain embodiments, Ring A and its R ¹ substituent is [0079] In some embodiments, Ring A together with its R ¹ substituents is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0080] As defined generally above, Ring B is a divalent phenyl, or a divalent 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0081] In some embodiments, Ring B is a divalent phenyl. In some embodiments, Ring B is a divalent 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0082] In some embodiments, Ring B is a divalent 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is a divalent 6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1–2 nitrogen. [0083] In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from , , , , , , [0084] In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from , , [0085] In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0086] As defined generally above, each R ² is independently hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –CH2OR, – CH(OR)R, –CRF2, –CF3, –OR, –SR, –NR2, –SO2R, –SO2NR2, –S(O)R, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, – OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR2, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, –NRSO2R; or an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic or C4–6 heterocycloalkyl. [0087] In some embodiments, R ² is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R ² is halogen. In some embodiments, R ² is –CN. In some embodiments, R ² is –CH2OR. In some embodiments, R ² is –CH(OR)R. In some embodiments, R ² is –CRF2. In some embodiments, R ² is –CF3. In some embodiments, R ² is –OR. In some embodiments, R ² is –SR. In some embodiments, R ² is –NR2. In some embodiments, R ² is –SO2R. In some embodiments, R ² is –SO2NR2. In some embodiments, R ² is –S(O)R. In some embodiments, R ² is –C(O)R. In some embodiments, R ² is –C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R ² is –C(O)NR2. In some embodiments, R ² is –OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R ² is –OC(O)NR2. In some embodiments, R ² is – NRC(O)OR. In some embodiments, R ² is –NRC(O)R. In some embodiments, R ² is –NRSO2R. In some embodiments, R ² is an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ² is an optionally substituted C4–6 heterocycloalkyl. [0088] In some embodiments each R ² is independently selected from halogen, –CN, –CH2OR, – CH(OR)R, –OR, –NR2, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, –NRSO2R; or an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic. [0089] In some embodiments each R ² is independently selected from halogen, –CN, –C _1-6 alkyl, –C _1-6 haloalkyl, –CH ₂OR, –CH(OR)R, –OC _1-6 alkyl, –OC _1-6 haloalkyl, –NR ₂, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR ₂, or –NRSO ₂R. [0090] In certain embodiments, R ² is fluoro, choro, -CN, methyl, -CF ₃, -CH ₂OH, -CH ₂OMe, -OMe, - CONH ₂, -C(O)Me, -CH(OH)Me, -CO ₂Me, or -NHSO ₂Me. [0091] In some embodiments, R ² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0092] As defined generally above, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3. [0093] In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3. [0094] In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. [0095] In some embodiments, n is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, n is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, n is 2 or 3. [0096] In some embodiments, n is selected from the values represented in the compounds depicted in Table 1, below. [0097] In certain embodiments, Ring B and its R ² substituents are selected from , , , , ,

, , , , [0098] In certain embodiments, Ring B and its R ² substituents are selected from , [0099] In some embodiments, Ring B together with its R ² substituents is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. As defined generally above, X is CH or N. [0100] In some embodiments, X is CH. In some embodiments, X is N. [0101] In embodiments, X is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0102] As defined generally above, R ³ is fluoro, bromo, iodo, -CN, -CH(R ^3A)(R ^3B), –OR ^3D, –SR ^3A, – N(R ^3A)(R ^3E), –S(O) ₂R ^3A, –S(O) ₂N(R ^3A) ₂, –S(O)R ^3A, –S(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –C(O)R ^3A, –C(O)OR ^3A, –C(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A, –OC(O)R ^3A, –OC(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A, – N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)N(R ^3A) ₂, – N(R ^3A)S(O) ₂N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)S(O) ₂R ^3G, –N=S(O)(R ^3A) ₂, –S(NR ^3A)(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)S(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)CN, –P(O)(OR ^3A) ₂, –P(O)(R ^3A) ₂, a substituted straight-chain C _2–3 aliphatic, a substituted 5 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or an optionally substituted group selected from C _4–6 aliphatic; phenyl; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4 or 6– 8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0103] In some embodiments, R ³ is fluoro. In some embodiments, R ³ is bromo. In some embodiments, R ³ is iodo. In some embodiments, R ³ is -CN. In some embodiments, R ³ is –CH(R ^3A)(R ^3B). In some embodiments, R ³ is –OR ^3D. In some embodiments, R ³ is –SR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –N(R ^3A)(R ^3E). In some embodiments, R ³ is –S(O)2R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –S(O)2N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is –S(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –S(O)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is – C(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –C(O)OR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –C(O)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is –C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –OC(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –OC(O)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is –N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is – N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is – N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is – N(R ^3A)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is –N(R ^3A)S(O)2N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is – N(R ^3A)S(O)2R ^3G. In some embodiments, R ³ is –N=S(O)(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is – S(NR ^3A)(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –N(R ^3A)S(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ³ is –N(R ^3A)CN. In some embodiments, R ³ is –P(O)(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is –P(O)(OR ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ³ is a substituted straight-chain C2–3 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ³ is a substituted 5 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ³ is an optionally substituted C _4–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ³ is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ³ is an optionally substituted 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R ³ is an optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ³ is an optionally substituted 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ³ is an optionally substituted 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0104] In some embodiments, R ³ is -CN, -CH(R ^3A)(R ^3B), –OR ^3D, –N(R ^3A)(R ^3E), –C(O)OR ^3A, – C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)R ^3A, – N(R ^3A)S(O) ₂R ^3G, a substituted straight-chain C _2–3 aliphatic, or an optionally substituted group selected from C _4–6 aliphatic; a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0105] As defined generally above, each R ^3A are independently hydrogen, –CN, halogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or two R ^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted ring selected from a 3– 7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. [0106] In some embodiments, R ^3A is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R ^3A is –CN. In some embodiments, R ^3A is halogen. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted naphthyl. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3A is optionally substituted 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0107] In some embodiments, two R ^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, two R ^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, two R ^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 7–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. In some embodiments, two R ^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. In some embodiments, two R ^3A groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. [0108] As defined generally above, R ^3B is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, –OR ^3C, –SR, –N(R ^3A)(R ^3C), – S(O) ₂R, –S(O) ₂NR ₂, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR ₂, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR ₂, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, – OC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR ₂, –NRC(NR)NR ₂, –NRNR ₂, –NRS(O) ₂NR ₂, – NRS(O) ₂R, –N=S(O)R ₂, –S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)R ₂, –P(O)(OR) ₂; or an optionally substituted group selected from C _4–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0109] In some embodiments, R ^3B is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R ^3B is halogen. In some embodiments, R ^3B is -CN. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –OR ^3C. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –SR. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –N(R ^3A)(R ^3C). In some embodiments, R ^3B is –S(O)2R. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –S(O)2NR2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –S(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –S(O)NR2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –C(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R ^3B is – C(O)NR2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –C(O)N(R)OR. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –OC(O)NR2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –NRC(O)OR. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –NRC(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –NRC(O)NR2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –NRC(NR)NR2, –NRNR2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –NRS(O)2NR2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –NRS(O)2R. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –N=S(O)R2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –S(NR)(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –NRS(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –NRCN. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –P(O)(OR)2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is –P(O)R2. In some embodiments, R ^3B is an optionally substituted C4–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ^3B is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ^3B is an optionally substituted 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R ^3B is an optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3B is an optionally substituted 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3B is an optionally substituted 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0110] As defined generally above, each R ^3C are independently an optionally substituted group selected from C _1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0111] In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted naphthyl. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3C is an optionally substituted 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0112] As defined generally above, R ^3D is a substituted ethyl or an optionally substituted group selected from methyl or C _3–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0113] In some embodiments, R ^3D is a substituted ethyl. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted methyl. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted C _3–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted naphthyl. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3D is an optionally substituted 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0114] As defined generally above, R ^3E is a substituted C1 or C3 aliphatic, a C2 aliphatic substituted with v instances of R ^3F, a substituted 2-hydroxyethyl, or an optionally substituted group selected from C _4–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or R ^3A and R ^3E groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with the nitrogen to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0115] In some embodiments, R ^3E is a substituted methyl. In some embodiments, R ^3E is a substituted C3 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ^3E is a C2 aliphatic substituted with v instances of R ^3F. In some embodiments, R ^3E is a substituted 2-hydroxyethyl. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted C _4–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted naphthyl. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3E is an optionally substituted 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0116] In some embodiments, R ^3A and R ^3E groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with the nitrogen to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3A and R ^3E groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with the nitrogen to form an optionally substituted 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3A and R ^3E groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with the nitrogen to form an optionally substituted 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen from which R ^3A and R ^3E are attached, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0117] As defined generally above, each instance of v is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [0118] In some embodiments, v is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [0119] In some embodiments, v is 0. In some embodiments, v is 1. In some embodiments, v is 2. In some embodiments, v is 3. In some embodiments, v is 4. In some embodiments, v is 5. [0120] In some embodiments, v is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, v is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, v is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, v is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, v is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, v is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, v is 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, v is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, v is 3, 4, or 5. [0121] As defined generally above, each R ^3F are independently halogen, oxo, –CN, –OR ^3C, –SR, – NR2, –S(O)2R, –S(O)2NR2, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR2, –C(O)R, –C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR2, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR2, –NRC(NR)NR2, –NRNR2, –NRS(O)2NR2, – NRS(O)2R, –N=S(O)R2, –S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, –P(O)(OR)2, –P(O)R2; or an optionally substituted group selected from C4–6 aliphatic; phenyl; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0122] In some embodiments, R ^3F is halogen. In some embodiments, R ^3F is oxo. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –CN. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –OR ^3C. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –SR. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –NR. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –S(O) ₂R. In some embodiments, R ^3F is – S(O) ₂NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –S(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –S(O)NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –C(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R ^3F is – C(O)NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –C(O)N(R)OR. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –OC(O)NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –NRC(O)OR. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –NRC(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –NRC(O)NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –NRC(NR)NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –NRNR ₂, –NRS(O) ₂NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –NRS(O) ₂R. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –N=S(O)R ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –S(NR)(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –NRS(O)R. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –NRCN. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –P(O)R ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is –P(O)(OR) ₂. In some embodiments, R ^3F is an optionally substituted C _4–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ^3F is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ^3F is an optionally substituted 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R ^3F is an optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3F is an optionally substituted 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3F is an optionally substituted 7–10 membered partially unsaturated or heteroaromatic bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0123] As defined generally above, R ^3G is hydrogen, a substituted methyl, or an optionally substituted group selected from C2–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0124] In some embodiments, R ^3G is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R ^3G is a substituted methyl. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted C _2–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted naphthyl. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ^3G is an optionally substituted 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0125] In some embodiments, R ³ is -CN, -CH(R ^3A)(R ^3B), –OR ^3D, –N(R ^3A)(R ^3E), –C(O)OR ^3A, – C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A)2, –NR ^3AC(NR ^3A)R ^3A, – N(R ^3A)S(O)2R ^3G, a substituted straight-chain C2–3 aliphatic, or an optionally substituted group selected from C4–6 aliphatic; a 4 or 6–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0126] In some embodiments, R ³ is selected from –CN, isopentyl, , , , benzyl, –C(O)OR ^3A, –C(O)N(R ^3A)OMe, –C(O)N(Me)OR ^3A, , –OR ^3D, , , , , , , – N(R ^3A)sBu, –N(R ^3A)iBu, –N(R ^3A)COiPr, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)iPr, –NHC(NR ^3A)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(NH)R ^3A, – N(R ^3A)C(O)OMe, –NHC(O)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)CON(R ^3A)Me, –NHCON(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)CONMe ₂, – , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , substituted phenyl, and an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R ^3A, R ^3C, R ^3D, and R are as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. , , , , , , , , , , , , , described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0129] In certain embodiments, R ³ is -CN, isopentyl, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , substituted phenyl, and an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0130] In some embodiments, R ³ is selected from phenyl, , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , [0132] In some embodiments, R ³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0133] As defined generally above, each R ⁸ is independently hydrogen, halogen, –CN, –NO2, –CRF2, –CF3, –OR, –(OCH2CH2)1–10NR2, –SR, –NR2, –S(O)2R, –S(O)2NR2, –S(O)R, –S(O)NR2, –C(O)R, – C(O)OR, –C(O)NR2, –C(O)N(R)OR, –OC(O)R, –OC(O)NR2, –NRC(O)OR, –NRC(O)R, –NRC(O)NR2, – NRC(NR)NR2, –NRNR2, –NRS(O)2NR2, –NRS(O)2R, –N=S(O)R2, –S(NR)(O)R, –NRS(O)R, –NRCN, – P(O)(R)NR2, –P(O)(R)OR, –P(O)R2, –CH2NR(CH2CH2O)1–10CH2CH2NR2; or an optionally substituted C1– 6 aliphatic. [0134] In some embodiments, R ⁸ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is halogen. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –CN. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NO2. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –CRF2. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –CF3. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –OR. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –(OCH2CH2)1– 10NR2. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –SR. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NR2. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –S(O)2R. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –S(O)2NR2. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –S(O)R. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –S(O)NR2. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –C(O)R. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is – C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –C(O)NR2. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –C(O)N(R)OR. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –OC(O)NR2. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is – NRC(O)OR. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NRC(O)R. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NRC(O)NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NRC(NR)NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NRNR ₂. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NRS(O) ₂NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NRS(O) ₂R. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –N=S(O)R ₂. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –S(NR)(O)R. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NRS(O)R. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –NRCN. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –P(O)R ₂. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is –P(O)(OR) ₂. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is -CH ₂NR(CH ₂CH ₂O) _1–10CH ₂CH ₂NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ⁸ is an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic. [0135] In some embodiments, R ⁸ is selected from halogen, –CF ₃, –OR, –(OCH ₂CH ₂) _1–10NR ₂, – CH2NR(CH2CH2O)1–10CH2CH2NR2, and an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic. [0136] In some embodiments, R ⁸ is selected from fluoro, chloro, methyl, –CF3, –OR, –(OCH2CH2)1– 10NR2, –CH2OR, –CH2NR(CH2CH2O)1–10CH2CH2NR2, and –CH2NR2. [0137] In some embodiments, a first R ⁸ is hydrogen or –CF3 and a second R ⁸ is –CH2OR or –CH2NR2. [0138] In some embodiments, a first R ⁸ is hydrogen or –CF3 and a second R ⁸ is –CH2OR or –CH2NR2, wherein –CH ₂OR or –CH ₂NR ₂ is selected from -CH ₂OH, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

a [ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , wherein R is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , r . [0141] In some embodiments, R ⁸ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0142] As defined generally above, q is 0, 1, 2, or 3. [0143] In some embodiments, q is 0, 1, 2, or 3. [0144] In some embodiments, q is 0. In some embodiments, q is 1. In some embodiments, q is 2. In some embodiments, q is 3. [0145] In some embodiments, q is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, q is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, q is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, q is 2 or 3. [0146] In some embodiments, q is selected from the values represented in the compounds depicted in Table 1, below. [0147] As defined generally above, each R is independently hydrogen, or an optionally substituted group selected from C _1–6 aliphatic; phenyl; naphthyl; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; an 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or two R groups on the same atom are optionally taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. [0148] In some embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted naphthyl. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 8–10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 7–12 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 5–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bridged bicyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 6–11 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, two R groups on the same atom are taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, two R groups on the same atom are taken together with the atom to form an optionally substituted 3–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. [0149] In some embodiments, R is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0150] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound represented by any one of the following formulae:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of X, R ¹, R ², R ³, R ⁸, q and n are as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0151] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound represented by any one of the following formulae: q _q

I-b-7 I-b-8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of X, R ³, R ⁸, and q are as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0152] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound represented by any one of the following formulae:

_q or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R ⁸ and q are as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0153] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound represented by any one of the following formulae:

I-d-3 I-d-4 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ^8A and R ^8B are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, –CF3, –OR, –NR2, and an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic, and wherein each of X, R ¹, R ², R ³, and n are as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0154] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound represented by any one of the following formulae: I-e-3 I-e-4

I-e-11 I-e-12 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ^8A and R ^8B are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, –CF ₃, –OR, –NR ₂, and an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic, and wherein each of R ³ and R are as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0155] In some embodiments, R ^8A is selected from hydrogen, halogen, –CF ₃, –OR, –NR ₂, and an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic. [0156] In some embodiments, R ^8A is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R ^8A is halogen. In some embodiments, R ^8A is –CF ₃. In some embodiments, R ^8A is –OR. In some embodiments, R ^8A is –NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ^8A is an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic. [0157] In some embodiments, R ^8A is selected from halogen, C _1-6alkyl, –CF ₃, –OR, –CH ₂OR and – CH ₂NR ₂. [0158] In some embodiments, R ^8A is selected from fluoro, chloro, methyl, –CF ₃, –OR, , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , wherein R is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0159] In some embodiments, R ^8B is selected from hydrogen, halogen, –CF ₃, –OR, –NR ₂, and an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic. [0160] In some embodiments, R ^8B is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R ^8B is halogen. In some embodiments, R ^8B is –CF ₃. In some embodiments, R ^8B is –OR. In some embodiments, R ^8B is –NR ₂. In some embodiments, R ^8B is an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic. [0161] In some embodiments, R ^8B is hydrogen or –CF ₃. [0162] In some embodiments, R ^8B is hydrogen, halogen, or –CF3 and R ^8A is –CH2OR or –CH2NR2. [0163] In some embodiments, R ^8B is hydrogen or –CF ₃ and R ^8A is –CH ₂OR or –CH ₂NR ₂. [0164] In some embodiments, R ^8B is hydrogen or –CF ₃ and R ^8A is –CH ₂OR or –CH ₂NR ₂, wherein – , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , [0165] In some embodiments, R ^8A and R ^8B are selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0166] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound represented by any one of the following formulae:

I-f-11 I-f-12

I-f-32 I-f-33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ^8A is selected from hydrogen, halogen, –CF ₃, –OR, –NR ₂, and an optionally substituted C _1–6 aliphatic, and wherein each of R ¹, R ², R ³, and n are as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0167] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound represented by any one of the following formulae

I-g-29 I-g-30

I-g-37 I-g-38

I-g-45

I-g-52 I-g-53

I-g-68 I-g-69

I-g-84 I-g-85

I-g-91 I-g-92

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R ¹, R ², R ³, R ⁸, q and n is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0168] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound represented by any one of the following formulae: I-h-7 I-h-8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: R ¹³ is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, –OR ^3A, –SR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)(R ^3A), –S(O) ₂R ^3A, –S(O) ₂N(R ^3A) ₂, –S(O)R ^3A, – S(O)N(R ^3A)2, –C(O)R ^3A, –C(O)OR ^3A, –C(O)N(R ^3A)2, –C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A, –OC(O)R ^3A, – OC(O)N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)R ^3A, – N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)S(O)2N(R ^3A)2, –N(R ^3A)S(O)2R ^3A, –N=S(O)(R ^3A)2, – S(NR ^3A)(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)S(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)CN, –P(O)(R ^3A)OR ^3A, –P(O)(R ^3A)2, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; wherein each of R ^3A, R ⁸, and q is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination; and wherein the compound of formula I-h-2 is not . [0169] As defined generally above, R ¹³ is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, –OR ^3A, –SR ^3A, –N(R ^3A) ₂, – S(O) ₂R ^3A, –S(O) ₂N(R ^3A) ₂, –S(O)R ^3A, –S(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –C(O)R ^3A, –C(O)OR ^3A, –C(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, – C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A, –OC(O)R ^3A, –OC(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A, – N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)N(R ^3A) ₂, – N(R ^3A)S(O) ₂N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)S(O) ₂R ^3A, –N=S(O)(R ^3A) ₂, –S(NR ^3A)(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)S(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)CN, –P(O)(R ^3A)OR ^3A, –P(O)(R ^3A) ₂, or an optionally substituted group selected from C _1–6 aliphatic; a phenyl ring; a 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring; a 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0170] In some embodiments, R ¹³ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is halogen. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is -CN. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –OR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –SR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –N(R ^3A) ₂. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –S(O) ₂R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –S(O)2N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –S(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –S(O)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –C(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –C(O)OR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –C(O)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is – OC(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –OC(O)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is – N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is – N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is – N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –N(R ^3A)N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is – N(R ^3A)S(O)2N(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –N(R ^3A)S(O)2R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is – N=S(O)(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –S(NR ^3A)(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is – N(R ^3A)S(O)R ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –N(R ^3A)CN. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –P(O)(R ^3A)OR ^3A. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is –P(O)(R ^3A)2. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is an optionally substituted C1–6 aliphatic. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is an optionally substituted 4–7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is an optionally substituted 5–6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1–4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is an optionally substituted 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is an optionally substituted 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0171] In some embodiments, R ¹³ is -CN, –OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A) ₂, –C(O)OR ^3A, –C(O)N(R ^3A)OR ^3A, – N(R ^3A)C(O)OR ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)C(O)N(R ^3A) ₂, –N(R ^3A)C(NR ^3A)R ^3A, –N(R ^3A)S(O) ₂R ^3A, or an optionally substituted group selected from C _1–6 aliphatic; a 4–8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1–2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; and a 6–10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spirocyclic ring having 0–3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , an optionally substituted phenyl, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein R ^3A and R are as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0173] In some embodiments, R ¹³ is selected from phenyl, . , , , , , , , , , , , , , wherein R ^3A is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0175] In certain embodiments, R ¹³ is selected from Cl, -CN, cyclopropyl, isopentyl, , - , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , an optionally substituted phenyl, and an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0176] In some embodiments, R ¹³ is selected from phenyl, , , . [ certain embodiments, R ¹³ is , -NHiBu, -NHsBu, , , , . , , [0178] In some embodiments, R ¹³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below. [0179] Exemplary compounds of the invention are set forth in Table 1, below. Table 1. Selected Compounds

[0180] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound set forth in Table 1, above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound set forth in Table 1, above. [0181] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein (described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. For example, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I as defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I as defined above, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound set forth in Table 1 above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound set forth in Table 1 above, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. [0182] Exemplary compounds of the invention are set forth in Table 2, below. Table 2. Selected Compounds

