RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application is a continuation in part of co-pending United States Patent Application no. 10/809,310, filed 26 March 2004 and entitled CCFL Illuminated Device and Method of Use, the entire contents of which are incorporated by this reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] This invention relates generally to miniature cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) and other miniature fluorescent lamps, associated devices and methods of use, and more specifically, to lighting devices utilizing CCFL-type devices in conjunction with novel connectors, mounting brackets, housings and other accessories to provide new an unique lighting devices and methods of using them, all of which offer significant savings in cost, operating expense, power consumption and retrofit convenience.

[0003] Electrically powered exit signs, traffic signals, task lights and other devices are widely used. Fluorescent lamps are used to provide illumination in typical electrical devices for general lighting purposes because they are more efficient than incandescent bulbs in producing light. A fluorescent lamp is a low pressure gas discharge source, in which light is produced predominantly by fluorescent powders activated by ultraviolet energy generated by a mercury plasma forming in an arc. The lamp, usually in the form of a tubular bulb with an electrode sealed into each end, contains mercury vapor at low pressure with a small amount of inert gas for starting. The inner walls of the bulb are coated with fluorescent powders commonly called phosphors. When the proper voltage is applied, the plasma forming an arc is produced by current flowing between the electrodes through the mercury vapor. This discharge generates some visible radiation. The ultraviolet in turn excites the phosphors to emit light.

[0004] Two electrodes are hermetically sealed into the bulb, one at each end. These electrodes are designed for operating as either "cold" or "hot" cathodes or electrodes, more correctly called glow or arc modes of discharge operation. Electrodes for glow or cold cathode operation may consist of closed-end metal cylinders, generally coated on the inside with an emissive material. Conventional cold cathode lamps operate at a current on the order of a few hundred milliamperes, with a high cathode fall or voltage drop, something in excess of 50 volts. CCFLs are not appreciably affected by starting frequency because of the type of electrode used CCFLs emit light in the same way as to standard hot electrode lamps. The latter type operate as normal glow discharges and their electrodes are uncoated hollow cylinders of nickel or iron. The cathode fall is high and to obtain high efficacy or power for general lighting purposes, conventional lamps are made fairly long, about 2 - 8 feet, with a diameter of about 25 - 40 millimeters. About 2000 volts is required for starting these conventional lamps and about 900 to 1000 volts for running.

[0005] The advantages of CCFLs compared with the hot electrode fluorescent lamps are that they have a very long life (usually) 15000 hours or more) in consequence of their rugged electrodes, lack of filament and low current consumption. They start immediately, even under cold ambient conditions. Their life is unaffected by the number of starts. Also, they may be dimmed to very low levels of light output.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,265 issued Mar. 17, 1987 to Holtzman teaches an illuminating lamp assembly for retrofitting an exit sign. This invention is directed towards a retrofit system with a rotatably threaded electrical connector for interfacing with an existing standard home- type incandescent light bulb electrical socket and a standard non-CCFL bulb and retaining arms configuration horizontally and rotatably mounted to the electrical connector.

[0007] U.S. Pat, No. 5,018,290 issued May 28, 1991 to Kozek et al. teaches an exit sign with a plurality of low voltage incandescent lamps mounted on a printed circuit board to provide illumination from within a housing. Stenciled images are used on the external, semi- transparent housing surfaces.

[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 5,365,411 issued Nov. 15, 1994 to Rycroft et al. teaches exit signs with illumination. Arrays of light emitting diodes are disposed in spaced relationship above a rear wall configured to reflect light emitted from the diodes relatively uniformly across a diffuser which further contributes to relative uniform transmission of light therethrough. The system uses low direct voltage diodes.

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,388,357 issued Feb. 14, 1995 to Malita teaches a kit using LED units for retrofitting illuminated signs. The kit retrofits a conventional exit sign, which normally uses internally mounted incandescent or fluorescent lamps, to operate using multiple LED sources in a group or assembly on a board. Indicia lighting is accomplished substantially indirectly through reflection of light from the LED sources which are powered through an adapter that fits into the socket of the original incandescent lamp or fluorescent lamp which is removed in the retrofit process.

[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,410,453 issued Apr. 25, 1995 to Ruskouski teaches a lighting device used in an exit sign. A light emitting diode lighting device is provided for mating engagingly with an electrical socket of the lighting fixture. The light emitting diode device has a plurality of LEDs recessed in frustoconical apertures for directing light into a desired illumination pattern.

[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,679 issued May 16, 1995 to Ruskouski et al. Teaches a mounting base assembly for a lighting device used in an exit sign. In the lighting fixture such as an exit sign, a mounting base assembly is provided on a light emitting diode lighting device for mating engagement with an electrical socket. Once full mating engagement is achieved between the electrical socket and a base member of the mounting base assembly, the position of the housing carrying the light emitting diodes of the lighting device can be adjusted for alignment purposes without disturbing the full mating engagement of the electrical socket and the base member.

[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,515 issued Jun. 27, 1995 to Jung teaches an electric lighting assembly. The assembly included a protective holder formed on the top with two holes and at two opposite sides with depending lugs, said lugs having a hook portion at the lower end, a ring contact secured on the top of said protective holder. A contact is provided on the top with a tip contact and the outer peripheral wall with spiral threads, said tip contact and said spiral threads being electrically connected with the two holes of said protective holder, a conical member connected with the two holds of said p protective holder and supported by the hook of said lugs, and a neon light bulb connected with said conical member, whereby the neon light can be used indoors.

[0013] U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,467 issued Aug. 8, 1995 to Lautzenheiser teaches a task light. The light assembly is provided for illuminating a work surface below and in front of the light assembly, and includes a housing configured for mounting over the work surface with an elongated linear light source supported in its housing. A tubular lens is built into and part of the housing, and includes prism-shaped triangular rings on its inside surface for controlling the light from the light source onto the work surface therebelow.

[0014] CCFLs emit white light omnidirectionally, while combining low power consumption, long lamp lives, and low maintenance requirements similar to LEDs. Light outputs remain constant for all colors, not like LEDs whose light output varies with each color. The omnidirectional white light output is a key factor in the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0015] The invention provides one or more cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) enclosed in a single tubular housing which, preferably, comprises a tube assembly comparable to a conventional T-2, T-5, T-8, or T12 or other standard fluorescent bulb with an otherwise-conventional bi-pin or side-contact connection at each end, and is compatible with a conventional fluorescent light socket. Electrodes at each end of the CCFLs can be connected in parallel and coupled to either or both pins or side contacts of the T-5 or other tube. A conventional fluorescent bulb socket pair can be wired to provide a voltage drop, or employed as is, in off-the-shelf configuration, in conjunction with ballast means within the CCFL assembly(s) to provide suitable power input for the CCFL(s). A support structure stabilizes the CCFL(s) within the housing. The leads which connect to the sockets are connected to a ballast which in turn is connected to a source of power, such as a 110-120 Volt, 220 Volt, 277 Volt, or 347 Volt alternating current (AC) standard home or office power source.

[0016] Thus in one aspect the invention provides a light assembly comprising a translucent tube; one or more CCFLs contained within the translucent tube, each CCFL including electrodes at each end of the CCFL; bi-pin, side-contact, or other fittings at each end of the translucent tube; and connection means which may include ballast(s), transformers, capacitors, and/or or other devices for electrically coupling the CCFL electrodes to the end fittings, the end fittings adapted to engage a power supply socket, whereby electrical energy applied to the end fittings is transmitted to energize the at least one CCFL.

[0017] In some preferred embodiments the translucent tube assembly(s) are compatible with T-2, T-5, T-8, T-12 or other T-standard fluorescent sockets, and the CCFLs, connection means, and/or end fittings comprise ballasts suitable for converting 110-120 Volt, 220 Volt, 277 Volt, and/or 347 Volt alternating current, or other line current input, to a current suitable for energizing the CCFLs.

[0018] The connection means can include for example ballast means comprising electrical circuitry and associated electronics such as control means. The ballast or other connection means have an input and an output, the input being adapted to connect to the main source of electrical power, the output being connected to the CCFL electrodes. The ballast means receive a predetermined electrical input and produce electrical outputs suitable for stimulating the CCFL(s) to provide illumination.

[0019] Numerous other advantages and features of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the embodiments thereof, from the claims and from the accompanying drawings in which the details of the invention are fully and completely disclosed as a part of this specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1 and 2 are perspective views of lamp assemblies according to the invention.

FIGS. 3 - 5 and 8 are schematic views of lamp assemblies according to the invention.

FIGS. 6 and 7 are schematic diagrams of a ballast circuits suitable for use with lamp assemblies according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0020] The invention is illustrated in the figures of the accompanying drawings which are meant to be exemplary and not limiting, in which like references are intended to refer to like or corresponding parts.