[0183] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I as defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I as defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle for use as a medicament. [0184] In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound described herein (such as a compound of formula I), or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for inhibiting Cbl-b as described herein and/or in a method for treating a Cbl-b-dependent disorder as described herein. In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound described herein (such as a compound of formula I), or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for inhibiting Cbl-b as described herein. In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound described herein (such as a compound of formula I), or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for treating a Cbl-b-dependent disorder as described herein. [0185] In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound described herein (such as a compound of formula I), or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for modulating Cbl-b as described herein and/or in a method for treating a Cbl-b-dependent disorder as described herein. In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound described herein (such as a compound of formula I), or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for modulating Cbl-b as described herein. In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound described herein (such as a compound of formula I), or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for treating a Cbl-b-dependent disorder as described herein. Formula I-i [0186] In certain aspects, the present invention provides compounds of formula I-i: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A, Ring B, X, R ¹, R ², R ⁸, R ¹³, m, n, and q is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination; E3TM is a E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety; and L is -(A ^L) _q’-; wherein: q’ is an integer greater than or equal to 1; each A ^L is independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, -CR ^L1R ^L2-, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO ₂-, - NR ^L3-, -SO2NR ^L3-, -SONR ^L3-, -CONR ^L3-, -NR ^L3CONR ^L4-, -NR ^L3SO2NR ^L4-, -CO-, -CR ^L1═CR ^L2-, - C≡C-, -SiR ^L1R ^L2-, -P(O)R ^L1-, -P(O)OR ^L1-, -NR ^L3C(═NCN)NR ^L4-, -NR ^L3C(═NCN), - NR ^L3C(═CNO2)NR ^L4-, C3-11cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 0-6 R ^L1 and/or R ^L2 groups, C3- 11heteocyclyl optionally substituted with 0-6 R ^L1 and/or R ^L2 groups, aryl optionally substituted with 0- 6 R ^L1 and/or R ^L2 groups, heteroaryl optionally substituted with 0-6 R ^L1 and/or R ^L2 groups, where R ^L1 or R ^L2, each independently are optionally linked to other groups to form cycloalkyl and/or heterocyclyl moiety, optionally substituted with 0-4 R ^L5 groups; and R ^L1, R ^L2, R ^L3, R ^L4 and R ^L5 are, each independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-8alkyl, -OC1-8alkyl, - SC _1-8alkyl, -NHC _1-8alkyl, -N(C _1-8alkyl) ₂, C _3-11cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C _3-11heterocyclyl, -OC _1- ₈cycloalkyl, -SC _1-8cycloalkyl, -NHC _1-8cycloalkyl, -N(C _1-8 cycloalkyl) ₂, -N(C _1-8cycloalkyl)(C _1-8alkyl), - OH, -NH ₂, -SH, -SO ₂C _1-8alkyl, -P(O)(OC _1-8alkyl)(C _1-8alkyl), -P(O)(OC _1-8alkyl) ₂, -C≡C _1-8alkyl, - CH═CH(C _1-8alkyl), -C(C _1-8alkyl)═CH(C _1-8alkyl), -C(C _1-8alkyl)═C(C _1-8alkyl) ₂, -Si(OH) ₃, -Si(C _1- ₈alkyl) ₃, -Si(OH)(C _1-8alkyl) ₂, -COC _1-8alkyl, -CO ₂H, -halogen, -CN, -CF ₃, -CHF ₂, -CH ₂F, -NO ₂, -SF ₅, - SO ₂NHC _1-8alkyl, -SO ₂N(C _1-8alkyl) ₂, -SONHC _1-8alkyl, -SON(C _1-8alkyl) ₂, -CONHC _1-8alkyl, CON(C _1- ₈alkyl) ₂, -N(C _1-8alkyl)CONH(C _1-8alkyl), -N(C _1-8alkyl)CON(C _1-8alkyl) ₂, -NHCONH(C _1-8alkyl), - NHCON(C _1-8alkyl) ₂, -NHCONH ₂, -N(C _1-8alkyl)SO ₂NH(C _1-8alkyl), -N(C _1-8alkyl)SO ₂N(C _1-8alkyl) ₂, - NH SO2NH(C1-8alkyl), -NH SO2N(C1-8alkyl)2, and -NH SO2NH2. [0187] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound represented by any one of the following formulae: I-i-7 I-i-8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of ESTM, L, X, R ³, R ⁸, and q are as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination. [0188] As described and defined herein, E3TM is an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety. In some embodiments, E3TM is a cereblon (CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety, a Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety, an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety, or a mouse or human double minute 2 homologue (MDM2) E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting moiety. [0189] As defined herein and described below, wherein a formula is depicted using square brackets, e.g., , L is attached to a modifiable carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen atom within E3TM including substitution or replacement of a defined group in E3TM. [0190] In some embodiments, E3TM is a CRBN E3TM. Such CRBN ligases are well known to one having ordinary skill in the art and include thalidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide, and those described in, for example, US 2015/0291562, US 2017/0008904, US 2018/0147202, WO 2019/060742, US 2019/076539, US 2019/076540, US 2019/076541, US 2019/076542, US 2019/276474, US 2020/140456, WO 2020/006233, WO 2020/006262, WO 2020/006264, WO 2020/181232, US 2021/032245, and US 2021/070763. [0191] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I-i, wherein E3TM is a CRBN E3TM of formula I-aa: I-aa or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: W is independently selected from -CH ₂-, -O-, -C(O)-, -NH-, and -N(alkyl)-; A is selected from a hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, or optionally substituted linear or branched alkyl; R ^a is independently selected from a hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CO ₂H, -CO ₂C _1-6 alkyl, -CONH ₂, -CONHC _1- ₆ alkyl, -CON(C _1-6 alkyl) ₂, -NH ₂, -NHC _1-6 alkyl, -N(C _1-6 alkyl) ₂, -NO ₂, -SO ₂C _1-6 alkyl, -SO ₂NHC _1-6 alkyl, -SO ₂N(C _1-6 alkyl) ₂, -OH, methyl, optionally substituted linear or branched alkyl (e.g., optionally substituted linear or branched C _1-6 alkyl or C _1-6 haloalkyl), optionally substituted C _1-6 alkoxy (e.g., haloalkoxy), optionally substituted carbocyclyl (e.g., optionally substituted C _3-7 carbocyclyl), optionally substituted heterocyclyl (e.g., optionally substituted C _3-7 heterocyclyl), optionally substituted -alkyl-aryl (e.g., an -alkyl-aryl comprising at least one of C _1-6 alkyl, C _4-7 aryl, or a combination thereof), optionally substituted aryl (e.g., optionally substituted C _5-7 aryl), optionally substituted heteroaryl (e.g., optionally substituted C5-7 heteroaryl); and n represent an integer from 1 to 4 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4). [0192] In some embodiments, the CRBN E3TM is , , , [0193] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I-i, wherein E3TM is a CRBN E3TM of formula I-aa-1: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is N or CH; Y is a covalent bond, -CH2-, -NH-, -N(Me)-, -O-, or -C(O)NH-; and Ring A is phenylenyl, pyridylenyl, ; wherein Ring A is optionally substituted with halogen, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, -OC1-6 alkyl, or -OC1- 6haloalkyl. [0194] In some embodiments, the CRBN E3TM is , [0195] In some embodiments, CRBN E3TM is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below. [0196] In some embodiments, E3TM is a VHL E3TM. Such VHL ligases are well known to one having ordinary skill in the art and include VHL Ligand 1 (S,R,S)-AHPC), VH032, VHL Ligand 2 (S,R,S)- AHPC-Me), VHL Ligand 3 (VH032-cyclopropane-F), VHL Ligand 4, VHL Ligand 6 (VH032 thiol), VHL Ligand 8, and those described in, for example, in US 2014/356322, US 2016/0214972, US 2016/0272639, and US 2020/085793. [0197] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I-i, wherein, wherein E3TM is a VHL E3TM of formula I-bb: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: W ³ is an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or ; R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or haloalkyl, or R ⁹, R ¹⁰, and the carbon atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl; R11 is an optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aryl, R ¹² is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl; R ¹³ is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted aralkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted arylcarbonyl, optionally substituted (heterocyclyl)carbonyl, or optionally substituted aralkyl; R ^14a and R ^14b, are each independently hydrogen, haloalkyl, or optionally substituted alkyl wherein R ^14a and R ^14b may be connected through a covalent bond to form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl ring; W ⁵ is an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl; R ¹⁵ is hydrogen, halogen. -CN, -OH, -NO ₂, -NR ^14aR ^14b, -O ^R14a, -CONR ^14aR ^14b, -NR ^14aCOR ^14b, - SO ₂NR ^14aR ^14b, -NR ^14aSO ₂R ^14b, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substituted cycloheteroalkyl; each R ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, -CN, halo, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, hydroxy, or optionally substituted haloalkoxy; o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; R ¹⁸ is hydrogen, halo, optionally substituted alkoxy, cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy; and p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0198] In some embodiments, the VHL E3TM is , , , [0199] In some embodiments, VHL E3TM is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below. [0200] In some embodiments, E3TM is a IAP E3TM. Such IAP ligases are well known to one having ordinary skill in the art and include MV-1-NH-Me, LCL161, and those described in US 2006/167066, WO 2007/101347, US 2008/269140, US 7,345,081, US 2012/184530, WO 2013/071039, US 2017/0037004, US 9,603,889, US 9,637,518, Cohen. F, et al., Orally bioavailable antagonists of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins based on an azabicyclooctane scaffold, J. Med. Chem., 52(6), 1723-30 (2009), Ndubaku, C., et al. Antagonism of c-IAP and XIAP proteins is required for efficient induction of cell death by small-molecule IAP antagonists, ACS Chem. Biol., 557-566, 4 (7) (2009), Mannhold. R., et al. IAP antagonists: promising candidates for cancer therapy. Drug Discov. Today, 15 (5-6), 210-9 (2010), Flygare, J. A., et al. Small- molecule pan-IAP antagonists: a patent review. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat., 20 (2), 251-67 (2010), Cohen, F, et al., Antogonists of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins based on thiazole amide isosteres, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 20(7), 2229-33 (2010), Hennessy, E J, et al., Discovery of aminopiperidine-based Smac mimetics as IAP antagonists, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 22(4), 1960-4 (2012), Vamos, M., et al., Expedient synthesis of highly potent antagonists of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) with unique selectivity for ML-IAP, ACS Chem. Biol., 8(4), 725-32 (2013), Asano. M, et al., Design, stereoselective synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel tri-cyclic compounds as inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) antagonists, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 21(18): 5725-37 (2013), Ardecky, R J, et al., Design, synthesis and evaluation of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists that are highly selective for the BIR2 domain of XIAP, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 23(14): 4253-7 (2013), Wang. J, et al., Discovery of novel second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspase mimetics as selective inhibitor or apoptosis protein inhibitors, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 349(2): 319-29 (2014), Hird, A W, et al., Structure-based design and synthesis of tricyclic IAP (Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins) inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 24(7): 1820-4 (2014). [0201] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I-i, wherein E3TM is an IAP E3TM of any one of the following formulae: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R ^1’ is H or alkyl; R ^2’ is H or alkyl; R ^3’ is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl; R ⁵ and R ⁶ are independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or more preferably, R ⁵ and R ⁶ taken together to form a pyrrolidine or a piperidine ring further optionally fused to 1-2 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl rings, each of which can then be further fused to another cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring; R ^3’ and R ⁵ taken together can form a 5-8 membered ring further optionally fused to 1-2 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl rings; R ⁷ is cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aryl-C(O)—R ^4’, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C(O)—R ^4’, heteroaryl-R ^4’, heteroaryl-naphthalene, C(O)NH—R ^4’, or heteroarylalkyl, each one further optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, cyano, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, —C(O)NH—R ^4’, and — C(O)—R ^4’; and; R ^4’ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, further optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, cyano, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, —C(O)NH—R ^4’, and —C(O)—R ^4’. [0202] In some embodiments, IAP E3TM is , . [0203] In some embodiments, IAP E3TM is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below. [0204] In some embodiments, E3TM is a MDM2 E3TM. Such MDM2 ligases are well known to one having ordinary skill in the art and include RG7112, RG7388, SAR405838, AMG-232, AM-7209, DS- 5272, MK-8242, NVP-CGM-097, nutlin-1, nutlin-2, and nutlin-3, and analogs or derivatives thereof, and those described in Vassilev, et al., In vivo activation of the p53 pathway by small-molecule antagonists of MDM2, Science, vol: 303, page: 844-848 (2004), Schneekloth, et al., Targeted intracellular protein degradation induced by a small molecule: En route to chemical proteomics, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.18 (2008) 5904-5908, and US 2017/0008904. [0205] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I-i wherein E3TM is an MDM2 E3TM of any one of the following formulae: I-dd-7 I-dd-8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X ¹ is selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, sulfone, and N—R ^a; R ^a is independently hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl; Y and Z are independently carbon or nitrogen; A, A′ and A″ are independently selected from C, N, O or S, can also be one or two atoms forming a fused bicyclic ring, or a 6,5- and 5,5-fused aromatic bicyclic group; R ^1’ and R ^2’ are independently selected from the group consisting of an aryl or heteroaryl group, a heteroaryl group having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from sulfur or nitrogen, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group can be mono-cyclic or bi-cyclic, or unsubstituted or substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen, —CN, C1-6 alkyl group, C3- 6 cycloalkyl, —OH, alkoxy with 1 to 6 carbons, fluorine substituted alkoxy with 1 to 6 carbons, sulfoxide with 1 to 6 carbons, sulfone with 1 to 6 carbons, ketone with 2 to 6 carbons, amides with 2 to 6 carbons, and dialkyl amine with 2 to 6 carbons; R ^3’ and R ^4’ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and C _1-6 alkyl; R ⁵ is selected from the group consisting of an aryl or heteroaryl group, a heteroaryl group having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from sulfur or nitrogen, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group can be mono-cyclic or bi-cyclic, or unsubstituted or substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen, —CN, C _1-6 alkyl group, C _3-6 cycloalkyl, —OH, alkoxy with 1 to 6 carbons, fluorine substituted alkoxy with 1 to 6 carbons, sulfoxide with 1 to 6 carbons, sulfone with 1 to 6 carbons, ketone with 2 to 6 carbons, amides with 2 to 6 carbons, dialkyl amine with 2 to 6 carbons, alkyl ether (C _2-6), alkyl ketone (C _3-6), morpholinyl, alkyl ester (C _3-6), alkyl cyanide (C _3-6); R ⁶ is hydrogen or —C(═O)R ^b, wherein: R ^b is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, mono-, di- or tri-substituted aryl or heteroaryl, 4-morpholinyl, 1-(3-oxopiperazunyl), 1-piperidinyl, 4-N—R ^c-morpholinyl, 4-R ^c-1-piperidinyl, and 3- R ^c-1-piperidinyl, wherein: R ^c is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, fluorine substituted alkyl, cyano alkyl, hydroxyl- substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amide alkyl, alkyl sulfone, alkyl sulfoxide, alkyl amide, aryl, heteroaryl, mono-, bis- and tri-substituted aryl or heteroaryl, CH ₂CH ₂R ^d, and CH ₂CH ₂CH ₂R ^d, wherein: R ^d is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, alkyl sulfone, alkyl sulfoxide, N-substituted carboxamide, —NHC(O)-alkyl, —NH—SO ₂-alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl; R ⁷ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C ₁ to C ₆ alkyl, cyclic alkyl, fluorine substituted alkyl, cyano substituted alkyl, 5- or 6-membered hetero aryl or aryl, substituted 5- or 6-membered hetero aryl or aryl; R ⁸ is selected from the group consisting of —R ^e—C(O)—R ^f, —R ^e-alkoxy, —R ^e-aryl, —R ^e-heteroaryl, and —R ^e—C(O)—R ^f—C(O)—R ^g, wherein: R ^e is an alkylene with 1 to 6 carbons, or a bond; R ^f is a substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocycle; and R ^g is selected from the group consisting of aryl, hetero aryl, substituted aryl or heteroaryl, and 4- to 7- membered heterocycle; R ⁹ is selected from the group consisting of a mono-, bis- or tri-substituent on the fused bicyclic aromatic ring in formula I-dd-4, wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkene, alkyne, and alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with Cl or F; R ¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of an aryl or heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group can contain one or two heteroatoms as sulfur or nitrogen, aryl or heteroaryl group can be mono-cyclic or bi-cyclic, the aryl or heteroaryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one to three substituents, including a halogen (e.g., F, Cl), —CN, alkene, alkyne, C1-6 alkyl group, C1-6 cycloalkyl, —OH, alkoxy with 1 to 6 carbons, fluorine substituted alkoxy with 1 to 6 carbons, sulfoxide with 1 to 6 carbons, sulfone with 1 to 6 carbons, ketone with 2 to 6 carbons; R ¹¹ is —C(O)—N(R ^h)(R ⁱ), wherein: R ^h and R ⁱ arc selected from groups consisting of the following: hydrogen; optionally substituted linear or branched C1-6 alkyl; alkoxy substituted alkyl; mono- and di-hydroxy substituted alkyl (e.g., C3-6), sulfone substituted alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted heteroaryl; mono-, bis- or tri-substituted aryl or heteroaryl; phenyl-4-carboxylic acid; substituted phenyl-4-carboxylic acid, alkyl carboxylic acid; optionally substituted heteroaryl carboxylic acid; alkyl carboxylic acid; fluorine substituted alkyl carboxylic acid; optionally substituted cycloalkyl, 3-hydroxycyclobutane, 4- hydroxycyclohehexane, aryl substituted cycloalkyl; heteroaryl substituted cycloalkyl; or R ^h and R ⁱ taken together form a ring; R ¹² and R ¹³ are independently selected from H, lower alkyl (C _1-6), lower alkenyl (C _2-6), lower alkynyl (C _2- ₆), cycloalkyl (4, 5 and 6-membered ring), substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, 5- and 6-membered aryl and heteroaryl, R ₁₂ and R ₁₃ can be connected to form a 5- and 6- membered ring with or without substitution on the ring; R ¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and substituted cycloalkenyl; R ¹⁵ is CN; R ¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of C _1-6 alkyl, C _1-6 cycloalkyl, C _2-6 alkenyl, C _1-6 alkyl or C _3-6 cycloalkyl with one or multiple hydrogens replaced by fluorine, alkyl or cycloalkyl with one CH ₂ replaced by S(═O), —S, or —S(═O) ₂, alkyl or cycloalkyl with terminal CH ₃ replaced by S(═O) ₂N(alkyl)(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)(alkyl), —N(alkyl)S(═O) ₂(alkyl), —C(═O) ₂(alkyl), — O(alkyl), C _1-6 alkyl or alkyl-cycloalkyl with hydrogen replaced by hydroxyl group, a 3 to 7 membered cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally containing a —(C═O)— group, or a 5 to 6 membered aryl or heteroaryl group, which heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group can contain from one to three heteroatoms independently selected from O, N or S, and the cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halogen, C1-6 alkyl groups, hydroxylated C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl containing thioether, ether, sulfone, sulfoxide, fluorine substituted ether or cyano group; R ¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nC(O)NR ^kR ^l, wherein R ^k and R ^l are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, hydroxylated C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy alkyl, C1-6 alkyl with one or multiple hydrogens replaced by fluorine, C1-6 alkyl with one carbon replaced by -S(O)-, -S(O)(O)-, C1- 6 alkoxyalkyl with one or multiple hydrogens replaced by fluorine, C1-6 alkyl with hydrogen replaced by a cyano group, 5 and 6 membered aryl or heteroaryl, alkyl aryl with alkyl group containing 1-6 carbons, and alkyl heteroaryl with alkyl group containing 1-6 carbons, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl group can be further substituted; R ¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of substituted aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, the substitution is preferably —N(C1-4 alkyl)(cycloalkyl), —N(C1-4 alkyl)alkyl-cycloalkyl, and —N(C1-4 alkyl)[(alkyl)- (heterocycle-substituted)-cycloalkyl]; R ¹⁹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, and these aryl or heteroaryl groups can be substituted with halogen, C1-6 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, -CF3, -F, -CN, alkyne, alkyl sulfone, the halogen substitution can be mono- bis- or tri-substituted; R ²⁰ and R ²¹ are independently selected from C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 cycloalkyl. C1-6 alkoxy, hydroxylated C1-6 alkoxy, and fluorine substituted C _1-6 alkoxy, wherein R ²⁰ and R ²¹ can further be connected to form a 5, 6 and 7-membered cyclic or heterocyclic ring, which can further be substituted; R ²² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C _1-6 alkyl, C _1-6 cycloalkyl, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, amide, reverse amide, sulfonamide, reverse sulfonamide, N-acyl urea, nitrogen-containing 5-membered heterocycle, the 5-membered heterocycles can be further substituted with C _1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, fluorine-substituted alkyl, -CN, and alkylsulfone; R ²³ is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O— heteroaryl, —O-alkyl, —O-alkyl-cycloalkyl, —NH- alkyl, —NH-alkyl-cycloalkyl, —N(H)-aryl, —N(H)-heteroaryl, —N(alkyl)-aryl, —N(alkyl)- heteroaryl, the aryl or heteroaryl groups can be substituted with halogen, C _1-6 alkyl, hydroxylated C _1-6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluorine-substituted C _1-6 alkyl, CN, alkoxy, alkyl sulfone, amide and sulfonamide; R ²⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —CH ₂—(C _1-6 alkyl), —CH ₂-cycloalkyl, —CH ₂-aryl. CH ₂- heteroaryl, where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl can be substituted with halogen, alkoxy, hydroxylated alkyl, cyano-substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl and substituted cycloalkyl; R ²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of C _1-6 alkyl, C _1-6 alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkoxy-substituted alkyl, hydroxylated alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl or heteroaryl, 5, 6, and 7-membered nitrogen- containing saturated heterocycles, 5,6-fused and 6,6-fused nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycles and these saturated heterocycles can be substituted with C1-6 alkyl, fluorine-substituted C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, aryl and heteroaryl group; R ²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, the alkyl or cycloalkyl can be substituted with —OH, alkoxy, fluorine-substituted alkoxy, fluorine-substituted alkyl, —NH2, —NH- alkyl, NH—C(O)alkyl, —NH—S(O)2-alkyl, and —S(O)2-alkyl; R ²⁷ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl groups can be substituted with C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, NH2, NH-alkyl, halogen, or —CN, and the substitution can be independently mono-, bis- and tri-substitution; R ²⁸ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, 5 and 6-membered heteroaryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, saturated heterocycle such as piperidine, piperidinone, tetrahydropyran, N-acyl-piperidine, wherein the cycloalkyl, saturated heterocycle, aryl or heteroaryl can be further substituted with —OH, alkoxy, mono-, bis- or tri-substitution including halogen, —CN, alkyl sulfone, and fluorine substituted alkyl groups; and R ^1″ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl substituted alkyl, alkoxy substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl-substituted cycloalkyl, and alkoxy substituted cycloalkyl. [0206] In some embodiments, MDM2 E3TM is , . [0207] In some embodiments, MDM2 E3TM is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below. [0208] As described and defined herein, L comprises a chemical structural unit represented by the formula: -(A ^L) _q’-, wherein: q’ is an integer greater than or equal to 1; each A ^L is independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, -CR ^L1R ^L2-, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO ₂-, - NR ^L3-, -SO ₂NR ^L3-, -SONR ^L3-, -CONR ^L3-, -NR ^L3CONR ^L4-, -NR ^L3SO ₂NR ^L4-, -CO-, -CR ^L1═CR ^L2-, - C≡C-, -SiR ^L1R ^L2-, -P(O)R ^L1-, -P(O)OR ^L1-, -NR ^L3C(═NCN)NR ^L4-, -NR ^L3C(═NCN), - NR ^L3C(═CNO ₂)NR ^L4-, C _3-11cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 0-6 R ^L1 and/or R ^L2 groups, C _3- ₁₁heteocyclyl optionally substituted with 0-6 R ^L1 and/or R ^L2 groups, aryl optionally substituted with 0- 6 R ^L1 and/or R ^L2 groups, heteroaryl optionally substituted with 0-6 R ^L1 and/or R ^L2 groups, where R ^L1 or R ^L2, each independently are optionally linked to other groups to form cycloalkyl and/or heterocyclyl moiety, optionally substituted with 0-4 R ^L5 groups; and R ^L1, R ^L2, R ^L3, R ^L4 and R ^L5 are, each independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-8alkyl, -OC1-8alkyl, - SC1-8alkyl, -NHC1-8alkyl, -N(C1-8alkyl)2, C3-11cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-11heterocyclyl, -OC1- 8cycloalkyl, -SC1-8cycloalkyl, -NHC1-8cycloalkyl, -N(C1-8 cycloalkyl)2, -N(C1-8cycloalkyl)(C1-8alkyl), - OH, -NH2, -SH, -SO2C1-8alkyl, -P(O)(OC1-8alkyl)(C1-8alkyl), -P(O)(OC1-8alkyl)2, -C≡C1-8alkyl, - CH═CH(C1-8alkyl), -C(C1-8alkyl)═CH(C1-8alkyl), -C(C1-8alkyl)═C(C1-8alkyl)2, -Si(OH)3, -Si(C1- 8alkyl)3, -Si(OH)(C1-8alkyl)2, -COC1-8alkyl, -CO2H, -halogen, -CN, -CF3, -CHF2, -CH2F, -NO2, -SF5, - SO2NHC1-8alkyl, -SO2N(C1-8alkyl)2, -SONHC1-8alkyl, -SON(C1-8alkyl)2, -CONHC1-8alkyl, CON(C1- 8alkyl)2, -N(C1-8alkyl)CONH(C1-8alkyl), -N(C1-8alkyl)CON(C1-8alkyl)2, -NHCONH(C1-8alkyl), - NHCON(C1-8alkyl)2, -NHCONH2, -N(C1-8alkyl)SO2NH(C1-8alkyl), -N(C1-8alkyl)SO2N(C1-8alkyl)2, - NH SO2NH(C1-8alkyl), -NH SO2N(C1-8alkyl)2, and -NH SO2NH2. [0209] In some embodiments, L is . In some embodiments, L is . In some embodiments, L is . In some

. [0210] In some embodiments,

wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [0211] In some embodiments, L is , , or; wherein Ring X, Ring Y and Ring Z are selected from absent, , , , ; Spacer 1, Spacer 2, Spacer3, and Spacer 4 are selected from a covalent bond, , ; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; provided that the combination of Ring and Spacer moieties does not form a heteroatom-heteroatom bond. [0212] In some embodiments, L is -CH ₂NH(CH ₂) _1-10-, -CH ₂NH(CH ₂) _1-10CO-, -CH ₂NH(CH ₂CH ₂O) _1- 10(CH2)1-10-, -CH2NH(CH2CH2O)1-10(CH2)1-10CO-, or . [0213] In some embodiments, L is , , . [0214] In some embodiments, MDM2 E3TM is selected from those depicted in Table 3, below. [0215] Exemplary compounds of the invention are set forth in Table 3, below. Table 3. Selected Compounds

[0216] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound set forth in Table 3, above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound set forth in Table 3, above. [0217] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I-i as defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I-i as defined above, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound set forth in Table 3 above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound set forth in Table 3 above, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. [0218] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I-i as defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I-i as defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle for use as a medicament. [0219] In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound of formula I-i, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for inhibiting or degrading Cbl-b as described herein and/or in a method for treating a Cbl-b-dependent disorder as described herein. In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound of formula I-i, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for inhibiting or degrading Cbl-b as described herein. In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound of formula I-i, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for treating a Cbl-b-dependent disorder as described herein. [0220] In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound of formula I-i, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for modulating Cbl-b as described herein and/or in a method for treating a Cbl-b-dependent disorder as described herein. In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound of formula I-i, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for modulating Cbl-b as described herein. In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compound of formula I-i, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, for use in a method for treating a Cbl-b-dependent disorder as described herein. 4. General Methods of Providing the Present Compounds [0221] The compounds of this invention may be prepared or isolated in general by synthetic and/or semi-synthetic methods known to those skilled in the art for analogous compounds and by methods described in detail in the Examples, herein. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are prepared by the methods described in PCT/US2022/071633. [0222] In the Schemes below, where a particular protecting group (“PG”), leaving group (“LG”), or transformation condition is depicted, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other protecting groups, leaving groups, and transformation conditions are also suitable and are contemplated. Such groups and transformations are described in detail in March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, M. B. Smith and J. March, 5 ^th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, R. C. Larock, 2 ^nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, and Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 ^rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. [0223] As used herein, the phrase “leaving group” (LG) includes, but is not limited to, halogens (e.g., fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide), sulfonates (e.g., mesylate, tosylate, benzenesulfonate, brosylate, nosylate, triflate), diazonium, and the like. [0224] As used herein, the phrase “oxygen protecting group” includes, for example, carbonyl protecting groups, hydroxyl protecting groups, etc. Hydroxyl protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 ^rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Examples of suitable hydroxyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, esters and ethers. Examples of such ethers include allyl ethers, silyl ethers, alkyl ethers, arylalkyl ethers, and alkoxyalkyl ethers. Examples of such esters include formates, acetates, carbonates, and sulfonates. Specific examples include formate, benzoyl formate, chloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate, 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate, pivaloate (trimethylacetyl), crotonate, 4-methoxy-crotonate, benzoate, p- benylbenzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate, carbonates such as methyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl, ethyl, 2,2,2- trichloroethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl, vinyl, allyl, and p-nitrobenzyl. Examples of such silyl ethers include trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and other trialkylsilyl ethers. Alkyl ethers include methyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4- dimethoxybenzyl, trityl, t-butyl, allyl, and allyloxycarbonyl ethers or derivatives. Alkoxyalkyl ethers include acetals such as methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl, benzyloxymethyl, beta-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, and tetrahydropyranyl ethers. Examples of arylalkyl ethers include benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl (MPM), 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, O-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6- dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, and 2- and 4-picolyl. [0225] Amino protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 ^rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Suitable amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, aralkylamines, carbamates, cyclic imides, allyl amines, amides, and the like. Examples of such groups include t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), ethyloxycarbonyl, methyloxycarbonyl, trichloroethyloxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc), benzyloxocarbonyl (Cbz), allyl, phthalimide, benzyl (Bn), fluorenylmethylcarbonyl (Fmoc), formyl, acetyl, chloroacetyl, dichloroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, phenylacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzoyl, and the like. [0226] In certain embodiments, compounds of the present invention are generally prepared according to any one of the schemes set forth below: Scheme I Scheme II