[0021] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a CCFL lamp assembly 40 according to the invention. Assembly 40 comprises a pair of CCFLs 42, contained inside translucent tubular housing 44 and supported at a first end 46 and a second end 48 by fittings 50, 50' respectively. Preferably, the tubular housing is a T-5 or other standard compatible tube without phosphor or electrodes. The tube 44 itself functions as a protective tubular housing for the more fragile CCFL lamps 42, mounted therein. While a preferred embodiment uses two CCFLs1 other embodiments might use just a single CCFL, or more than two.

[0022] The CCFLs 42 are supported and held in place inside bi-pin end fittings 50, 50'. These end fittings 50, 50' can be any type of fitting which will hold the CCFLs in place, preferably with some degree of support to protect against shock and vibration. In a preferred embodiment, they comprise rubber or plastic inserts 52 in the end fittings 50, 50' so that the CCFL contact lead wires 54, which extend from the CCFL electrodes, or other connection means, can extend to the pins 56 of the fitting 50, 50' for electrical connection of the pins 56 to the CCFLs 42, and permit the fitting 50 to seal the end of the translucent tubular housing 44. The CCFLs 42 are supported inside the inserts 52 and contact lead wires 54 are in electrical contact with the electrodes of the CCFLs.

[0023] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an alternative emb odiment 60 of a light assembly according to the invention for use in general lighting applications. Similar to the embodiment of FIG. 1 , the light assembly 60 includes a pair of CCFLs 42 inside a protective translucent tubular housing 64, which, as in the embodiment of FIG. 3, is a T-standard fluorescent tube without phosphors or electrodes. Bi-pin end fittings 66, 66' enclose the ends of the outer tubular housing 64. The electrical contacts 68 or other means for connecting to the CCFL electrodes extend to the pins 72 of the end fittings 66, 66 * and may be adequate to suspend and support the CCFLs 42 within translucent tube 64 without the need of inserts similar to those of FIG. 3.

[0024] While the embodiment of FIG. 2 has been shown -with two CCFLs 42, it is clear that the present invention can be practiced using only one CCΞFL, or with more than two. In addition, other tubular structures, such as are used in other tubular fluorescent lamps, may be employed as protective coverings for the relatively fragile CCFLs. The use of more or less conventional bi-pin end fittings compatible with the T-2, T-5, T-8, T-12, or other standards, for example, enables the lamp assembly of the present invention to be easy replacements for conventional fluorescent lamps; and the conventional sockets can easily be rewired to accommodate the operating requirements of the CCFLs, or suitable ballasts may be provided within translucent tube 64, end fittings 66, 66', and/or CCFLs 42. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.

[0025] FIG. 3 provides plan, elevation, sectional, perspective, and detail views of a bi-pin lamp assembly 300 according to the invention. Assembly 300 comprises translucent tube 302, at least one cold-cathode fluorescent light (CCFL) 42 contained within the translucent tube 302, a bi-pin end fitting 308 comprising two pins 310 at each end of the translucent tube, and connecting means 312 electrically coupling the CCFL electrodes to at least one pin 310 of each of the bi-pin fittings 308.

[0026] Translucent tube 302 is of any circular, elliptical, square, rectangular, octagonal, or other cross-section, and is of any material, such as glass or plastic, having sufficiently translucent properties to serve the purposes disclosed herein, including the transmission of light generated by CCFLs 42 for primary illumination or decorative purposes. Translucent tube 302 may be tinted or uncolored, with an opacity ranging from clear to highly colored or nearly opaque, depending upon the requirements and applications to which the lamp 300 is to be put.

[0027] Each CCFL 42 includes at least one electrode 306 at each end; the electrodes 306 being in electrical contact with pins 310 of bi-pin end fittings 308. Electrodes 306 may be connected directly, as shown, by for example being inserted inside channels or holes 322 provided in pins 310 with a friction or interference fit, and/or may be connected by means such as wires or power-transformation or other circuitry such as ballasts. End fittings 308 are adapted to engage, via pins 310, suitable contacts within a power supply socket. Thus electrical energy provided to pins 310 by the power supply socket may be applied through the bi-pin fittings 308 and transmitted by connection means to energize CCFLs 42.