[0227] In the schemes above, each of R ¹, R ², R ³, R ⁸, X, Ring A, Ring B, m, n and q, is as defined above and below and in classes and subclasses as described herein, and each LG is independently a leaving group. In some embodiments, each LG is an appropriate halide. [0228] In one aspect, the present invention provides methods for preparing compounds of formula I according to the steps depicted in Scheme I or Scheme II above. In some embodiments, step S-i comprises contacting the compound of formula 1 or 3 with the compound of formula 1-a in the presence of a base in a solvent. In some embodiments, the base is a carbonate, such as K ₂CO ₂ or Cs ₂CO ₃. In some embodiments, the solvent is a polar aprotic solvent, such as NMP. In some embodiments, step S-i comprises contacting the compound of formula 1 or 3 with the compound of formula 1-a in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base in a solvent. In some embodiments, the palladium catalyst includes a phosphine ligand, such as RuPhos. In some embodiments, the base is a carbonate, such as K ₂CO ₂ or Cs ₂CO ₃, or a phosphate, such as K ₃PO ₄. In some embodiments, the solvent is a polar aprotic solvent, such as dioxane. In some embodiments, step S-i comprises the compounds, reagents, and conditions described in the below Examples section. [0229] In some embodiments, step S-ii comprises contacting the compound of formula 1 or 2 with the compound of formula 1-b in the presence of a base in a solvent. In some embodiments, the compound of formula 1-b is a primary amine and optionally comprises an amino protecting group (PG), such as t- butyloxycarbonyl (Boc). In some embodiments, the base is a carbonate, such as K ₂CO ₂ or Cs ₂CO ₃. In some embodiments, the solvent is a polar aprotic solvent, such as NMP. In some embodiments, step S-ii comprises contacting the compound of formula 1 or 2 with the compound of formula 1-b in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base in a solvent. In some embodiments, the palladium catalyst includes a phosphine ligand, such as RuPhos. In some embodiments, the base is a carbonate, such as K ₂CO ₂ or Cs ₂CO ₃, or a phosphate, such as K ₃PO ₄. In some embodiments, the solvent is a polar aprotic solvent, such as dioxane. In some embodiments, step S-ii comprises the compounds, reagents, and conditions described in the below Examples section. 5. Uses, Formulation and Administration Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions [0230] According to another embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. In certain embodiments, the amount of compound in compositions of this invention is such that is effective to measurably inhibit Cbl-b, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition. In some embodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated for oral administration to a patient. [0231] The term “patient,” as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human. [0232] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle” refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene- polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat. [0233] A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any non-toxic salt, ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof. [0234] As used herein, the term "active metabolite or residue thereof" means that a metabolite or residue thereof is also an inhibitor of Cbl-b, or a mutant thereof. [0235] The subject matter disclosed herein includes prodrugs, metabolites, derivatives, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the invention. Metabolites include compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of the invention with a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. If the compound of the invention is a base, the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanesulfonic acid, phosphoric acid and the like, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, an alpha hydroxy acid, such as citric acid or tartaric acid, an amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, an aromatic acid, such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid, a sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or ethanesulfonic acid, or the like. If the compound of the invention is an acid, the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the like. Illustrative examples of suitable salts include, but are not limited to, organic salts derived from amino acids, such as glycine and arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such as piperidine, morpholine and piperazine, and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum and lithium. [0236] A compound of the invention can be in the form of a "prodrug," which includes compounds with moieties which can be metabolized in vivo. Generally, the prodrugs are metabolized in vivo by esterases or by other mechanisms to active drugs. Examples of prodrugs and their uses are well known in the art (See, e.g., Berge et al. (1977) "Pharmaceutical Salts", J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19). The prodrugs can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form or hydroxyl with a suitable esterifying agent. Hydroxyl groups can be converted into esters via treatment with a carboxylic acid. Examples of prodrug moieties include substituted and unsubstituted, branch or unbranched lower alkyl ester moieties, (e.g., propionic acid esters), lower alkenyl esters, di-lower alkyl-amino lower-alkyl esters (e.g., dimethylaminoethyl ester), acylamino lower alkyl esters (e.g., acetyloxymethyl ester), acyloxy lower alkyl esters (e.g., pivaloyloxymethyl ester), aryl esters (phenyl ester), aryl-lower alkyl esters (e.g., benzyl ester), substituted (e.g., with methyl, halo, or methoxy substituents) aryl and aryl-lower alkyl esters, amides, lower-alkyl amides, di-lower alkyl amides, and hydroxy amides. Prodrugs which are converted to active forms through other mechanisms in vivo are also included. In aspects, the compounds of the invention are prodrugs of any of the formulae herein. [0237] Compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term "parenteral" as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. [0238] For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di- glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation. [0239] Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use. [0240] In order to prolong the effect of a compound of the present invention, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the compound from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends upon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the compound in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of compound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues. [0241] Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal or vaginal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols. [0242] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs. [0243] Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used. [0244] For topical applications, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. [0245] Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel. [0246] For ophthalmic use, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum. [0247] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents. [0248] Most preferably, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration. Such formulations may be administered with or without food. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are administered without food. In other embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are administered with food. [0249] Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added. [0250] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar--agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents. [0251] Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. [0252] The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. [0253] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. [0254] The amount of compounds of the present invention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, provided compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 and 100 mg/kg, 0.01 and 50 mg/kg, or 1 and 25 mg/kg, body weight/day of the compound can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions. [0255] It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition. [0256] Compounds of the invention are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The expression "dosage unit form" as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. Uses of Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions [0257] The compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for the inhibition or degradation of the activity of Cbl E3 ligases. In some embodiments the E3 ligase inhibited or degraded by the compounds and methods of the invention is Cbl-b. [0258] The presently disclosed compounds find use in inhibiting the enzyme Cbl-b. In one embodiment, the subject matter disclosed herein is directed to a method of inhibiting Cbl-b, the method comprising contacting Cbl-b with an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition described herein. [0259] The presently disclosed compounds can be used in a method for inhibiting Cbl-b. Such methods comprise contacting Cbl-b with an effective amount of a presently disclosed compound. By "contact" is intended bringing the compound within close enough proximity to an isolated Cbl-b enzyme or a cell expressing Cbl-b such that the compound is able to bind to and inhibit the Cbl-b. The compound can be contacted with Cbl-b in vitro or in vivo via administration of the compound to a subject. [0260] The presently disclosed compounds find use in degrading the enzyme Cbl-b. In one embodiment, the subject matter disclosed herein is directed to a method of degrading Cbl-b, the method comprising contacting Cbl-b with an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition described herein. [0261] The presently disclosed compounds can be used in a method for degrading Cbl-b. Such methods comprise contacting Cbl-b with an effective amount of a presently disclosed compound. By "contact" is intended bringing the compound within close enough proximity to an isolated Cbl-b enzyme or a cell expressing Cbl-b such that the compound is able to bind to Cbl-b and recruit an E3 ubiquitin ligase to mediate ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Cbl-b. The compound can be contacted with Cbl-b in vitro or in vivo via administration of the compound to a subject. [0262] In one aspect, provided herein is a method of inhibiting Cbl-b in a biological sample. The method comprises contacting the sample with a compound disclosed herein (such as a compound of formula I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (such as a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein [such as a compound of formula I] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle). The term “biological sample”, as used herein, includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof. [0263] The present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting Cbl-b in a patient. The method comprises administering to a patient a compound disclosed herein (such as a compound of formula I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (such as a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein [such as a compound of formula I] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle). [0264] In one aspect, provided herein is a method of degrading Cbl-b in a biological sample. The method comprises contacting the sample with a compound disclosed herein (such as a compound of formula I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (such as a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein [such as a compound of formula I-i] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle). [0265] The present disclosure provides methods of degrading Cbl-b in a patient. The method comprises administering to a patient a compound disclosed herein (such as a compound of formula I-i), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (such as a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein [such as a compound of formula I-i] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle). [0266] The presently disclosed compounds may or may not be selective Cbl-b inhibitors. A selective Cbl-b inhibitor inhibits the biological activity of Cbl-b by an amount that is statistically greater than the inhibiting effect of the inhibitor on any other protein (e.g., other E3 ligases). In some embodiments, the activity of a selective inhibitor (measured as any one of EC50, IC50, KD or Ki) for Cbl-b is about 10 fold greater than the corresponding inhibitory activity for another target (e.g., other E3 ligase such as c-Cbl). In other embodiments the activity of the selective inhibitor for Cbl-b is at least about 15 fold greater, 20 fold greater, 25 fold greater, 30 fold greater, 40 fold greater or 50 fold greater than the corresponding inhibitory activity for another target (e.g., other E3 ligases such as c-Cbl). [0267] The presently disclosed compounds may or may not be selective Cbl-b degraders. A selective Cbl-b degrader inhibits the biological activity of Cbl-b by an amount that is statistically greater than the inhibiting effect of the degrader on any other protein (e.g., other E3 ligases). In some embodiments, the activity of a selective degrader (measured as any one of EC ₅₀, IC ₅₀, K _D or K _i) for Cbl-b is about 10 fold greater than the corresponding inhibitory activity for another target (e.g., other E3 ligase such as c-Cbl). In other embodiments the activity of the selective degrader for Cbl-b is at least about 15 fold greater, 20 fold greater, 25 fold greater, 30 fold greater, 40 fold greater or 50 fold greater than the corresponding inhibitory activity for another target (e.g., other E3 ligases such as c-Cbl). [0268] Any method known in the art to measure the ligase activity of Cbl-b may be used to determine if Cbl-b has been inhibited, including in vitro kinase assays, immunoblots with antibodies specific for ubiquitinated targets of Cbl-b, or the measurement of a downstream biological effect of Cbl-b ligase activity. [0269] The presently disclosed compounds can be used to treat an Cbl-b-dependent disorder. As used herein, a "Cbl-b-dependent disorder" is a pathological condition in which Cbl-b activity is necessary for the genesis or maintenance of the pathological condition. [0270] Accordingly, in one aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a Cbl-b-mediated disorder, disease, or condition in a patient. The method comprises administering to said patient a compound disclosed herein (such as a compound of formula I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (such as a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein [such as a compound of formula I] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle). [0271] Provided herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that inhibit the Cbl-b enzyme, as well as methods of treatment using such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions. The compounds and compositions can be used in methods of modulating the immune system, for treatment of diseases, and for treatment of cells in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo. [0272] T-cell activation and T-cell tolerance are tightly controlled processes regulating the immune response to tumors while preventing autoimmunity. Tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking cells expressing “self” antigens. During peripheral tolerance, T-cells that recognize “self” antigens (i.e., self-reactive T-cells) become functionally unresponsive or are deleted after encountering “self” antigens outside of the thymus. Peripheral tolerance processes therefore are important for preventing autoimmune diseases. Normally, cancer cells are removed by activated T-cells that recognize tumor antigens expressed on the surface of the cancer cells. However, in cancer, the tumor microenvironment can support T-cell tolerance to cancer cells, which allows cancer cells to avoid recognition and removal by the immune system. The ability of cancer cells to avoid tumor immunosurveillance can contribute to uncontrolled tumor growth. Therefore, T-cell tolerance can be a form of T-cell dysfunction. General principles of T-cell dysfunction are well known in the art (see Schietinger et. al., Trends Immunol., 35: 51-60, 2014). Additional types of T-cell dysfunction that can contribute to uncontrolled tumor growth include T-cell exhaustion, T-cell senescence, and/or T-cell anergy. Therefore, treating T-cell dysfunction, for example, by increasing T-cell activation, increasing T-cell proliferation, decreasing T-cell tolerance, and/or decreasing T-cell exhaustion, is beneficial for preventing or treating cancer. Additional cells of the immune system are important for recognition and removal of cancer cells during immune surveillance. For example, Natural Killer (NK)-cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are able to identify and kill cancer cells ( see Martinez- Losato et al, Clin Cancer Res., 21: 5048-5056, 2015). Recent studies have also shown that B-cell subsets with distinct phenotypes and functions exhibit diverse roles in the anti -tumor response (see Saravaria et al, Cell Mol Immunol., 14: 662-674, 2017). Due to their role in tumor surveillance, NK-cells and B-cells may also be amenable as therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of cancer. [0273] Cbl-b is a RING-type E3 ligase that plays an important role in the immune system due to its function as a negative regulator of immune activation. Cbl-b has an essential role in decreasing the activation of T-cells, thereby enhancing T-cell tolerance. Studies have found that Cbl-b-deficient T-cells display lower thresholds for activation by antigen recognition receptors and co-stimulatory molecules (e.g., CD28). For example, loss of Cbl-b in T-cells uncouples the requirement for CD28 costimulation during T- cell activation and proliferation (see Bachmaier et al, Nature, 403: 211-216, 2000). Such cbl-b-/- T-cells are largely resistant to T-cell anergy, a tolerance mechanism in which T-cells are functionally inactivated and T- cell proliferation is greatly impaired (see Jeon et al, Immunity, 21: 167-177, 2004; and Schwartz et al, Annu Rev Immunol., 21: 305-34, 2003). In support of this, loss of Cbl-b in cbl-b knockout mice resulted in impaired induction of T-cell tolerance and exacerbated autoimmunity (see Jeon et al, Immunity, 21: 167- 177, 2004). Importantly, loss of Cbl-b in mice also resulted in a robust anti-tumor response that depends primarily on cytotoxic T-cells. One study showed that cbl-b-/- CD8+ T-cells are resistant to T regulatory cell-mediated suppression and exhibit enhanced activation and tumor infiltration. Therapeutic transfer of naive cbl-b-/- CD8+ T-cells was sufficient to mediate rejection of established tumors (see Loeser et al, J Exp Med., 204: 879-891, 2007). Recent studies have shown that Cbl-b also plays a role in NK-cell activation. Genetic deletion of Cbl-b or targeted inactivation of its E3 ligase activity allowed NK-cells to spontaneously reject metastatic tumors in a mouse model (see Paolino et al, Nature, 507: 508-512, 2014). [0274] Provided herein are compounds and compositions that are potent inhibitors of Cbl-b and can be used in novel approaches to treat diseases such as cancer. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions provided herein can be used in methods of modulating the immune system, such as increasing activation of T-cells, NK-cells and B-cells, as well as in the treatment of such cells in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo. [0275] Provided herein are methods for modulating activity of an immune cell (e.g., a T-cell, a B-cell, or a NK-cell) such as by contacting the immune cell with an effective amount of a Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader described herein or a composition thereof. Further provided are in vivo methods of modulating a response in an individual in need thereof (e.g. , an individual with cancer), wherein the method comprises administration of an effective amount of a Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader described herein or a composition thereof. [0276] Additionally, provided are Cbl-b inhibitors or degraders for use as therapeutic active substances. A Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader for use in treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with Cbl-b activity is provided. Also, a Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader for use in treating cancer is provided. Further provided is the use of a Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with Cbl-b activity. Also provided is the use of a Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer. [0277] Moreover, this disclosure provides treatment methods, medicaments, and uses comprising a Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader as part of a combination therapy for treating cancer involving one or more of an immune checkpoint inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, and radiation therapy. [0278] In some embodiments of the treatment methods, medicaments, and uses of this disclosure, the cancer is a hematologic cancer such as lymphoma, a leukemia, or a myeloma. In other embodiments of the treatment methods, medicaments, and uses of this disclosure, the cancer is a non-hematologic cancer such as a sarcoma, a carcinoma, or a melanoma. [0279] Hematologic cancers include, but are not limited to, one or more leukemias such as B- cell acute lymphoid leukemia (“BALL”), T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (“TALL”), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL); one or more chronic leukemias including, but not limited to, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); additional hematologic cancers or hematologic conditions including, but not limited to, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, Burkitt's lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, small cell- or a large cell-follicular lymphoma, malignant lymphoproliferative conditions, MALT lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, Marginal zone lymphoma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplasia and myelodysplastic syndrome, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, and “preleukemia,” which are a diverse collection of hematological conditions united by ineffective production (or dysplasia) of myeloid blood cells. [0280] Non-hematologic cancers include, but are not limited to, a neuroblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, epithelial squamous cell cancer, melanoma, stomach cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer (e.g., NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, uterine cancer, adrenal cancer, and head and neck cancer. [0281] In some aspects, the effectiveness of administration of a Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader in the treatment of a disease or disorder such as cancer is measured by assessing clinical outcome, such as reduction in tumor size or number of tumors, and/or survival. In certain embodiments, “treating cancer” comprises assessing a patient’s response to the treatment regimen according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST version 1.1) as described (see, e.g., Eisenhauer et al, Eur J Cancer, 45:228-247, 2009; and Nishino et al., Am J Roentgenol, 195: 281-289, 2010). Response criteria to determine objective anti -tumor responses per RECIST 1.1 include complete response (CR); partial response (PR); progressive disease (PD); and stable disease (SD). [0282] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the Cbl-b-mediated disorder is a hematologic cancer. In one aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a hematologic cancer in a patient. The method comprises administering to said patient a compound disclosed herein (such as a compound of formula I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (such as a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein [such as a compound of formula I] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle). [0283] More generally, in some embodiments, the Cbl-b-mediated disorder is a non-hematologic cancer. In one aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a non-hematologic cancer in a patient. The method comprises administering to said patient a compound disclosed herein (such as a compound of formula I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (such as a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein [such as a compound of formula I] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle). In some embodiments, the non-hematologic cancer is a neuroblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, epithelial squamous cell cancer, melanoma, stomach cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer (e.g., NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, uterine cancer, adrenal cancer, and head and neck cancer. In some embodiments, the non- hematologic cancer is colon cancer. In some embodiments, the non-hematologic cancer is liver cancer. In some embodiments, the non-hematologic cancer is lung cancer. In some embodiments, the non- hematologic cancer is breast cancer. In some embodiments, the non-hematologic cancer is brain cancer. [0284] It has also been reported that Cbl-b inhibitors may provide benefit to patients suffering from cancer. Accordingly, in some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a patient suffering from cancer. The method comprises administering to said patient a compound disclosed herein (such as a compound of formula I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (such as a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein [such as a compound of formula I] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle). [0285] Examples of cancers that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head or neck, cutaneous or intraocular malignant melanoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, cancer of the anal region, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, uterine cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, endometrial cancer, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin's Disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, chronic or acute leukemias including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, solid tumors of childhood, lymphocytic lymphoma, cancer of the bladder, cancer of the kidney or urethra, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), primary CNS lymphoma, tumor angiogenesis, spinal axis tumor, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, epidermoid cancer, squamous cell cancer, T -cell lymphoma, environmentally induced cancers including those induced by asbestos, and combinations of said cancers. [0286] In some embodiments, cancers that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, solid tumors (e.g., prostate cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, renal cancer, hepatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, cancers of the head and neck, thyroid cancer, glioblastoma, sarcoma, bladder cancer, etc.), hematological cancers (e.g., lymphoma, leukemia such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), DLBCL, mantle cell lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (including relapsed or refractory NHL and recurrent follicular), Hodgkin lymphoma or multiple myeloma) and combinations of said cancers. [0287] In certain embodiments, the cancer is brain cancer, leukemia, skin cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer or sarcoma. In another embodiment the cancer is selected from the group consisting of glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, paraganglioma, suprantentorial primordial neuroectodermal tumors, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myelogenous leukemia, melanoma, breast, prostate, thyroid, colon, lung, central chondrosarcoma, central and periosteal chondroma tumors, fibrosarcoma, and cholangiocarcinoma. [0288] In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from brain and spinal cancers, cancers of the head and neck, leukemia and cancers of the blood, skin cancers, cancers of the reproductive system, cancers of the gastrointestinal system, liver and bile duct cancers, kidney and bladder cancers, bone cancers, lung cancers, malignant mesothelioma, sarcomas, lymphomas, glandular cancers, thyroid cancers, heart tumors, germ cell tumors, malignant neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors, midline tract cancers, and cancers of unknown primary (cancers in which a metastasized cancer is found but the original cancer site is not known). In particular embodiments, the cancer is present in an adult patient; in additional embodiments, the cancer is present in a pediatric patient. In particular embodiments, the cancer is AIDS-related. [0289] In a further embodiment, the cancer is selected from brain and spinal cancers. In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of anaplastic astrocytomas, glioblastomas, astrocytomas, and estheosioneuroblastomas (olfactory blastomas). In particular embodiments, the brain cancer is selected from the group consisting of astrocytic tumor (e.g., pilocytic astrocytoma, subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, astrocytoma, giant cell glioblastoma, glioblastoma, secondary glioblastoma, primary adult glioblastoma, and primary pediatric glioblastoma), oligodendroglial tumor (e.g., oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligodendroglioma), oligoastrocytic tumor (e.g., oligoastrocytoma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma), ependymoma (e.g., myxopapillary ependymoma, and anaplastic ependymoma); medulloblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, schwannoma, meningioma, atypical meningioma, anaplastic meningioma, pituitary adenoma, brain stem glioma, cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebral astorcytoma/malignant glioma, visual pathway and hypothalmic glioma, and primary central nervous system lymphoma. In specific instances of these embodiments, the brain cancer is selected from the group consisting of glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, paraganglioma, and suprantentorial primordial neuroectodermal tumors (sPNET). [0290] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from cancers of the head and neck, including nasopharyngeal cancers, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers, hypopharyngeal cancers, oral cavity cancers (e.g., squamous cell carcinomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas), lip cancers, oropharyngeal cancers, salivary gland tumors, cancers of the larynx (e.g., laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, rhabdomyosarcomas), and cancers of the eye or ocular cancers. In particular embodiments, the ocular cancer is selected from the group consisting of intraocular melanoma and retinoblastoma. [0291] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia and cancers of the blood. In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndromes, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), post-MPN AML, post-MDS AML, del(5q)-associated high risk MDS or AML, blast- phase chronic myelogenous leukemia, angioimmunoblastic lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Langerans cell histiocytosis, hairy cell leukemia, and plasma cell neoplasms including plasmacytomas and multiple myelomas. Leukemias referenced herein may be acute or chronic. [0292] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from skin cancers. In particular embodiments, the skin cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, squamous cell cancers, and basal cell cancers. [0293] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from cancers of the reproductive system. In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancers, cervical cancers, vaginal cancers, ovarian cancers, prostate cancers, penile cancers, and testicular cancers. In specific instances of these embodiments, the cancer is a breast cancer selected from the group consisting of ductal carcinomas and phyllodes tumors. In specific instances of these embodiments, the breast cancer may be male breast cancer or female breast cancer. In specific instances of these embodiments, the cancer is a cervical cancer selected from the group consisting of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. In specific instances of these embodiments, the cancer is an ovarian cancer selected from the group consisting of epithelial cancers. [0294] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from cancers of the gastrointestinal system. In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of esophageal cancers, gastric cancers (also known as stomach cancers), gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, pancreatic cancers, gallbladder cancers, colorectal cancers, and anal cancer. In instances of these embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, esophageal adenocarcinomas, gastric adenocarcinomas, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gastric lymphomas, gastrointestinal lymphomas, solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas, pancreatoblastoma, islet cell tumors, pancreatic carcinomas including acinar cell carcinomas and ductal adenocarcinomas, gallbladder adenocarcinomas, colorectal adenocarcinomas, and anal squamous cell carcinomas. [0295] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from liver and bile duct cancers. In particular embodiments, the cancer is liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). In particular embodiments, the cancer is bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma); in instances of these embodiments, the bile duct cancer is selected from the group consisting of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. [0296] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from kidney and bladder cancers. In particular embodiments, the cancer is a kidney cancer selected from the group consisting of renal cell cancer, Wilms tumors, and transitional cell cancers. In particular embodiments, the cancer is a bladder cancer selected from the group consisting of urothelial carcinoma (a transitional cell carcinoma), squamous cell carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas. [0297] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from bone cancers. In particular embodiments, the bone cancer is selected from the group consisting of osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone, Ewing sarcoma, and chordoma. [0298] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from lung cancers. In particular embodiments, the lung cancer is selected from the group consisting of non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancers, bronchial tumors, and pleuropulmonary blastomas. [0299] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from malignant mesothelioma. In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of epithelial mesothelioma and sarcomatoids. [0300] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from sarcomas. In particular embodiments, the sarcoma is selected from the group consisting of central chondrosarcoma, central and periosteal chondroma, fibrosarcoma, clear cell sarcoma of tendon sheaths, and Kaposi's sarcoma. [0301] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from lymphomas. In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of Hodgkin lymphoma (e.g., Reed-Sternberg cells), non- Hodgkin lymphoma (e.g., diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome, primary central nervous system lymphoma), cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, and primary central nervous system lymphomas. [0302] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from glandular cancers. In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of adrenocortical cancer, pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, pituitary tumors, thymoma, and thymic carcinomas. [0303] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from thyroid cancers. In particular embodiments, the thyroid cancer is selected from the group consisting of medullary thyroid carcinomas, papillary thyroid carcinomas, and follicular thyroid carcinomas. [0304] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from germ cell tumors. In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of malignant extracranial germ cell tumors and malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors. In specific instances of these embodiments, the malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors are selected from the group consisting of nonseminomas and seminomas. [0305] In specific embodiments, the cancer is selected from heart tumors. In particular embodiments, the heart tumor is selected from the group consisting of malignant teratoma, lymphoma, rhabdomyosacroma, angiosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma. [0306] In some embodiments, cancers treatable with compounds of the present disclosure include melanoma (e.g., metastatic malignant melanoma), renal cancer (e.g., clear cell carcinoma), prostate cancer (e.g. hormone refractory prostate adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer). Additionally, the disclosure includes refractory or recurrent malignancies whose growth may be inhibited using the compounds of the disclosure. [0307] In some embodiments, diseases and indications that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to hematological cancers, sarcomas, lung cancers, gastrointestinal cancers, genitourinary tract cancers, liver cancers, bone cancers, nervous system cancers, gynecological cancers, and skin cancers. [0308] Exemplary hematological cancers include lymphomas and leukemias such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (including relapsed or refractory NHL and recurrent follicular), Hodgkin lymphoma, myeloproliferative diseases (e.g., primary myelofibrosis (PMF), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET)), myelodysplasia syndrome (MDS), T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL), multiple myeloma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Waldenstrom's Macroglubulinemia, hairy cell lymphoma, chronic myelogenic lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. [0309] Exemplary sarcomas include chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, myxoma, rhabdomyoma, rhabdosarcoma, fibroma, lipoma, harmatoma, and teratoma. [0310] Exemplary lung cancers include non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, chondromatous hamartoma, and mesothelioma. [0311] Exemplary gastrointestinal cancers include cancers of the esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma), and colorectal cancer. [0312] Exemplary genitourinary tract cancers include cancers of the kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor [nephroblastoma]), bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), and testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma). [0313] Exemplary liver cancers include hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, and hemangioma. [0314] Exemplary bone cancers include, for example, osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma ( osteocartilaginous exostoses ), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma, and giant cell tumors [0315] Exemplary nervous system cancers include cancers of the skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, meduoblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma (pinealoma), glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), and spinal cord (neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma), as well as neuroblastoma and Lhermitte-Duclos disease. [0316] Exemplary gynecological cancers include cancers of the uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre -tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma (serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma), granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), and fallopian tubes (carcinoma). [0317] Exemplary skin cancers include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Merkel cell skin cancer, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, and keloids. In some embodiments, diseases and indications that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, sickle cell disease (e.g., sickle cell anemia), triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), myelodysplastic syndromes, testicular cancer, bile duct cancer, esophageal cancer, and urothelial carcinoma. [0318] Exemplary head and neck cancers include glioblastoma, melanoma, rhabdosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, osteosarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, oral cancer, laryngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, nasal and paranasal cancers, thyroid and parathyroid cancers. [0319] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aberrant Cbl-b activity in a patient comprising administering to said patient a compound disclosed herein (such as a compound of formula I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (such as a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein [such as a compound of formula I] and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle), wherein the aberrant Cbl-b activity contributes to a disease pathology, such as any of the cancers described herein. [0320] The presently disclosed compounds may be administered in any suitable manner known in the art. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, or derivative thereof is administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, topically, orally, transdermally, intraperitoneally, intraorbitally, by implantation, by inhalation, intrathecally, intraventricularly, intratumorally, or intranasally. [0321] In some embodiments, the Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader is administered continuously. In other embodiments, the Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader is administered intermittently. Moreover, treatment of a subject with an effective amount of a Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader can include a single treatment or can include a series of treatments. [0322] It is understood that appropriate doses of the active compound depends upon a number of factors within the knowledge of the ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian. The dose(s) of the active compound will vary, for example, depending upon the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, and any drug combination. [0323] It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, or derivative thereof used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays. [0324] In some embodiments, the Cbl-b inhibitor or degrader is administered to the subject at a dose of between about 0.001 ^g/kg and about 1000 mg/kg, including but not limited to about 0.001 ^g/kg, 0.01 ^g/kg, 0.05 ^g/kg, 0.1 ^g/kg, 0.5 ^g/kg, 1 ^g/kg, 10 ^g/kg, 25 ^g/kg, 50 ^g/kg, 100 ^g/kg, 250 ^g/kg, 500 ^g/kg, 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg. [0325] As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence. [0326] In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are useful in preventing or reducing the risk of developing any of the diseases referred to herein; e.g., preventing or reducing the risk of developing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease. [0327] The term "administration" or "administering" includes routes of introducing the compound(s) to a subject to perform their intended function. Examples of routes of administration which can be used include injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, parenterally, intraperitoneally, intrathecal), topical, oral, inhalation, rectal and transdermal. [0328] The term "effective amount" includes an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired result. An effective amount of compound may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, and weight of the subject, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the subject. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. [0329] The phrases "systemic administration," "administered systemically", "peripheral administration" and "administered peripherally" as used herein mean the administration of a compound(s), drug or other material, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes. [0330] The phrase "therapeutically effective amount" means an amount of a compound of the present invention that (i) treats or prevents the particular disease, condition, or disorder, (ii) attenuates, ameliorates, or eliminates one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder, or (iii) prevents or delays the onset of one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder described herein. [0331] The term "subject" refers to animals such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice and the like. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. Combination Therapies [0332] Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treat that condition, may be administered in combination with compounds and compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.” In certain embodiments, a provided combination, or composition thereof, is administered in combination with another therapeutic agent. [0333] Those additional agents may be administered separately from a provided combination therapy, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another. [0334] As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For example, a combination of the present invention may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form. [0335] The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent. [0336] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents. The therapeutic agent may be administered together with a compound of formula I, or may be administered prior to or following administration of a compound of formula I. Suitable therapeutic agents are described in further detail below. In certain embodiments, a compound of formula I may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours before the therapeutic agent. In other embodiments, a compound of formula I may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours following the therapeutic agent. [0337] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof. [0338] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a solid tumor comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof. [0339] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and a Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the hematological malignancy is DLBCL (Ramirez et al “Defining causative factors contributing in the activation of hedgehog signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma” Leuk. Res. (2012), published online July 17). [0340] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating diffuse large B- cell lymphoma (DLBCL) comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, and combinations thereof. [0341] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating multiple myeloma comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from bortezomib (Velcade®), and dexamethasone (Decadron®), a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid®). [0342] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from a cancer, a neurodegenerative disorder, an angiogenic disorder, a viral disease, a hormone-related disease, conditions associated with organ transplantation, immunodeficiency disorders, a destructive bone disorder, a proliferative disorder, an infectious disease, a condition associated with cell death, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), liver disease, pathologic immune conditions involving T cell activation, a cardiovascular disorder, and a CNS disorder. [0343] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula I and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from benign or malignant tumor, carcinoma or solid tumor of the brain, kidney (e.g., renal cell carcinoma (RCC)), liver, adrenal gland, bladder, breast, stomach, gastric tumors, ovaries, colon, rectum, prostate, pancreas, lung, vagina, endometrium, cervix, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, skin, bone or thyroid, sarcoma, glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, multiple myeloma or gastrointestinal cancer, especially colon carcinoma or colorectal adenoma or a tumor of the neck and head, an epidermal hyperproliferation, psoriasis, prostate hyperplasia, a neoplasia, a neoplasia of epithelial character, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, keratoacanthoma, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, non- small-cell lung carcinoma, lymphomas, (including, for example, non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (also termed Hodgkin’s or Hodgkin’s disease)), a mammary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, or a leukemia, diseases include Cowden syndrome, Lhermitte-Dudos disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome. [0344] In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is chronic lymphocytic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, small-cell lung cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, myelodysplastic syndrome, lymphoma, a hematological neoplasm, or solid tumor. [0345] In some embodiments, the other therapeutic compounds are antiproliferative compounds. Such antiproliferative compounds include, but are not limited to aromatase inhibitors; antiestrogens; topoisomerase I inhibitors; topoisomerase II inhibitors; microtubule active compounds; alkylating compounds; histone deacetylase inhibitors; compounds which induce cell differentiation processes; cyclooxygenase inhibitors; MMP inhibitors; mTOR inhibitors; antineoplastic antimetabolites; platin compounds; compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity and further anti-angiogenic compounds; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase; gonadorelin agonists; anti-androgens; methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; bisphosphonates; biological response modifiers; antiproliferative antibodies; heparanase inhibitors; inhibitors of Ras oncogenic isoforms; telomerase inhibitors; proteasome inhibitors; compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3; Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, NSC330507), 17-DMAG (17- dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin, NSC707545), IPI-504, CNF1010, CNF2024, CNF1010 from Conforma Therapeutics; temozolomide (Temodal ^®); kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, such as SB715992 or SB743921 from GlaxoSmithKline, or pentamidine/chlorpromazine from CombinatoRx; MEK inhibitors such as ARRY142886 from Array BioPharma, AZD6244 from AstraZeneca, PD181461 from Pfizer and leucovorin. The term "aromatase inhibitor" as used herein relates to a compound which inhibits estrogen production, for instance, the conversion of the substrates androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively. The term includes, but is not limited to steroids, especially atamestane, exemestane and formestane and, in particular, non-steroids, especially aminoglutethimide, roglethimide, pyridoglutethimide, trilostane, testolactone, ketokonazole, vorozole, fadrozole, anastrozole and letrozole. Exemestane is marketed under the trade name Aromasin™. Formestane is marketed under the trade name Lentaron™. Fadrozole is marketed under the trade name Afema™. Anastrozole is marketed under the trade name Arimidex™. Letrozole is marketed under the trade names Femara™ or Femar™. Aminoglutethimide is marketed under the trade name Orimeten™. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an aromatase inhibitor is particularly useful for the treatment of hormone receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors. [0346] The term "antiestrogen" as used herein relates to a compound which antagonizes the effect of estrogens at the estrogen receptor level. The term includes, but is not limited to tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene and raloxifene hydrochloride. Tamoxifen is marketed under the trade name Nolvadex™. Raloxifene hydrochloride is marketed under the trade name Evista™. Fulvestrant can be administered under the trade name Faslodex™. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an antiestrogen is particularly useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors. [0347] The term "anti-androgen" as used herein relates to any substance which is capable of inhibiting the biological effects of androgenic hormones and includes, but is not limited to, bicalutamide (Casodex™). The term "gonadorelin agonist" as used herein includes, but is not limited to abarelix, goserelin and goserelin acetate. Goserelin can be administered under the trade name Zoladex™. [0348] The term "topoisomerase I inhibitor" as used herein includes, but is not limited to topotecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, camptothecian and its analogues, 9-nitrocamptothecin and the macromolecular camptothecin conjugate PNU-166148. Irinotecan can be administered, e.g. in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Camptosar™. Topotecan is marketed under the trade name Hycamptin™. [0349] The term "topoisomerase II inhibitor" as used herein includes, but is not limited to the anthracyclines such as doxorubicin (including liposomal formulation, such as Caelyx™), daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin, the anthraquinones mitoxantrone and losoxantrone, and the podophillotoxines etoposide and teniposide. Etoposide is marketed under the trade name Etopophos™. Teniposide is marketed under the trade name VM 26-Bristol Doxorubicin is marketed under the trade name Acriblastin ™ or Adriamycin™. Epirubicin is marketed under the trade name Farmorubicin™. Idarubicin is marketed. under the trade name Zavedos™. Mitoxantrone is marketed under the trade name Novantron. [0350] The term "microtubule active agent" relates to microtubule stabilizing, microtubule destabilizing compounds and microtublin polymerization inhibitors including, but not limited to taxanes, such as paclitaxel and docetaxel; vinca alkaloids, such as vinblastine or vinblastine sulfate, vincristine or vincristine sulfate, and vinorelbine; discodermolides; cochicine and epothilones and derivatives thereof. Paclitaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxol™. Docetaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxotere™. Vinblastine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Vinblastin R.P™. Vincristine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Farmistin™. [0351] The term "alkylating agent" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan or nitrosourea (BCNU or Gliadel). Cyclophosphamide is marketed under the trade name Cyclostin™. Ifosfamide is marketed under the trade name Holoxan™. [0352] The term "histone deacetylase inhibitors" or "HDAC inhibitors" relates to compounds which inhibit the histone deacetylase and which possess antiproliferative activity. This includes, but is not limited to, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). [0353] The term "antineoplastic antimetabolite" includes, but is not limited to, 5-fluorouracil or 5-FU, capecitabine, gemcitabine, DNA demethylating compounds, such as 5-azacytidine and decitabine, methotrexate and edatrexate, and folic acid antagonists such as pemetrexed. Capecitabine is marketed under the trade name Xeloda™. Gemcitabine is marketed under the trade name Gemzar™. [0354] The term "platin compound" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, carboplatin, cis- platin, cisplatinum and oxaliplatin. Carboplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Carboplat™. Oxaliplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Eloxatin™. [0355] The term "compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity; or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity; or further anti-angiogenic compounds" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, protein tyrosine kinase and/or serine and/or threonine kinase inhibitors or lipid kinase inhibitors, such as a) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the platelet-derived growth factor- receptors (PDGFR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of PDGFR, especially compounds which inhibit the PDGF receptor, such as an N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib, SU101, SU6668 and GFB-111; b) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the fibroblast growth factor-receptors (FGFR); c) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of IGF-IR, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of IGF-I receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of IGF-I receptor or its growth factors; d) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family, or ephrin B4 inhibitors; e) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the AxI receptor tyrosine kinase family; f) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase; g) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Kit/SCFR receptor tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib; h) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the C-kit receptor tyrosine kinases, which are part of the PDGFR family, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase family, especially compounds which inhibit the c-Kit receptor, such as imatinib; i) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the c-Abl family, their gene-fusion products (e.g. BCR-Abl kinase) and mutants, such as compounds which target decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Abl family members and their gene fusion products, such as an N- phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib or nilotinib (AMN107); PD180970; AG957; NSC 680410; PD173955 from ParkeDavis; or dasatinib (BMS-354825); j) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf family of serine/threonine kinases, members of the MEK, SRC, JAK/pan-JAK, FAK, PDK1, PKB/Akt, Ras/MAPK, PI3K, SYK, BTK and TEC family, and/or members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family (CDK) including staurosporine derivatives, such as midostaurin; examples of further compounds include UCN-01, safingol, BAY 43-9006, Bryostatin 1, Perifosine; llmofosine; RO 318220 and RO 320432; GO 6976; lsis 3521; LY333531/LY379196; isochinoline compounds; FTIs; PD184352 or QAN697 (a P13K inhibitor) or AT7519 (CDK inhibitor); k) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors include imatinib mesylate (Gleevec™) or tyrphostin such as Tyrphostin A23/RG-50810; AG 99; Tyrphostin AG 213; Tyrphostin AG 1748; Tyrphostin AG 490; Tyrphostin B44; Tyrphostin B44 (+) enantiomer; Tyrphostin AG 555; AG 494; Tyrphostin AG 556, AG957 and adaphostin (4-{[(2,5- dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]amino}-benzoic acid adamantyl ester; NSC 680410, adaphostin); l) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR ₁ ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 as homo- or heterodimers) and their mutants, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor family are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase family, such as EGF receptor, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 or bind to EGF or EGF related ligands, CP 358774, ZD 1839, ZM 105180; trastuzumab (Herceptin™), cetuximab (Erbitux™), Iressa, Tarceva, OSI-774, Cl-1033, EKB- 569, GW-2016, E1.1, E2.4, E2.5, E6.2, E6.4, E2.11, E6.3 or E7.6.3, and 7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives; m) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the c-Met receptor, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Met, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of c-Met receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of c-Met or bind to HGF, n) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of one or more JAK family members (JAK1/JAK2/JAK3/TYK2 and/or pan-JAK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, SB-1578, baricitinib, pacritinib, momelotinib, VX-509, AZD-1480, TG-101348, tofacitinib, and ruxolitinib; o) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of PI3 kinase (PI3K) including but not limited to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK-474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF- 4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib; and; and q) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the signaling effects of hedgehog protein (Hh) or smoothened receptor (SMO) pathways, including but not limited to cyclopamine, vismodegib, itraconazole, erismodegib, and IPI-926 (saridegib). [0356] The term “PI3K inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against one or more enzymes in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase family, including, but not limited to PI3Kα, PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ, PI3K-C2α, PI3K-C2β, PI3K-C2γ, Vps34, p110-α, p110-β, p110-γ, p110-δ, p85-α, p85-β, p55-γ, p150, p101, and p87. Examples of PI3K inhibitors useful in this invention include but are not limited to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK- 474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF-4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib. [0357] The term “BTK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), including, but not limited to AVL-292 and ibrutinib. [0358] The term “SYK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, R-343, R-333, Excellair, PRT-062607, and fostamatinib. [0359] The term “Bcl-2 inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), including but not limited to ABT-199, ABT- 731, ABT-737, apogossypol, Ascenta’s pan-Bcl-2 inhibitors, curcumin (and analogs thereof), dual Bcl- 2/Bcl-xL inhibitors (Infinity Pharmaceuticals/Novartis Pharmaceuticals), Genasense (G3139), HA14-1 (and analogs thereof; see WO2008118802), navitoclax (and analogs thereof, see US7390799), NH-1 (Shenayng Pharmaceutical University), obatoclax (and analogs thereof, see WO2004106328), S-001 (Gloria Pharmaceuticals), TW series compounds (Univ. of Michigan), and venetoclax. In some embodiments the Bcl-2 inhibitor is a small molecule therapeutic. In some embodiments the Bcl-2 inhibitor is a peptidomimetic. [0360] Further examples of BTK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO2008039218 and WO2011090760. [0361] Further examples of SYK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO2003063794, WO2005007623, and WO2006078846. [0362] Further examples of PI3K inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO2004019973, WO2004089925, WO2007016176, US8138347, WO2002088112, WO2007084786, WO2007129161, WO2006122806, WO2005113554, and WO2007044729. [0363] Further examples of JAK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO2009114512, WO2008109943, WO2007053452, WO2000142246, and WO2007070514. [0364] Further anti-angiogenic compounds include compounds having another mechanism for their activity, e.g. unrelated to protein or lipid kinase inhibition e.g. thalidomide (Thalomid™) and TNP-470. [0365] Examples of proteasome inhibitors useful for use in combination with compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to bortezomib, disulfiram, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), salinosporamide A, carfilzomib, ONX-0912, CEP-18770, and MLN9708. [0366] Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase are e.g. inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, or CDC25, such as okadaic acid or a derivative thereof. [0367] Compounds which induce cell differentiation processes include, but are not limited to, retinoic acid, α- γ- or δ- tocopherol or α- γ- or δ-tocotrienol. [0368] The term cyclooxygenase inhibitor as used herein includes, but is not limited to, Cox-2 inhibitors, 5-alkyl substituted 2-arylaminophenylacetic acid and derivatives, such as celecoxib (Celebrex™), rofecoxib (Vioxx™), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2- arylaminophenylacetic acid, such as 5-methyl-2-(2'-chloro-6'-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid, lumiracoxib. [0369] The term "bisphosphonates" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, etridonic, clodronic, tiludronic, pamidronic, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic and zoledronic acid. Etridonic acid is marketed under the trade name Didronel™. Clodronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bonefos™. Tiludronic acid is marketed under the trade name Skelid™. Pamidronic acid is marketed under the trade name Aredia™. Alendronic acid is marketed under the trade name Fosamax™. Ibandronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bondranat™. Risedronic acid is marketed under the trade name Actonel™. Zoledronic acid is marketed under the trade name Zometa™. The term "mTOR inhibitors" relates to compounds which inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and which possess antiproliferative activity such as sirolimus (Rapamune®), everolimus (Certican™), CCI-779 and ABT578. [0370] The term "heparanase inhibitor" as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit heparin sulfate degradation. The term includes, but is not limited to, PI-88. The term "biological response modifier" as used herein refers to a lymphokine or interferons. [0371] The term "inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms", such as H-Ras, K-Ras, or N-Ras, as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the oncogenic activity of Ras; for example, a "farnesyl transferase inhibitor" such as L-744832, DK8G557 or R115777 (Zarnestra™). The term "telomerase inhibitor" as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase are especially compounds which inhibit the telomerase receptor, such as telomestatin. [0372] The term "methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor" as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase include, but are not limited to, bengamide or a derivative thereof. [0373] The term "proteasome inhibitor" as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome include, but are not limited to, Bortezomib (Velcade™) and MLN 341. [0374] The term "matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor" or ("MMP" inhibitor) as used herein includes, but is not limited to, collagen peptidomimetic and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitors, tetracycline derivatives, e.g. hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat (BB- 2516), prinomastat (AG3340), metastat (NSC 683551) BMS-279251, BAY 12-9566, TAA211, MMI270B or AAJ996. [0375] The term "compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, FMS-like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which are compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R); interferon, 1-β-D- arabinofuransylcytosine (ara-c) and bisulfan; ALK inhibitors, which are compounds which target, decrease or inhibit anaplastic lymphoma kinase, and Bcl-2 inhibitors. [0376] Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R) are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the Flt-3R receptor kinase family, such as PKC412, midostaurin, a staurosporine derivative, SU11248 and MLN518. [0377] The term "HSP90 inhibitors" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90; degrading, targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the HSP90 client proteins via the ubiquitin proteosome pathway. Compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90 are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit the ATPase activity of HSP90, such as 17-allylamino,17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), a geldanamycin derivative; other geldanamycin related compounds; radicicol and HDAC inhibitors. [0378] The term "antiproliferative antibodies" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin™), Trastuzumab-DM1, erbitux, bevacizumab (Avastin™), rituximab (Rituxan ^®), PRO64553 (anti-CD40) and 2C4 Antibody. By antibodies is meant intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. [0379] For the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), compounds of the current invention can be used in combination with standard leukemia therapies, especially in combination with therapies used for the treatment of AML. In particular, compounds of the current invention can be administered in combination with, for example, farnesyl transferase inhibitors and/or other drugs useful for the treatment of AML, such as Daunorubicin, Adriamycin, Ara-C, VP-16, Teniposide, Mitoxantrone, Idarubicin, Carboplatinum and PKC412. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating AML associated with an ITD and/or D835Y mutation, comprising administering a compound of the present invention together with a one or more FLT3 inhibitors. In some embodiments, the FLT3 inhibitors are selected from quizartinib (AC220), a staurosporine derivative (e.g. midostaurin or lestaurtinib), sorafenib, tandutinib, LY-2401401, LS-104, EB-10, famitinib, NOV-110302, NMS-P948, AST-487, G-749, SB-1317, S-209, SC- 110219, AKN-028, fedratinib, tozasertib, and sunitinib. In some embodiments, the FLT3 inhibitors are selected from quizartinib, midostaurin, lestaurtinib, sorafenib, and sunitinib. [0380] Other anti-leukemic compounds include, for example, Ara-C, a pyrimidine analog, which is the 2 ^'-alpha-hydroxy ribose (arabinoside) derivative of deoxycytidine. Also included is the purine analog of hypoxanthine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and fludarabine phosphate. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as sodium butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibit the activity of the enzymes known as histone deacetylases. Specific HDAC inhibitors include MS275, SAHA, FK228 (formerly FR901228), Trichostatin A and compounds disclosed in US 6,552,065 including, but not limited to, N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)- ethyl]- amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and N- hydroxy-3-[4-[(2-hydroxyethyl){2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-amino ]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2- propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, especially the lactate salt. Somatostatin receptor antagonists as used herein refer to compounds which target, treat or inhibit the somatostatin receptor such as octreotide, and SOM230. Tumor cell damaging approaches refer to approaches such as ionizing radiation. The term "ionizing radiation" referred to above and hereinafter means ionizing radiation that occurs as either electromagnetic rays (such as X-rays and gamma rays) or particles (such as alpha and beta particles). Ionizing radiation is provided in, but not limited to, radiation therapy and is known in the art. See Hellman, Principles of Radiation Therapy, Cancer, in Principles and Practice of Oncology, Devita et al., Eds., 4 ^th Edition, Vol.1, pp.248-275 (1993). [0381] Also included are EDG binders and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. The term “EDG binders” as used herein refers to a class of immunosuppressants that modulates lymphocyte recirculation, such as FTY720. The term “ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors” refers to pyrimidine or purine nucleoside analogs including, but not limited to, fludarabine and/or cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), 6-thioguanine, 5- fluorouracil, cladribine, 6-mercaptopurine (especially in combination with ara-C against ALL) and/or pentostatin. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are especially hydroxyurea or 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1 ,3-dione derivatives. [0382] Also included are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies of VEGF such as 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine succinate; Angiostatin™; Endostatin™; anthranilic acid amides; ZD4190; ZD6474; SU5416; SU6668; bevacizumab; or anti-VEGF antibodies or anti-VEGF receptor antibodies, such as rhuMAb and RHUFab, VEGF aptamer such as Macugon; FLT-4 inhibitors, FLT-3 inhibitors, VEGFR-2 IgGI antibody, Angiozyme (RPI 4610) and Bevacizumab (Avastin™). [0383] Photodynamic therapy as used herein refers to therapy which uses certain chemicals known as photosensitizing compounds to treat or prevent cancers. Examples of photodynamic therapy include treatment with compounds, such as Visudyne™ and porfimer sodium. [0384] Angiostatic steroids as used herein refers to compounds which block or inhibit angiogenesis, such as, e.g., anecortave, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, 11-α-epihydrocotisol, cortexolone, 17α- hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, estrone and dexamethasone. [0385] Implants containing corticosteroids refers to compounds, such as fluocinolone and dexamethasone. [0386] Other chemotherapeutic compounds include, but are not limited to, plant alkaloids, hormonal compounds and antagonists; biological response modifiers, preferably lymphokines or interferons; antisense oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives; shRNA or siRNA; or miscellaneous compounds or compounds with other or unknown mechanism of action. [0387] The structure of the active compounds identified by code numbers, generic or trade names may be taken from the actual edition of the standard compendium "The Merck Index" or from databases, e.g., Patents International (e.g. IMS World Publications). Exemplary Immuno-Oncology agents [0388] In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an immuno-oncology agent. As used herein, the term “an immuno-oncology agent” refers to an agent which is effective to enhance, stimulate, and/or up-regulate immune responses in a subject. In some embodiments, the administration of an immuno-oncology agent with a compound of the invention has a synergic effect in treating a cancer. [0389] An immuno-oncology agent can be, for example, a small molecule drug, an antibody, or a biologic or small molecule. Examples of biologic immuno-oncology agents include, but are not limited to, cancer vaccines, antibodies, and cytokines. In some embodiments, an antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is humanized or human. [0390] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is (i) an agonist of a stimulatory (including a co-stimulatory) receptor or (ii) an antagonist of an inhibitory (including a co-inhibitory) signal on T cells, both of which result in amplifying antigen-specific T cell responses. [0391] Certain of the stimulatory and inhibitory molecules are members of the immunoglobulin super family (IgSF). One important family of membrane-bound ligands that bind to co-stimulatory or co- inhibitory receptors is the B7 family, which includes B7-1, B7-2, B7-H1 (PD-L1), B7-DC (PD-L2), B7-H2 (ICOS-L), B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5 (VISTA), and B7-H6. Another family of membrane bound ligands that bind to co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is the TNF family of molecules that bind to cognate TNF receptor family members, which includes CD40 and CD40L, OX-40, OX-40L, CD70, CD27L, CD30, CD30L, 4-1BBL, CD137 (4-1BB), TRAIL/Apo2-L, TRAILR1/DR4, TRAILR2/DR5, TRAILR3, TRAILR4, OPG, RANK, RANKL, TWEAKR/Fn14, TWEAK, BAFFR, EDAR, XEDAR, TACI, APRIL, BCMA, LTβR, LIGHT, DcR3, HVEM, VEGI/TL1A, TRAMP/DR3, EDAR, EDA1, XEDAR, EDA2, TNFR1, Lymphotoxin α/TNFβ, TNFR2, TNFα, LTβR, Lymphotoxin α1β2, FAS, FASL, RELT, DR6, TROY, NGFR. [0392] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a cytokine that inhibits T cell activation (e.g., IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, VEGF, and other immunosuppressive cytokines) or a cytokine that stimulates T cell activation, for stimulating an immune response. [0393] In some embodiments, a combination of a compound of the invention and an immuno-oncology agent can stimulate T cell responses. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is: (i) an antagonist of a protein that inhibits T cell activation (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors) such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD- L1, PD-L2, LAG-3, TIM-3, Galectin 9, CEACAM-1, BTLA, CD69, Galectin-1, TIGIT, CD113, GPR56, VISTA, 2B4, CD48, GARP, PD1H, LAIR1, TIM-1, and TIM-4; or (ii) an agonist of a protein that stimulates T cell activation such as B7-1, B7-2, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137), 4-1BBL, ICOS, ICOS-L, OX40, OX40L, GITR, GITRL, CD70, CD27, CD40, DR3 and CD28H. [0394] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antagonist of inhibitory receptors on NK cells or an agonists of activating receptors on NK cells. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antagonist of KIR, such as lirilumab. [0395] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an agent that inhibits or depletes macrophages or monocytes, including but not limited to CSF-1R antagonists such as CSF-1R antagonist antibodies including RG7155 (WO11/70024, WO11/107553, WO11/131407, WO13/87699, WO13/119716, WO13/132044) or FPA-008 (WO11/140249; WO13169264; WO14/036357). [0396] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from agonistic agents that ligate positive costimulatory receptors, blocking agents that attenuate signaling through inhibitory receptors, antagonists, and one or more agents that increase systemically the frequency of anti-tumor T cells, agents that overcome distinct immune suppressive pathways within the tumor microenvironment (e.g., block inhibitory receptor engagement (e.g., PD-L1/PD-1 interactions), deplete or inhibit Tregs (e.g., using an anti- CD25 monoclonal antibody (e.g., daclizumab) or by ex vivo anti-CD25 bead depletion), inhibit metabolic enzymes such as IDO, or reverse/prevent T cell energy or exhaustion) and agents that trigger innate immune activation and/or inflammation at tumor sites. [0397] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CTLA-4 antagonist. In some embodiments, a CTLA-4 antagonist is an antagonistic CTLA-4 antibody. In some embodiments, an antagonistic CTLA-4 antibody is YERVOY (ipilimumab) or tremelimumab. [0398] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a PD-1 antagonist. In some embodiments, a PD-1 antagonist is administered by infusion. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a Programmed Death- 1 (PD-1) receptor and inhibits PD-1 activity. In some embodiments, a PD-1 antagonist is an antagonistic PD-1 antibody. In some embodiments, an antagonistic PD-1 antibody is OPDIVO (nivolumab), KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab), or MEDI-0680 (AMP-514; WO2012/145493). In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent may be pidilizumab (CT-011). In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a recombinant protein composed of the extracellular domain of PD-L2 (B7-DC) fused to the Fc portion of IgG1, called AMP-224. [0399] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a PD-L1 antagonist. In some embodiments, a PD-L1 antagonist is an antagonistic PD-L1 antibody. In some embodiments, a PD-L1 antibody is MPDL3280A (RG7446; WO2010/077634), durvalumab (MEDI4736), BMS-936559 (WO2007/005874), and MSB0010718C (WO2013/79174). [0400] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a LAG-3 antagonist. In some embodiments, a LAG-3 antagonist is an antagonistic LAG-3 antibody. In some embodiments, a LAG3 antibody is BMS-986016 (WO10/19570, WO14/08218), or IMP-731 or IMP-321 (WO08/132601, WO009/44273). [0401] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD137 (4-1BB) agonist. In some embodiments, a CD137 (4-1BB) agonist is an agonistic CD137 antibody. In some embodiments, a CD137 antibody is urelumab or PF-05082566 (WO12/32433). [0402] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a GITR agonist. In some embodiments, a GITR agonist is an agonistic GITR antibody. In some embodiments, a GITR antibody is BMS-986153, BMS-986156, TRX-518 (WO006/105021, WO009/009116), or MK-4166 (WO11/028683). [0403] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an indoleamine (2,3)-dioxygenase (IDO) antagonist. In some embodiments, an IDO antagonist is selected from epacadostat (INCB024360, Incyte); indoximod (NLG-8189, NewLink Genetics Corporation); capmanitib (INC280, Novartis); GDC-0919 (Genentech/Roche); PF-06840003 (Pfizer); BMS:F001287 (Bristol-Myers Squibb); Phy906/KD108 (Phytoceutica); an enzyme that breaks down kynurenine (Kynase, Ikena Oncology, formerly known as Kyn Therapeutics); and NLG-919 (WO09/73620, WO009/1156652, WO11/56652, WO12/142237). [0404] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an OX40 agonist. In some embodiments, an OX40 agonist is an agonistic OX40 antibody. In some embodiments, an OX40 antibody is MEDI-6383 or MEDI-6469. [0405] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an OX40L antagonist. In some embodiments, an OX40L antagonist is an antagonistic OX40 antibody. In some embodiments, an OX40L antagonist is RG-7888 (WO06/029879). [0406] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD40 agonist. In some embodiments, a CD40 agonist is an agonistic CD40 antibody. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD40 antagonist. In some embodiments, a CD40 antagonist is an antagonistic CD40 antibody. In some embodiments, a CD40 antibody is lucatumumab or dacetuzumab. [0407] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD27 agonist. In some embodiments, a CD27 agonist is an agonistic CD27 antibody. In some embodiments, a CD27 antibody is varlilumab. [0408] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is MGA271 (to B7H3) (WO11/109400). [0409] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is abagovomab, adecatumumab, afutuzumab, alemtuzumab, anatumomab mafenatox, apolizumab, atezolimab, avelumab, blinatumomab, BMS-936559, catumaxomab, durvalumab, epacadostat, epratuzumab, indoximod, inotuzumab ozogamicin, intelumumab, ipilimumab, isatuximab, lambrolizumab, MED14736, MPDL3280A, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ocaratuzumab, ofatumumab, olatatumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, rituximab, ticilimumab, samalizumab, or tremelimumab. [0410] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an immunostimulatory agent. For example, antibodies blocking the PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitory axis can unleash activated tumor-reactive T cells and have been shown in clinical trials to induce durable anti-tumor responses in increasing numbers of tumor histologies, including some tumor types that conventionally have not been considered immunotherapy sensitive. See, e.g., Okazaki, T. et al. (2013) Nat. Immunol. 14, 1212–1218; Zou et al. (2016) Sci. Transl. Med. 8. The anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab (OPDIVO ^®, Bristol-Myers Squibb, also known as ONO-4538, MDX1106 and BMS-936558), has shown potential to improve the overall survival in patients with RCC who had experienced disease progression during or after prior anti-angiogenic therapy. [0411] In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory therapeutic specifically induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Approved immunomodulatory therapeutics which may be used in the present invention include pomalidomide (POMALYST®, Celgene); lenalidomide (REVLIMID®, Celgene); ingenol mebutate (PICATO®, LEO Pharma). [0412] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a cancer vaccine. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is selected from sipuleucel-T (PROVENGE®, Dendreon/Valeant Pharmaceuticals), which has been approved for treatment of asymptomatic, or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate- resistant (hormone-refractory) prostate cancer; and talimogene laherparepvec (IMLYGIC®, BioVex/Amgen, previously known as T-VEC), a genetically modified oncolytic viral therapy approved for treatment of unresectable cutaneous, subcutaneous and nodal lesions in melanoma. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from an oncolytic viral therapy such as pexastimogene devacirepvec (PexaVec/JX-594, SillaJen/formerly Jennerex Biotherapeutics), a thymidine kinase- (TK-) deficient vaccinia virus engineered to express GM-CSF, for hepatocellular carcinoma (NCT02562755) and melanoma (NCT00429312); pelareorep (REOLYSIN®, Oncolytics Biotech), a variant of respiratory enteric orphan virus (reovirus) which does not replicate in cells that are not RAS-activated, in numerous cancers, including colorectal cancer (NCT01622543); prostate cancer (NCT01619813); head and neck squamous cell cancer (NCT01166542); pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NCT00998322); and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (NCT 00861627); enadenotucirev (NG-348, PsiOxus, formerly known as ColoAd1), an adenovirus engineered to express a full length CD80 and an antibody fragment specific for the T-cell receptor CD3 protein, in ovarian cancer (NCT02028117); metastatic or advanced epithelial tumors such as in colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and salivary gland cancer (NCT02636036); ONCOS-102 (Targovax/formerly Oncos), an adenovirus engineered to express GM-CSF, in melanoma (NCT03003676); and peritoneal disease, colorectal cancer or ovarian cancer (NCT02963831); GL-ONC1 (GLV-1h68/GLV-1h153, Genelux GmbH), vaccinia viruses engineered to express beta- galactosidase (beta-gal)/beta-glucoronidase or beta-gal/human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS), respectively, were studied in peritoneal carcinomatosis (NCT01443260); fallopian tube cancer, ovarian cancer (NCT 02759588); or CG0070 (Cold Genesys), an adenovirus engineered to express GM-CSF, in bladder cancer (NCT02365818). [0413] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from JX-929 (SillaJen/formerly Jennerex Biotherapeutics), a TK- and vaccinia growth factor-deficient vaccinia virus engineered to express cytosine deaminase, which is able to convert the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine to the cytotoxic drug 5- fluorouracil; TG01 and TG02 (Targovax/formerly Oncos), peptide-based immunotherapy agents targeted for difficult-to-treat RAS mutations; and TILT-123 (TILT Biotherapeutics), an engineered adenovirus designated: Ad5/3-E2F-delta24-hTNFα-IRES-hIL20; and VSV-GP (ViraTherapeutics) a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) engineered to express the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which can be further engineered to express antigens designed to raise an antigen-specific CD8 ⁺ T cell response. [0414] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a T-cell engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR. The T-cells engineered to express such chimeric antigen receptor are referred to as a CAR-T cells. [0415] CARs have been constructed that consist of binding domains, which may be derived from natural ligands, single chain variable fragments (scFv) derived from monoclonal antibodies specific for cell-surface antigens, fused to endodomains that are the functional end of the T-cell receptor (TCR), such as the CD3-zeta signaling domain from TCRs, which is capable of generating an activation signal in T lymphocytes. Upon antigen binding, such CARs link to endogenous signaling pathways in the effector cell and generate activating signals similar to those initiated by the TCR complex. [0416] For example, in some embodiments the CAR-T cell is one of those described in U.S. Patent 8,906,682, which discloses CAR-T cells engineered to comprise an extracellular domain having an antigen binding domain (such as a domain that binds to CD19), fused to an intracellular signaling domain of the T cell antigen receptor complex zeta chain (such as CD3 zeta). When expressed in the T cell, the CAR is able to redirect antigen recognition based on the antigen binding specificity. In the case of CD19, the antigen is expressed on malignant B cells. Over 200 clinical trials are currently in progress employing CAR-T in a wide range of indications. [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=chimeric+antige n+receptors&pg=1]. [0417] In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is an activator of retinoic acid receptor- related orphan receptor ° (ROR °t). ROR °t is a transcription factor with key roles in the differentiation and maintenance of Type 17 effector subsets of CD4+ (Th17) and CD8+ (Tc17) T cells, as well as the differentiation of IL-17 expressing innate immune cell subpopulations such as NK cells. In some embodiments, an activator of ROR °t is LYC-55716 (Lycera), which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors (NCT02929862). [0418] In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is an agonist or activator of a toll-like receptor (TLR). Suitable activators of TLRs include an agonist or activator of TLR9 such as SD-101 (Dynavax). SD-101 is an immunostimulatory CpG which is being studied for B-cell, follicular and other lymphomas (NCT02254772). Agonists or activators of TLR8 which may be used in the present invention include motolimod (VTX-2337, VentiRx Pharmaceuticals) which is being studied for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (NCT02124850) and ovarian cancer (NCT02431559). [0419] Other immuno-oncology agents that can be used in the present invention include urelumab (BMS-663513, Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody; varlilumab (CDX-1127, Celldex Therapeutics), an anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody; BMS-986178 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti- OX40 monoclonal antibody; lirilumab (IPH2102/BMS-986015, Innate Pharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-KIR monoclonal antibody; monalizumab (IPH2201, Innate Pharma, AstraZeneca) an anti-NKG2A monoclonal antibody; andecaliximab (GS-5745, Gilead Sciences), an anti-MMP9 antibody; MK-4166 (Merck & Co.), an anti-GITR monoclonal antibody. [0420] In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is selected from elotuzumab, mifamurtide, an agonist or activator of a toll-like receptor, and an activator of ROR °t. [0421] In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory therapeutic is recombinant human interleukin 15 (rhIL-15). rhIL-15 has been tested in the clinic as a therapy for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (NCT01021059 and NCT01369888) and leukemias (NCT02689453). In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is recombinant human interleukin 12 (rhIL-12). In some embodiments, an IL-15 based immunotherapeutic is heterodimeric IL-15 (hetIL-15, Novartis/Admune), a fusion complex composed of a synthetic form of endogenous IL-15 complexed to the soluble IL-15 binding protein IL-15 receptor alpha chain (IL15:sIL-15RA), which has been tested in Phase 1 clinical trials for melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (NCT02452268). In some embodiments, a recombinant human interleukin 12 (rhIL-12) is NM-IL-12 (Neumedicines, Inc.), NCT02544724, or NCT02542124. [0422] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from those descripted in Jerry L. Adams et al., “Big opportunities for small molecules in immuno-oncology,” Cancer Therapy 2015, Vol.14, pages 603-622y. In some embodimetne, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from the examples described in Table 1 of Jerry L. Adams et al. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a small molecule targeting an immuno-oncology target selected from those listed in Table 2 of Jerry L. Adams et al. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a small molecule agent selected from those listed in Table 2 of Jerry L. Adams et al. [0423] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from the small molecule immuno-oncology agents described in Peter L. Toogood, “Small molecule immuno-oncology therapeutic agents,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2018, Vol.28, pages 319-329. [0424] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from those described in Sandra L. Ross et al., “Bispecific T cell engager (BITE® ) antibody constructs can mediate bystander tumor cell killing”, PLoS ONE 12(8): e0183390. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a bispecific T cell engager (BITE®) antibody construct. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BITE®) antibody construct is a CD19/CD3 bispecific antibody construct. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BITE®) antibody construct is an EGFR/CD3 bispecific antibody construct. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BITE®) antibody construct activates T cells. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BITE®) antibody construct activates T cells, which release cytokines inducing upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and FAS on bystander cells. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BITE®) antibody construct activates T cells which result in induced bystander cell lysis. In some embodiments, the bystander cells are in solid tumors. In some embodiments, the bystander cells being lysed are in proximity to the BITE®-activated T cells. In some embodiment, the bystander cells comprises tumor-associated antigen (TAA) negative cancer cells. In some embodiment, the bystander cells comprise EGFR-negative cancer cells. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antibody which blocks the PD-L1/PD1 axis and/or CTLA4. In some embodiments, an immuno- oncology agent is an ex vivo expanded tumor-infiltrating T cell. In some embodiments, an immuno- oncology agent is a bispecific antibody construct or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that directly connect T cells with tumor-associated surface antigens (TAAs). Exemplary Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors [0425] In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor as described herein. [0426] The term “checkpoint inhibitor” as used herein relates to agents useful in preventing cancer cells from avoiding the immune system of the patient. One of the major mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity subversion is known as “T-cell exhaustion,” which results from chronic exposure to antigens that has led to up-regulation of inhibitory receptors. These inhibitory receptors serve as immune checkpoints in order to prevent uncontrolled immune reactions. [0427] PD-1 and co-inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4, B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA; CD272), T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (Lag-3; CD223), and others are often referred to as a checkpoint regulators. They act as molecular “gatekeepers” that allow extracellular information to dictate whether cell cycle progression and other intracellular signaling processes should proceed. [0428] In some embodiments, an immune checkpoint inhibitor is an antibody to PD-1. PD-1 binds to the programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) to prevent the receptor from binding to the inhibitory ligand PDL-1, thus overriding the ability of tumors to suppress the host anti-tumor immune response. [0429] In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is a biologic therapeutic or a small molecule. In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, a fully human antibody, a fusion protein or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor inhibits a checkpoint protein selected from CTLA-4, PDLl, PDL2, PDl, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor interacts with a ligand of a checkpoint protein selected from CTLA-4, PDLl, PDL2, PDl, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is an immunostimulatory agent, a T cell growth factor, an interleukin, an antibody, a vaccine or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the interleukin is IL-7 or IL-15. In some embodiments, the interleukin is glycosylated IL-7. In an additional aspect, the vaccine is a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. [0430] Checkpoint inhibitors include any agent that blocks or inhibits in a statistically significant manner, the inhibitory pathways of the immune system. Such inhibitors can include small molecule inhibitors or can include antibodies, or antigen binding fragments thereof, that bind to and block or inhibit immune checkpoint receptors or antibodies that bind to and block or inhibit immune checkpoint receptor ligands. Illustrative checkpoint molecules that can be targeted for blocking or inhibition include, but are not limited to, CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, GAL9, LAG3, TIM3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4 (belongs to the CD2 family of molecules and is expressed on all NK, γδ, and memory CD8 ⁺ (αβ) T cells), CD160 (also referred to as BY55), CGEN-15049, CHK 1 and CHK2 kinases, A2aR, and various B-7 family ligands. B7 family ligands include, but are not limited to, B7- 1, B7-2, B7-DC, B7-H1, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5, B7-H6 and B7-H7. Checkpoint inhibitors include antibodies, or antigen binding fragments thereof, other binding proteins, biologic therapeutics, or small molecules, that bind to and block or inhibit the activity of one or more of CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD 160 and CGEN-15049. Illustrative immune checkpoint inhibitors include, but are not limited to, Tremelimumab (CTLA-4 blocking antibody), anti-OX40, PD-Ll monoclonal Antibody (Anti-B7-Hl; MEDI4736), MK-3475 (PD-1 blocker), Nivolumab (anti-PDl antibody), CT-011 (anti-PDl antibody), BY55 monoclonal antibody, AMP224 (anti-PDLl antibody), BMS- 936559 (anti-PDLl antibody), MPLDL3280A (anti-PDLl antibody), MSB0010718C (anti-PDLl antibody), and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor). Checkpoint protein ligands include, but are not limited to PD-Ll, PD- L2, B7-H3, B7-H4, CD28, CD86 and TIM-3. [0431] In certain embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from a PD-1 antagonist, a PD-L1 antagonist, and a CTLA-4 antagonist. In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab (OPDIVO®), ipilimumab (YERVOY®), and pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA®). In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from nivolumab (anti-PD-1 antibody, OPDIVO®, Bristol-Myers Squibb); pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody, KEYTRUDA®, Merck); ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody, YERVOY®, Bristol-Myers Squibb); durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 antibody, IMFINZI®, AstraZeneca); and atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1 antibody, TECENTRIQ®, Genentech). [0432] In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of lambrolizumab (MK-3475), nivolumab (BMS-936558), pidilizumab (CT-011), AMP-224, MDX-1105, MEDI4736, MPDL3280A, BMS-936559, ipilimumab, lirlumab, IPH2101, pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA®), and tremelimumab. [0433] In some embodiments, an immune checkpoint inhibitor is REGN2810 (Regeneron), an anti- PD-1 antibody tested in patients with basal cell carcinoma (NCT03132636); NSCLC (NCT03088540); cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (NCT02760498); lymphoma (NCT02651662); and melanoma (NCT03002376); pidilizumab (CureTech), also known as CT-011, an antibody that binds to PD-1, in clinical trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma; avelumab (BAVENCIO®, Pfizer/Merck KGaA), also known as MSB0010718C), a fully human IgG1 anti-PD-L1 antibody, in clinical trials for non- small cell lung cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, solid tumors, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, and gastric cancer; or PDR001 (Novartis), an inhibitory antibody that binds to PD-1, in clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, triple negative breast cancer and advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Tremelimumab (CP-675,206; Astrazeneca) is a fully human monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4 that has been in studied in clinical trials for a number of indications, including: mesothelioma, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, germ cell cancer, squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, metastatic cancer in the liver, liver cancer, large B-cell lymphoma, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer, urothelial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, multiple myeloma, bladder cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and melanoma. AGEN-1884 (Agenus) is an anti-CTLA4 antibody that is being studied in Phase 1 clinical trials for advanced solid tumors (NCT02694822). [0434] In some embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor is an inhibitor of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin containing protein-3 (TIM-3). TIM-3 inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include TSR- 022, LY3321367 and MBG453. TSR-022 (Tesaro) is an anti-TIM-3 antibody which is being studied in solid tumors (NCT02817633). LY3321367 (Eli Lilly) is an anti-TIM-3 antibody which is being studied in solid tumors (NCT03099109). MBG453 (Novartis) is an anti-TIM-3 antibody which is being studied in advanced malignancies (NCT02608268). [0435] In some embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor is an inhibitor of T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains, or TIGIT, an immune receptor on certain T cells and NK cells. TIGIT inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include BMS-986207 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody (NCT02913313); OMP-313M32 (Oncomed); and anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody (NCT03119428). [0436] In some embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor is an inhibitor of Lymphocyte Activation Gene- 3 (LAG-3). LAG-3 inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include BMS-986016 and REGN3767 and IMP321. BMS-986016 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-LAG-3 antibody, is being studied in glioblastoma and gliosarcoma (NCT02658981). REGN3767 (Regeneron), is also an anti-LAG-3 antibody, and is being studied in malignancies (NCT03005782). IMP321 (Immutep S.A.) is an LAG-3-Ig fusion protein, being studied in melanoma (NCT02676869); adenocarcinoma (NCT02614833); and metastatic breast cancer (NCT00349934). [0437] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include OX40 agonists. OX40 agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include PF-04518600/PF-8600 (Pfizer), an agonistic anti- OX40 antibody, in metastatic kidney cancer (NCT03092856) and advanced cancers and neoplasms (NCT02554812; NCT05082566); GSK3174998 (Merck), an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in Phase 1 cancer trials (NCT02528357); MEDI0562 (Medimmune/AstraZeneca), an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in advanced solid tumors (NCT02318394 and NCT02705482); MEDI6469, an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody (Medimmune/AstraZeneca), in patients with colorectal cancer (NCT02559024), breast cancer (NCT01862900), head and neck cancer (NCT02274155) and metastatic prostate cancer (NCT01303705); and BMS-986178 (Bristol-Myers Squibb) an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in advanced cancers (NCT02737475). [0438] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include CD137 (also called 4- 1BB) agonists. CD137 agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include utomilumab (PF-05082566, Pfizer) an agonistic anti-CD137 antibody, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (NCT02951156) and in advanced cancers and neoplasms (NCT02554812 and NCT05082566); urelumab (BMS-663513, Bristol- Myers Squibb), an agonistic anti-CD137 antibody, in melanoma and skin cancer (NCT02652455) and glioblastoma and gliosarcoma (NCT02658981); and CTX-471 (Compass Therapeutics), an agonistic anti- CD137 antibody in metastatic or locally advanced malignancies (NCT03881488). [0439] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include CD27 agonists. CD27 agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include varlilumab (CDX-1127, Celldex Therapeutics) an agonistic anti-CD27 antibody, in squamous cell head and neck cancer, ovarian carcinoma, colorectal cancer, renal cell cancer, and glioblastoma (NCT02335918); lymphomas (NCT01460134); and glioma and astrocytoma (NCT02924038). [0440] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) agonists. GITR agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include TRX518 (Leap Therapeutics), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in malignant melanoma and other malignant solid tumors (NCT01239134 and NCT02628574); GWN323 (Novartis), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in solid tumors and lymphoma (NCT 02740270); INCAGN01876 (Incyte/Agenus), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in advanced cancers (NCT02697591 and NCT03126110); MK-4166 (Merck), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in solid tumors (NCT02132754) and MEDI1873 (Medimmune/AstraZeneca), an agonistic hexameric GITR-ligand molecule with a human IgG1 Fc domain, in advanced solid tumors (NCT02583165). [0441] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include inducible T-cell co- stimulator (ICOS, also known as CD278) agonists. ICOS agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include MEDI-570 (Medimmune), an agonistic anti-ICOS antibody, in lymphomas (NCT02520791); GSK3359609 (Merck), an agonistic anti-ICOS antibody, in Phase 1 (NCT02723955); JTX-2011 (Jounce Therapeutics), an agonistic anti-ICOS antibody, in Phase 1 (NCT02904226). [0442] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include killer IgG-like receptor (KIR) inhibitors. KIR inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include lirilumab (IPH2102/BMS- 986015, Innate Pharma/Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-KIR antibody, in leukemias (NCT01687387, NCT02399917, NCT02481297, NCT02599649), multiple myeloma (NCT02252263), and lymphoma (NCT01592370); IPH2101 (1-7F9, Innate Pharma) in myeloma (NCT01222286 and NCT01217203); and IPH4102 (Innate Pharma), an anti-KIR antibody that binds to three domains of the long cytoplasmic tail (KIR3DL2), in lymphoma (NCT02593045). [0443] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include CD47 inhibitors of interaction between CD47 and signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa). CD47/SIRPa inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include ALX-148 (Alexo Therapeutics), an antagonistic variant of (SIRPa) that binds to CD47 and prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling, in phase 1 (NCT03013218); TTI-621 (SIRPa-Fc, Trillium Therapeutics), a soluble recombinant fusion protein created by linking the N-terminal CD47-binding domain of SIRPa with the Fc domain of human IgG1, acts by binding human CD47, and preventing it from delivering its “do not eat” signal to macrophages, is in clinical trials in Phase 1 (NCT02890368 and NCT02663518); CC-90002 (Celgene), an anti-CD47 antibody, in leukemias (NCT02641002); and Hu5F9-G4 (Forty Seven, Inc.), in colorectal neoplasms and solid tumors (NCT02953782), acute myeloid leukemia (NCT02678338) and lymphoma (NCT02953509). [0444] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include CD73 inhibitors. CD73 inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include MEDI9447 (Medimmune), an anti-CD73 antibody, in solid tumors (NCT02503774); and BMS-986179 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-CD73 antibody, in solid tumors (NCT02754141). [0445] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include agonists of stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING, also known as transmembrane protein 173, or TMEM173). Agonists of STING that are being studied in clinical trials include MK-1454 (Merck), an agonistic synthetic cyclic dinucleotide, in lymphoma (NCT03010176); and ADU-S100 (MIW815, Aduro Biotech/Novartis), an agonistic synthetic cyclic dinucleotide, in Phase 1 (NCT02675439 and NCT03172936). [0446] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include CSF1R inhibitors. CSF1R inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include pexidartinib (PLX3397, Plexxikon), a CSF1R small molecule inhibitor, in colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, metastatic and advanced cancers (NCT02777710) and melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and ovarian cancer (NCT02452424); and IMC-CS4 (LY3022855, Lilly), an anti-CSF-1R antibody, in pancreatic cancer (NCT03153410), melanoma (NCT03101254), and solid tumors (NCT02718911); and BLZ945 (4-[2((1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexylamino)-benzothiazol-6- yloxyl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methylamide, Novartis), an orally available inhibitor of CSF1R, in advanced solid tumors (NCT02829723). [0447] Checkpoint inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include NKG2A receptor inhibitors. NKG2A receptor inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include monalizumab (IPH2201, Innate Pharma), an anti-NKG2A antibody, in head and neck neoplasms (NCT02643550) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (NCT02557516). [0448] In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, avelumab, durvalumab, atezolizumab, or pidilizumab. [0449] A compound of the current invention may also be used in combination with known therapeutic processes, for example, the administration of hormones or radiation. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is used as a radiosensitizer, especially for the treatment of tumors which exhibit poor sensitivity to radiotherapy. [0450] A compound of the current invention can be administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutic compounds, possible combination therapy taking the form of fixed combinations or the administration of a compound of the invention and one or more other therapeutic compounds being staggered or given independently of one another, or the combined administration of fixed combinations and one or more other therapeutic compounds. A compound of the current invention can besides or in addition be administered especially for tumor therapy in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, surgical intervention, or a combination of these. Long-term therapy is equally possible as is adjuvant therapy in the context of other treatment strategies, as described above. Other possible treatments are therapy to maintain the patient's status after tumor regression, or even chemopreventive therapy, for example in patients at risk. [0451] Those additional agents may be administered separately from an inventive compound- containing composition, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another. [0452] As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For example, a compound of the present invention may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, the present invention provides a single unit dosage form comprising a compound of the current invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. [0453] The amount of both an inventive compound and additional therapeutic agent (in those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent as described above) that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Preferably, compositions of this invention should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg/kg body weight/day of an inventive compound can be administered. [0454] In those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent, that additional therapeutic agent and the compound of this invention may act synergistically. Therefore, the amount of additional therapeutic agent in such compositions will be less than that required in a monotherapy utilizing only that therapeutic agent. In such compositions a dosage of between 0.01 – 1,000 ^g/kg body weight/day of the additional therapeutic agent can be administered. [0455] The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent. [0456] The compounds of this invention, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, may also be incorporated into compositions for coating an implantable medical device, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents and catheters. Vascular stents, for example, have been used to overcome restenosis (re-narrowing of the vessel wall after injury). However, patients using stents or other implantable devices risk clot formation or platelet activation. These unwanted effects may be prevented or mitigated by pre-coating the device with a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a kinase inhibitor. Implantable devices coated with a compound of this invention are another embodiment of the present invention. EXEMPLIFICATION [0457] As depicted in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments, compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures. It will be appreciated that, although the general methods depict the synthesis of certain compounds of the present invention, the following general methods, and other methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, can be applied to all compounds and subclasses and species of each of these compounds, as described herein. Additional compounds of the invention were prepared by methods substantially similar to those described herein in the Examples and methods known to one skilled in the art. Abbreviations Ac: acetyl AcOH: acetic acid ACN: acetonitrile DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide Ad: adamantly DMP: Dess-Martin periodinane AIBN: 2,2'-azo bisisobutyronitrile DMSO-dimethyl sulfoxide Anhyd: anhydrous DPPA: diphenylphosphoryl azide Aq: aqueous dppf: 1,1’-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene B ₂Pin ₂: bis (pinacolato)diboron- EDC or EDCI: 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3- 4,4,4',4',5,5,5',5'-octamethyl-2,2'-bi(1,3,2- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride dioxaborolane) ee: enantiomeric excess BINAP: 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'- ESI: electrospray ionization binaphthyl EA: ethyl acetate BH3: borane EtOAc: ethyl acetate Bn: benzyl EtOH: ethanol Boc: tert-butoxycarbonyl FA: formic acid Boc2O: di-tert-butyl dicarbonate h or hrs: hours BPO: benzoyl peroxide HATU: N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-O-(7- ⁿBuOH: n-butanol azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uronium CDI: carbonyldiimidazole hexafluorophosphate COD: cyclooctadiene HCl: hydrochloric acid d: days HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography DABCO: 1,4-diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane HOAc: acetic acid DAST: diethylaminosulfur trifluoride IBX: 2-iodoxybenzoic acid dba: dibenzylideneacetone IPA: isopropyl alcohol DBU: 1,8-diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene KHMDS: potassium hexamethyldisilazide DCE: 1,2-dichloroethane K2CO3: potassium carbonate DCM: dichloromethane LAH: lithium aluminum hydride DEA: diethylamine LDA: lithium diisopropylamide DHP: dihydropyran m-CPBA: meta-chloroperbenzoic acid DIBAL-H: diisobutylaluminum hydride M: molar DIPA: diisopropylamine MeCN: acetonitrile DIPEA or DIEA: N,N-diisopropylethylamine MeOH: methanol DMA: N,N-dimethylacetamide Me ₂S: dimethyl sulfide DME: 1,2-dimethoxyethane MeONa: sodium methylate DMAP: 4-dimethylaminopyridine MeI: iodomethane min: minutes tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) mL: milliliters PBS: phosphate buffered saline mM: millimolar PE: petroleum ether mmol: millimoles POCl ₃: phosphorus oxychloride MPa: mega pascal PPh ₃: triphenylphosphine MOMCl: methyl chloromethyl ether PyBOP: (benzotriazol-1- MsCl: methanesulfonyl chloride yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium MTBE: methyl tert-butyl ether hexafluorophosphate nBuLi: n-butyllithium Rel: relative NaNO2: sodium nitrite RuPhos: 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′- NaOH: sodium hydroxide diisopropoxybiphenyl Na2SO4: sodium sulfate R.T. or rt: room temperature NBS: N-bromosuccinimide sat: saturated NCS: N-chlorosuccinimide SEMCl: chloromethyl-2-trimethylsilylethyl NFSI: N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide ether NMO: N-methylmorpholine N-oxide SFC: supercritical fluid chromatography NMP: N-methylpyrrolidine SOCl2: sulfur dichloride NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance tBuOK: potassium tert-butoxide ^o C: degrees Celsius TBAB: tetrabutylammonium bromide o/n: overnight TBAI: tetrabutylammonium iodide Palladacycle G2 (Pd G2): [2-(2'-amino-1,1'- TEA: triethylamine biphenyl)]palladium chloride Tf: trifluoromethanesulfonate Palladacycle G3 (Pd G3): [2-(2'-amino-1,1'- TfAA, TFMSA or Tf2O: biphenyl)]palladium methanesulfonate trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride Pd/C: palladium on Carbon TFA: trifluoracetic acid Pd(dba)2: palladium bis(dibenzylideneacetone) TIPS: triisopropylsilyl Pd(dtdpf)Cl2: [1,1’-Bis(di-tert- THF: tetrahydrofuran butylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloro THP: tetrahydropyran palladium TLC: thin layer chromatography Pd(OAc) ₂: palladium acetate TMEDA: tetramethylethylenediamine Pd(PPh ₃) ₂Cl ₂: palladium T ₃P: propylphosphonic anhydride (bis(triphenylphosphine) dichloride pTSA: para-toluenesulfonic acid Pd(PPh ₃) ₄: palladium wt: weight Xantphos: 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9- XPhos: 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′- dimethylxanthene triisopropylbiphenyl General Synthetic Methods [0458] All starting materials, building blocks, reagents, acids, bases, dehydrating agents, solvents, and catalysts utilized to synthesis the compounds of the present invention were either commercially available or can be produced by organic synthesis methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art (Houben-Weyl 4th Ed. 1952, Methods of Organic Synthesis, Thieme, Volume 21). Further, the compounds of the present invention can be produced by organic synthesis methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art as shown in the following examples. [0459] Proton NMR ( ¹H NMR) was conducted in deuterated solvent. In certain compounds disclosed herein, one or more shifts overlap with residual proteo solvent signals; these signals have not been reported in the experimental provided hereinafter. Example A: 3-{2-[(2-Cyanoethyl)amino]-6-{1-oxo-6-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)et hoxy]-4-(trifluoromethyl)- 3H-isoindol-2-yl}pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-y l)benzonitrile (I-231)