[0028] Bi-pin end fittings 308 can comprise means 316 such as plugs 320 or other structures for supporting CCFLs 42, as for example by including holes 318, grooves, channels, gussets, or other means for engaging and supporting the ends of CCFL tubes 42 from motion in the various translational and rotational Cartesian or other coordinate directions, and preferably providing support from vibratory motion and insulation against shocks, as for example in the event an end or other portion of assembly 300 strikes or is struck by another object. Fittings 308 can also serve to seal the ends of lamp assembly 300, and to hold constituent parts together.

[0029] In the exploded view of FIG. 3, end fitting 308 comprises end cap 328, into which pins 310 and then plug 320 may be inserted. Plug 320 may for example engage end cap 308 and an interior surface of translucent tube 302, for example, by a frictional or interference fit, so as to restrain pins 310 within end cap 328 and end cap 328 in a suitable disposition with respect to the end of translucent tube 302. Of course adhesives and/or other means may also be employed to ensure the proper structural integrity and durability erf assembly 300. CCFLs 42 may then be placed within holes 318 of plug 316, 320, to be held in place and supported against translation, shocks, etc.

[0030] As previously mentioned, a particular advantage offered by the invention is the provision of the superior efficiency and effectiveness of CCFLs in a manner that permits the use of power-supply sockets of types that are commonly already installed in homes, businesses, and other locations. For example, lamp assemblies may be provided with physical dimensions and electrical requirements compatible with convent! onal T-2, T-5, T-8, T-12, and other standard light sockets, so that conventional lamps may be replaced with lamp assemblies according to the invention without replacement or modification of existing light installations.

[0031] Dimensional compatibility is provided, for example, by providing one or more CCFLs within translucent tubes of sufficient length and diameter to permit the lamps to be placed within sockets adapted for the installation of T-standard lamps. For example, translucent tubes of approximately 5/8 inch outside diameter may be used in assemb lies intended to be used in T-5 sockets, with lengths compatible with the socket assemblies.

[0032] Electrical compatibility may be provided by, for example, providing lamp assembly 300 and/or an intended power supply socket, or both, with ballast or other circuitry or contact means suitable for transforming a mains power supply, such as for example 110-120 Volt 50/60 Hertz (Hz) alternating current, into currents and voltages suitable for powering the CCFLs employed in the assembly 300. In the embodiment shown, CCFLs 42 comprise ballasts 312 for converting mains power to power suitable for energizing CCFLs 42.

[0033] As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, upon a review of the disclosure herein, a wide variety of support and contact arrangements may be used to accomplish the purposes described herein. All suitable arrangements are considered to fall within the scope of the invention.

[0034] Lamp assemblies according to the invention may be provided in a wide range of configurations. In addition to the bi-pin configurations previously described, for example, lamps may be provided which are compatible with side-contact power supply sockets. Such a side-contact lamp assembly is shown in FIG. 4. Lamp assembly 400 co-mprises translucent tube 402, at least one cold-cathode fluorescent light (CCFL) 42 contained within the translucent tube 402, a side-contact end fitting 408 comprising two side contacts 410 at each end of the translucent tube, and connecting means 412 electrically coupling the CCFL electrodes to at least one side contact 410 of each of the side contact fittings 408.

[0035] Translucent tube 402 is of any circular, elliptical, square, rectangular, octagonal, or other cross-section, and is of any material, such as glass or plastic, having sufficiently translucent properties to serve the purposes disclosed herein, including the transmission of light generated by CCFLs 404 for primary illumination or decorative pu rposes. Translucent tube 402 may be tinted or uncolored, with an opacity ranging from clear to highly colored or nearly opaque, depending upon the requirements and applications to which the lamp 400 is to be put.

[0036] Each CCFL 42 includes at least one electrode 406 at each end ; the electrodes 406 being in electrical contact with contacts 410 of side-contact end fittings 408. Electrodes 406 may be connected directly, as shown, by for example being inserted in side channels or holes provided in side contacts 410 with a friction or interference fit, and/or may be connected by means such as wires or power-transformation or other circuitry such as ballasts. Side-contact end fittings 408 are adapted to engage, via contacts 410, contacts with* in a power supply socket. Thus electrical energy provided to side contacts 410 by the power supply socket may be applied through the side contact end fittings 408 and transmitted to energize CCFLs 42.

[0037] Side-contact end fittings 408 can comprise means such as holes or channels 420 or other structures for supporting CCFLs 42, or other means for engaging and supporting the ends of CCFL tubes 42 from motion in the various translational and rotational Cartesian or other coordinate directions, and preferably providing support from vibratory motion and insulation against shocks, as for example in the event an end or other portion of assembly 400 strikes or is struck by another object. Fittings 408 can also serve to seal the ends of lamp assembly 400, and to hold constituent parts together.

[0038] Also shown in FIG. 4 is optional center support 425, one or more of which may be provided in any configuration(s) suitable for providing additional support to CCFLs 42 within tube 402. For example, a lamp assembly 40, 300, 400 may be provided with one or more silicon or rubber supports 425 comprising holes through which CCFL one or more lamps 42 may be inserted, and which upon assembly engage an inner surface of tube 402 as well as any additional CCFLs provided in the assembly 40, 300, 400.

[0039] In the exploded view of FIG. 5, each end fitting 408 comprises a silicone support 418, into which CCFLs 42 and then side contact blocks 410 may be inserted . Silicon supports 418 and end fittings 408 may for example engage CCFLs 42 and an interior surface of translucent tube 402, for example, by a frictional or interference fit, so as to restrain end fitting 408 in a suitable disposition with respect to the end of translucent tube 402 and provide support for CCFLs 42. Of course adhesives and/or other means may also be employed to ensure the proper structural integrity and durability of assembly 400. CCFLs 42. may then be placed within holes or channels 420 and holes within silicon supports 418, to be held in place and supported against translation, shocks, etc.

[0040] Electrical compatibility with standard power supply sockets may be provided by, for example, providing lamp assembly 400 and/or an intended power supply socket with ballast or other circuitry or contact means suitable for transforming a mains power supply, such as for example 110-120 Volt 50/60 Hz, 220 Volt, 277 Volt, or 347 Volt a lternating current, into currents and voltages suitable for powering the CCFLs employed in the assembly 400. In the embodiment shown, CCFLs 42 comprise ballasts in side contacts 41 0 for converting mains power to power suitable for energizing CCFLs 42.

[0041] In some embodiments of the invention the connecting means for electrically coupling the CCFL electrodes 54, 68, 306, 406 to a power supply socket com prise ballast or other circuits adapted for converting a mains power supply to voltages and currents suitable for energizing the CCFLs 42. Such ballast or other circuits may be provided as part of the CCFLs 42; within bi-pin, side-contact, or other end fittings 52, 66, 66', 308, 408; and/or within power supply sockets such as those shown in FIG. 8. They may be provided as discrete or unitary circuits or devices, or various components may be provided in different portions of the lamp assemblies 40 and/or power supply sockets. Any configuration or combination(s) of devices/circuits suitable for accomplishing the purposes described herein will serve.

[0042] FIGS. 6 and 7 provide schematic diagrams of a ballast circuits suitable for use with lamp assemblies according to the invention.

[0043] FIG. 6A provides a schematic block diagram of a ballast circuit suitable for use with a lamp assembly powered by an AC mains power supply. Circuit 600 comprises rectifier circuit 602, filter 604, and inverter 606.

[0044] Rectifier circuit 602 receives an AC input, such as 110-120 Volt 50- or 60-Hz input, and provides half-sine 100/120 Hz direct current (DC) output for filter 604.

[0045] Filter 602 receives the 100/120 Hz DC output from rectifier 6O2 and provides a suitably-constant, steady state DC output of inverter 606.

[0046] Inverter 606 receives the DC output of filter 604 and converts it to a suitable output for energizing CCFL(s) 42. For example, many CCFLs operate at relatively high frequency, high voltage AC power. As an example, some CCFLs operate at 20 - 40 kiloHertz (kHz) and between 90 and 600 Volts.

[0047] FIG. 6B provides a schematic block diagram of a ballast circuit suitable for use with a lamp assembly powered by a DC power supply. Circuit 650 comprises inverter 606' for receiving the DC output of a power supply such as a battery or DC generator and converting it to a suitable output for energizing CCFL(s) 42.

[0048] Rectifiers, filters, and inverters, and combinations thereof, suitable for use with the invention are well known and understood by those familiar with the relevant arts. Selection of suitable devices will not trouble those of ordinary skill in the art, once they have been made familiar with this disclosure.

[0049] FIG. 7 provides a schematic diagram of a push-pull switching circuit suitable for use in ballast devices and connecting means in accordance with the invention. Circuit 700 comprises rectifier 602, filter 604, and inverter 606 built around power transformer 708 having a center-tapped primary S2; and is adapted to provide a sinusoidal AC voltage through CCFL 42, each transistor TR1 , TR2 providing half the sine wave.