[0460] Step 1: methyl 2-bromo-4-cyanobenzoate (A-2). To a stirred solution of methyl 2-bromo-4- iodobenzoate (A-1) (3.00 g, 1 Eq, 8.80 mmol) and Zn(CN) ₂ (1.34 g, 1.3 Eq, 11.4 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added Pd(PPh ₃) ₄ (1.02 g, 0.1 Eq, 0.88 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 60 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column chromatography eluting with petroleum ether/ ethyl acetate (20/1) to afford the sub-title compound (A-2, 1.5 g, 71% yield, 90% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 240.1/242.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0461] Step 2: methyl 4-cyano-2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)benzoate (A-4). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 above (A-2) (2.00 g, 1 Eq, 8.33 mmol) ,2,6-dichloropyridin-4-ylboronic acid (A-3) (1.92 g, 1.2 Eq, 10.0 mmol) and K2CO3 (3.45 g, 25.0 mmol, 3 Eq) in dioxane (20 mL) and H2O (2 mL) was added Pd(dtbpf)Cl2 (540 g, 0.1 Eq, 0.83 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 60°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column chromatography eluting with petroleum ether/ ethyl acetate (5/1) to afford the sub-title compound (A-4, 4.92 g, crude, 52% Purity) as a brown solid. m/z 307.1/309.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0462] Step 3: 4-cyano-2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)benzoic acid (A-5). A mixture of the product from step 2 above (A-4) (3.00 g, 1 Eq, 9.77 mmol) and LiOH (1.17 g, 5 Eq, 48.8 mmol) in THF (60 ml) and H ₂O (20 mL) was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The mixture was acidified to pH 2 with conc. HCl at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. This resulted in the sub-title compound (A-5, 7.1 g, crude) as a brown solid. m/z 293.1/295.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0463] Step 4: 4-cyano-2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-N- [(methylcarbamothioyl)amino]benzamide (A-7). To a stirred solution of the product from step 3 above (A-5) (2.00 g, 1 Eq, 6.82 mmol) and 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (A-6) (1.08 g, 1.5 Eq, 10.3 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added T3P in DMF (17.36 g, 50% wt, 4 Eq, 27.3 mmol) and DIPEA (7.06 g, 8 Eq, 54.6 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (0% ACN up to 50% in 30 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm). The product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the sub-title compound (A-7, 1.8 g, 69% yield, 89% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 380.2/382.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0464] Step 5: 3-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4-(4-methyl-5-sulfanyl-1,2,4-tr iazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (A-8). A solution of the product from step 4 above (A-7) (2.00 g, 1 Eq, 5.26 mmol) in aq. of NaHCO3 (40 mL, 1 M) was stirred for 4 h at 80°C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% FA) and ACN (0% ACN up to 40% in 30 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (A-8, 950 mg, 54% yield, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 362.2/364.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0465] Step 6: 3-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) benzonitrile (A-9). To a stirred solution of the product from step 5 above (A-8) (20 mg, 1 Eq, 0.06 mmol) and AcOH (7 mg, 2 Eq, 0.11 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) was added H ₂O ₂ (31 mg, 30% wt, 5 Eq, 0.28 mmol,) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃) and ACN (10% ACN up to 50% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm). The crude product was further purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: YMC-Actus Triart C18, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 50% B in 8 min; Wave Length: 254/210 nm; RT: 7.3). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the sub-title compound (A-9, 14 mg, 79%, 98% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 330.0/332.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0466] Step 7: 3-{2-chloro-6-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl -1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (A-11). To a stirred solution of the product from step 6 above (A-9) (2.00 g, 1 Eq, 6.06 mmol) and β aminopropionitrile (A-10) (4.25 g, 10 Eq, 60.6 mmol) in NMP (20 mL) was added K ₂CO ₃ (8.37 g, 10 Eq, 60.6 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 100°C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (10% ACN up to 60% in 25 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (A-11, 1.8 g, 82% yield, 93% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 364.1/366.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0467] Step 8: methyl 5-bromo-2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzoate (A-13). To a stirred solution of methyl 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzoate (A-12) (2.00 g, 1 Eq, 9.16 mmol) and nitric acid (5.8 g, 10 Eq, 91.7 mmol) in acetic acid (50 mL) were added Br2 (1.6 g, 1.1 Eq, 10.1 mmol) and silver nitrate (2.00 g, 1.3 Eq, 11.9 mmol) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with petroleum ether/ ethyl acetate (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (A-13, 2.18 g, 80% yield, 90% Purity) as a colorless oil. m/z 297.1/299.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0468] Step 9: methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzoate (A-14). To a stirred solution of the product from step 8 above (A-13) (2.70 g, 1 Eq, 9.09 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (80 mL) were added N-bromosuccinimide (2.43 g, 1.5 Eq, 13.6 mmol) and benzoyl peroxide (700 mg, 0.3 Eq, 2.73 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 80 ^oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with petroleum ether/ ethyl acetate (50/1) to afford the sub-title compound (A-14, 2.7 g, 79% yield, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 377.0/379.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0469] Step 10: 6-bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl) isoindolin-1-one (A-15). A solution of the product from step 9 above (A-14) (2.70 g, 1 Eq, 7.18 mmol) in ammonia methanol solution (80 mL, 7 M) was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (2/1) to afford the sub-title compound (A-15, 1.2 g, 60% yield, 91% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 279.0/281.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0470] Step 11: 6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-4-(trifluoro methyl) isoindolin-1- one (A-17). To a stirred solution of the product from step 10 above (A-15) (200 mg, 1 Eq, 714 µmol), 4,4,4',4',5,5,5',5'-octamethyl-2,2'-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (A-16) (5.44 g, 30 Eq, 21.4 mmol) and potassium acetate (210 mg, 3 Eq, 2.14 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl ₂-DCM (116 mg, 0.2 Eq, 143 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80 ^oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (15/1) to afford the sub-title compound (A-17, 180 mg, 69% yield, 95% Purity) as a brown yellow solid. m/z 328.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0471] Step 12: 6-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl) isoindolin-1-one (A-18). A solution of the product from step 11 above (A-17) (400 mg, 1 Eq, 1.22 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) and hydrogen peroxide (1 mL, 30% Wt) was added acetic acid (1 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (15/1) to afford the sub-title compound (A-18, 100 mg, 34% yield, 90% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 218.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0472] Step 13: 6-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl) ethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) isoindolin-1-one (A-20). To a stirred solution mixture of the product from step 12 above (A-18) (100 mg, 1 Eq, 461 µmol), 2-(pyrrolidin- 1-yl)ethan-1-ol (A-19) (265 mg, 5 Eq, 2.31 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (362 mg, 1.38 mmol, 3 Eq) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) was added diisopropyl azodiformate (186 mg, 2 Eq, 922 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was acidified to pH 5 with hydrochloric acid (aq., 1 M) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane (3x50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30*150mm 5 µm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 2% B to 23% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (A-20, 70 mg, 44% yield, 98% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 315.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0473] Step 14: 3-{2-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-6-{1-oxo-6-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)et hoxy]-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl}pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl -1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-231). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 7 above (A-11) (50 mg, 1 Eq, 0.14 mmol) and the product from step 13 above (A-20) (65 mg, 1.5 Eq, 0.21 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) were added Cs ₂CO ₃ (134 mg, 3 Eq, 0.41 mmol), RuPhos (26 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.06 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (23 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.03 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 2 h at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was further purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: SunFire Prep C18 OBD Column, 19*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B to 50% B in 6.2 min; Wave Length: 210/254 nm; RT: 5.23). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-231, 7.9 mg, 8.3% yield, 99.1% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 642.5 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, 2H), 7.87 – 7.81 (m, 1H), 7.60 – 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, 1H), 7.24 (t, 1H), 6.18 (d, 1H), 5.19 – 5.10 (m, 2H), 4.28 (t, 2H), 3.55 – 3.47 (m, 2H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 2.89 – 2.79 (m, 4H), 2.61 – 2.54 (m, 4H), 1.75 – 1.65 (m, 4H). Traces of formic acid observed in the NMR. Example B: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)- 6-{[(2R)-1-cyanopropan-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-238) [0474] Step 1: 4-(trifluoromethyl)-6-vinylisoindolin-1-one (B-2). To a stirred solution of 6-bromo- 4-(trifluoromethyl)isoindolin-1-one (A-15) (1.00 g, 1 Eq, 3.57 mmol), tri-tert-butyl(ethenyl)stannane (B-1) (1.36 g, 1.2 Eq, 4.29 mmol) and cesium fluoride (1.08 g, 2 Eq, 7.14 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) was added Pd(PPh ₃) ₂Cl ₂ (501 mg, 714 µmol, 0.2 Eq) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 100 ^oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (2/1) to afford the sub-title compound (B-2, 620 mg, 76 % yield, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 228.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0475] Step 2: 3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl) isoindoline-5-carbaldehyde (B-3). To a solution of the product from step 1 (B-2) (620 mg, 1 Eq, 2.73 mmol), citric acid (682 mg, 1.3 Eq, 3.55 mmol) and N- methylmorpholine N-oxide (416 mg, 1.3 Eq, 3.55 mmol) in water (10 mL) were added potassium osmate(VI) dihydrate (101 mg, 0.1 Eq, 273 µmol) in tertiary butyl alcohol (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. To the above mixture was added sodium periodate (1.17 mg, 2 Eq, 5.46 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 3 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x80 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (0% ACN up to 40% in 12 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (B-3, 500 mg, 80% yield, 90% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 230.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0476] Step 3: 6-((5-azaspiro [2.4] heptan-5-yl) methyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl) isoindolin-1-one (B- 5). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 (B-3) (200 mg, 1 Eq, 873 µmol) and 5-azaspiro [2.4] heptane hydrochloride (B-4) (117 mg, 1 Eq, 873 µmol) in methanol (5 mL) was added sodium cyanoboranuide (274 mg, 5 Eq, 4.37 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 6 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% FA) and ACN (10% ACN up to 50% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (B-5, 93 mg, 34% yield, 93% Purity) as a yellow oil. m/z 311.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0477] Step 4: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-chloropyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triaz ol-3-yl)benzonitrile (B-6). To a stirred solution of the product from step 3 above (B-5) (80 mg, 1 Eq, 0.26 mmol), 3-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4- (4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (A-9) (102 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.31 mmol) and K ₃PO ₄ (164 mg, 3 Eq, 0.77 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) were added Pd(dba) ₂ (30 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.05 mmol) and XantPhos (60 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.10 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (10% ACN up to 60% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (B-6, 100 mg, 64% yield, 95% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 604.2/606.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0478] Step 5: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-{[(2R)-1-cyanopropan-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-y l]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (I-238). To a stirred solution of the product from step 4 above (B-6) (50 mg, 1 Eq, 0.08 mmol), (3R)-3-aminobutanenitrile (B-7) (8.36 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.10 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (81 mg, 3 Eq, 0.25 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) were added RuPhos (16 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.03 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (14 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2h at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was further purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 50% B to 60% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 6.33). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-238, 3.1 mg, 5.7% yield, 99.2% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 652.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.14 – 8.05 (m, 2H), 7.96 (d, 2H), 7.84 (d, 1H), 7.43 (d, 1H), 7.06 (d, 1H), 6.19 (d, 1H), 5.20 (d, 2H), 4.17 – 4.06 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.44 (s, 3H), 2.95 – 2.80 (m, 2H), 2.70 (t, 2H), 2.46 (s, 2H), 1.77 (t, 2H), 1.31 (d, 3H), 0.56 – 0.46 (m, 4H). Example C: 4-({4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrazol-3-yl] -6-[1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-2-yl}amino)butane nitrile (I-216)

[0479] Step 1: ethyl 5-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxyl ate (C-2). To a stirred solution of ethyl 5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (C-1) (1.00 g, 1 Eq, 4.29 mmol), 2,6-dichloropyridin-4-ylboronic acid (A-3) (823 mg, 1 Eq, 4.29 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.77 g, 3 Eq, 12.9 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (37.5 mL) and water (7.5 mL) was added Pd(dtbpf)Cl ₂-DCM (280 mg, 0.1 Eq, 420 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 60 ^oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (5/1) to afford the sub-title compound (C-2, 550 mg, 55% yield, 90% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 300.0/302.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0480] Step 2: 5-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxyl ic acid (C-3). To a solution of the product from step 1 (C-2) (550 mg, 1 Eq, 1.83 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) and water (5 mL) was added lithium hydroxide (439 mg, 10 Eq, 18.3 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 60 ^oC. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. The mixture was acidified to pH 3 with hydrochloric acid (aq., 1 M) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the sub-title compound (C-3, 850 mg, crude) as a yellow solid. m/z 272.1/274.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0481] Step 3: 2-(5-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbo nyl)-N- methylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide (C-4). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 (C-3) (850 mg, 1 Eq, 3.12 mmol) and N, N-diisopropylethylamine (1.21 g, 3 Eq, 9.37 mmol) in N, N- dimethylformamide (10 mL) were added 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (A-6) (329 mg, 1 Eq, 3.12 mmol) and 2-(-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N, N, N', N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (1.19 g, 1 Eq, 3.12 mmol) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The crude mixture containing the product was used directly in next step without any purification. m/z 359.2/361.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0482] Step 4: 5-(5-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4- methyl-4H-1,2,4- triazole-3-thiol (C-5). To the reaction mixture from step 3 (C-4) was added sodium hydroxide (aq., 1M) (12.5 mL) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (36% ACN up to 48% in 10 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm). The product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the sub-title compound (C-5, 620 mg, 92% yield, 90% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 341.2/343.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0483] Step 5: 2,6-dichloro-4-(1-methyl-4-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)- 1H-pyrazol-5-yl) pyridine (C-6). To a solution of the product from step 4 (C-5) (620 mg, 1 Eq, 1.81 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added acetic acid (218 mg, 2 Eq, 3.63 mmol) and hydrogen peroxide (1.03 g, 30% wt, 5 Eq, 9.08 mmol) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The mixture was acidified to pH 8 with saturated sodium bicarbonate (aq., 1M). The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane (3x80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x80 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the sub-title compound (C-6, 360 mg, 58% yield, 80% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 309.1/311.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0484] Step 6: methyl 2-(bromomethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (C-7). To a stirred mixture of methyl 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (A-12) (20.0 g, 1 Eq ,91.7 mmol) and NBS (33 g, 2 Eq, 183 mmol) in CHCl ₃ (100 mL) was added benzoyl peroxide (11.8 g, 0.5 Eq, 45.8 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 h at 80°C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude product (C-7) was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 297.0/299.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0485] Step 7: 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-one (C-8). To a stirred mixture of crude methyl 2-(bromomethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate (C-7) (20.0 g, 1 Eq, 67.3 mmol) was added NH3(g) in MeOH (160 mL, 7 M) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with dichloromethane/ methyl (12/1) to afford the sub-title compound (C- 8, 6.0 g, 44% yield, 88% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 202.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0486] Step 8: 2-(6-chloro-4-(1-methyl-4-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl) pyridin-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl) isoindolin-1-one (C-9). To a stirred solution of the product from step 5 (C-6) (31 mg, 1 Eq, 100 µmol), the product from step 7 above (C-8) (20 mg, 1 Eq, 100 µmol) and potassium phosphate (42 mg, 2 Eq, 200 µmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) were added Pd(OAc)2 (2.24 mg, 0.1 Eq, 10 µmol) and XantPhos (12 mg, 0.2 Eq, 20 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 100 ^oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: SunFire Prep C18 OBD Column, 19*150 mm, 5 μm, 10 nm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 60% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254/210 nm; RT: 6.32) to afford the title compound (C-9, 8.3 mg, 27% yield, 98% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 474.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+) [0487] Step 9: tert-butyl N-(3-cyanopropyl)-N-{4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3 - yl)pyrazol-3-yl]-6-[1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2- yl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate (C-11). To a stirred solution of the product from step 8 above (C-9) (100 mg, 1 Eq, 0.21 mmol), tert-butyl N-(3- cyanopropyl)carbamate (C-10) (47 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.25 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (206 mg, 3 Eq, 0.63 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) were added RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (35 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.04 mmol) and RuPhos (40 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.08 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (C-11, 40 mg, 30% yield, 95% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 622.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0488] Step 10: 4-({4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrazol-3-yl] -6-[1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-2-yl}amino)butane nitrile (I-216). To a solution of the product from step 9 above (C-11) (40 mg, 1 Eq, 0.06 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) was added TFA (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 35% B to 39% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 6.82). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-216, 8.3 mg, 25% yield, 99.9% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 522.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.11 – 8.01 (m, 2H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.79 (t, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.08 (t, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.37 (t, 2H), 2.56 (t, 2H), 1.92 - 1.83 (m, 2H). Example D: 3-[2-(6-{[(cyclobutylmethyl) amino] methyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2- yl)-6-[(2-methylpropyl) amino] pyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl) benzonitrile (I-220)

[0489] Step 1: 6-{[(cyclobutylmethyl) amino] methyl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2, 3-dihydroisoindol- 1-one (D-2). To a stirred solution of 3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyd e (B-3) (390 mg, 1 Eq, 1.70 mmol) and 1-cyclobutylmethanamine (D-1) (217 mg, 1.5 Eq, 2.55 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added DIPEA (660 mg, 3 Eq, 5.11 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 60 °C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. To the above mixture was added NaBH ₄ (322 mg, 5 Eq, 8.51 mmol) at 0°C. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 2 mL of MeOH at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (D-2, 300 mg, 59% yield, 92% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 299.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0490] Step 2: 3-{2-chloro-6-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-meth yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (D-4). To a stirred mixture of 3-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (A-9) (400 mg, 1 Eq, 1.21 mmol) and isobutylamine (D-3) (1.77 g, 20 Eq, 24.2 mmol) in NMP (20 mL) was added K ₂CO ₃ (502 mg, 3 Eq, 3.63 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 100 °C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃) and ACN (10% ACN up to 50% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (D-4, 220 mg, 50% yield, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 367.1/369.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0491] Step 3: 3-[2-(6-{[(cyclobutylmethyl) amino] methyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-[(2-methylpropyl) amino] pyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl) benzonitrile (I-220). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 above (D-4) (40 mg, 1 Eq, 0.11 mmol) and the product from step 1 above (D-2) (39 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.13 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) was added Cs ₂CO ₃ (107 mg, 3 Eq, 0.33 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. To the above mixture was added RuPhos (20 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.04 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (18 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 80 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was further purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 61% B to 65% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 6.55). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-220, 11 mg, 15% yield, 99.2% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 629.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.13 – 8.08 (m, 2H), 7.99 (d, 2H), 7.83 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 6.95 (t, 1H), 6.04 (d, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 3.01 (t, 2H), 2.56 – 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.44 – 2.37 (m, 1H), 2.04 – 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.92 – 1.71 (m, 3H), 1.68 – 1.59 (m, 2H), 0.91 (d, 6H). Example E: 3-{2-[6-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindo l-2-yl]-6-[(2- methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3 -yl)benzonitrile (I-117) [0492] Step 1: 6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1- one (E-1). To a stirred mixture of 3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyd e (B-3) (2.00 g, 1 Eq, 8.73 mmol) in MeOH (40 mL) was added NaBH4 (660 mg, 2 Eq, 17.5 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub- title compound (E-1, 1.5 g, 74% yield, 90% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 232.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0493] Step 2: 3-{2-[6-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindo l-2-yl]-6-[(2- methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3 -yl)benzonitrile (I-117). To a stirred mixture of 3-{2-chloro-6-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-meth yl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (D-4) (30 mg, 1 Eq, 0.08 mmol), the product from step 1 above (E-1) (23 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.10 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (80 mg, 3 Eq, 0.25 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) were added RuPhos (15 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.03 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (14 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (10% ACN up to 60% in 30 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. The crude product was purified by Prep- HPLC with the following conditions (Column: Welch Utimate HS-C18, 21.2*250 mm, 7 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 35% B to 55% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254/210 nm; RT: 6.89). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-117, 4.9 mg, 11% yield, 99.9% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 562.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.13 – 8.07 (m, 2H), 7.97 (d, 2H), 7.83 (d, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 6.04 (s, 1H), 5.59 (t, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 4.70 (d, 2H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 3.01 (s, 2H), 1.92 – 1.84 (m, 1H), 0.90 (d, 6H). Example F: 3-[2-(6-{[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amino]methyl}-1-oxo-4-(t rifluoromethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-[(2-methylpropyl) amino]pyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitr ile (I- 209)

[0494] Step 3-{2-[6-formyl-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]-6 -[(2- methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3 -yl)benzonitrile (F-1). A solution of 3- {2-[6-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol- 2-yl]-6-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-4- yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (Example E) (40 mg, 1 Eq, 0.07 mmol) and DMP (36 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.09 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with dichloromethane (3x2 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (F-1), which was used in the next step without further purification. m/z 560.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0495] Step 2: 3-[2-(6-{[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)amino]methyl}-1-oxo-4-(t rifluoromethyl)- 3H-isoindol-2-yl)-6-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl]-4-( 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-209). A mixture of the crude product from step 1 above (F-1) (40 mg, 1 Eq, 0.07 mmol), DIPEA (28 mg, 3 Eq, 0.21 mmol) and 1-amino-2-methylpropan-2-ol (F-2) (10 mg, 1.5 Eq, 0.11 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 60°C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. To the above mixture was added NaBH ₄ (14 mg, 5 Eq, 0.36 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by adding 2 mL of methyl alcohol at 0 °C. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 49% B to 53% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 5.97). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-209, 6.3 mg, 14% yield, 99.6% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 633.6 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d ₄) δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.12 – 8.06 (m, 2H), 8.05 – 7.98 (m, 2H), 7.83 (d, 1H), 7.49 (d, 1H), 6.10 (d, 1H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 4.01 (s, 2H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.11 (d, 2H), 2.57 (s, 2H), 1.99 – 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.24 (s, 6H), 0.98 (d, 6H). Example G: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)- 6-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino] pyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-211) [0496] Step 1: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-[(cyclopropylmethyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl]-4-( 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-211). To a stirred solution of 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)- 3H-isoindol-2-yl)-6-chloropyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-tr iazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (B-6) (100 mg, 1 Eq, 0.17 mmol), 1-cyclopropylmethanamine (G-1) (14 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.20 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (162 mg, 3 Eq, 0.50 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) were added RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (28 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.03 mmol ) and RuPhos (31 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.07 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 65% B to 95% B in 8 min; Wave Length: 254/210 nm; RT: 7.34). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-211, 4.1 mg, 3.9% yield, 99.4% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 639.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.12 – 8.07 (m, 2H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 6.91 (t, 1H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.43 – 3.38 (s, 3H), 3.09 (t, 2H), 2.70 (t, 2H), 2.46 (s, 2H), 1.77 (t, 2H), 1.04 (d, 1H), 0.51 (d, 4H), 0.45 (d, 2H), 0.22 (d, 2H). Example H: 3-{[6-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluo romethyl)-3H-isoindol-2- yl)-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl]am ino}propanenitrile (I-213)