[0050] Rectifier 602 is adapted to receive an AC input 702 across bridge 704. Filter 604 comprises capacitors C and C1 , two resistors R1, R2, inductor L, a transformer T1 , and the two transistors TR1 and TR2. Inverter 606 comprises a transformer T2 having a primary coil S2 and two secondary coils S1 , S3, two inductors L1 and L2, and a capacitor C1.

[0051] The circuit oscillates due to capacitor C1 and the inductance of the transformer T1. Inductor L acts as a constant current source, maintaining an oscillation in the circuit by feeding the circuit energy to compensate for energy absorbed CCFL 42.

[0052] The oscillation is triggered by resistor R1 , which pulls up the base-emitter voltage of transistors TR1 , TR2. Once the oscillation has started, and before the gas inside CCFL 42 has ionized, windings S1 , S2 generate a current to heat the CCFL 42, while winding S3 generates the high voltage required to ionize the gas within CCFL 42.

[0053] Once the gas within CCFL 42 is ionized, winding S2 provides the drive for operation of CCFL 42. As the impedance of CCFL 42 falls, the voltage across windings S1 , S2, S2, and therefore the filament(s) of CCFL 42, drops.

[0054] FIG. 8 provides schematic views of a side-contact lamp assembly 40, 400 and power- supply sockets 802 in accordance with the invention.

[0055] Sockets 802 provide physical support, electrical connection, and power supply for the lamp assembly 40, 400. Sockets 802 comprise, among other features and components, electrical contacts 804, which are electrically connected to a power supply, and support housing 806.

[0056] Electrical contacts 804 provide electrical connection between connection means such as side contacts 410 and the power supply used to energize the CCFL(s) of lamp assembly 40, 400. Contacts 804 are adapted to fit securely within housings 806, and optionally to provide, for example along with additional features / structures of housings 806, physical support and electrical contact for the lamp assembly 40, 400. Contacts 804 are fabricated from any material(s) suitable for the purpose, including for example copper, brass, and othe r conductors, alone or in combination with non-conductive materials such as plastic. In the embodiment shown, prongs 808 of contacts 804 flexibly engage side contacts 410 of lamp assembly 40, 400, and base portions 810 for engaging housings 806 and providing both physical support and electrical connections for the lamp assembly 40, 400.

[0057] Support housings 806 provide, optionally in conjunction with contacts 804, physical support for the lamp assembly 40, 400, as for example by providing physical connections between the lamp assembly 40, 400 and a support structure such as a wall or ceiling. Support housings can also provide connections to mains or other power supply such as power lines within a wall or ceiling. Housings 806 can be provided of any material(s) suitabl e for the purpose, including for example metals or plastics.

[0058] In the embodiment shown, support housings 806 comprise a snap-fit retention feature for restraining the lamp assembly 40, 400. The snap-fit feature is provided by use of rotatable pull-up covers 812 Pull-up covers 812 are hinged at 814 to provide rotational movement capability between an open position such as is shown at 850 and a closed position shown at 860. Preferably pull-up covers 812 are secured when in the closed position by, for example, frictional and/or interference fit between plastic or other detents or tabs. Such snap-fit retention arrangements are well known, and a great many variations will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art, once they have been made familiar with the disclosure herein.

[0059] As shown in FIG. 8, a lamp assembly 40, 400 is installed in a socket 802 by placing the lamp assembly 40, 400 in the socket 802 in a position adapted to allow contact between contacts 410 and 810. The lamp assembly 40, 400 is then pushed carefully into the socket 802 and pull-up cover 812 is rotated into a closed position in which it secures the lamp assembly 40, 400 in place. The lamp may be removed by reversing the process. •

[0060] CCFLs 42 suitable for use with the invention are available commercially, and can be obtained off the shelf or specially designed and manufactured. Examples of commercially- available CCFLs include CCFLs available from T- 1 Lighting, a division of BJI Energy Solutions, LLC, of New York, New York, including the T-I(R) lamp module. The T-I (R) lamp module is available in lengths of less than 6 - 40 or more inches, and operates at 90 - 300 Volts and 4 - 9 Watts on 65 - 150 mA.

[0061] While the invention has been described and illustrated in connection with preferred embodiments, many variations and modifications as will be evident to those skilled in this art may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and the invention is thus not to be limited to the precise details of methodology or construction set forth above as such variations and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.