[0497] Step 1: methyl 2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)benzoate (H-2). To a stirred solution of methyl 2-bromobenzoate (H-1) (1.50 g, 1 Eq, 6.97 mmol), 2,6-dichloropyridin-4-ylboronic acid (A-3) (1.34 g, 1 Eq, 6.97 mmol) and K ₂CO ₃ (2.89 g, 3 Eq, 20.9 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) and water (6 mL) was added Pd(dtbpf)Cl ₂ (455 mg, 0.1 Eq, 0.69 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 h at 60 ^oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/5) to afford the sub-title compound (H-2, 1.17 g, 59% yield, 89% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 282.0/284.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0498] Step 2: 2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)benzoic acid (H-3). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 above (H-2) (1.17 g, 1 Eq, 4.14 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) and THF (20 mL) was added a solution of LiOH (497 mg, 5 Eq, 20.7 mmol) in water (10 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 50 ^oC. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. The mixture was acidified to pH 4 with HCl (aq., 1M) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the sub-title compound (H-3, 1.08 g, 97% yield, 90% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 268.0/270.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0499] Step 3: 2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-N-[(methylcarbamothioyl)amino]b enzamide (H-4). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 above (H-3) (940 mg, 1 Eq, 3.50 mmol) and 4-methyl-3- thiosemicarbazide (A-6) (369 mg, 1 Eq, 3.50 mmol) in N, N-dimethylformamide (15 mL) were added HATU (1.33 g, 1 Eq, 3.50 mmol) and DIPEA (1.36 g, 3 Eq, 10.5 mmol) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (10% ACN up to 70% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm). The product-containing fractions were combined and evaporated to afford the sub-title compound (H-4, 500 mg, 40% yield, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 355.0/357.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0500] Step 4: 5-[2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)phenyl]-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazo le-3-thiol (H-5). To a stirred solution of the product from step 3 above (H-4) (500 mg, 1 Eq, 1.40 mmol) in N, N- dimethylformamide (10 mL) was added aq. of NaOH (5.6 mL, 1 M, 4 Eq, 5.6 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 50 ^oC. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (10% ACN up to 70% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm). The product-containing fractions were combined and evaporated to afford the sub-title compound (H-5, 357 mg, 75% yield, 91% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 337.0/339.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0501] Step 5: 2,6-dichloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]pyridi ne (H-6). To a stirred solution of the product from step 4 above (H-5) (357 mg, 1 Eq, 1.06 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) was added AcOH (127 mg, 2 Eq, 2.12 mmol) and H2O2 in water (601 mg, 30% wt, 5 Eq, 5.30 mmol) dropwise at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (10% ACN up to 70% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm). The product-containing fractions were combined and evaporated to afford the sub-title compound (H- 6, 290 mg, 89% yield, 95% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 305.0/307.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0502] Step 6: 3-({6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]pyridi n-2-yl}amino) propanenitrile (H-7). A solution of the product from step 5 above (H-6) (100 mg, 1 Eq, 0.33 mmol), β aminopropionitrile (A-10) (35 mg, 1.5 Eq, 0.49 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (320 mg, 3 Eq, 0.98 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. To the above mixture were added Ruphos (31 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.07 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (27 mg, 0.1 Eq, 0.03 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃) and ACN (30% ACN up to 60% in 10 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (H-7, 80 mg, 72% yield, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 339.1/341.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0503] Step 7: 3-{[6-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluo romethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]pyri din-2-yl]amino}propanenitrile (I-213). A solution of the product from step 6 above (H-7) (50 mg, 1 Eq, 0.15 mmol), 6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5- ylmethyl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-one (B-5) (55 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.18 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (96 mg, 2 Eq, 0.30 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. To the above mixture were added Ruphos (14 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.03 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (12 mg, 0.1 Eq, 0.015 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 51% B to 55% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 5.92). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-213, 5.6 mg, 6.2% yield, 99.7% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 613.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d, 2H), 7.79 – 7.70 (m, 2H), 7.69 – 7.58 (m, 3H), 6.19 (d, 1H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.66 (t, 2H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 2.87 – 2.79 (m, 4H), 2.58 (s, 2H), 1.89 (t, 2H), 0.63 – 0.56 (m, 4H). Example I: 6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-2-{4-[2-methyl-4-(4-met hyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)pyrazol-3-yl]-6-[(2-methylpropyl) amino]pyridin-2-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-1-one (I- 206)

[0504] Step 1: 6-chloro-4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrazol- 3-yl]-N-(2- methylpropyl)pyridin-2-amine (I-1). To a stirred mixture of 2,6-dichloro-4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)pyrazol-3-yl]pyridine (C-6) (600 mg, 1 Eq, 1.94 mmol) and isobutylamine (D-3) (2.13 g, 15 Eq, 29.1 mmol) in NMP (7 mL) was added K2CO3 (5.36 g, 20 Eq, 38.8 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃) and ACN (0% ACN up to 50% in 30 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (I-1, 530 mg, 71% yield, 92% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 346.2/348.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0505] Step 2: 6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-2-{4-[2-methyl-4-(4-met hyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)pyrazol-3-yl]-6-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-2-yl}-4-(t rifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-1-one (I- 206). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 1 above (I-1) (50 mg, 1 Eq, 0.15 mmol), 6-{5- azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihy droisoindol-1-one (B-5) (45 mg, 1 Eq, 0.15 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (94 mg, 2 Eq, 0.29 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) were added RuPhos (27 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.06 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (25 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.03 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 53% B to 78% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 5.7). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-206, 16 mg, 18% yield, 99.7% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 620.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆) δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, 2H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H), 7.09 (t, 1H), 6.27 (d, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.07 (t, 2H), 2.70 (t, 2H), 2.46 (s, 2H), 1.97 – 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.77 (t, 2H), 0.92 (d, 6H), 0.53 – 0.48 (m, 4H). Example J: 3-{2-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-6-[6-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-4-(tri fluoromethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)b enzonitrile (I-151) [0506] Step 1: 3-{2-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-6-[6-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-4-(tri fluoromethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)b enzonitrile (I-151). To a stirred mixture of 3-{2-chloro-6-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl -1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (A-11) (50 mg, 1 Eq, 0.14 mmol) and 6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1- one (E-1) (32 mg, 1 Eq, 0.14 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (134 mg, 3 Eq, 0.41 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) were added RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (23 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.03 mmol) and RuPhos (26 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.06 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 55% B in 6 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 5.1). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-151, 7.7 mg, 10% yield, 99.6% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 559.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, 2H), 8.00 (s, 2H), 7.86 – 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 7.24 (t, 1H), 6.17 (d, 1H), 5.59 (t, 1H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 4.70 (d, 2H), 3.55 – 3.48 (m, 2H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 2.86 – 2.82 (m, 2H). Example K: 3-{2-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-6-(6-{[(2-methoxyethyl) amino]methyl}-1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl -1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-161)

[0507] Step 1: 3-{2-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-6-[6-formyl-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromet hyl)-3H-isoindol-2- yl]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (K-1). A mixture of 3-{2-[(2- cyanoethyl)amino]-6-[6-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromet hyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4- methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-151, 40 mg, 1 Eq, 0.07 mmol) and DMP (61 mg, 2 Eq, 0.14 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with MeOH (2x2 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (K-1), which was used in the next step without further purification. m/z 557.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0508] Step 2: 3-{2-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-6-(6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)amino]meth yl}-1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl -1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-161). To a stirred mixture of the crude product from step 1 above (K-1) (50 mg, 1 Eq, 0.09 mmol) and 2- methoxyethan-1-amine (K-2) (14 mg, 2 Eq, 0.18 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added DIPEA (35 mg, 3 Eq, 0.27 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. To the above mixture was added NaBH ₄ (10 mg, 3 Eq, 0.27 mmol) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched with methyl alcohol (2 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 45% B to 65% B in 9 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 7.25). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-161, 7.5 mg, 13% yield, 96.2% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 616.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, 2H), 8.01 (d, 2H), 7.87 – 7.80 (m, 1H), 7.46 (d, 1H), 7.24 (t, 1H), 6.18 (d, 1H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 2H), 3.55 – 3.48 (m, 2H), 3.40 (d, 5H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 2.83 (t, 2H), 2.65 (t, 2H). Example L: 3-{2-chloro-6-[1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]py ridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-29) [0509] Step 1: 3-{2-chloro-6-[1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]py ridin-4-yl}-4-(4- methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-29). To a stirred solution of 3-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4-(4- methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (A-9) (30 mg, 1 Eq, 0.09 mmol) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3- dihydroisoindol-1-one (C-8) (18 mg, 1 Eq, 0.09 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) was added K ₃PO ₄ (39 mg, 2 Eq, 0.18 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. To the above mixture were added XantPhos (21 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.04 mmol) and Pd2(dba)3 (17 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (0% ACN up to 60% in 30 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm). The product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was further purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: YMC-Actus Triart C18, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 40% B to 70% B in 8 min; Wave Length: 254/210 nm; RT: 7.36). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-29, 10 mg, 23% yield, 99.9% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 495.1/497.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆) δ 8.58 (d, 1H), 8.26 (d, 1H), 8.25 – 8.06 (m, 4H), 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.81 (t, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 3.53 (s, 3H). Example M: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)- 6-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triaz ol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-142)

[0510] Step 1: 3-{2-[6-(chloromethyl)-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol -2-yl]-6-[(2- cyanoethyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-y l)benzonitrile (M-1). A solution of 3-{2- [(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-6-[6-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-4-yl}- 4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-151, 50 mg, 1 Eq, 0.09 mmol) and SOCl2 (0.4 mL) in DCM (5 mL) was stirred for 30 min at room temperature under air atmosphere. The reaction was then quenched with ice water (2 mL) at 0 ^oC. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (M-1, 30 mg, 58% yield, 95% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 577.1/579.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0511] Step 2: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-met hyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I- 142). To a mixture of the product from step 1 above (M-1) (30 mg, 1 Eq, 0.05 mmol) and DIPEA (10 mg, 1.5 Eq, 0.08 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptane (B-4) (7 mg, 1.3 Eq, 0.07 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional overnight at 60°C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep Phenyl OBD Column, 19*250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 53% B to 70% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 210/254 nm; RT: 6.45). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-142, 3.4 mg, 10% yield, 98.8 % Purity) as a white solid. m/z 638.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d ₄) δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 8.02 – 8.00 (m, 2H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 6.23 (d, 1H), 5.26 (d, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.69 (d, 2H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 2.85 – 2.82 (m, 4H), 2.57 (s, 2H), 1.89 (s, 2H), 0.60 – 0.59 (m, 4H). Example N: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)- 6-[(2-cyclopropylethyl)amino] pyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-127) [0512] Step 1: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-[(2-cyclopropylethyl)amino]pyridin-4-yl]-4- (4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-127). To a stirred mixture of 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-chloropyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triaz ol-3-yl)benzonitrile (B-6) (50 mg, 1 Eq, 0.08 mmol), 2-cyclopropylethanamine (N-1) (8.5 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.10 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (54 mg, 2 Eq, 0.17 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) were added RuPhos (16 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.03 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (14 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃+0.1%NH ₃.H ₂O), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 27% B to 54% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 210/254 nm; RT: 5.28). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-127, 4.2 mg, 7.8% yield, 99.8% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 653.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol- d ₄) δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.17 – 7.96 (m, 4H), 7.87 – 7.79 (m, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.86 (d, 2H), 3.48 (d, 3H), 3.41 – 3.36 (m, 2H), 2.87 – 2.79 (m, 2H), 2.57 (d, 2H), 1.93 – 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.56 – 1.46 (m, 2H), 0.84 – 0.73 (m, 1H), 0.59 (d, 4H), 0.53 – 0.44 (m, 2H), 0.16 – 0.08 (m, 2H). Example O: 3-({4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrazol-3-yl] -6-[1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-2-yl}amino)propan enitrile (I-107) [0513] Step 1: 3-({4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrazol-3-yl] -6-[1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-2-yl}amino)propan enitrile (I-107). To a stirred mixture of 2-{6-chloro-4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyraz ol-3-yl]pyridin-2-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)- 3H-isoindol-1-one (C-9) (30 mg, 1 Eq, 0.06 mmol) , β aminopropionitrile (A-10) (5 mg, 1.2 Eq, 0.08 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (41 mg, 2 Eq, 0.13 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) were added RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (11 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.01 mmol) and RuPhos (12 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.03 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge BEH C18 OBD Prep Column, 19*250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 50 B to 55 B in 6 min; Detector, UV 254/210 nm; RT: 4.57). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-107, 14 mg, 43% yield, 99.9% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 508.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.12 – 8.03 (m, 2H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.79 (t, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.37 (t, 1H), 6.39 (d, 1H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.60 – 3.52 (m, 2H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 2.87 (t, 2H). Example P: 6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-{4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3 -yl)pyrazol-3-yl]-6-[(2- methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-2-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoi ndol-1-one (I-227) [0514] Step 1: 6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-{4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3 -yl)pyrazol-3- yl]-6-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-2-yl}-4-(trifluoromethy l)-3H-isoindol-1-one- dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyde (I-227). To a stirred mixture of 6-chloro-4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrazol-3-yl]-N-(2-methylpropyl)pyridin-2 -amine (I-1) (30 mg, 1 Eq, 0.09 mmol), 6- (hydroxymethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-on e (E-1) (20 mg, 1 Eq, 0.09 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (57 mg, 2 Eq, 0.17 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) were added RuPhos (16 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.04 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (15 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 36% B to 46% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 6.88). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-227, 6.5 mg, 12% yield, 99.8% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 541.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆) δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 7.08 (t, 1H), 6.27 (d, 1H), 5.58 (t, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.70 (d, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.07 (t, 2H), 1.97 – 1.86 (m, 1H), 0.92 (d, 6H). Example Q: 6-{[(cyclobutylmethyl)amino] methyl}-2-{4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)pyrazol-3-yl]-6-[(2-methylpropyl) amino] pyridin-2-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-1-one (I- [0515] Step 1: 3-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyde2-{4-[2-methyl-4-(4 -methyl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)pyrazol-3-yl]-6-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]pyridin- 2-yl}-3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1H- isoindole-5-carbaldehyde (Q-1). To a stirred mixture of 6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-{4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrazol-3-yl]-6-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]py ridin-2-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol- 1-one-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyde (I-227, 35 mg, 1 Eq, 0.07 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added DMP (27 mg, 1 Eq, 0.07 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0°C. The resulting mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with DCM (2x3 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (Q-1), which was used in the next step without further purification. m/z 539.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0516] Step 2: 6-{[(cyclobutylmethyl)amino] methyl}-2-{4-[2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl) pyrazol-3-yl]-6-[(2-methylpropyl)amino]pyridin-2-yl}-4-(trif luoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-1-one (I- 74). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 1 above (Q-1) (30 mg, 1 Eq, 0.06 mmol) and 1- cyclobutylmethanamine (D-1) (7 mg, 1.5 Eq, 0.08 mmol) in methyl alcohol (5 mL) was added TEA (17 mg, 3 Eq, 0.17 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 60°C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. To the above mixture was added sodium borohydride (11 mg, 5 Eq, 0.28 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched with methyl alcohol (2 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (15/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3+0.1%NH3.H2O), Mobile Phase B: methyl cyanide; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 43% B to 73% B in 6.5 min; Wave Length: 210 nm; RT: 6.7). The product- containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-74, 5.3 mg, 16% yield, 99.8% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 608.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, 2H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.09 (t, 1H), 6.27 (s, 1H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 3.88 (d, 5H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.07 (t, 2H), 2.45 – 2.37 (m, 1H), 2.06 – 1.87 (m, 3H), 1.87 – 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.74 – 1.56 (m, 2H), 0.92 (d, 6H). Additionnal 2H peak believed to be under the water peak. Example R: 3-(2-{[1-(cyanomethyl)cyclopropyl]amino}-6-[1-oxo-4-(trifluo romethyl)-3H-isoindol-2- yl]pyridin-4-yl)-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-162) [0517] Step 1: 3-(2-{[1-(cyanomethyl)cyclopropyl]amino}-6-[1-oxo-4-(trifluo romethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-4-yl)-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)b enzonitrile (I-162). To a stirred solution of 3-{2-chloro-6-[1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]py ridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (I-29, 50 mg, 1 Eq, 0.10 mmol), 2-(1-aminocyclopropyl)acetonitrile (R-1) (15 mg, 1.5 Eq, 0.15 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (99 mg, 3 Eq, 0.30 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) were added RuPhos (19 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.04 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (17 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (10% ACN up to 70% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm). The crude product was further purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Prep Phenyl OBD Column, 19*250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃+0.1%NH ₃.H ₂O), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 50% B to 69% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254/210 nm; RT: 6.35). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-162, 10 mg, 17% yield, 92.6% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 555.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆) δ 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.17 – 8.02 (m, 4H), 7.87 – 7.76 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 6.15 (d, 1H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 2.91 (s, 2H), 0.88 – 0.71 (m, 4H). Example S: 3-(2-(cyclobutylamino)-6-(1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl) isoindolin-2-yl)pyridin-4-yl)-4-(4- methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-35) [0518] Step 1: 3-[2-(cyclobutylamino)-6-[1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoin dol-2-yl]pyridin-4- yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (I-35). To a stirred solution of 3-{2-chloro-6-[1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-4-yl}-4-(4-methyl -1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (Example L) (40 mg, 1 Eq, 0.08 mmol), cyclobutylamine (S-1) (9 mg, 1.5 Eq, 0.12 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (79 mg, 3 Eq, 0.24 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) were added RuPhos (8 mg, 0.2 Eq, 0.02 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (7 mg, 0.1 Eq, 0.008 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: Column: XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃+0.1%NH ₃.H ₂O), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 50% B in 8 min; Wave Length: 254/210 nm; RT: 7.36). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-35, 14 mg, 33% yield, 99.8% Purity) as white solid. m/z 530.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ^{, Chloroform-d)} δ 8.15 – 8.07 (m, 2H), 7.98 – 7.82 (m, 4H), 7.76 (d, 1H), 7.66 (t, 1H), 5.77 (s, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.93 – 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 2.40 – 2.30 (m, 2H), 1.88 – 1.71 (m, 5H). Example T: 3'-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-6-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5'- [1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)- 3H-isoindol-2-yl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carbonitrile (I-242)

[0519] Step 1: 2-(3-bromo-5-nitrophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-1- one (T-2). To a stirred solution of 1,3-dibromo-5-nitrobenzene (T-1) (10.0 g, 1 Eq, 35.6 mmol), 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3- dihydroisoindol-1-one (C-8) (8.59 g, 1.2 Eq, 42.7 mmol) and K ₃PO ₄ (22.7 g, 3 Eq, 107 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) were added XantPhos (4.12 g, 0.2 Eq, 7.12 mmol) and Pd ₂(dba) ₃ (3.26 g, 0.1 Eq, 3.56 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with petroleum ether/ ethyl acetate (6/1) to afford the sub-title compound (T-2, 9.00 g, 19% yield, 89% Purity) as a brown yellow solid. m/z 401.0/403.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0520] Step 2: 2-(3-amino-5-bromophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-1- one (T-3). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 above (T-2) (3.00 g, 1 Eq, 7.48 mmol) and NH ₄Cl (4.00 g, 10 Eq, 74.8 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL) was added Fe (4.18 g, 10 Eq, 74.8 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 80 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with MeOH (3x20 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with dichloromethane/ methyl (12/1) to afford the sub-title compound (T-3, 800 mg, 17% yield, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 371.0/373.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0521] Step 3: 3-({3-bromo-5-[1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]ph enyl}amino) propanenitrile (T-5). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 above (T-3) (300 mg, 1 Eq, 0.81 mmol) and K2CO3 (559 mg, 5 Eq, 4.04 mmol) in NMP (10 mL) was added 3-bromopropanenitrile (T-4) (541 mg, 5 Eq, 4.04 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 100 °C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (0% ACN up to 50% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm) to afford the sub-title compound (T-5, 200 mg, 52% yield, 90% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 424.2/426.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0522] Step 4: 3-({3-[1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]-5-(4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl}amino)propanenitrile (T-6). To a stirred solution of the product from step 3 above (T-5) (200 mg, 1 Eq, 0.47 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (A-16) (239 mg, 2 Eq, 0.94 mmol) and KOAc (139 mg, 13 Eq, 0.41 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl2-DCM (35 mg, 0.1 Eq, 0.05 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/1) to afford the sub-title compound (T-6, 150 mg, 61% yield, 95% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 472.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0523] Step 5: methyl 2-bromo-4-cyanobenzoate (T-7). To a stirred mixture of methyl 2-bromo-4- iodobenzoate (A-1) (10.0 g, 1 Eq, 29.3 mmol) and Zn(CN) ₂ (4.13 g, 1.2 Eq, 35.2 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added Pd(PPh ₃) ₄ (3.39 g, 0.1 Eq, 2.93 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 80 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with petroleum ether/ ethyl acetate (15/1) to afford the sub-title compound (T-7, 6.3 g, 89% yield, 91% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 240.0/242.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0524] Step 6: 2-bromo-4-cyanobenzoic acid (T-8). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 5 above (T-7) (6.30 g, 1 Eq, 26.2 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and H ₂O (60 mL) was added LiOH (3.77 g, 6 Eq, 157 mmol) in portions at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C. The residue was acidified to pH 3 with conc. HCl at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x200 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (T-8) which was used in the next step without further purification. m/z 225.9/227.9 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0525] Step 7: 2-bromo-4-cyano-N-[(methylcarbamothioyl)amino]benzamide (T-9). To a stirred mixture of the crude product from step 6 above (T-8) (8.00 g, 1 Eq, 35.4 mmol) and 4-methyl-3- thiosemicarbazide (A-6) (4.47 g, 1.2 Eq, 42.4 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) were added DIPEA (13.7 g, 3 Eq, 106 mmol) and T3P in DMF (135.4 g, 50% wt, 6 Eq, 212 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x300 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (T-9) which was used in the next step without further purification. m/z 313.0/315.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0526] Step 8: 3-bromo-4-(4-methyl-5-sulfanyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitri le (T-10). To a stirred mixture of the crude product from step 7 above (T-9) (6.00 g, 1 Eq, 19.2 mmol) in H2O (100 mL) was added NaHCO3 (8.40 g, 5 Eq, 100 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 80 °C. The residue was acidified to pH 3 with conc. HCl at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x300 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (T-10) which was used in the next step without further purification. m/z 295.0/297.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0527] Step 9: 3-bromo-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (T-11). To a stirred mixture of the crude product from step 8 above (T-10) (100 mg, 1 Eq, 0.34 mmol) and AcOH (41 mg, 2 Eq, 0.68 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added H ₂O ₂ in water (193 mg, 30% wt, 5 Eq ,1.70 mmol) in portions at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography (Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃) and ACN (0% ACN up to 40% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm). The crude product was further purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: YMC-Actus Triart C18, 30*150 mm, 5 µm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 8% B to 38% B in 8 min; Wave Length: 254/210 nm; RT: 7.4) to afford the sub-title compound (T-11, 29 mg, 32% yield, 99% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 263.0/265.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0528] Step 10: 3'-[(2-cyanoethyl)amino]-6-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5'- [1-oxo-4-(trifluoro methyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carbonitrile (I-242). To a stirred solution of the product from step 4 above (T-6) (100 mg, 1 Eq, 0.21 mmol), the product from step 9 above (T-11) (112 mg, 2 Eq, 0.42 mmol) and K2CO3 (88 mg, 3 Eq, 0.64 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was added and Pd(dppf)Cl2-DCM (16 mg, 0.1 Eq, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (12/1). The crude product was further purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3+0.1%NH3.H2O), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 55% B to 60% B in 9 min; Wave Length: 254/210 nm; RT: 8.54). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-242, 8.1 mg, 7.2% yield, 99.7% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 528.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, 1H), 8.11 – 8.00 (m, 3H), 7.79 (t, 2H), 7.41 (t, 1H), 6.88 (t, 1H), 6.31 (t, 1H), 6.19 (t, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 3.28 – 3.24 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.67 (t, 2H). Example U: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)- 6-{[1-(cyanomethyl) cyclopropyl]amino}pyridin-4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (I- [0529] Step 1: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-{[1-(cyanomethyl)cyclopropyl]amino}pyridin- 4-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (I-244). To a stirred solution of 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)-6-chloropyridin-4-yl]-4- (4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (B- 6) (40 mg, 1 Eq, 0.07 mmol), 2-(1-aminocyclopropyl)acetonitrile (U-1) (13 mg, 2 Eq, 0.13 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (65 mg, 3 Eq, 0.20 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) were added RuPhos (12 mg, 0.4 Eq, 0.03 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle G3 (6 mg, 0.013 mmol, 0.2 Eq) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC eluting with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (12/1).The crude product was further purified by Prep-HPLC (Column: SunFire Prep C18 OBD Column, 19*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 50% B to 70% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 6.8). The product-containing fractions were combined, evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-244, 2.8 mg, 6.0% yield, 93.7% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 664.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.14 – 8.10 (m, 2H), 8.05 – 8.01 (m, 2H), 7.84 (d, 1H), 7.64 (t, 1H), 6.27 (d, 1H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 4.00 (s, 2H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 2.96 (d, 2H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.70 (s, 2H), 1.93 (t, 2H), 1.02 – 0.95 (m, 2H), 0.92 (d, 2H), 0.63 (d, 4H). Example V: 4-({4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)ph enyl]-6-[1-oxo-6-({[(1s,3s)-3- methoxycyclobutyl]amino}methyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoin dol-2-yl]pyridin-2- yl}amino)butanenitrile (I-754)

[0530] Step 1: 6-({[(1s,3s)-3-methoxycyclobutyl]amino}methyl)-4-(trifluorom ethyl)-2,3- dihydroisoindol-1-one (AA-2). To a stirred mixture of 3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5- carbaldehyde (B-3) (600 mg, 1 eq, 2.62 mmol) and (1s,3s)-3-methoxycyclobutan-1-amine (AA-1) (318 mg, 1.2 eq, 3.14 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) were added DIPEA (1.01 g, 3 eq, 7.85 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 60 °C and allowed to cool down to room temperature. To the above mixture was added NaBH ₄ (297 mg, 3 eq, 7.85 mmol) at 0°C and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 2 mL of methyl alcohol at 0 °C and the resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (12/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AA-2) (500 mg, 1.59 mmol, 49%, 92% Purity) as a green solid. m/z 315.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0531] Step 2: 4-({6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoro methyl)phenyl]pyridin- 2-yl}amino)butanamide (AA-4). To a stirred solution of 2,6-dichloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)- 5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]pyridine (V-6) (2.00 g, 1 eq, 5.36 mmol) and 4-aminobutanamide hydrochloride (AA-3) (2.74 g, 5 eq, 26.8 mmol) in NMP (10 mL) was added K2CO3 (7.41 g, 10 eq, 53.6 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 130 °C and was allowed to cool to room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (5% ACN up to 70% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. The product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AA-4) (1.2 g, 2.74 mmol, 51%, 95% Purity) as a brown solid. m/z 439.1/441.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0532] Step 3: 4-({6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoro methyl)phenyl]pyridin- 2-yl}amino)butanenitrile (AA-5). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 (AA-4) (200 mg, 1 eq, 0.46 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added Burgess reagent (434 mg, 4 eq, 1.82 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 60 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% FA) and ACN (0% ACN up to 50% in 30 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. The product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AA-5) (150 mg, 0.36 mmol, 78 %, 93% Purity) as a brown yellow solid. m/z 421.1/423.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0533] Step 4: 4-({4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)ph enyl]-6-[1-oxo-6- ({[(1s,3s)-3-methoxycyclobutyl]amino}methyl)-4-(trifluoromet hyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl]pyridin-2- yl}amino)butanenitrile (Example AA). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 1 (AA-2) (50 mg, 1 eq, 0.16 mmol) and the product from step 3 (AA-5) (80 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.19 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (155 mg, 3 eq, 0.48 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (13 mg, 0.1 eq, 16 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XSelect Prep OBD C18 Column, 19*250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 52% B to 82% B in 8 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 6.9). The product- containing fractions were combined and evaporated partially in vacuo and lyophilized overnight to afford the title compound (I-754) (9.2 mg, 13 µmol, 8.2%, 99.1% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 699.5 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.04 – 7.99 (m, 2H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.92 – 7.84 (m, 2H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 6.94 (t, 1H), 6.08 (d, 1H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.53 – 3.46 (m, 1H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 3.30 (d, 2H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.73 (t, 1H), 2.54 (d, 2H), 2.45 – 2.39 (m, 2H), 1.90 – 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.62 – 1.51 (m, 2H). Example W: 1-(((2-(6-((3-cyanopropyl)amino)-4-(2-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tri azol-3-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-oxo-7-(trifluorometh yl)isoindolin-5- yl)methyl)amino)cyclobutane-1-carbonitrile (I-769) [0534] Step 1: 4-({6-[6-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoind ol-2-yl]-4-[2-(4- methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridin -2-yl}amino)butanenitrile (AB-1). To a stirred solution of 4-({6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoro methyl)phenyl]pyridin-2- yl}amino)butanenitrile (AA-5) (150 mg, 1 eq, 0.36 mmol) and 6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3- dihydroisoindol-1-one (E-1) (99 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.43 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (348 mg, 3 eq, 1.07 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (30 mg, 0.1 eq, 36 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AB-1) (176 mg, 0.29 mmol, 80%, 95% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 616.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0535] Step 2: 4-((6-(6-formyl-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)isoindolin-2-yl)-4- (2-(4-methyl-4H- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)a mino)butanenitrile (AB-2). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 (AB-1) (200 mg, 1 eq, 0.33 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added DMP (179 mg, 1.3 eq, 0.42 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperatur. The resulting mixture was filtered; the filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate (3 x 5 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product used directly in next step without any further purification. m/z 614.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0536] Step 3: (E)-1-(((2-(6-((3-cyanopropyl)amino)-4-(2-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4 -triazol-3-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-oxo-7-(trifluorometh yl)isoindolin-5-yl)methylene) amino)cyclobutane-1-carbonitrile (AB-4). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 (AB-2) (200 mg, 1 eq, 0.33 mmol) and 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carbonitrile (AB-3) (86 mg, 2 eq, 0.65 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added Ti(Oi-Pr)4 (4 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 60 °C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (50% ACN up to 70% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm to afford the sub-title compound (AB-4) (60 mg, 0.09 mmol, 27%, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 692.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0537] Step 4: (E)-1-(((2-(6-((3-cyanopropyl)amino)-4-(2-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4 -triazol-3-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-oxo-7-(trifluorometh yl)isoindolin-5- yl)methylene)amino)cyclobutane-1-carbonitrile (I-769). To a stirred solution of the product from step 3 (AB-4) (60 mg, 1 eq, 0.09 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added NaBH4 (9.9 mg, 3 eq, 0.26 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperatur. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product which was re-purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 60% B to 70% B in 9 min; Wave Length: 254/220 nm; RT: 8.4). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH ₃CN and H ₂O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-769 (1.0 mg, 1.4 µmol, 0.56%, 95.0% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 694.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 8.04 – 7.97 (m, 2H), 7.92 – 7.84 (m, 2H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 6.95 (t, 1H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 3.89 (d, 2H), 3.69 (t, 1H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 3.23 (s, 2H), 2.55 (d, 2H), 2.46 – 2.38 (m, 2H), 2.22 – 2.11 (m, 2H), 2.07 – 1.93 (m, 2H), 1.91 – 1.79 (m, 2H). Example X: 4-([6-(4-fluoro-6-([(3S)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl]methyl-1-oxo -3H-isoindol-2-yl)-4-[2-(4- methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridin -2-yl]aminobutanenitrile (I-774) [0538] Step 1: methyl 5-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzoate (AC-2). To a stirred solution of methyl 5-bromo-3-fluoro-2-methylbenzoate (AC-1) (1.50 g, 1 Eq, 6.07 mmol) and NBS (1.30 g, 1.2 Eq, 7.29 mmol) in benzotrifluoride (20 mL) was added AIBN (299 mg, 0.3 Eq, 1.82 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 110 °C. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum to afford the sub-title compound (AC- 2) (1.7 g, 5.21 mmol, 86%, 83% Purity) as a brown yellow oil. m/z 326.9/328.9 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0539] Step 2: 6-bromo-4-fluoro-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-one (AC-3). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 above (AC-2) (1.70 g, 1 Eq, 5.22 mmol) in NH ₃(g) in MeOH (30 mL, 7 M) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (3/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AC-3) (1.1 g, 3.34 mmol, 92%, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 330.0/332.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0540] Step 3: 6-ethenyl-4-fluoro-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-one (AC-4). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 above (AC-3) (1.10 g, 1 Eq, 4.78 mmol), tributyl(ethenyl)stannane (B-1) (1.82 g, 1.2 Eq, 5.74 mmol) and CsF (2.18 g, 3 Eq, 14.3 mmol) in dioxane (35 mL) was added Pd(PPh ₃) ₂Cl ₂ (336 mg, 0.1 Eq, 0.48 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (3/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AC-4) (629 mg, 3.55 mmol, 74 %, 90% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 178.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0541] Step 4: 7-fluoro-3-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyde (AC-5). To a stirred solution of the product from step 3 above (AC-4) (629 mg, 1 Eq, 3.53 mmol) and CA (887 mg, 1.3 Eq, 4.61 mmol), NMO (541 mg, 1.3 Eq, 4.61 mmol), K2OsO4-2H2O (131 mg, 0.1 Eq, 0.36 mmol) in t-BuOH (20 mL) and water (20 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. To the above mixture was added NaIO4 (1.52 g, 2 Eq, 7.10 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (3/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AC- 5) (314 mg, 1.75 mmol, 49%, 92% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 180.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0542] Step 5: 4-fluoro-6-([(3S)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl]methyl-2,3-dihydroi soindol-1-one (AC- 6). To a stirred solution of the product from step 4 (AC-5) (100 mg, 1 eq, 0.56 mmol) and (3S)-3- methylpiperidine (B-1) (66 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.67 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) were added TEA (339 mg, 6 eq, 3.35 mmol) and NaBH(OAc)3 (710 mg, 6 eq, 3.35 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AC-6) (100 mg, 0.38 mmol, 68%, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 263.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0543] Step 6: 4-([6-(4-fluoro-6-([(3S)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl]methyl-1-oxo -3H-isoindol-2-yl)-4- [2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]p yridin-2-yl]aminobutanenitrile (I-774). To a stirred solution of the product from step 5 (AC-6) (31 mg, 1 eq, 0.12 mmol) and 4-((6-chloro-4-[2-(4- methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridin -2-ylamino) butanenitrile (AA-5) (50 mg, 1 eq, 0.12 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) were added Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (10 mg, 0.1 eq, 12 µmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (116 mg, 3 eq, 0.36 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 61% B to 77% B in 10 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 7.9). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH ₃CN and H ₂O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I- 774 (14.8 mg, 23 µmol, 19%, 99.8% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 647.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.03 – 7.98 (m, 1H), 7.90 – 7.84 (m, 2H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.47 – 7.40 (m, 2H), 6.93 (t, 1H), 6.08 (d, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 3.39 – 3.34 (m, 2H), 2.72 (t, 2H), 2.56 (d, 2H), 1.94 – 1.80 (m, 3H), 1.70 – 1.54 (m, 4H), 1.52 – 1.41 (m, 1H), 0.82 (d, 4H). Example Y: (2S,4R)-1-((S)-2-(7-(((2-(6-((3-cyanopropyl)amino)-4-(2-(4-m ethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-oxo-7-(trifluo romethyl)isoindolin-5-yl)methyl)amino) heptanamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((S)-1-(4-(4- methylthiazol-5- yl)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (I-831)

[0544] Step 1: tert-butyl N-(6-{[(2S)-1-[(2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-{[(1S)-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3 -thiazol-5- yl)phenyl]ethyl]carbamoyl}pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-ox obutan-2- yl]carbamoyl}hexyl)carbamate (AD-3). To a stirred solution of 7-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]heptanoic acid (AD-1) (100 mg, 1 eq, 0.41 mmol) and DIPEA (158 mg, 3 eq, 1.22 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) were added (2S,4R)-1-[(2S)-2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]-4-hydroxy-N-[( 1S)-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5- yl)phenyl]ethyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (AD-2) (181 mg, 1 eq, 0.41 mmol) and HATU (232 mg, 1.5 eq, 0.61 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (10% ACN up to 50% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AD-3) (260 mg, 0.39 mmol, 95%, 90% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 672.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0545] Step 2: (2S,4R)-1-[(2S)-2-(7-aminoheptanamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl] -4-hydroxy-N- [(1S)-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl]pyrrolidi ne-2-carboxamide (AD-4). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 (AD-3) (120 mg, 1 eq, 0.18 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added HCl(gas) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) dropwise at 0°C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AD- 4) (100 mg, 0.18 mmol, 98%, 92% Purity) as a light yellow solid. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 572.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0546] Step 3: (2S,4R)-1-[(2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[7-({[3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethy l)-1,2- dihydroisoindol-5-yl]methyl}amino)heptanamido]butanoyl]-4-hy droxy-N-[(1S)-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3- thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (AD-5). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 (AD-4) (100 mg, 1 eq, 0.18 mmol) and 3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5- carbaldehyde (AA-5) (40 mg, 1 eq, 0.18 mmol) in THF (3 mL) and IPA (1 mL) were added DIPEA (181 mg, 8 eq, 1.40 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 60 °C. To the above mixture was added NaBH4 (33 mg, 5 eq, 0.88 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 2 mL of methyl alcohol at 0 °C. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AD-5) (95 mg, 0.12 mmol, 69%, 91% Purity) as a light yellow solid. m/z 785.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0547] Step 4: (2S,4R)-1-((S)-2-(7-(((2-(6-((3-cyanopropyl)amino)-4-(2-(4-m ethyl-4H-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-oxo- 7-(trifluoromethyl)isoindolin-5- yl)methyl) amino)heptanamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((S)-1- (4-(4-methylthiazol-5- yl)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (I-831). To a stirred solution of the product from step 3 (AD- 5) (45 mg, 1 eq, 57 µmol) and 4-({6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}amino)butanenitrile (AA-5) (24 mg, 1 eq, 57 µmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (93 mg, 5 eq, 0.29 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (14 mg, 0.3 eq, 17 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford a crude product. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: Xselect CSH Prep Column, 19*250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 34% B to 45% B in 12min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 9.41). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-831 (18.5 mg, 16 µmol, 27%, 98.4% Purity) as a light yellow solid. m/z 1170.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.38 (d, 1H), 8.30 (s, 0.554H), 8.05 – 7.96 (m, 3H), 7.92 – 7.84 (m, 2H), 7.78 (d, 1H), 7.48 (d, 1H), 7.44 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, 2H), 6.95 (t, 1H), 6.08 (d, 1H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 5.14 – 4.97 (m, 1H), 4.97 – 4.86 (m, 1H), 4.52 (d, 1H), 4.42 (t, 1H), 4.28 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 3.60 (d, 2H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 3.32 (d, 2H), 2.55 (d, 2H), 2.47 (d, 5H), 2.30 – 2.20 (m, 1H), 2.15 – 2.06 (m, 1H), 2.05 – 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.90 – 1.75 (m, 3H), 1.57 – 1.40 (m, 4H), 1.37 (d, 3H), 1.34 – 1.17 (m, 4H), 0.92 (s, 9H). Example Z: 4-((6-(6-((6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-yl)methyl)-1-oxo-4-(triflu oromethyl)isoindolin-2-yl)- 2'-methyl-5'-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-[4,4'-bipyridi n]-2-yl)amino)butanenitrile (I-767) [0548] Step 1: methyl 2',6'-dichloro-6-methyl-[4,4'-bipyridine]-3-carboxylate (AE-2). To a stirred mixture of methyl 4-bromo-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylate (AE-1) (1.00 g, 1 eq, 4.35 mmol) and 2,6- dichloropyridin-4-ylboronic acid (A-3) (1.00 g, 1.2 eq, 5.22 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) and H ₂O (1 mL) were added K ₂CO ₃ (1.80 g, 3 eq, 13.0 mmol) and Pd(dtbpf)Cl ₂ (283 mg, 0.1 eq, 0.44 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 60 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AE-2) (800 mg, 2.70 mmol, 62%, 88% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 297.0/299.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0549] Step 2: 2',6'-dichloro-6-methyl-[4,4'-bipyridine]-3-carboxylic acid (AE-3). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 1 (AE-2) (2.00 g, 1 eq, 6.73 mmol) in H ₂O (5 mL) and THF (20 mL) was added LiOH (480 mg, 3 eq, 20.2 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 60 °C. The mixture was acidified to pH 3 with conc. HCl at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% FA) and ACN (36% ACN up to 48% in 10 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AE-3) (840 mg, 2.98 mmol, 44%, 90% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 283.0/285.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0550] Step 3: 2',6'-dichloro-6-methyl-N-[(methylcarbamothioyl)amino]-[4,4' -bipyridine]-3- carboxamide (AE-4). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 2 (AE-3) (3.00 g, 1 eq, 10.6 mmol) and 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (A-6) (1.67 g, 1.5 eq, 15.9 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) were added T3P (50% in EA) (10.1 g, 50% Wt, 3 eq, 31.8 mmol) and DIPEA (5.48 g, 4 eq, 42.4 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x300 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product used directly in next step without any further purification. m/z 370.0/372.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0551] Step 4: 5-{2',6'-dichloro-6-methyl-[4,4'-bipyridin]-3-yl}-4-methyl-1 ,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (AE-5). To a stirred mixture of NaHCO3 (2.38 g, 7 eq, 28.4 mmol) in H2O (20 mL) was added the product from step 3 (AE-4) (1.50 g, 1 eq, 4.05 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 100 °C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product used directly in next step without any further purification. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AE-5) (1.4 g, 3.99 mmol, 98%, 90% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 352.0/354.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0552] Step 5: 2',6'-dichloro-2-methyl-5-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4,4' -bipyridine (AE-6). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 4 (AE-5) (1.00 g, 1 eq, 2.84 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) were added H ₂O ₂ (193 mg, 30% Wt, 2 eq, 5.68 mmol) and AcOH (852 mg, 5 eq, 14.2 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (30% ACN up to 40% in 10 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AE-6) (760 mg, 2.38 mmol, 84%, 93% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 320.0/322.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0553] Step 6: 6-{6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl}-2-[6-chloro-2'-methyl-5' -(4-methyl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)-[4,4'-bipyridin]-2-yl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H- isoindol-1-one (AE-7). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 5 (AE-6) (100 mg, 1 eq, 0.31 mmol) and 6-{6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl}-4- (trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-one (V-8) (101 mg, 1 eq, 0.31 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) were added K3PO4 (199 mg, 3 eq, 0.94 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (29 mg, 0.1 eq, 31 µmol) and Xantphos (18 mg, 0.1 eq, 31 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (50% ACN up to 60% in 10 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AE-7) (90 mg, 0.12 mmol, 47%, 95% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 608.2/610.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0554] Step 7: tert-butyl (6-(6-((6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-yl)methyl)-1-oxo-4-(trifluoro methyl) isoindolin-2-yl)-2'-methyl-5'-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-y l)-[4,4'-bipyridin]-2-yl)(3- cyanopropyl)carbamate (AE-8). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 6 (AE-7) (80 mg, 1 eq, 0.13 mmol) and tert-butyl N-(3-cyanopropyl)carbamate (C-10) (73 mg, 3 eq, 0.40 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (129 mg, 3 eq, 0.40 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (33 mg, 0.3 eq, 0.04 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (12/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AE-8) (50 mg, 0.07 mmol, 50%, 92% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 756.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0555] Step 8: 4-{[6-(6-{6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-2'-methyl-5'-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-[4 ,4'-bipyridin]-2-yl]amino}butanenitrile (I- 767). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 7 (AE-8) (43 mg, 1 eq, 57 µmol) in DCM (1 mL) and FA (2 mL) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: X-Select Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1%FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 50% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220 nm; RT: 6.56). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH ₃CN and H ₂O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-767 (16.2 mg, 25 µmol, 43%, 99.5% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 656.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d6) δ 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 0.380H), 7.95 (d, 2H), 7.53 – 7.48 (m, 2H), 6.98 (t, 1H), 6.03 (d, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 3.30 (s, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.58 – 2.51 (m, 6H), 1.99 – 1.89 (m, 4H), 1.85 – 1.69 (m, 6H). Example AA: 2-[1-((4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluorome thyl)phenyl]-6-(6-([(2R)-2- methylmorpholin-4-yl]methyl-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-iso indol-2-yl)pyridin-2- ylamino)cyclopropyl] acetonitrile (I-749) [0556] Step 1: 6-{[(2R)-2-methylmorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)- 2,3- dihydroisoindol-1-one (AF-2). To a stirred mixture of 3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5- carbaldehyde (B-3) (200 mg, 1 eq, 0.87 mmol) and (2R)-2-methylmorpholine (AF-1) (265 mg, 3 eq, 2.62 mmol) in DCM (8 ml) were added NaBH(OAc)3 (1.11 g, 6 eq, 5.24 mmol) and TEA (530 mg, 6 eq, 5.24 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (9/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AF-3) (200 mg, 0.64 mmol, 73%, 92% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 315.1(M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0557] Step 2: 2-{6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluorom ethyl)phenyl]pyridin- 2-yl}-6-{[(2R)-2-methylmorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-4-(trifluorome thyl)-3H-isoindol-1-one (AF-3). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 1 (AF-2) (150 mg, 1 eq, 0.47 mmol) and 2,6-dichloro-4-[2-(4- methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridin e (V-6) (214 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.57 mmol) in 1,4- dioxane(8 ml) were added K ₃PO ₄ (304 mg, 3 eq, 1.43 mmol), Pd ₂(dba) ₃ (87 mg, 0.2 eq, 0.09 mmol) and XantPhos (28 mg, 0.1 eq, 0.05 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. TThe crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃) and ACN (30% ACN up to 70% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub- title compound (AF-3) (120 mg, 0.18 mmol, 39%, 90% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 651.2/653.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0558] Step 3: 2-[1-((4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl )phenyl]-6-(6-([(2R)-2- methylmorpholin-4-yl]methyl-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-iso indol-2-yl)pyridin-2- ylamino)cyclopropyl]acetonitrile (I-749). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 2 (AF-3) (100 mg, 1 eq, 0.15 mmol) and 2-(1-aminocyclopropyl)acetonitrile (U-1) (30 mg, 2 eq, 0.31 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) were added Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (13 mg, 0.1 eq, 15 µmol) and Cs2CO3 (150 mg, 3 eq, 0.46 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 43% B to 73% B in 10 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 8.44). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-749 (28.2 mg, 40 µmol, 26%, 99.9% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 711.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.05 – 7.96 (m, 2H), 7.96 – 7.86 (m, 3H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 6.15 (d, 1H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 3.78 – 3.69 (m, 1H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.57 – 3.47 (m, 2H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.74 – 2.66 (m, 1H), 2.62 (d, 1H), 2.16 – 2.05 (m, 1H), 1.85 – 1.75 (m, 1H), 1.03 (d, 3H), 0.89 – 0.70 (m, 4H). Example BB: NDI-218254: 1-{[6-(6-{6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)- 3H-isoindol-2-yl)-4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl )phenyl]pyridin-2- yl]amino}cyclobutane-1-carbonitrile (I-718)

[0559] Step 1: methyl 2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4-methylbenzoate (AG-2). To a stirred solution of methyl 2-bromo-4-methylbenzoate (AG-1) (10.0 g, 1 eq, 43.7 mmol) and 2,6-dichloropyridin-4- ylboronic acid (A-3) (8.40 g, 1 eq, 43.7 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL) and H2O (20 mL) were added K2CO3 (1.80 g, 3 eq, 131 mmol) and Pd(dtbpf)Cl2.DCM (5.70 g, 0.2 eq, 8.73 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 60 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was applied on a silica gel column chromatography with petroleum ether/ ethyl acetate (1/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AG- 2) (10.5 g, 35.6 mmol, 81%, 90% Purity) as a brown solid. m/z 296.0/298.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0560] Step 2: 2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4-nitrobenzoic acid (6 g, 19.164 mmol, 1 equiv) and 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (AG-3). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 (AG-2) (10.0 g, 1 eq, 33.8 mmol) in THF (60 mL) and H ₂O (12 mL) was added LiOH (8.10 g, 10 eq, 338 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 60 °C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and acidified to pH 4 with conc. HCl at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 282.0/284.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0561] Step 3: 2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-N-[(methylcarbamothioyl)amino]- 4-nitrobenzamide (AG-4). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 (AG-3) (10.0 g, 1 eq, 35.4 mmol) and 4-methyl-3- thiosemicarbazide (A-6) (4.47 g, 1.2 eq, 42.5 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added DIPEA (36.7 g, 8 eq, 284 mmol) and T3P (50% in EA) (90.2 g, 50% Wt, 8 eq, 284 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 369.0/371.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0562] Step 4: 5-[2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4-nitrophenyl]-4-methyl-1,2, 4-triazole-3-thiol (AG-5). To a stirred solution of the product from step 3 (AG-4) (10.0 g, 1 eq, 27. 1 mmol) in H2O (100 mL) was added NaOH (12 g, 11 eq, 300 mmol) in portions at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80 °C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 351.0/353.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0563] Step 5: 2,6-dichloro-4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) phenyl] pyridine (AG-6). To a stirred solution of the product from step 4 (AG-5) (100 mg, 1 eq, 0.29 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) were added H2O2 (48 mg, 30% Wt, 5 eq, 1.43 mmol) and AcOH (34 mg, 2 eq, 0.57 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 33% B to 43% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 5.73). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH ₃CN and H ₂O, and then was lyophilized to afford the sub-title compound (AH-6) (15.5 mg, 0.05 mmol, 17%, 99.9% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 319.0/321.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0564] Step 6: 6-{6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl}-2-{6-chloro-4-[5-methyl- 2-(4-methyl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-iso indol-1-one (AG-7). To a stirred solution of the product from step 5 (AG-6) (205 mg, 1 eq, 0.64 mmol) and 6-{6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl}-4- (trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-one (V-8) (250 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.77 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) were added K3PO4 (409 mg, 3 eq, 1.93 mmol), XantPhos (74 mg, 0.2 eq, 0.13 mmol) and Pd2(dba)3 (59 mg, 0.1 eq, 64 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (60% ACN up to 90% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm to afford the sub-title compound (AG-7) (150 mg, 0.25 mmol, 38%, 95% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 607.2/609.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0565] Step 7: 1-{[6-(6-{6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ph enyl]pyridin-2-yl]amino}cyclobutane-1- carbonitrile (I-718). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 6 (AG-7) (40 mg, 1 eq, 66 µmol) and 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carbonitrile (AB-3) (8 mg, 1.2 eq, 79 µmol) in dioxane (5 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (64. mg, 3 eq, 0.20 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (5 mg, 0.1 eq, 7 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 90°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: X-Select Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1%FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 50% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 6.56). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-718 (6.9 mg, 10 µmol, 16%, 99.4% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 667.5 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, 2H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.52 – 7.40 (m, 3H), 6.15 (d, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 2.76 – 2.68 (m, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 4H), 2.43 – 2.34 (m, 2H), 2.16 – 2.03 (m, 2H), 1.94 (t, 4H), 1.90 – 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.82 – 1.72 (m, 2H). Example CC: 2-{1-[(6-{6-[(cyclobutylamino)methyl]-1-oxo-4-(trifluorometh yl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl}-4- [2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] pyridin-2-yl) amino] cyclopropyl} acetonitrile (I-750) [0566] Step 1: 6-[(cyclobutylamino)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydroi soindol-1-one (AH- 1). A solution of 3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyd e (B-3) (250 mg, 1 eq, 1.09 mmol) in MeOH (8 mL) were treated with cyclobutylamine (S-1) (93 mg, 1.2 eq, 1.31 mmol) and DIPEA (423 mg, 3 eq, 3.27 mmol) for 1 h at 60 °C. To the above mixture was added NaBH ₄ (83 mg, 2 eq, 2.18 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AH-1) (200 mg, 0.70 mmol, 65%, 93% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 285.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0567] Step 1: 2-{6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluorom ethyl) phenyl] pyridin- 2-yl}-6-[(cyclobutylamino)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-iso indol-1-one (AH-2). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 (AH-1) (137 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.48 mmol) and 2,6-dichloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] pyridine (V-6) (150 mg, 1 eq, 0.40 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) were added K ₃PO ₄ (256 mg, 3 eq, 1.21 mmol), XantPhos (47 mg, 0.2 eq, 0.08 mmol) and Pd ₂(dba) ₃ (37 mg, 0.1 eq, 0.04 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (70% ACN up to 80% in 10 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AH-2) (140 mg, 0.23 mmol, 56%, 96% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 621.2/623.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0568] Step 3: 2-{1-[(6-{6-[(cyclobutylamino)methyl]-1-oxo-4-(trifluorometh yl)-3H-isoindol-2- yl}-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] pyridin-2-yl) amino] cyclopropyl} acetonitrile (I-750). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 (AH-2) (60 mg, 1 eq, 97 µmol) and 2- (1-aminocyclopropyl) acetonitrile (U-1) (19 mg, 2 eq, 0.19 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) were added Cs ₂CO ₃ (94 mg, 3 eq, 0.29 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (16 mg, 0.2 eq, 19 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by TLC with dichloromethane/methanol (8/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 43% B to 73% B in 10 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 8.25). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-750 (13.8 mg, 0.02 mmol, 21%, 99.8% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 681.5 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.12 – 7.95 (m, 3H), 7.95 – 7.85 (m, 2H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 6.15 (d, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 3.21 – 3.12 (m, 1H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.13 – 1.99 (m, 2H), 1.78 – 1.47 (m, 4H), 0.95 – 0.65 (m, 4H). Example DD: (R)-3-(2-(6-((5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-yl)methyl)-1-oxo-4-(tr ifluoromethyl)isoindolin- 2-yl)-6-((3-cyano-2-hydroxypropyl) amino)pyridin-4-yl)-4-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (I-666) [0569] Step 1: 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4-(trifluor omethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl)-6-[(3-cyano-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]pyridin-4-y l]-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (AI-2). To a stirred solution of 3-[2-(6-{5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-ylmethyl}-1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)-6-chloropyridin-4-yl]-4- (4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (B- 6) (100 mg, 1 eq, 0.17 mmol) and 4-amino-3-hydroxybutanenitrile hydrochloride (AI-1) (27 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.20 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added Cs ₂CO ₃ (162 mg, 3 eq, 0.50 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. To the above mixture was added Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (14 mg, 0.1 eq, 17 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 90 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: Xselect CSH Prep Fluoro-Phenyl Column, 19*250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: MEOH; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 15% B to 25% B in 12min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm nm; RT: 9.35). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the sub-title compound (AI-2) (40 mg, 60 µmol, 36%, 99.8% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 668.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0570] Step 2: (R)-3-(2-(6-((5-azaspiro[2.4]heptan-5-yl)methyl)-1-oxo-4-(tr ifluoromethyl) isoindolin-2-yl)-6-((3-cyano-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)pyridin-4 -yl)-4-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)benzonitrile (I-666). The product from step 1 (AI-2) (80 mg, 1 eq, 0.12 mmol) was purified by CHIRAL-Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: JW-LUX-5UM Cellulose-4, 21.2*250 mm, 5 µm; Mobile Phase A: EtOH: MeOH = 3:1--HPLC, Mobile Phase B: Hex (0.5% 2M NH3-MeOH) --HPLC; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 60% B to 60% B in 32 min; Wave Length: 220/254 nm; RT: 23.72; Sample Solvent: EtOH:DCM = 1:1--HPLC; Injection Volume: 0.3 mL). The first eluting isomer fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-666 (15.8 mg, 24 µmol, 20%, 99.2% Purity) as a light yellow solid. m/z 668.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.14 – 8.03 (m, 2H), 7.96 (d, 2H), 7.84 (d, 1H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 6.93 (t, 1H), 6.16 (d, 1H), 5.57 (d, 1H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 4.02 – 4.93 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.42 (s, 4H), 3.31 – 3.23 (m, 1H), 2.73 – 2.64 (m, 3H), 2.61 – 2.53 (m, 1H), 2.46 (s, 2H), 1.77 (t, 2H), 0.51 (d, 4H). Example EE: (2R)-3-[(6'-{6-[(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)methyl]-1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-[3,4'-bipyrid in]-2'-yl)amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile (I-628)

[0571] Step 1: methyl 2',6'-dichloro-[3,4'-bipyridine]-4-carboxylate (AJ-2). To a stirred solution of methyl 3-bromopyridine-4-carboxylate (AJ-1) (5.00 g, 1 eq, 23.1 mmol) and 2,6-dichloropyridin-4- ylboronic acid (A-3) (4.4 g, 1 eq, 23.1 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (100 mL) and H2O (20 mL) were added K3PO4 (14.7 g, 3 eq, 69.4 mmol) and Pd(DtBPF)Cl ₂ (3.00 g, 0.2 eq, 4.63 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 60 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was applied on a silica gel column chromatography with petroleum ether/ ethyl acetate (3/1) to obtain the sub-title compound (AJ-2) (3.0 g, 10.5 mmol, 46%, 90% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 283.0/285.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0572] Step 2: 2',6'-dichloro-[3,4'-bipyridine]-4-carboxylic acid (AJ-3). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 (AJ-2) (6.00 g, 1 eq, 21.2 mmol) in THF (120 mL) and H ₂O (30 mL) was added LiOH (2.50 g, 5 eq, 106 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 60 °C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with water. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 2 with aq. of HCl (1M) at 0 °C. The solids were collected by filtration to obtain the sub-title compound (AJ-3). The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 269.0/271.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0573] Step 3: 2-(2',6'-dichloro-[3,4'-bipyridine]-4-carbonyl)-N-methylhydr azine-1- carbothioamide (AJ-4). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 (AJ-3) (5.00 g, 1 eq, 18.6 mmol) and 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (A-6) (2.90 g, 1.5 eq, 27.9 mmol) in THF (100 mL) were added T3P (50% in EA) (8.8 g, 50% Wt, 1.5 eq, 27.9 mmol) and DIPEA (12.0 g, 5 eq, 92.9 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x300 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the sub-title compound (AJ-4). The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 356.0/358.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0574] Step 4: 5-(2',6'-dichloro-[3,4'-bipyridin]-4-yl)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-t riazole-3-thiol (AJ-5). To the product from step 3 (AJ-4) (4.00 g, 1 eq, 11.2 mmol) was added the aq. sol. of NaHCO3 (1 M) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80 °C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the sub-title compound (AJ-5). The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 338.0/340.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0575] Step 5: 2',6'-dichloro-4-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-3,4'-bipyr idine (AJ-6). To a stirred solution of the product from step 4 (AJ-5) (50 mg, 1 eq, 0.15 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added H2O2 (25.1 mg, 30% Wt, 5 eq, 0.74 mmol) and AcOH (26.6 mg, 3 eq, 0.44 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 14% B to 24% B in 7 min, 24% B; Wave Length: 254 nm; RT: 6). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the sub-title compound (AJ-6) (26.2 mg, 0.09 mmol, 58%, 99.8% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 306.0/308.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0576] Step 6: 6-[(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2 ,3-dihydroisoindol-1- one (AJ-8). To a stirred mixture of 3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyd e (B-3) (300 mg, 1 eq, 1.31 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added 4,4-difluoropiperidine (AJ-7) (247 mg, 1.57 mmol, 1.2 eq) and TEA (795 mg, 6 eq, 7.85 mmol) and NaBH(OAc) ₃ (1.66 g, 6 eq, 7.85 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃) and ACN (20% ACN up to 50% in 30 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm to afford the sub-title compound (AJ-8) (150 mg, 0.45 mmol, 34%, 92% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 335.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0577] Step 7: 2-[6'-chloro-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-[3,4'-bipyridin ]-2'-yl]-6-[(4,4- difluoropiperidin-1-yl)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoind ol-1-one (AJ-9). To a stirred solution of the product from step 6 (AJ-8) (393 mg, 1.2 eq, 1.18 mmol) and the product from step 5 (AJ-6) (300 mg, 1 eq, 0.98 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) were added K3PO4 (624 mg, 3 eq, 2.94 mmol), Xantphos (113 mg, 0.2 eq, 0.20 mmol) and Pd2(dba)3 (90 mg, 0.1 eq, 0.10 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (50% ACN up to 60% in 10 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: Xbridge Phenyl OBD Column, 19*150 mm, 5 µm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: isocratic 20 - 50 B IN 20 MIN; Wave Length: 220/254 nm; RT: 15). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the sub-title compound (AJ-9) (8.7 mg, 14 µmol, 1.4%, 97.8% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 604.2/606.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0578] Step 8: tert-butyl N-(2-carbamoyl-2-methylethyl)carbamate (AJ-11). To a stirred mixture of 3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-methylpropanoic acid (AJ-10) (500 mg, 1 eq, 2.46 mmol) in THF (15 mL) were added HATU (1.40 g, 1.5 eq, 3.69 mmol) and DIPEA (636 mg, 2 eq, 4.92 mmol), NH4Cl (1.32 g, 10 eq, 24.6 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃) and ACN (20% ACN up to 50% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AJ-11) (475 mg, 2.35 mmol, 86%, 95% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 203.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0579] Step 9: tert-butyl N-(2-cyano-2-methylethyl)carbamate (AJ-12). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 8 (AJ-11) (200 mg, 1 eq, 0.99 mmol) in THF (2.8 mL) was added pyridine (240 uL), TFAA (246 uL, 1.79 eq, 1.77 mmol) in portions at 0 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 2 mL of ice water at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x80 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (20% ACN up to 50% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AJ-12) (170 mg, 0.92 mmol, 93%, 93% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 185.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0580] Step 10: 3-amino-2-methylpropanenitrile (AJ-13). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 9 (AJ-12) (740 mg, 1 eq, 4.02 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added TFA (5 mL) at 0 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude resulting mixture was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 85.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0581] Step 11: 3-[(6'-{6-[(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)methyl]-1-oxo-4-(trif luoromethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-[3,4'-bipyrid in]-2'-yl)amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile (AJ-14). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 7 (AJ-9) (60 mg, 1 eq, 0.10 mmol) and the product from step 10 (AJ-13) (10 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.12 mmol) in dioxane (2.5 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (65 mg, 2 eq, 0.20 mmol), RuPhos (19 mg, 0.4 eq, 0.04 mmol) and RuPhos Palladacycle Gen.3 (17 mg, 0.2 eq, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (15% ACN up to 50% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in crude as a white solid. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 40% B to 60% B in 9 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 8.9). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH ₃CN and H ₂O, and then was lyophilized to afford the sub- title compound (AJ-14) (9.1 mg, 14 µmol, 14%, 98.7% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 652.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0582] Step 12: (2R)-3-[(6'-{6-[(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)methyl]-1-oxo-4- (trifluoromethyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl}-4-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-[3,4'-bipyrid in]-2'-yl)amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile (I- 628). The the product from step 11 (AJ-14) (20 mg, 1 eq, 31 µmol) was purified by Prep-CHIRAL-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: JW-CHIRAL ART Cellulose-SC, 20*250 mm, 5 µm; Mobile Phase A: EtOH: DCM=1: 2--HPLC, Mobile Phase B: Hex--HPLC; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 35% B to 35% B in 14 min; Wave Length: 220/254 nm; RT2(min): 12.03). The second eluting isomer fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH ₃CN and H ₂O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-628 (4.2 mg, 6.4 µmol, 21%, 99.7% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 652.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.86 – 8.80 (m, 2H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, 2H), 7.69 (d, 1H), 7.48 (d, 1H), 7.41 (t, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.50 – 3.40 (m, 5H), 3.30 (d, 1H), 2.55 (d, 4H), 2.04 – 1.93 (m, 4H), 1.27 (d, 3H). Column: CHIRALPAK IC‐3, 4.6*50 mm, 3 μm; Mobile Phase: Hex(0.1%DEA) :(EtOH: DCM=1:2) = 40:60, Flow rate: 1 mL/min; RT2: 2.554. Absolute stereochemistry arbitrarily assigned. Example FF: 4-([6-(6-(6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl-1-oxo-4-(trifluoro methyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl)- 4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ]pyridin-2-yl]aminobutanenitrile (I-634) [0583] Step 1: N-[6-(6-(6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl-1-oxo-4-(trifluorom ethyl)-3H-isoindol- 2-yl)-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]pyridin-2-yl]-N-(3- cyanopropyl)carbamate (AK-1). To a stirred solution of 6-(6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl-2-(6-chloro- 4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ]pyridin-2-yl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H- isoindol-1-one (V-9) (80 mg, 1 eq, 0.12 mmol) and tert-butyl N-(3-cyanopropyl)carbamate (C-10) (33 mg, 1.5 eq, 0.18 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (118 mg, 3 eq, 0.36 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI- IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (10 mg, 0.1 eq, 12 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional overnight at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The residue was dissolved in DMF (2 mL). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min mL/min; Gradient: 76% B to 77% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 6.62). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the sub-title compound (AK-1) (14.5 mg, 19 µmol, 15%, 99.1% Purity) as an off-white solid. m/z 809.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0584] Step 2: 4-([6-(6-(6-azaspiro[3.4]octan-6-ylmethyl-1-oxo-4-(trifluoro methyl)-3H-isoindol- 2-yl)-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]pyridin-2-yl]aminobutanenitrile (I-634). A solution of the product from step 1 (AK-1) (50 mg, 1 eq, 62 µmol) and FA (1 mL) in DCM (1 mL) was stirred for overnight at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in DMF (2mL). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: X-Select Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 50% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220 nm; RT: 6.56). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford to afford the title compound I-634 (13.6 mg, 19 µmol, 30%, 96.1% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 709.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.03 – 7.99 (m, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.90 – 7.85 (m, 2H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 6.94 (t, 1H), 6.07 (d, 1H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 3.30 (s, 2H), 2.54 (d, 6H), 1.97 – 1.90 (m, 4H), 1.84 (t, 4H), 1.80 – 1.70 (m, 2H). Example GG: 4-((6-(4-fluoro-6-(((2-methoxyethyl)amino)methyl)-1-oxoisoin dolin-2-yl)-4-(2-(4- methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyri din-2-yl)amino)butanenitrile (I-768) [0585] Step 1: 4-fluoro-6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)amino]methyl}-2,3-dihydroisoind ol-1-one (AL-1). A solution of 7-fluoro-3-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyde (AC-5) (300 mg, 1.68 mmol, 1 eq) and 2-methoxyethan-1-amine (K-2) (126 mg, 1 eq, 1.68 mmol) in MeOH (8 mL) was stirred for 1 h at 60°C. To the above mixture was added NaBH ₄ (317 mg, 5 eq, 8.38 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 2 mL of methyl alcohol at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by Prep- TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AL-1) (170 mg, 0.71 mmol, 43%, 95% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 239.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0586] Step 2: 4-((6-(4-fluoro-6-(((2-methoxyethyl)amino)methyl)-1-oxoisoin dolin-2-yl)-4-(2-(4- methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyri din-2-yl)amino)butanenitrile (I-768). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 (AL-1) (25 mg, 1 eq, 0.11 mmol) and 4-({6-chloro-4-[2-(4- methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridin -2-yl}amino)butanenitrile (AA-5) (44 mg, 1 eq, 0.11 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (171 mg, 5 eq, 0.53 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI- IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (26 mg, 0.3 eq, 32 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: xBridge Prep Phenyl 5 μm OBD 19*250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: isocratic 35%B - 65%B IN 20 MIN; Wave Length: 220/254 nm; RT: 14). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-768 (21.9 mg, 35 µmol, 33 %, 99.7% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 623.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.04 – 7.97 (m, 1H), 7.91 – 7.84 (m, 2H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.52 – 7.40 (m, 2H), 6.94 (t, 1H), 6.08 (d, 1H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 3.41 (d, 3H), 3.39 (s, 2H), 3.37 (d, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.63 (t, 2H), 2.55 (t, 2H), 1.90 – 1.80 (m, 2H). Example HH: 3-(5-{4-[1-(2-{6-cyclopropyl-4-[4-fluoro-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-t riazol-3-yl) phenyl] pyridin-2-yl}-3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-isoindol-5-yl)-5, 8,11-trioxa-2-azatetradecan-14-yl] piperazin-1-yl}-1-oxo-3H-isoindol-2-yl) piperidine-2,6-dione (I-837)

[0587] Step 1: tert-butyl N-(2-{2-[2-(3-hydroxypropoxy) ethoxy] ethoxy} ethyl) carbamate (AM- 2). To a stirred solution of 3-[2-(2-{2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino] ethoxy} ethoxy) ethoxy] propanoic acid (AM-1) (2.00 g, 1 eq, 6.22 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added BH ₃ in THF (1 M) (15.6 mL, 2.5 eq, 15.6 mmol) dropwise at 0°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of ice water at 0°C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by Prep- TLC with dichloromethane/ methyl alcohol (8/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AM-2) (1.50 g, 4.88 mmol, 78%, 90% Purity) as a colorless oil. m/z 308.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0588] Step 2: tert-butyl N-(2-{2-[2-(3-oxopropoxy) ethoxy] ethoxy} ethyl) carbamate (AM-3). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 (AM-2) (800 mg, 1 eq, 2.60 mmol) in EA (15 mL) was added IBX (1.09 g, 1.5 eq, 3.91 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 h at 60 °C. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by TLC with dichloromethane/methanol (8/1) to afford the sub- title compound (AM-3) (450 mg, 1.47 mmol, 57%, 92% Purity) as a colorless oil. m/z 306.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0589] Step 3: tert-butyl N-(2-{2-[2-(3-{4-[2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1-oxo-3H-isoin dol-5-yl] piperazin-1-yl} propoxy) ethoxy]ethoxy} ethyl) carbamate (AM-5). To a stirred solution of the product from step 2 (AM-3) (279 mg, 3 eq, 0.92 mmol) and 3-[1-oxo-5-(piperazin-1-yl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl] piperidine-2,6-dione (AM-4) (100 mg, 1 eq, 0.31 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) were added TEA (185 mg, 6 eq, 1.83 mmol) and NaBH(OAc)3 (387 mg, 6 eq, 1.83 mmol) in portions at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 2 mL of methyl alcohol at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (40% ACN up to 50% in 10 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AM-5) (120 mg, 0.19 mmol, 64%, 94% Purity) as a colorless oil. m/z 618.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0590] Step 4: 3-{5-[4-(3-{2-[2-(2-aminoethoxy) ethoxy] ethoxy} propyl) piperazin-1-yl]-1-oxo- 3H-isoindol-2-yl} piperidine-2,6-dione (AM-6). A solution of the product from step 3 (AM-5) (115 mg, 1 eq, 0.19 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) and HCl (gas) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL, 1 M) was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 518.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0591] Step 5: Methyl 2-(2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-5-fluorobenzoate (AM-8). Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed methyl 2- bromo-5-fluorobenzoate (AM-7) (4.20 g, 1 Eq, 18.0 mmol) and 2,6-dichloropyridin-4-ylboronic acid (A- 3) (3.46 g, 1 Eq, 18.0 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (150mL) and water (30 mL), then Pd(DtBPF)Cl ₂ (1.17 g, 0.1 Eq, 1.80 mmol) and K ₂CO ₃ (7.47 g, 3 Eq, 54.1 mmol) were added at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was stirred for overnight at 60 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x300 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃) and MeCN (26% MeCN up to 52% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AM-8) (2.50 g, 8.36 mmol, 46%, 89% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 300.0/302.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0592] Step 6: 2-(2,6-Dichloropyridin-4-yl)-5-fluorobenzoic acid (AM-9). Into a 250-mL round- bottom flask, was placed the product from step 5 above (AM-8) (2.50 g, 1 Eq, 8.33 mmol) in THF (100 mL) and water (25 mL), then LiOH (600 mg, 3 Eq, 25.0 mmol) was added at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 60 °C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AM-9) (2.20 g, 7.72 mmol, 92%, 83% Purity) as a brown yellow solid. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 286.0/288.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0593] Step 7: 2-(2-(2,6-Dichloropyridin-4-yl)-5-fluorobenzoyl)-N-methylhyd razine-1- carbothioa mide (AM-10). Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed the product from step 6 above (AM-9) (1.60 g, 1 Eq, 5.59 mmol) and 1-amino-3-methylthiourea (A-6) (710 mg, 1.2 Eq, 6.71 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) at room temperature. Then T3P in EA (7.12 g, 50% Wt, 4 Eq, 22.4 mmol) and DIPEA (2.17 g, 3 Eq, 16.8 mmol) were added at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred for overnight at 60 °C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% FA) and MeCN (23% MeCN up to 46% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. The product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated in vacuo. This resulted in the sub- title compound (AM-10) (810 g, 2.18 mmol, 39%, 95% Purity) as brown yellow solid. m/z 373.0/375.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0594] Step 8: 5-(2-(2,6-Dichloropyridin-4-yl)-5-fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-4H- 1,2,4-triazole-3- thiol (AM-11). Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed the product from step 7 above (AM-10) (800 mg, 1 Eq, 2.14 mmol) in sat. NaHCO3 solution (20 mL,1 M) at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred for overnight at 60 °C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AM-11) (700 mg, 1.97 mmol, crude, 85% Purity) as a brown solid. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 355.0/357.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0595] Step 9: 2,6-Dichloro-4-(4-fluoro-2-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)p henyl)pyridine (AM- 12). Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed the product from step 8 above (AM-11) (700 mg, 1 Eq, 1.97 mmol) in DCM (20 mL), then H ₂O ₂ (335 mg, 30% Wt, 5 Eq, 9.90 mmol) and AcOH (237 mg, 2 Eq, 3.94 mmol) were added at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane (3x80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x80 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. This resulted in the sub-title compound (AM-12) (650 mg, 2.02 mmol, crude) as brown solid. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification. m/z 323.0/325.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0596] Step 10: 2-Chloro-6-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluoro-2-(4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tria zol-3-yl)phenyl) pyridine (AM-14). Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed the product from step 9 (AM-6) (650 mg, 1 Eq, 2.01 mmol), cyclopropylboronic acid (AM-13) (207 mg, 1.2 Eq, 2.41 mmol) and K3PO4 (1.28 g, 3 Eq, 6.03 mmol) in toluene (15 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Then Pd(OAc)2 (59 mg, 0.13 Eq, 261 µmol) and tricyclohexylphosphane (73 mg, 0.13 Eq, 261 µmol) were added at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 110 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). This resulted in the sub-title compound (AM-14) (310 mg, 945 µmol, 47%, 90% Purity) as a brown yellow solid. m/z 329.1/331.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0597] Step 11: 2-{6-cyclopropyl-4-[4-fluoro-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) phenyl]pyridin-2- yl}-6- (hydroxymethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-1-one (AM-15). To a stirred solution of the product from step 10 (AM-14) (45 mg, 1 eq, 0.14 mmol), 6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3- dihydroisoindol-1-one (E-1) (38 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.16 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (134 mg, 3 eq, 0.41 mmol) in 1,4- dioxane (3 mL) were added RuPhos Palladacycle Gen.3 (23 mg, 0.2 eq, 27 µmol) and Ruphos (26 mg, 0.4 eq, 55 µmol) at roomtemperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 ^oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (15/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: Sunfire prep C18 column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 34% B to 64% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254/220 nm; RT: 6.3). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH ₃CN and H ₂O, and then was lyophilized to afford the sub-title compound (AM-15) (19.4 mg, 37 µmol, 27%, 99% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 524.0 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0598] Step 12: 6-(chloromethyl)-2-{6-cyclopropyl-4-[4-fluoro-2-(4-methyl-1, 2,4-triazol-3- yl)phenyl] pyridin-2-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-1-one (AM-16). To a stirred solution of the product from step 11 (AM-15)) (40 mg, 1 eq, 76 µmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added SOCl ₂ (14 mg, 1.5 eq, 0.11 mmol) at 0 ^oC. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at roomtemperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 1 mL of ice water at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (15/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AM- 16) (25 mg, 44 µmol, 60%, 95% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 542.1/544.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0599] Step 13: 3-(5-{4-[1-(2-{6-cyclopropyl-4-[4-fluoro-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-t riazol-3-yl) phenyl] pyridin-2-yl}-3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-isoindol-5-yl)-5, 8,11-trioxa-2-azatetradecan-14-yl] piperazin-1-yl}-1-oxo-3H-isoindol-2-yl) piperidine-2,6-dione; formic acid (I-837). To a stirred solution of the product from step 4 (AM-6) (43 mg, 1.5 eq, 83 µmol) and the product from step 12 (AM-15) (30 mg, 1 eq, 55 µmol) in NMP (5 mL) was added K2CO3 (77 mg, 10 eq, 0.55 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (10% ACN up to 40% in 15 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: Xselect CSH Prep Column, 19*250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 15% B to 33% B in 12min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 7.35). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-837 (4.4 mg, 4.3 µmol, 7.2%, 90.7% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 1023.6 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.94 (s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 0.650H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, 2H), 7.79 – 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.61 (t, 2H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, 2H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 5.10 – 5.01 (m, 1H), 4.35 – 4.12 (m, 2H), 3.92 (s, 2H), 3.50 (d, 7H), 3.48 – 3.45 (m, 2H), 3.42 (d, 6H), 3.23 (d, 5H), 2.96 – 2.84 (m, 1H), 2.66 (t, 2H), 2.59 (d, 1H), 2.45 (t, 3H), 2.39 – 2.28 (m, 3H), 2.09 – 1.90 (m, 2H), 1.70 – 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.05 – 0.78 (m, 4H). Example II: (2S,4R)-1-((S)-2-(7-(((2-(6-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluoro-2-(4-met hyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3- yl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)isoindolin- 5-yl)methyl)amino)heptanamido)-3,3- dimethylbutanoyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((S)-1-(4-(4-methylthiazol-5-y l)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide (I-838) [0600] Step 1: (2S,4R)-1-((S)-2-(7-(((2-(6-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluoro-2-(4-met hyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol- 3-yl)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)isoindoli n-5-yl)methyl)amino) heptanamido)-3,3- dimethylbutanoyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((S)-1-(4-(4-methylthiazol-5-y l)phenyl) ethyl)pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide (I-838). To a stirred solution of (2S,4R)-1-[(2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[7-({[3-oxo-7- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroisoindol-5-yl]methyl}amino)hept anamido]butanoyl]-4-hydroxy-N-[(1S)-1- [4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl]pyrrolidine-2-car boxamide (AD-4) (50 mg, 1 eq, 64 µmol) and 2-chloro-6-cyclopropyl-4-[4-fluoro-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol -3-yl)phenyl]pyridine (AM-14) (21 mg, 1 eq, 64 µmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2.5 mL) were added Cs ₂CO ₃ (104 mg, 5 eq, 0.32 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (16 mg, 0.3 eq, 19 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (8/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: Xselect CSH Prep Fluoro-Phenyl Column, 19*250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: MEOH; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 48% B to 78% B in 12min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 9.2). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-838 (18.4 mg, 17 µmol, 26 %, 98.8% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 1077.6 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.38 (d, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 8.02 – 7.96 (m, 2H), 7.81 – 7.70 (m, 2H), 7.61 (t, 2H), 7.44 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, 2H), 6.82 (d, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 4.97 – 4.87 (m, 1H), 4.52 (d, 1H), 4.42 (t, 1H), 4.28 (t, 1H), 3.89 (s, 2H), 3.60 (d, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 2.47 (d, 4H), 2.31 – 2.20 (m, 1H), 2.15 – 1.97 (m, 3H), 1.94 – 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.56 – 1.41 (m, 4H), 1.37 (d, 3H), 1.34 – 1.19 (m, 4H), 1.00 – 0.90 (m, 13H). Example JJ: 2-(1-{[6-(4-fluoro-6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)amino]methyl}-1-oxo-3 H-isoindol-2-yl)-5'-(4- methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2'-(trifluoromethyl)-[4,4'-bipyri din]-2-yl]amino}cyclopropyl) acetonitrile (I-826) [0601] Step 1: 2-[6-chloro-5'-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2'-(trifluorome thyl)-[4,4'-bipyridin]- 2-yl]-4-fluoro-6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)amino]methyl}-3H-isoindol -1-one (AO-1). To a stirred solution of 4-fluoro-6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)amino]methyl}-2,3-dihydroisoind ol-1-one (AL-1) (100 mg, 1 eq, 0.42 mmol), 2',6'-dichloro-5-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-(trifluorom ethyl)-4,4'-bipyridine (W-6) (236 mg, 1.5 eq, 0.63 mmol) and K3PO4 (267 mg, 3 eq, 1.26 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) were added Pd2(dba)3 (43 mg, 0.1 eq, 42 µmol) and XantPhos (49 mg, 0.2 eq, 84 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (50% ACN up to 80% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm to afford the sub- title compound (AO-1) (120 mg, 0.21 mmol, 50%, 95% Purity) as white solid. m/z 576.1/578.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0602] Step 2: 2-(1-{[6-(4-fluoro-6-{[(2-methoxyethyl)amino]methyl}-1-oxo-3 H-isoindol-2-yl)-5'- (4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2'-(trifluoromethyl)-[4,4'-bip yridin]-2- yl]amino}cyclopropyl)acetonitrile (I-826). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 (AO-1) (80 mg, 1 eq, 0.14 mmol), 2-(1-aminocyclopropyl)acetonitrile (U-1) (27 mg, 2 eq, 0.28 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (136 mg, 3 eq, 0.42 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was added Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o- picoline) (12 mg, 0.1 eq, 14 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 h at 80°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: MeCN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 53% B in 10 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 7.45). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-826 (15.7 mg, 25 µmol, 18%, 98.6% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 636.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.03 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, 3H), 7.53 – 7.48 (m, 1H), 6.23 (s, 1H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.41 (t, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H),2.97 (s, 2H), 2.64 (t, 2H), 0.88 (d, 2H), 0.78 – 0.73 (m, 2H). Example KK: 2-(1-{[(6-{6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-1-oxo-4-(trifluorome thyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl}- 4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ]pyridin-2-yl)amino]methyl} cyclopropyl) acetonitrile (I-827) [0603] Step 1: 6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydro isoindol-1-one (AP- 2). A mixture of 3-oxo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyd e (B-3) (300 mg, 1 eq, 1.31 mmol), cyclopentanamine (AP-1) (167 mg, 1.5 eq, 1.96 mmol) and DIPEA (508 mg, 3 eq, 3.93 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was stirred for 1 h at 60 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. To the above mixture was added NaBH4 (149 mg, 3 eq, 3.93 mmol) in portions at 0 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The reactoin solution was stirred at room temperture for 1 h. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 2 mL of methyl alcohol at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AP-2) (250 mg, 0.84 mmol, 64%, 93% Purity) as a brown solid. m/z 299.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0604] Step 2: 2-{6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluorom ethyl) phenyl] pyridin- 2-yl}-6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-is oindol-1-one (AP-3). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 1 (AP-2) (200 mg, 1 eq, 0.67 mmol) and 2,6-dichloro-4-[2-(4-methyl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] pyridine (V-6) (300 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.80 mmol) and K ₃PO ₄ (427 mg, 3 eq, 2.01 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) were added Pd ₂(dba) ₃ (61 mg, 0.1 eq 67 µmol,) and XantPhos (78 mg, 0.2 eq, 0.13 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (60% ACN up to 70% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm to afford the sub-title compound (AP-3) (300 mg, 0.47 mmol, 70%, 95% Purity) as a yellow solid. m/z 635.2/637.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0605] Step 3: 2-(1-{[(6-{6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-1-oxo-4-(trifluorome thyl)-3H-isoindol-2- yl}-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] pyridin-2-yl) amino] methyl} cyclopropyl) acetonitrile (I-827). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 2 (AP-3) (50 mg, 0.079 mmol, 1 equiv) and 2-[1-(aminomethyl)cyclopropyl]acetonitrile (AP-4) (17 mg, 2 eq, 0.16 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (77 mg, 3 eq, 0.24 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) was added Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o- picoline) (13 mg, 0.2 eq, 16 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 100°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. T The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (8/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 52% B to 72% B in 10 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220 nm; RT: 7.2). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-827 (11.5 mg, 16 µmol, 21%, 99.5% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 709.4 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d6) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), δ 8.30 (s, 0.475H), 8.05 – 7.98 (m, 3H), 7.92 – 7.86 (m, 2H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 7.02 (t, 1H), 6.15 (d, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 3.36 (d, 2H), 3.02 (q, 1H), 2.60 (s, 2H), 1.75 – 1.61 (m, 4H), 1.49 – 1.34 (m, 4H), 0.64 (t, 2H), 0.55 (t, 2H). Example LL: 2-{1-[(6-{6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromet hyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl}-4- [2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]p yridin-2-yl)amino]cyclopropyl} acetonitrile (I-828) [0606] Step 1: 2-{1-[(6-{6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-1-oxo-4-(trifluoromet hyl)-3H-isoindol-2- yl}-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] pyridin-2-yl) amino] cyclopropyl} acetonitrile (I-828). To a stirred mixture of 2-{6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] pyridin-2-yl}-6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethy l)-3H-isoindol-1- one (AP-3) (50 mg, 1 eq, 79 µmol), 2-(1-aminocyclopropyl) acetonitrile (U-1) (15 mg, 2 eq, 0.16 mmol) and Cs ₂CO ₃ (77 mg, 3 eq, 0.24 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) was added Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (13 mg, 0.2 eq, 16 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (8/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column, 30*150 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 50% B to 70% B in 10 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220nm; RT: 7.47). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH ₃CN and H ₂O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-828 (16.5 mg, 24 µmol, 29%, 97.1% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 695.3 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d6) δ 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.06 – 8.00 (m, 3H), 7.93 – 7.87 (m, 2H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 6.15 (d, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 3.43 (s, 3H), 3.06 – 2.98 (m, 1H), 2.91 (s, 2H), 1.75 – 1.62 (m, 4H), 1.49 – 1.35 (m, 4H), 0.84 (d, 2H), 0.76 (d, 2H). Example MM: 4-({6-[4-fluoro-1-oxo-6-({[(1s,3s)-3-methoxycyclobutyl] amino}methyl)-3H-isoindol- 2-yl]-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}amino)butanenitrile (I-800)

[0607] Step 1: 4-fluoro-6-({[(1s,3s)-3-methoxycyclobutyl]amino}methyl)-2,3- dihydroisoindol-1- one (AR-1). To a stirred solution of 7-fluoro-3-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoindole-5-carbaldehyde (AC-5) (200 mg, 1.116 mmol, 1 equiv) and (1s,3s)-3-methoxycyclobutan-1-amine (AA-1) (136 mg, 1.2 eq, 1.34 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added DIPEA (721 mg, 5 eq, 5.58 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 60 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. To the above mixture was added NaBH4 (211 mg, 5 eq, 5.58 mmol) in portions at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 2 mL of methyl alcohol at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1) to afford the sub-title compound (AR-1) (180 mg, 0.68 mmol, 56%, 92% Purity) as a off- white solid. m/z 265.1 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0608] Step 2: 4-({6-[4-fluoro-1-oxo-6-({[(1s,3s)-3-methoxycyclobutyl]amino }methyl)-3H- isoindol-2-yl]-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluo romethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2- yl}amino)butanenitrile (I-800). To a stirred mixture of the product from step 1 (AR-1) (70 mg, 1 eq, 0.26 mmol) and 4-({6-chloro-4-[2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoro methyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}amino) butanenitrile (AA-5) (134 mg, 1.2 eq, 0.32 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (259 mg, 3 eq, 0.80 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (44 mg, 0.2 eq, 52 µmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: xBridge Prep Phenyl 5 μm OBD 19*250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH ₄HCO ₃), Mobile Phase B: MEOH; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: isocratic 35%B - 65%B IN 20 MIN; Wave Length: 220/254 nm; RT: 13). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH ₃CN and H ₂O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-800 (16.2 mg, 25 µmol, 9.4%, 99.9% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 649.5 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.52 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.04 – 7.97 (m, 1H), 7.91 – 7.83 (m, 2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.51 – 7.42 (m, 2H), 6.93 (t, 1H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 3.54 – 3.43 (m, 1H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 3.30 (s, 1H), 3.10 (d, 3H), 2.76 – 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.55 (t, 2H), 2.46 – 2.38 (m, 2H), 1.90 – 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.61 – 1.50 (m, 2H). Example NN: (3S)-4-[(6-{6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-1-oxo-4-(trifluorom ethyl)-3H-isoindol-2-yl}- 4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]pyridin-2- yl)amino]-3-hydroxybutanenitrile (I- 790) [0609] Step 1: 2-{6-chloro-4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pheny l]pyridin-2-yl}-6- [(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-isoindol-1 -one (AS-1). To a stirred mixture of 2,6- dichloro-4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl] pyridine (AG-6) (350 mg, 1 eq, 1.10 mmol) and 6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-4-(trifluorome thyl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-one (AP-2) (327 mg, 1 eq, 1.10 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane(10ml) were added Pd2(dba)3 (201 mg, 0.2 eq, 0.22 mmol), XantPhos (254 mg, 0.4 eq, 0.44 mmol) and K3PO4 (698 mg, 3 eq, 3.29 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by reverse flash column chromatography with the following conditions: Column, C18; mobile phase, Water (0.1% NH4HCO3) and ACN (30% ACN up to 70% in 20 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in the sub- title compound (AS-1) (300 mg, 0.52 mmol, 47%, 90% Purity) as a white solid. m/z 581.2/583.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). [0610] Step 2: (3S)-4-[(6-{6-[(cyclopentylamino)methyl]-1-oxo-4-(trifluorom ethyl)-3H-isoindol- 2-yl}-4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl]pyri din-2-yl)amino]-3-hydroxybutanenitrile (I-790). To a stirred solution of the product from step 1 (AS-1) (65 mg, 1 eq, 0.11 mmol) and (3S)-4-amino- 3-hydroxybutanenitrile (AS-2) (11 mg, 1 eq, 0.11 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) were added Cs ₂CO ₃ (182 mg, 5 eq, 0.56 mmol) and Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl 2-methylpyridine (o-picoline) (28 mg, 0.3 eq, 34 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC with dichloromethane/methyl alcohol (10/1). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (Column: XBridge Prep Phenyl Column, 19*250 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.1% NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 36% B to 66% B in 7 min; Wave Length: 254nm/220 nm; RT: 6.48). The fraction was collected and concentrated under vacuum, the residue was re-dissolved in CH3CN and H2O, and then was lyophilized to afford the title compound I-790 (8.9 mg, 14 µmol, 12%, 99.0% Purity) as a light yellow solid. m/z 645.2 (M+H) ⁺ (ES+). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, 2H), 7.51 – 7.32 (m, 4H), 6.83 (t, 1H), 6.07 (d, 1H), 5.56 (d, 1H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 3.91 – 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.27 (d, 2H), 2.96 – 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.75 – 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.57 (d, 1H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 1.77 – 1.57 (m, 4H), 1.30 – 1.51 (m, 4H). [0611] The following compounds in Table 4 were prepared according to methods analogous to those mentioned above. Table 4. Characterization Data of Further Compounds of the Invention , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , I , , I , , I , , , , I , , , I , , I , , I , , , I , , , , I , , , , , I , I , , , I , , , , , I , , , I , , , I , , , , I , , , I , , , I , , , I , , , , I , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , O H , N N , , N ^N , N , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Example V: Biochemical Assays Cbl-b Biochemical Assay (TR-FRET) [0612] Recombinant human Cbl-b (aa 36-427) was expressed in E coli, purified and biotinylated in vitro. The protein was diluted to 12nM in freshly prepared assay buffer consisting of 50mM HEPES, pH 7.0, 100mM NaCl, 5mM MgCl2, 0.01% Triton-X 100, 0.01% BSA and 1mM DTT. Recombinant human Src (aa 254-536)-GSSGSS-Zap-70 (aa 281-297) fusion protein was expressed in Ecoli and purified. Protein was diluted in assay buffer to 2-5nM and supplemented with ATP to 1mM. Fluorescein-BODIPY labeled UBED2D(C85K)-Ub was prepared by conjugating ubiquitin (Ub) labeled at its N-terminus with Fluorescein-BODIPY maleimide (ThermoFisher Catalog no B10250) to E.coli expressed and purified UBED2D(C85K) [see Dou et al Nature Structural and Molecular Biology 8: 982-987, 2013]. Recombinant human UBE2D2(C85K) was expressed in E coli, purified and ubiquitinated and Bodipy labelled in vitro. Protein was diluted to 200nM in assay buffer without MgCl2 (or Cisbio PPI buffer). Streptavidin-Terbium was added to 2nM and EDTA to 10mM, to provide a binding assay mix. Compounds were dissolved in DMSO and diluted to prepare a ten-point dilution series. 100nl of each compound concentration was dispensed in duplicate in a 384 well black assay plate using acoustic dispensing. Wells for maximum signal controls received 100nl of DMSO only and wells for minimum signalcontrols received 100nl of a reference inhibitor compound at a final assay concentration of 100mM to produce 100% inhibition. 5µl of diluted Cbl-b enzyme was added to all wells of the assay plate and incubated at RT for 30-60 min. The enzyme assay was initiated by addition of 5µl of Src-Zap/ATP mix to all wells, and the plate incubated at RT for 60 min. The enzyme reaction was terminated and the binding reaction was initiated by adding 10µl of binding assay mix to all wells and incubating the plate at RT for 60 min prior to assay read. Final assay conditions consisted of 6 nM Cbl-b, 1-2.5 nM Src-Zap70, 0.5 mM ATP, 1% (v/v) DMSO (enzyme reaction) and 100 nM UBE2D2(C85K)-Ub-FL-BODIPY, 5mM EDTA, 1 nM Streptavidin-Tb (binding reaction). The HTRF assay signal was measured at 520nm on an Envision plate reader, with reference signal at 485 or 620nm. Data was normalized using maximum and minimum assay controls: % Inhibition =100-(100*((maximum control) - unknown) / (maximum control - minimum control)). A 4-parameter dose-response equation was used to fit the normalized dose-response data and derive an IC50 for test compounds. c-Cbl Biochemical Assay (TR-FRET) [0613] Recombinant human c-Cbl (aa 47-435) was expressed in E coli, purified and biotinylated in vitro. The protein was diluted to 12nM in freshly prepared assay buffer consisting of 50mM HEPES, pH 7.0, 100mM NaCl, 5mM MgCl2, 0.01% Triton-X 100, 0.01% BSA and 1mM DTT. Recombinant human Src (aa 254-536)-GSSGSS-Zap-70 (aa 281-297) fusion protein was expressed in E coli and purified. Protein was diluted in assay buffer to 5-20nM and ATP was added to 1mM. Recombinant human UBE2D2(C85K) was expressed in E coli, purified and ubiquitinated and Bodipy labelled in vitro. Protein was diluted to 200nM in assay buffer without MgCl2 (or Cisbio PPI buffer). Streptavidin-Terbium was added to 2nM and EDTA to 10mM, to provide a binding assay mix. Compounds were dissolved in DMSO and diluted to prepare a ten-point half log dilution series. 100nl of each compound concentration was dispensed in duplicate in a 384 well black assay plate using acoustic dispensing. Wells for maximum signal controls received 100nl of DMSO only and wells for minimum controls received 100nl of a reference inhibitor compound at a final assay concentration of 100mM to produce 100% inhibition. 5µl of diluted c-Cbl enzyme was added to all wells of the assay plate and incubated at RT for 30 min. The enzyme assay was initiated by addition of 5µl of Src-Zap/ATP mix to all wells, and the plate incubated at RT for 60-90 min. The enzyme reaction was terminated and the binding reaction was initiated by adding 10µl of binding assay mix to all wells and incubating the plate at RT for 60 min prior to assay read. Final assay conditions consisted of 6 nM c-Cbl, 2.5-10 nM Src-Zap70, 0.5 mM ATP, 1% (v/v) DMSO (enzyme reaction) and 100 nM UBE2D2(C85K)-Ub-FL-BODIPY, 5mM EDTA, 1 nM Streptavidin-Tb (binding reaction). The HTRF assay signal was measured at 520nm on an Envision plate reader, with reference signal at 485 or 620nm. Data was normalized using maximum and minimum assay controls: % Inhibition =100-(100*((maximum control) - unknown) / (maximum control - minimum control)). A 4-parameter dose-response equation was used to fit the normalized dose-response data and derive an IC ₅₀ for test compounds. [0614] Table 5A and 5B shows the IC ₅₀ of selected compounds of this invention in the TR-FRET biochemical assays. Compound activity designations have the following values: A (≤ 0.5 µM); B (0.5 to ≤ 5 µM); C (5 to ≤ 20 µM); and D (> 20 µM). Table 5A. Cbl-b and c-Cbl Biochemical Assay (TR-FRET) Results

Table 5B. Cbl-b and c-Cbl Biochemical Assay (TR-FRET) Results [0615] Cbl-b / c-Cbl selectivity of select compounds of this invention are shown in Table 6A and 6B. Table 6. Cbl-b / c-Cbl Selectivity

Table 6B. Cbl-b / c-Cbl Selectivity

[0616] While we have described a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that our examples may be altered to provide other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the appended claims rather than by the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of example.

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